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Introduction and Basic concepts of Enzyme

Presentation · October 2021

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Humayun Rashid Shakil Saima Akter Shima

International Islamic University Chittagong International Islamic University Chittagong
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Presented by Presented to
Humayun Rashid Shakil A.T.M. Mostafa Kamal
Metric id: P191002 Chairman
Section: Male Department of Pharmacy IIUC
Semester enrolled : 5th
Contact; rasheedshakil7@gmail.com
• 1) Introduction
• 2) Structure
• 3)Characteristics
• 4)Nomencleature
• 5)Classification
• 6)Mechanism
• 7)Factors that affects enzyme activity
• 8)Application
• Enzymes are biological catalysts that
speedup the rate of biological reaction.

• Most enzymes are three dimensional

Globular protein in both tertiary and
quaternary structure.

• Some Special RNA species also act as

enzymes and called Ribozymes e.g. Fig: Hammerhead
hammerhead ribozyme. enzyme
• Active site: A region that binds substrates and contains residue that
helps to hold substrate.
• Substrates: It is the reactant in biochemical reaction.
• Enzymes and substrates bind each other and forms ENZYME-
SUBSTRATE complex.
 Enzyme

Complex Enzyme Simple Enzyme

prosthetic group
(Non protein Apoenzyme
part)prosthetic (Protein part)
group

Co- factor Co-enzyme

• Speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy of a
reaction.
• Their presence doesnot effect the nature and properties of
products.
• Highly specific.
• Thermolabile.
• Sensitive to change pH, and substrate concentration.
• Works as both acid and as well as base.
• Activity can be stopped by inhibitors, as well as accelerated
by activators.
 Substrate Enzymes
• An enzyme is named
according to the name of Starch Amylase
substrate, it catalyses.
Protein Protease
• Some enzymes were named
before a systemic way of cellulose cellulase
naming enzyme was formed
e.g. pepsin, trypsisn and maltose maltase
renin. lactose lactose
lipid lipase
• Also by adding suffix –ase
at the end of the name of
substrate.
• Developed by International Enzyme Commission.
• Based on the type of reactions catalyzed by enzymes.

Enzyme Class Reaction type Examples

Oxidoreductases Reduction-Oxidation Lactate dehydrogenase
Transferases Move chemical group Hexokinase
Hydrolases Hydrolysis; Bond cleavage Lysozyme
with transfer of functional
group of water
Lysases Non hydrolytic bond Fumarase
cleavage
Isomerases Intramolecular group Triose phosphate isomerase
transfer
Ligases Synthesis of new covalent RNA polymerase
bond between substrates,
using ATP hydrolysis
• Enzyme increase reaction rates by decreasing the Activation energy;
• Michaelis and Menton proposed a hypothesis for enzyme action.
• According to their hypothesis, the following steps occurs:
• 1. Combination of enzyme with substrate
• -substrate attaches on the active site of enzyme to form enzyme-substrate
complex.
• 2. Breakdown of substrate
• -active sites loosens the chemical bonds in the substrate breaking down
the substrate into products.
• Formation of enzyme substrate complex by:
• 1. Lock and key Model :
• A substrate is drawn into the active sites of the enzyme.
• The substrate shape must be compatible with the enzymes
active sites in order to fit and reacted upon.
• The enzyme modifies the substrate and it broken down
and release two products.
Proposed by Danial Kosh Land in 1958.
According to this model, exposure of an enzyme to substrate
cause a change in enzyme , which causes the active site to change
it’s shape to allow enzyme and substrate to bind.
• 1.Effect of temperature
Rising of temp. increases the rate of enzyme catalyzed
reaction by increasing kinetic energy of reacting molecule.
• pH
• Substrate concentration
• Water
• Metal ion
• Cellulase : Grass canbe
digested because domestic
animals contains cellulase in
their digestive system.
• Protease:
• Amaylease
• Pectin
• Renin
• Tripsin
•Thank you very much
•………

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