Entrepreneurship Professionalism

Leadership A Multidimensional
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Career Development in the 21st Century
Moon■Ho Ringo Ho
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Moon-Ho Ringo Ho · Jeffrey C. Kennedy ·
Marilyn A. Uy · Kim-Yin Chan Editors

Entrepreneurship–
Professionalism–
Leadership
A Multidimensional Framework for
Human Capital and Career Development
in the 21st Century
Entrepreneurship–Professionalism–Leadership
Moon‐Ho Ringo Ho Jeffrey C. Kennedy
• •

Marilyn A. Uy Kim-Yin Chan

•

Editors

Entrepreneurship–
Professionalism–Leadership
A Multidimensional Framework for Human
Capital and Career Development
in the 21st Century

123
Editors
Moon‐Ho Ringo Ho Jeffrey C. Kennedy
School of Humanities and Social Sciences School of Management
Nanyang Technological University Massey University
Singapore, Singapore Auckland, New Zealand

Marilyn A. Uy Kim-Yin Chan

Nanyang Business School Nanyang Business School
Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Technological University
Singapore, Singapore Singapore, Singapore

ISBN 978-981-15-3120-0 ISBN 978-981-15-3121-7 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3121-7
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
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Singapore
Foreword

Back in 1989, Harvard Business School Professor Rosabeth Moss Kanter published
an article entitled “Careers and the wealth of nations: a macro-perspective on the
structure and nature of career forms.”1 In that article, she described how challenges
around careers involved some combination of bureaucratic, professional, and
entrepreneurial contributions to the world of work. The precise definitions of these
forms reflect popular usage and can be found in the introductory chapters to this
book. Kanter made the straightforward point that different combinations of the three
forms might be found in any single organization. However, she asserted more
broadly that “national differences in career structures” could also be examined
through her framework, and that “the wealth of nations, after all, rests on how the
efforts of people are channeled into jobs” and, over time, into careers.
Entrepreneurship–Professionalism–Leadership takes Kanter’s sociological per-
spective and turns it into an alternative framework to consider individual careers.
Most approaches to the study of careers are psychological. They begin by looking
inside people’s heads, and determining individual differences to account for career
behavior. Popular examples are frameworks for describing an individual’s values,
interests, strengths, psychological type, “big five” personality traits, and more.
These approaches leave open the larger question of their wider social and economic
relevance. In contrast, this book begins with Kanter’s sociological view as a point
of departure. It asks, how can combinations of bureaucratic, professional, and
entrepreneurial behaviors become channeled into wider social forces? In turn, it
proposes Entrepreneurship, Professionalism, and Leadership (EPL) theory, where
acts of individual entrepreneurship and professionalism contribute to what Kanter
saw as wider social phenomena, and where acts of individual leadership contribute
primarily to the functioning of established bureaucracies.
When you engage with this book, you need to be aware that it may challenge
your own assumptions. If you think like a psychologist you may struggle with the
sociological point of departure behind EPL theory. If you think like a sociologist

1
Kanter, R. M. Careers and the wealth of nations. In M. B. Arthur, D. T. Hall and B. S. Lawrence,
Handbook of Career Theory, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 506–521.

v
vi Foreword

you may struggle with the reduction of broad ideas to an individual level of
analysis. If you think like an economist you may wonder about the need for any
behavioral science perspective at all. However, careers—evolving sequences of
work experiences over time—provide a conceptual foundation for looking at what
different viewpoints contribute to one another. It may not help the world to stay in
the comfort of your own assumptions. In contrast, it may help the world to promote
wider conversations about how careers evolve, and in turn contribute to wider
economic and social progress.
I believe Entrepreneurship–Professionalism–Leadership is an important book
that can help build an expanding and essential interdisciplinary conversation about
careers, their development over time, and their overall significance to the wealth of
nations. It is essential reading if you wish to join that conversation.

Andover, Massachusetts, USA Michael B. Arthur

September 2019
Preface

Writing about or researching careers involves making generalizations, of seeking

patterns in structure and ways of distinguishing various forms which usefully
describe the relationship between people and work over time. Changes in the nature
of work, brought about by technological developments, globalization, shifts in
institutional arrangements and the like, are mirrored in changed career patterns.
New patterns emerge, some forms become more or less prevalent, but multiple
forms coexist. Baruch’s (2015) metaphor of a career ecosystem draws our attention
to the fact that certain career forms are likely to be more adaptive in some envi-
ronments than others.
Toward the end of the last century, career theorists started to observe the emer-
gence of more dynamic, non-linear careers (Arthur, Hall, & Lawrence, 1989; Collins
& Young; 2000) alongside existing stable, traditional organizational employment
and career management arrangements (e.g., Arnold & Cohen, 2007). Today, volatile
and uncertain work environments increasingly compel workers to adopt protean
career mindsets (cf. Hall, 1996). New psycho-social career meta-competencies
(cf. Coetzee, 2013) are needed in order to navigate a less structured, more bound-
aryless (Arthur & Rousseau, 1996; Cortini et al. 2011) career space.
Given the multiplicity of career forms, there is a tendency to focus on
differences—to highlight ways in which a protean career mindset differs from that
of one consistent with a long-term organizational career, or to contrast boundaryless
with traditional careers. While these differences are important, it is also valuable to
consider commonalities. Chan et al. (2012) proposed three dimensions of career
space (entrepreneurial, professional, leadership) which can be used to describe jobs,
and to map people’s trajectory through work experiences over time. These
dimensions are as useful in describing traditional organizational careers as they are
helping us to understand new and more complex career types.
This book brings together both theoretical advances and empirical research
derived from Chan et al. (2012) paper. Chan et al. initial research showed that
entrepreneurial, professional, and leadership (EPL) motivations are collectively
related to protean and boundaryless career attitudes, and to career adaptability
(cf. Chan et al., 2015b) which are relevant to the changing nature of work and

vii
viii Preface

employment in the twenty-first century. Until now, published research (e.g., Chan
et al., 2012; Chan et. al., 2015a, 2015b; Uy et al., 2015) on the EPL framework has
focused primarily on university student data using mainly cross-sectional research
designs. This book updates and extends the EPL framework both theoretically and
empirically. While Chan et al. (2012, 2015b) reported studies at the individual level of
analysis, this book helps readers to appreciate how EPL can also be a framework to
think of careers at the level of organizations, cities, and national workforces.
This book also advances our understanding of the development of EPL motivations
and efficacies. Finally, readers will appreciate the application of the EPL framework
in a wider range of work and educational contexts such as research–innovation–
enterprise, holistic workforce development, and entrepreneurial development
(relative to leadership and professional development).
This book is organized into three sections that reflect the main directions of
development following Chan et al. (2012) initial paper:
• Part 1 Theoretical and methodological advances: EPL was initially developed
as a way of helping individuals think about how their careers might unfold over
time. It was first used as a means for encouraging university students to think
more broadly about their career aspirations, to challenge their default assump-
tions about career progression, and to give them a tool for considering how they
could balance entrepreneurial, professional, and leadership development in ways
that could fulfill their personal aspirations. Chapter 1 extends this into a broader
consideration of EPL as a conceptual tool for envisioning and describing peo-
ple’s career journeys while recognizing the structural dimensions of work and
careers that exist in nations and societies. It discusses the importance of con-
sidering both personal factors and social context, illustrating how the EPL
framework can complement extant career development approaches such as
intelligent career theory. Chapter 2 recognizes the embeddedness of individual
careers and career development in multilevel contexts. It demonstrates how EPL
can be applied to workgroups, organizations, cities, and even at the national
level, providing a common language for linking individual career aspirations
with collective considerations. Chapters 3–6 focus on methodological advances
by reporting a study of the measurement equivalence of Chan et al. (2012) scales
across U.S. and Singapore student samples; three studies conducted in various
samples from both Singapore and New Zealand aimed at developing EPL
motivation scales for use with working adults; a study of stability and change in
EPL motivation over time using latent difference score analysis; and an effort to
develop measures of developmental readiness in EPL dimensions.
• Part 2 Empirical applications in career studies: In a study that focuses more on
EPL efficacies than motivations, Chap. 7 presents empirical evidence to show
how E, P, and L efficacies additively contribute to the prediction of
self-perceived employability in a large sample of undergraduates. The findings
are discussed in terms of how the EPL framework can be represented by the
popular “T-shaped” metaphor which captures the need for broad transferable
skills with deeper specialized knowledge. Chapter 8 introduces a new construct
Preface ix

and measure called “Preferences for Non-standard Work” (PNSW). Options

such as independent contracting, outsourced work, and work in start-up firms
are increasingly common—whether engaged in voluntarily or as a result of
organizational strategies around contingent workforces. The chapter explores
empirical relationships between EPL (motivations and efficacies) and student
preferences for non-standard work. Finally, Chap. 9 identifies relationship
between individually held cultural and universal values and EPL motivations.
• Part 3 Applications in Innovation and Enterprise: Chapters 10 and 11 discuss
how the EPL framework is especially valuable in understanding human capital
in the R&D context, and to understanding the career preferences of Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) researchers in the context
of innovation eco-systems. This is a particularly relevant context for EPL, given
the importance of both entrepreneurship and leadership in the management and
commercialization of large scientific research projects. Chapter 12 documents
the origins of Chan et al. EPL research before describing a 3-year
university-wide project to develop an IT system able to support students in
more holistic “T-shaped” EPL career development. The final three chapters in
Part 3 summarize specific contributions of the EPL line of research to our
understanding of entrepreneurship and its development. Specifically, Chap. 13
reports a longitudinal study which examines the influence of social cognitive
and environmental factors in shaping pre-university students’ entrepreneurial
intentions. Chapter 14 uses data from the 2012–2014 Singapore Global
Entrepreneurship Monitor survey to identify how EPL can assist in predicting
engagement in early entrepreneurship activities. Chapter 15 uses constructs from
Social Cognitive Career Theory to investigate how these interact with envi-
ronmental factors to affect students’ entrepreneurial career intentions.
Research interest in the EPL framework continues to grow beyond this book.
Recently, Setor, Joseph, and Chan (2018) won the Academy of Management Career
Division’s Best Applied Paper Award for their study of objective longitudinal
career data in EPL dimensions. Looking ahead, we foresee more research utilizing
interdisciplinary approaches to study both career and human capital development in
twenty-first-century work and career settings using the multidimensional EPL
framework. We also hope to see more research that illuminates the challenges of
professions and professional development in the context of increasing requirements
for innovation (and ever-present bureaucracy) in the world of work and
organizations.
We hope that the many chapters in this book provide readers with a broader
understanding of Chan et al. (2012) EPL framework, and its utility in describing
vital aspects of career motivation and development. The dimensions capture
important individual differences, but can also be used to describe key elements of
jobs, and of the nature of successive work experiences over a career. These chapters
illustrate how the original “person-centered” framework can be extended to higher
levels of analysis, including organizations and national level workforce develop-
ment. The framework is compatible with traditional (organizational) and
x Preface

contemporary (e.g., protean, boundaryless) conceptualizations of careers. We also

hope that readers will appreciate that measures of EPL motivation, efficacy, and
intentions can provide many new perspectives to phenomena that have hitherto
been studied only within the narrow confines of either the entrepreneurship, pro-
fessionalism, or leadership fields.

Singapore, Singapore Moon‐Ho Ringo Ho

Auckland, New Zealand Jeffrey C. Kennedy
Singapore, Singapore Marilyn A. Uy
Singapore, Singapore Kim-Yin Chan
September 2019

References

Arnold, J., & Cohen, L. (2008). The psychology of careers in industrial and organizational set-
tings: A critical but appreciative analysis. In G. P. Hodgkinson, & J. K. Ford (Eds.),
International review of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 23). Wiley.
Arthur, M. B., Hall, D. T., & Lawrence, B. S. (1989). Handbook of career theory. Cambridge
University Press.
Arthur, M. B., & Rousseau, D. M. (1996). The boundaryless career: A new employment principle
for a new organizational era. Oxford University Press.
Baruch, Y. (2015). Organizational and labor markets as career ecosystem. In A. De Vos, &
B. I. J. M. Van der Heijden (Eds.), Handbook of research on sustainable careers (pp. 364–
380). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Chan, K. Y., Ho, M. H. R., Chernyshenko, O. S., Bedford, O., Uy, M. A., Gomulya, D., Sam, Y.L.,
& Phan, W. M. J. (2012). Entrepreneurship, professionalism, leadership: A framework and
measure for understanding boundaryless careers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(1), 73–88.
Chan, K. Y., Uy, M. A., Chernyshenko, O. S., Ho, M. H. R., & Sam, Y. L. (2015a). Personality
and entrepreneurial, professional and leadership motivations. Personality and Individual
Differences, 77, 161–166.
Chan, K. Y., Uy, M. A., Ho, M. H. R., Sam, Y. L., Chernyshenko, O. S., & Yu, K. Y. T. (2015b).
Comparing two career adaptability measures for career construction theory: Relations with
boundaryless mindset and protean career attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 87, 22–31.
Coetzee, M. (Ed.). (2013). Psycho-social career meta-capacities: Dynamics of contemporary
career development. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Collin, A., & Young, R. A. (2000). The future of career. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University
Press.
Cortini, M., Tanucci, G., & Morin, E. M. (2011). Boundaryless careers and occupational well-
being. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hall, D. T., & Mirvis, P. H. (1996). The new protean career: Psychological success and the path
with a heart. In D. T. Hall (Ed.), The career is dead: Long live the career (pp. 15–45). San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kanter, R. M. (1989). Careers and the wealth of Nations. In M. B. Arthur, D. T. Hall, &
B. S. Lawrence (Eds.), Handbook of career theory (pp. 506–521). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Preface xi

Setor, T., Joseph, D., & Chan, K. Y. (2018). Are the Career Patterns of City, Suburban and Rural
Dwellers Different or Similar? Presentation at the 78th Annual Meeting of the Academy of
Management held from August 10–14, 2018, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Uy, M. A., Chan, K. Y., Sam, Y. L., Ho, M. H. R., & Chernyshenko, O. S. (2015). Proactivity,
adaptability and boundaryless career attitudes: The mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness.
Journal of Vocational Behavior, 86, 115–123.
Acknowledgements

As researchers, the authors would like to acknowledge the following organizations

and agencies that have supported our research in various ways from providing
funding to providing access to research participants: (1) Singapore Ministry of
Education Academic Research Fund (MOE AcRF Tier 1 RG80/16; MOE AcRF
Tier 2 ARC25/14; MOE 2013-TTO-004); (2) NTUitive Pte Ltd; (3) A*STAR;
(4) National Health Group.
Each chapter in this book was independently reviewed. The editors and authors
would like to thank the reviewers for their valuable feedback and suggestions for
improving the chapters and the book in general.

xiii
Contents

Part I Theoretical and Methodological Advances

1 Entrepreneurship-Professionalism-Leadership as Dimensions
of Career Space: Career Agency in the Macro Context
of Boundaryless Careers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Kim-Yin Chan, Jeffrey C. Kennedy and Regena Ramaya
2 Entrepreneurship-Professionalism-Leadership as a Framework
for Careers and Human Capital Across Levels of Social
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Jeffrey C. Kennedy and Kim-Yin Chan
3 Measurement Equivalence of the Entrepreneurship,
Professionalism, and Leadership Career Aspiration Scale . . . . . . . 35
Wei Ming Jonathan Phan, Moon-Ho Ringo Ho
and Emma Yoke Loo Sam
4 Development of Entrepreneurship-Professionalism-Leadership
Motivations Scale for Working Adults Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Moon-Ho Ringo Ho and Kim-Yin Chan
5 Latent Difference Score Analysis—Stability and Change
in Entrepreneurship-Professionalism-Leadership Aspirations . . . . . 79
Jia Lin and Moon-Ho Ringo Ho
6 Operationalizing Developmental Readiness via
Entrepreneurship, Leadership, and Professionalism Career
Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Oleksandr S. Chernyshenko, Moon-Ho Ringo Ho, Kim-Yin Chan
and Kang Yang Trevor Yu

xv
xvi Contents

Part II Empirical Studies

7 A “T-shaped” Metaphor for Holistic Development:
Entrepreneurial, Professional and Leadership (EPL) Efficacies
Predict Self-perceived Employability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Kim-Yin Chan, Moon-Ho Ringo Ho and Regena Ramaya
8 Measuring Preference for Non-standard Work: Relationships
with EPL Motivations, Efficacies, Perceived Employability,
and Career Adaptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Kang Yang Trevor Yu, Kim-Yin Chan and Jia Lin
9 The Influence of Values on Entrepreneurial, Professional,
and Career Motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Jeffrey C. Kennedy and Moon-Ho Ringo Ho

Part III Applications in Innovation and Enterprise

10 Entrepreneurship-Professionalism-Leadership: A Framework
for Nurturing and Managing the R&D Workforce for a National
Innovation Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Kim-Yin Chan, Kwee Hoon Lim and Marilyn A. Uy
11 Using the EPL Framework to Understand Career Preferences
of STEM Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Terri S-M. Tan, Marilyn A. Uy and Emma Yoke Loo Sam
12 NTU Career Aspiration System: Providing “Boundaryless”
Career Development and Feedback to University Students
for Employability in the 21st Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Kim-Yin Chan, Regena Ramaya and Moon-Ho Ringo Ho
13 An Examination of Entrepreneurial, Professional and Leadership
(EPL) Career Aspirations Among Adolescent Youth . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Bianca Ni Ying Kang and Marilyn A. Uy
14 EPL Career Aspirations and Early-Stage Entrepreneurship
Activities: Insights from Singapore Global Entrepreneurship
Monitor Adult Population Survey 2012–2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Oleksandr S. Chernyshenko, Marilyn A. Uy and Weiting Jiang
15 Examining the Influence of Individual, Social Cognitive and
Environmental Factors on Students’ Entrepreneurial Intentions:
Application of the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
Framework Within a Multidimensional Career Space . . . . . . . . . . 295
Keren-Happuch Fan Fen E and Moon-Ho Ringo Ho

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Moon‐Ho Ringo Ho is an Associate Professor in the School of Social Sciences in

Nanyang Technological University (NTU). He received his Bachelor degree in
Psychology from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master in Statistics and
Ph.D. in Quantitative Psychology from the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign. He worked at McGill University (Canada) as Assistant
Professor before he joined NTU. He is interested in the theory and applications of
multivariate data analytic methods including multilevel analysis and structural
equation modeling. His recent interest focuses on understanding contemporary
career orientations, lifelong learning mindsets and development in the twenty-first
century. He has published in top journals including Human Brain Mapping, Journal
of Counselling Psychology, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
Journal of Vocational Behavior, Neuroimage, Psychological Assessment,
Psychological Bulletin, Psychological Methods, Psychology Review, Psychological
Science, Psychometrika, and Structural Equation Modeling.

Jeffrey C. Kennedy is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Management at Massey

University’s Auckland campus. From 2003 to 2013, he was on the faculty of
Singapore’s Nanyang Business School (NBS), and from 2009, he was Director of
Open and Custom Programs for Nanyang Executive Education. His research has
been published in a variety of journals, including the Journal of Applied
Psychology, Journal of International Business Studies, and Journal of Global
Mobility. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organizational Behavior from Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore. His research interests cover careers,
cross-cultural management, and leadership.

Marilyn A. Uy is an Associate Professor in the Division of Strategy, International

Business, and Entrepreneurship at the Nanyang Business School, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore. She completed her Ph.D. at the Leeds School

xvii
xviii Editors and Contributors

of Business, University of Colorado at Boulder (USA). Her research spans the

broad areas of psychology of entrepreneurship, work motivation, and emotional
well-being. She uses longitudinal approaches such as experience sampling method,
weekly or daily diary method, and multi-wave surveys in conducting empirical
research. Her articles have been published in premier journals including Academy of
Management Journal, Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Business
Venturing, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Human Relations, and
Organizational Research Methods, among others. She has been appointed as Editor
(Associate Editor equivalent) of Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice and has been
serving on the editorial review boards of Journal of Business Venturing, Strategic
Entrepreneurship Journal, Applied Psychology: An International Review, and
Small Business Economics. Since joining NTU Singapore in 2011, she has attracted
competitive research funding worth more than $3 million.

Kim-Yin Chan is an Associate Professor in Organizational Behavior and Human

Resource Management at the Division of Leadership, Management and
Organization of Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University. He
received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1999
majoring in Industrial-Organizational Psychology with a minor in Quantitative
Psychology. He has published in the Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of
Vocational Behavior, Personnel Psychology, Journal of Career Assessment,
Multivariate Behavioral Research, and Educational and Psychological
Measurement, and is also the lead author of Military Leadership in the 21st century:
Science and Practice, published by Cengage Learning in 2011. His current research
focuses on understanding careers and leadership motivation in the twenty-first
century.

Contributors

Kim-Yin Chan Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

Oleksandr S. Chernyshenko Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,
Singapore
Keren-Happuch Fan Fen E Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,
Singapore
Moon-Ho Ringo Ho Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Weiting Jiang Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Bianca Ni Ying Kang Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Jeffrey C. Kennedy School of Management, Massey University, Auckland, New
Zealand
Kwee Hoon Lim Ministry of Defense, Singapore, Singapore
1 Entrepreneurship-Professionalism-Leadership as Dimensions … 11

networks at some point in their careers. Finally, individuals who have only mas-
tered professional/vocational know-how may wish to become more “T-shaped” by
cultivating more transferable leadership and entrepreneurial knowledge and skills.
Table 1.1 also suggests some new research questions that may reflect the realities
of career agency and development in the 21st century. Increasingly, it may be that
individuals will need to develop meta-competencies to manage multiple career iden-
tities over a career life-time. Research is needed to validate if being more “T-shaped”
in one’s know-how or having more E, P and L networks translates into higher degrees
of employability or career agency and dynamics.

Conclusion

This chapter responds to Tams and Arthur’s (2010) call for “more systematic under-
standing of career agency and its interdependencies” (p. 630). It also attempts to
relate Chan et al.’s (2012) subjective, person-centered articulation of the EPL frame-
work to career structures as they exist in the working world. By connecting the EPL
framework to Intelligent Career Theory, we also hope this chapter provides new ideas
for career development and stimulates research aimed at greater understanding of the
expanding range of novel work and employment contexts confronting employees in
the 21st century.

References

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Kim-Yin Chan is an Associate Professor in Organizational Behavior and Human Resource

Management at the Division of Leadership, Management & Organization of Nanyang Business
School, Nanyang Technological University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign in 1999 majoring in Industrial-Organizational Psychology with a minor in
Quantitative Psychology. He has published in the Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Voca-
tional Behavior, Personnel Psychology, Journal of Career Assessment, Multivariate Behavioral
Research, and Educational and Psychological Measurement, and is also the lead author of Military
Leadership in the 21st century: Science and Practice, published by Cengage Learning in 2011. His
current research focuses on understanding careers and leadership motivation in the 21st century.
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Bain, R. N., translation of fairy tales, 189
Baldwin, Prince, and Daniel the Abbot, 57 seq.
Barlaam and Josaphat, 14
Bátyushkov, 395;
translated, viii.
Bazán, E. P., on Russ. literature, x.
Beccaria, 30
Bee, The, Russ. literary collection, 100;
English periodical, 272
Beggar-songs, 178, 186 seq.
Benfey’s theory, 20
Bible, its influence on early Russ. literature, 8;
in Russian, 11;
in historical literature, 15;
quoted in literature, 100 seq.;
and Iván the Terrible, 121
Biblical Repository, The, of Andover, on Russ. literature, ix.
Bogdanóvich, I. F., at Court, 31;
his Psyche, 34, 263;
first collector of proverbs, 199;
biographical sketch and extracts, 374 seq.
Bohemia, its political status, 3;
its ancient literature, 4
Boileau’s influence on Russ. literature, 29, 30, 230
Borrow, G., translations from the Russian, viii.
Bowl-songs, 178, 179
Bowring, Sir John, his translations from the Russian, vii., 178, 242,
291, 306, 379, 392, 395, 398, 422, 429;
his imitators, viii.
Boyán, 22, 81
Boyár, 46 (note)
Bradford, Mrs. W., editor of Princess Dáshkov’s Memoirs, 316
Brandes, G., on Russ. literature, x.
Brockes, 378
Bulgaria, its political status, 3;
its ancient literature, 4;
its language in the Church, 6;
in Russia, 7;
apocrypha travelling over, 13;
its legends, 14
Bylínas, of Vladímir’s cycle, 9 seq.;
their development, 21;
their relation to the Word, 22
Byzantium’s influence on Russia, 5;
Greek tradition, 8;
apocrypha in Russia, 13;
legends, 14;
repression, 22;
chronographers, 65

Calilah-wa-Dimnah, 14
Catherine II., and French literature, 29;
and comedy, 36;
biographical sketch and extracts, 405 seq., and see 28 et
passim
Catholic, contamination, 5;
religion in Russia, 134
Ceremonial songs, 24
Chanson de Roland, 80
Charms, 178, 188 seq.
Child, Prof. F. J., 20, 163
Christianity, its influence on Russia, 4 seq.
Chronicles, 15
Chrysostom in Russ. literature, 11, 116
Church, its opposition to popular literature, 16, 19, 23, 24;
its contact with the West, 17;
its reform, 212 seq., 219;
union of Churches, 17, 135 seq.
Church fathers, their influence on Russ. literature, 8;
and Iván the Terrible, 121
Church-Slavic, its relation to Bulgarian, 7;
and see Bulgaria
City songs, 24 seq.
Collections, literary, 11 seq.;
of Svyatosláv, 11
Comedy, 36, 211, 272 seq., 308, 311 seq., 342 seq., 370 seq., 397
seq.
Constantinople, in pilgrimages, 14;
and see Byzantium
Cox, G., on Russ. literature, ix.
Coxe, W., account of Russ. literature, vii.
Curtin, J., on fairy tales, 189
Cyril of Túrov, his sermons, 11, 62 seq.
Cyril and Methodius, preaching in Bulgarian, 6

Dal’s proverbs, 199

d’Alembert, 29, 272
Daniel the Abbot, his feeling of Russ. unity, 3;
his pilgrimage, 14;
extract, 56 seq.
Daniel the Prisoner, 100 seq.
Danílov, Kírsha, 163
Danílov, M. V., extract from his Memoirs, 269 seq.
Dante, in Servian literature, 4;
his Divine Comedy, 13, 96
Dáshkov, Princess, 308;
biographical sketch and extract, 316 seq.
Demetrius the Impostor, Sumarókov’s, translated into English, 255
Derzhávin, G. R., at Court, 31;
his lyrics, 34;
biographical sketch and extracts, 377 seq., and see 33, 241,
272, 358 seq., 405
Destouches, 308
Diderot and Russ. educational system, 29;
and see 272, 316
Dietrich, A., Russ. fairy tales, 189
Digenis Akritas, 14
Dmítriev, I. I., his odes, 33;
his lyrics, 34;
biographical sketch and extracts, 428 seq.
Dole, N. H., his translations from the Russian, x., 50, 379
Dolgorúki, I. M., biographical sketch and extracts, 422 seq.
Dolgorúki, Princess, biographical sketch and extract, 233 seq.
Domostróy, 12, 126 seq., 219
“Double faith,” 16, 19
Drama, 35 seq., 150, 254 seq., 308 seq., 418;
and see Comedy
Drone, The, 327
Druzhína, 46 (note)
Dupuy, E., on Russ. literature, x.

Eastern Church separated from Rome, 6

Eastman, S. C., translator of Brandes, x.
“Ecstatic” poetry, 33
Edmands, J. L., translator of Vogüé, x.
Edwards, S., on Russ. literature, ix., 306
Elizabeth, Queen, appealed to by King Sigismund, 5
Emerald, The, 11, 100
Émin, F., 327
Encyclopedias on Russ. literature, xi.
English, interest in Russ. literature, vii. seq.;
influence on Russ. literature, 30, 36, 291;
Masons in Russia, 32
Englishmen, in Moscow, 26;
speaking Russian, vii.;
reading Platón’s theology, 300
Ermák, 372 seq., 431 seq.
Esop’s fables in Russian, 34
Esprit des Lois, in Russia, 29
Eusebius, 116

F., J. G. A., translation from Lomonósov, 242

Fables, 34 seq.
Fairy tales, 25 seq., 189 seq.
Felítsa, 3, 33, 241, 272, 358 seq.
Feofán, biographical sketch and extracts, 211 seq.;
and see 12, 28, 219, 224, 233, 300
Folklore, 18 seq.;
bridging chasm, 20;
connected with that of Europe and Asia, 21
Folksongs, ix., 177 seq.
Folktales, ix.
Fon-Vízin, D. I., biographical sketch and extracts, 341 seq.;
and see 31, 36, 269
Foreign Quarterly Review on Russ. literature, viii.
Foreigners in Moscow, 26
Formalism of Russian life, 12
Franklin, 361
Fraser’s Magazine, Turner on Russ. literature, 224, 242, 272, 379,
429
Free Russia, translations from Russian, x.
French influence on Russ. literature, 29 seq., 34, 230

Gardiner, F. H., translation of Bazán, x.

Gaussen, W. F. A., on Russ. literature, x.
Gellert, in Russian, 34, 306
Geography in ancient Russ. literature, 189
German Suburb, 26
Gílferding, 163
Gillies, R. P., on Russ. literature, viii.
Gógol, 35, 36, 397
Golden Beam, The, 11
Golden Chain, The, 11
Grahame, F. R., ix., 242, 306, 398
Great-Russians of the South, 9, 10;
 exterminated by Tartars, 23
Grech, on Russ. literature, viii.
Greek traditions in Byzantium, 8;
taught in Russia, 17;
treaties with the Greeks, 4
Gribóvski, A. M., biographical sketch and extract, 405 seq.
Griboyédov, 36, 397
Grimm’s mythological theory, 20
Griswold, M. W., bibliography of Russ. literature, x.
Günther, 29
Gundulić, his epic, 4

Hakluyt Society, translation of Nikítin, 111

Haller, 378
Hamartolos, 15
Hansa, 21
Hapgood, Miss I. F., translator of epic songs, 163
Heard, J. A., 233
Hell’s Post, 327
Henningsen, C. F., on Russ. literature, ix.
Herzen, 272, 287
Historical songs, 23, 172
History in Russ. literature, 15, 36 seq., 219 seq.
Hodgetts, E. M. S., translation of fairy tales, 189
Holy Land, visited by Russians, 8, 56 seq.
Holy Virgin’s Descent into Hell, The, 96 seq.
Homer, a Russian, 298
Horace, in Russ. literature, 34, 397
Humour, in translation, x.

Ígor, see Word of Ígor’s Armament

Ilarión, eulogy of Vladímir, 11, 48 seq.
Ilyá of Múrom, 165 seq.;
known to the West, 9, 24
Index librorum prohibitorum, 13
Instructions in literature, 12;
Catherine’s, 30;
Vladímir’s, 11, 50 seq.;
Tatíshchev’s, 219
Ipáti manuscript, 71
Isidor, at Council of Florence, 15, 17
Istómin, Karión, 26
Iván the Terrible, 17, 23, 26, 115 seq., 121 seq., 126, 172 seq.

Jacob, gospel of, 13

James, Richard, collector of songs, vii., 23, 130 seq.
Johnson’s Cyclopedia, on Russ. literature, xi.
Journey to Europe in literature, 15

Kámenev, G. P., biographical sketch and extract, 411 seq.

Kantemír, A., biographical sketch and extract, 223 seq.;
and see 26, 28, 35, 211
Kapníst, V. V., his lyrics, 34;
biographical sketch and extracts, 397 seq.
Karamzín, 34, 36, 255, 395, 418, 428
Khémnitser, I. I., biographical sketch and extracts, 306 seq.;
 and see 34
Kheráskov, M. M., biographical sketch and extract, 298 seq.;
and see 33
Khorovód, 178
Kíev, metropolis of Russia, 9;
its poetic tradition, 10;
has no bylínas, 22;
chronicle, 15, 71 seq., 80;
cycle, 24, 163;
its contact with Poland, 6, 12, 33;
clergy and scholasticism, 26;
intermediary of Western culture, 17
Kiryéevski, 163
Klopstock, 378
Knyazhnín, Y. B., biographical sketch and extracts, 308 seq.;
and see 30, 36, 316
Kolyádas, 177 seq.
Kostróv, E. I., biographical sketch and extract, 358 seq.;
and see 31
Kotoshíkhin, G., biographical sketch and extracts, 136 seq.;
and see 18, 178
Kozítski, G., 326
Kozlóv, 233
Krehbiel, H. E., on popular songs, 178
Krizhánich, Y., biographical sketch and extracts, 134 seq.;
and see 15
Krylóv, 34, 306, 429;
translated, ix.
Kúrbski, A. M., biographical sketch and extracts, 115 seq.;
and see 15, 18
La Fontaine, in Russ. literature, 34, 306, 374
Lamentations, 178, 187
Language, under Peter I., 27
Latin, in the Western Church, 6 seq.;
taught in Russia, 17;
translations from, 150
Latins, hatred of, 6, 17
Laurentian manuscript, 65
Legends, in ancient Russia, 8;
apocryphal, 12 seq.;
profane, 14 seq.
Lewis, W. D., his translations from the Russian, viii., 379, 392, 429
Liberation of the serfs, 361
Lineff, Mrs. E., translations of popular songs, 178
Literary coteries, 32
Literature, in Russia, of recent growth, 3 seq.;
rarely produced outside the Church, 12;
in Slavic countries, 3 seq.
Little-Russians, their characteristics, 9;
whence come, 10
Lomonósov, M. V., biographical sketch and extracts, 241 seq.;
and see 28, 29, 33, 150, 378, 429
Love songs, 178, 179 seq.
Lowell lectures on Russ. literature, x.
Lucidarius in Russia, 8
Ludolf, author of first Russ. grammar, vii.
Luká Zhidyáta, biographical sketch and extract, 44 seq.;
his style, 9
Lyrics, in Russ. literature, 34
Maksím the Greek, 116
Malalas, source of history, 15
Marlowe’s Tamerlane in Russian, 26
Martinists, 32, 361
Martinof, J., translator of Tatíshchev, 219
Masons and Russ. literature, 32, 272, 327
Máykov, V. I., biographical sketch and extracts, 263 seq.;
and see 34, 374
Medvyédev, 18
Meshchérski, Prince, 375 seq.
Metastasio imitated, 308
Milton’s Paradise Lost translated, 291
Modern Language Association, on fairy tales, 189
Molière in Russia, 26
Montesquieu, 29, 30, 272
More, Sir Thomas, 287
Morfill, W. R., translations from the Russian, ix., x., 130, 172
Moscow, as a political centre, 3, 10;
chronicles, 15;
its foreign colony, 17;
influenced by the West, 17, 26, 33;
cycle of songs, 24;
et passim
Mozharóvski’s stories of the Fox, 26, 198 seq.
Munro, H. H., translator of the Word, 81
Muravév, M. N., 395 seq.
Músin-Púshkin, A. I., discoverer of the Word, 81
Mysteries and Moralities, 35
Mythological theory of folklore, 20

Naake, J. T., translations of fairy tales, 189

Nekrásov, 233
Neledínski-Melétski, Y. A., his lyrics, 34;
biographical sketch and extracts, 392 seq.
Néstor, his style, 9;
his chronicle, 15, 41 seq., 50 seq., 65 seq., 71 seq.;
its discovery, 81
New Testament apocrypha in Russ. literature, 13
Nibelungenlied, 80
Nicodemus, gospel of, 13
Nikítin, Afanási, his Travel to India, 15, 111 seq.
Nikón’s corrections, 12
Norse, influence in ancient Russia, 4;
tradition in Kíev, 9;
acquaintance with Ilyá of Múrom, 21, 24;
laws, 45
Novels, 36
Nóvgorod, its relations with Germany, 21;
cycle of songs, 24, 163;
its laconic style, 9, 44 seq.;
its chronicles, 15;
Domostróy, 126
Nóvikov, N. I., imprisoned, 30;
and Catherine, 31 seq.;
and the Masons, 32;
his satires, 35;
his historical investigations, 36;
biographical sketch and extracts, 326 seq.
Odes, 33;
and see Ecstatic poetry
Odoévski, 362
Ogarév, 362
Old Testament apocrypha in Russ. literature, 13
Olónetsk, bylínas, 10, 22
Opera, 370 seq.
Ossian, in Russ. literature, 358, 418
Otto, F., see Cox, G.
Ovid, in Russian, 27
Ovsén, 177
Oxford, publishing the first Russ. grammar, vii.
Ózerov, V. A., and the tragedy, 36;
biographical sketch and extract, 418 seq.

Painter, The, 32, 327

Palæa, 11, 13
Palestine, legends brought from, 14;
and see Holy Land
Panin, I., on Russ. literature, x., 355
Panslavism, Krizhánich’s, 135
Paul, Emperor, 321, 328
People, meaning of this term, 18 seq.
Periodicals, satirical, 326 seq.
Peter the Great, ode on his birth, 150 seq.;
and the Slavophiles, 4;
songs dealing with, 23;
and progress, 26 seq.;
Shcherbátov’s censures of, 288 seq.;
 funeral sermon on, 214;
and see 12, 16, 18, 19, 28, 32, 35, 211, 212, 324
Petrarch in Servian literature, 4
Petróv, V. P., biographical sketch and extract, 291;
and see 31, 33
Philipps, J. T., translation of Feofán’s work, 211
Physiologus in Russia, 8
Pilgrimages, 14 seq., 56 seq.
Pinkerton, R., translation of Platón, 300;
on Russ. proverbs, 200
Platón Levshín, biographical sketch and extract, 300 seq.;
and see 12, 328
Poetry, Russian, in English translation, viii., x.
Poland, its political status, 3;
its ancient literature, 4;
a barrier to Russia, 5;
and Kíev, 12, 17;
intermediary in folklore, 21;
its scholasticism and rhetoric in Russia, 26;
its influence on Russ. literature, 33
Political Economy, Pososhkóv’s, 205
Pollen, J., translations from the Russian, x., 379
Poroshín, S. A., biographical sketch and extract, 321 seq.
Pososhkóv, I. T., biographical sketch and extracts, 205 seq.;
his diction, vi., 28
Potánin’s theory, 21
Prokopóvich, see Feofán
Pronunciation of Russian, vi., vii.
Prose story in Russ. literature, 25 seq., 36
Proverbs, 199 seq.
Pseudo-classic style, 29, 378
Pugachév’s rebellion, 30
Purse, The, 327
Púshkin, in translation, viii.;
reviewed, ix.;
and see 34, 255, 379, 411
Pýpin’s works, vi.

Quarterly Review, popular songs, 178;

fairy tales, 189;
proverbs, 200

Racine, and Russ. literature, 36

Radíshchev, A. N., and English writers, 36;
biographical sketch and extract, 361 seq.;
and see 30, 32, 272, 327
Ragusa, its literature, 4
Ralston, W. R. S., studies in Russ. literature, ix.;
popular songs, 178;
fairy tales, 189
Rambler, The, 327
Reform, beginning of, in Russia, 17 seq.
Religious lore, 11 seq.
Robinson, Dr. Ed., see Talvi
Romanists, see Latins
Romantic Movement, 3, 25
Rosicrucians, 32
Rousseau, 272
Russia, rediscovered by the English, vii.;
its political greatness, 3;
menace to Europe, 5;
its aloofness, 5 seq.;
its unprogressiveness, 6, 8, 20;
its history, by Shcherbátov, 287
Russian Code, 4, 45
Russian language, in America, v.;
supplanted by Bulgarian, 7;
its composition, 7;
perfected by Lomonósov, 241;
first grammar of, vii.
Russian literature, not all accessible to English readers, v.;
English works on, ix.
Rýbnikov, 163
Rylyéev, viii., 233, 362

S., J. T., translation of Brief Theology, 300

Sadkó the Merchant, in French, 21
St. Petersburg Gazette, 327
Satire, 35
Satirical journals, 31, 326 seq.
Saunders, W. H., translation from the Russian, viii.
Sentimentalism, Karamzín, and, 36
Serapión, his style, 9, 11;
biographical sketch and extract, 104 seq.
Sermons, in Russ. literature, 11;
and see 44 seq., 62 seq., 104 seq., 300
Servia, its political status, 3;
its ancient literature, 4;
its legends, 14
Shaw, T. B., translations from the Russian, viii.
Shchedrín, 35
Shcherbátov, M. M., biographical sketch and extract, 287 seq.;
and see 33, 36, 327
Shibánov, 115
Shuválov, Lomonósov’s letters to, 241 seq.
Sigismund’s appeal to Queen Elizabeth, 5
Simeón of Bulgaria, 11
Simeón Pólotski, biographical sketch and extracts, 149 seq.;
and see 18, 26, 34
Slavic, idea, 4;
languages in ninth century, 6;
language of religion, 6;
language, Krizhánich’s, 134;
nations, weakness of, 3;
scholarship in America, ix.;
sources of apocrypha, 13
Slavophiles, 4, 37, 327
Solomon, in Russ. literature, 13, 114
Sophia and the theatre, 26
Spectator, The, 31, 327
Spiritual Testaments, 12, 219
Spiritual Reglement, 211
Spring songs, 178
Stallybrass, J. K., translation of Ode to Deity, 379
Stanley, A. P., translation of Vladímir’s Instruction, 50
Stanley, Dr., on Platón, 300
Stásov’s theory, 21
Sterne in Russ. literature, 36, 361
Sumarókov, A. P., and the drama, 28;
his odes, 33;
his fables, 34;
and the theatre, 36;
biographical sketch and extracts, 254 seq.;
and see 306, 308, 326, 327, 378
Súzdal chronicle, 15
Svyatosláv’s Collection, 11, 12;
his glory sung, 23
Sylvester’s Domostróy, 12, 65, 115, 219
Sylvester, see Néstor

Talmud, legends, 12, 114

Talvi, on Slavic literature, ix.;
translations of historical songs, 172;
and see 178
Tartars, not alone to be blamed for stagnation, 10;
exterminating the Great-Russians of the South, 10, 23;
in bylínas, 22;
in sermon, 104 seq.;
in songs, 172
Tasso, 298
Tatíshchev, V. N., biographical sketch and extract, 218 seq.;
and see 15, 26, 36, 211
Tatler, The, 31, 327
Testaments, 50, 205;
and see Spiritual Testaments
Theatre, early, in Russia, 26;
founded, 255
Thomas, gospel of, 13
Tragedy, 35;
and see Drama
Translations, from the Russian, v.;
author’s, vi.
Transliterations from Russian, vi.
Tredyakóvski, V. K., biographical sketch and extract, 230 seq.;
and see 28, 33, 150, 254, 378
Trojan war, in legend, 14
Turgénev, 36
Turner, C. E., on Russ. literature, x., 224, 242, 272, 379

Unity of Russia, as an idea, 3

University press, 327

Vladímir, his baptism, 65 seq.;

eulogy on, 48 seq.;
cycle, 9, 22, 24, 163
Vladímir Monomákh’s Instruction, 11, 12, 50 seq., 219
Varyág, see Norse
Vergil, 298
Versailles manners in Russia, 28
Vogüé, E. M. de, on Russ. literature, x.
Volhynia chronicle, 15
Voltaire, 29, 30, 316
Voltairism, 30, 327
Voynich, E. L., translation of Russ. humour, x.

Wahl, O. W., on Russ. literature, ix.

Waliszewski, K., on Russ. literature, x.
Wedding songs, 178, 185 seq.
Westminster Review, Russ. literary biography, viii.;
on Russ. literature, viii., x.
Wielhorsky, Count, translation of Nikítin, 111 seq.
Wilson, C. T., translations from the Russian, x., 429
Wolkonsky, Prince, on Russ. literature, v., x.
Word of Ígor’s Armament, The, 80 seq.;
prose version, 71 seq.;
and see vi., 3, 9, 16, 22, 106 seq., 152

Yarosláv’s Code, 4, 9, 45 seq.

Yavórski, Stefán, 28
Yermák, given on p. 172 seq. by oversight for Ermák, q. v.
Young’s Night Thoughts, 378

Zadónshchina, 16, 80, 106 seq.

Zhukóvski, 25 seq.