LESSON PLAN

GRADE LEVEL QUARTER / DOMAIN WEEK & DAY NO. PAGE NO.
VIII 4TH QUARTER 1

I. OBJECTIVES
The digestive system and its interaction with the circulatory, respiratory,
and excretory systems in providing the body with nutrients for energy
A. Content Standards
Diseases that result from nutrient deficiency and ingestion of harmful
substances, and their prevention and treatment
The learner present an analysis of the data gathered on diseases resulting
B. Performance Standards
from nutrient deficiency
C. Learning Explain ingestion, absorption, assimilation, and excretion(S8LT-IVa- 13)
Competencies/Objectives
Write the LC
code for each
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
1. describe the parts and functions of the Digestive System;
2. explain ingestion, absorption, assimilation, and excretion (S8LT-IVa-
D. Unpacked Competency 13); and
(Objective) 3. discuss nutrient deficiency, common digestive diseases and ways to
prevent such diseases.

II. CONTENT The Digestive System

III. LEARNING RESOURCES
A. References
1. Teacher’s Guide pages
2. Leaner’s Materials pages
3. Textbook pages Quarter 4-Module 1, pages 1-13
4. Additional Materials from
Learning Resource (LP)
B. Other Learning Resource

IV. PROCEDURES

(ELICIT)

The teacher are going to show a bunch of pictures; these pictures

are actually body organs and let the students which it is.

Activity

1.

1. Reviewing previous lesson or

presenting the new lesson

2.
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3.

4.

5.

(ENGAGE)

Activity 1. Tummy Puzzle!

The will provide o observe the process of photosynthesis and understand its
importance in plant growth. The teacher will provide the instructions, Rubric
and assessment questions.

2. Presenting Directions: Hidden in the word puzzle are terms associated to digestive
examples/instances of system. Pick fifteen (15) of these terms and write your answers on a
the new lesson separate sheet of paper.
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(EXPLORE)

Lecture and Discussion

The teacher will be called two students to answer the following question
posted on screen before discussing the lesson.
3. Discussing new concepts
1. Why do we really need food?
and practicing new skills #1
2. Is it really essential to sustain life?

Organisms need food to survive. It fuels and gives organisms the energy to enable
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to carry out the different activities in a day. Food plays a vital role for organisms’
survival.
The body is composed of cells which are needed for energy, growth and repair. In
order to supply those “things”, food must be broken down for the cells to use it.
The food can be used once it is processed by the group of organs known as the
digestive system.

Food supplies the raw materials that enter in the digestive system through the
mouth. Once it is inside the body, it will undergo processes performed by the
different organs of the digestive system and then be changed into a material that
can be used by the cells.

4. Discussing new concepts (EXPLAIN)

and practicing new skills #2 The teacher introduces the lesson.
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Digestive system is responsible in digesting the food that we eat in a

process known as digestion.
It breaks down food particles to organic
compounds that can be used by the cells in the body. Digestive system has
two ways in breaking down food: mechanical digestion and chemical
digestion.

When the food is broken down into smaller pieces through chewing,
grinding, squeezing and tearing, this is called mechanical digestion.
However, when the food is broken down with the help of chemicals and
other substances to liquefy, it is called chemical digestion.

In addition, digestive system is composed of two groups. One group

makes up the gastrointestinal tract which includes the mouth, esophagus,
stomach and intestine. The other group stores, release and makes up
chemicals that aids the further break down of food composed of the
following: pancreas, liver, gall bladder and salivary glands (DepEd 2011)
Organisms classify their digestion through their digestives system.
Mostly all animals have tube-like digestive system. In which one end of the
tube serves as a mouth while the other end serves as the anus.

Complete digestion takes place when the food enters the mouth, passes
a long tube and then exits as feces or stool in the anus. Incomplete
digestion is when there is only one opening in the digestive system in
which
this opening serves as the mouth and the anus of the organism.

The Digestive System

Humans and several organisms have the same type of digestive system. It
has two openings and the food enters through the mouth.
Mouth. This is where digestion begins.

A. INGESTION is the first process that happens in digestive system. It is

the journey of taking in food or any substance into the body through the
mouth. The journey of food starts when a bit of hamburger enters your
mouth. It is where the food is broken down into smaller pieces by chewing,
tearing, and grinding the food and changing the food physically. After it has
been broken down mechanically the salivary glands now produce a chemical
that will start breaking down the carbohydrates from the food. Now, from
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the mouth when you swallow the food it propels down to the esophagus.

B. DIGESTION is the second process involved in digestive system. It is the

process that involves break down of large food molecules into smaller
molecules for easy absorption of the cells. Both chemical and mechanical
digestions begin immediately in the mouth. While the food is in the mouth,
the teeth cut, crush, and break it apart into tiny pieces while the tongue
helps mix food with saliva secreted by the salivary glands forming into a
moist ball called bolus so it can be easily swallowed. This process is known
as mastication or chewing considered as a mechanical digestion, which is
the initial stage of digestion. The saliva contains salivary amylase, the
enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrate. Then, the bolus
passes from the mouth to the esophagus - a tube that attaches the mouth
to the stomach. A series of wave-like muscle contractions known as
peristalsis push and transport foods and liquids in small sections to the
stomach.

Pharynx. It is a hollow tube inside the neck. It is about 5 inches long and
also known as throat. It is a part where it propels or moves the pieces of
food down to the esophagus.
Esophagus. This is a tube that creates a connection from the mouth to the
stomach. It serves as the passageway of the food and where peristalsis
begins. Peristalsis is the involuntary movement that involves alternating
waves of contraction or strong motion that moves the food swallowed from
the esophagus to the stomach until it reaches the small intestine.

The Direction of Food

Figure 2.
Peristalsis

Stomach. It is a bag-like organ in

the digestive system which is responsible in
grinding and mixing the food together with
the digestive juices or enzymes. Hydrochloric acid is released in this
organ and converts the food into a soupy substance called chyme. It is the
product of digestion in the stomach. The stomach wall has special cells that
produce gastric juices. These juices are responsible in the start of
breaking down proteins. The stomach works for about four (4) hours then
pushes the food into the small intestine.
Small Intestine. Chemical digestion mostly happens in this organ. It
contains several digestive juices. The juices are responsible in digesting the
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proteins into amino acids and some digest carbohydrates into simple
sugars. Ooops! Before we continue let’s have a detour. Let us first discover
and be amazed by the three organs in the digestive system that make it
more awesome on how the food is digested. These organs are the liver,
pancreas and the gall bladder.
Liver. It is the largest solid internal organ of the body. This organ
secretes bile which is a green liquid that breaks up fats into smaller droplets
and serves as storage of nutrients. When bile is needed in the small
intestine it aids in digestion of fats but if not it is delivered in the gall
bladder.
Gall Bladder. It serves as storage and concentration of bile. The bile
is stored here until it will be needed by the small intestine for digestion of
fats.
Stomach. It is a bag-like organ in the digestive system which is
responsible in grinding and mixing the food together with the digestive
juices or enzymes. Hydrochloric acid is released in this organ and
converts the food into a soupy substance called chyme. It is the product
of digestion in the stomach. The stomach wall has special cells that produce
gastric juices. These juices are responsible in the start of breaking down
proteins. The stomach works for about four (4) hours then pushes the food
into the small intestine.
Small Intestine. Chemical digestion mostly happens in this organ. It
contains several digestive juices. The juices are responsible in digesting the
proteins into amino acids and some digest carbohydrates into simple
sugars.
Ooops! Before we continue let’s have a detour. Let us first discover
and be amazed by the three organs in the digestive system that make it
more awesome on how the food is digested. These organs are the liver,
pancreas and the gall bladder.

C. ABSORPTION is the
third process that happens in
the digestive system. It
occurs mostly in the small
intestine where several
digestive juices, pancreatic
juice, and bile aid in the
chemical digestion of food.
Absorption is the process of
passing the soluble food
molecules in the wall of the
small intestine through the
villi – the tiny, finger-like
projections from the
epithelial lining of the
intestinal wall. Each villus
contains blood capillaries that enable it to absorb water, glucose, amino
acids, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids. It also increases the amount of
surface area available for the absorption of nutrients. See figure 3.
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D. ASSIMILATION is the fourth

process that occurs in the digestive
system. It is the movement of
digested food nutrients into the
blood vessels of the small intestine
through diffusion and use of
nutrients into the body
cells through the microvilli –
microscopic cellular membrane
projections that serves to expand
the surface area for diffusion and
also to lessen any increase in
volume. See figure 4. The third
part of the small intestine is the
ileum which is about 3.5 meters in
length. Its main function is the
assimilation (absorption) of B12
and the re-assimilation (reabsorption) of conjugated bile salts.

Liver. It is the largest solid internal organ of the body. This organ
secretes bile which is a green liquid that breaks up fats into smaller droplets
and serves as storage of nutrients. When bile is needed in the small
intestine it aids in digestion of fats but if not it is delivered in the gall
bladder.
Gall Bladder. It serves as storage and concentration of bile. The bile
is stored here until it will be needed by the small intestine for digestion of
fats.

E. EGESTION is the last process that occurs in the digestive system. It is

the release of undigested food collected in the rectum called feces and
pushed out of the body through the anus by defecation.

The entire tour in the digestive system takes 20 hours for a food to
complete. This means that the process is so long to provide the needed
substances by the body. However, are we aware of the things that we can
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get from the food that we eat? Does it give us enough nutrients that are
needed by our body? Are the food digested good for the health? What will
happen if the food taken in is not giving enough nutrients? Below are
examples on what the body experiences without enough nutrients known as
nutrient deficiency.
What is nutrient deficiency?
Nutrient deficiency, or also known as nutritional deficiency, happens
when our body does not receive or absorb necessary amount of nutrients
from the food that we eat. This also means that the vitamins and minerals
in our body is not enough to let it function properly. This deficiency can
lead to a variety of health problems. Last 2015, according to the National
Nutritional Survey, persistent problems on nutrient deficiencies afflict
Filipinos (Agila 2020).
Common Nutrient Deficiency Diseases
Diseases around the world have been described because of nutritional
deficiencies (Haimi and Lerner 2014).

Deficiency can lead to serious health problems and these are the examples:
1. Iron Deficiency – this happens when there is insufficient iron in
the body, it is also called anemia. When this happens the body
cannot produce enough red blood cells that enable to carry oxygen
to the body that leads you to feel tired and experience shortness of
breath (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education Research MFMER
1999-2021).
2. Zinc Deficiency – this occurs when the body does not receive
adequate amount of zinc to sustain its function. Zinc support cell
functions and is needed to make chemical reactions in the body to
happen. This deficiency leads to appetite loss and poor immune
system. It was revealed that zinc deficiency in the Philippines is a
significant public health concern (Marcos 2015).8
3. Iodine Deficiency – this happens when the body does not have
accurate amount of iodine. The body mostly obtains iodine from diet.
This may result into metabolic problems such as goiter and others.

Common Digestive Diseases

Digestive problems often happen to people
all around the world. This happens when
we have taken in foods that are not
good for our gastrointestinal tract which
create an upset in our stomach. Some
common digestive problems are the
following:

 Constipation – refers to
infrequent bowel movement and
the stool is difficult to pass and can
happen for several weeks or even
longer (ClevelandClinic 2019).

 Diarrhea – happens when a loose and watery stool comes out that
can be present for days. It is a result by the body’s inability to absorb
food (MFMER 2021).

 Peptic Ulcers – refers to the painful sores inside the lining of the
stomach or in the upper part of the small intestine. These ulcers are
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slow to heal and can even keep on returning (MFMER 2021).

 Colon Cancer – medically known as colorectal cancer in which it

involves the colon or the large intestine and the rectum. It is when
there is a tumor growth in the lining of the large intestine or in the
rectum. This indicates abdominal pain, change in bowel habits and
others (Division of Cancer Prevention and Control 2020)

Prevention of Digestive System Diseases

As the old saying says “Prevention is better than cure”, there are ways on
how we can prevent such digestive diseases rather than merely curing it.
How do we prevent digestive system diseases? Here are some of the ways
to deal with it.

1. Drink lots of water. Water helps cleanse the entire digestive system.
It also plays a role in efficiently helping the absorption of nutrients during
digestion. Also, it nourishes and energizes the cells in the digestive tract.

2.Maintain a healthy diet. This means that the food you eat plays
an essential role to have

3. Eat mindfully. This means paying attention on eating the food and
slowly chewing and eating it. This is important for this is the part where we
can break down properly the food into smaller pieces that helps the
digestion.

4. Exercise regularly. It promotes healthy digestion. It keeps the

muscles of the digestive system moving that allows the food to pass
through easily and quickly. It also helps the undigested materials be easily
excreted from the body.

5. Stay away from bad habits. Smoking, drinking alcohol and late-
night eating can make our body unhealthy as well.

(ELABORATE)
The teacher will ask follow up questions related to the topic and
let the students answer it.

1. What is digestive?
2. How are the nutrients transported all over the body?
3. How do we prevent digestive system diseases?
5. Developing mastery (leads
to Formative Assessment 3)

6. Finding practical applications The teacher will conduct an activity after the discussion.
of concepts and skills in
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Activity. Pick Me UP!

Directions: Identify the five organs that are part of the digestive system
from among the picture in the box below. Write only the
letters corresponding to your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

daily living

The teacher summarizes the lesson by asking questions.

1. Digestion starts when food is taken into the mouth.

2. What do you call the stage/process where in is the taking in of the food
through the mouth?
3. The second stage/process which involved in the breaking down of the
7. Making generalizations and foods into nutrients?
abstractions about the 4. The next stage/process in the digestive process which involved in taking
lesson the nutrients by the cell?
5. Last process that occurs in the digestive system. It is the release of
undigested food collected in the rectum called feces and pushed out of the
body through the anus by defecation.

8. Evaluating learning (EVALUATE)

The teacher will conduct a quiz to assess the knowledge of the
students.

Activity 4. Match ME!

Directions: Describe the function of each organ in the digestive system by
matching column A with column B. Write only the letter of the correct
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Column A Column B
1. This is where the food is mechanically
broken down by chewing chewed pulp and the
tongue helps in pushing the bits and broken
into small pieces for easier digestion. In here,
the saliva softens the food to of food into the
pharynx.

2. It reabsorbs water from undigested food

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materials coming from the small intestine.

3. It is where the waste or remaining food

materials that become more solid known as
feces will be temporarily stored and
eliminated

4. It is a tube that connects the mouth and

stomach. It carries the food down to your
stomach for temporary storage and further
digestion.

5. Here, the food is mixed with intestinal juices

which contain enzymes that help in
digestion. It is where the final digestion and
absorption of nutrients happen

6. J-shaped organ found at the end of the

esophagus on the upper left side of the
abdomen or abdominal cavity that produces
gastric juices and acids.

(EXTEND)
The teacher will give an assignment to the students.

Digestive System Concept Map

Direction: Read the phrases below and complete the concept map about the
digestive system. Choose your answers from the word box provided.

Esophagus Chemical Digestion Pancreas

9. Additional activities for
application or remediation Mechanical Digestion Pharynx Liver

Mouth Stomach Rectum

Peristalsis Small Intestine Anus

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V. REMARKS

VI. REFLECTION

A. No. of learners who earned 80% in the evaluation

B. No. of learners who require additional activities for
remediation
C. Did the remedial lessons work? No. of learners who
have caught up with the lesson
D. No. of learners who continue to require remediation
E. Which of my teaching strategies worked well? Why
did these work?
F. What difficulties did I encounter which my principal
or supervisor can help me solve?
G. What innovation or localized materials did I
use/discover which I wish to share with other
teachers?
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Writer/s:

Evaluator/s:

Prepared by:

LAARNIE L. ENRIQUEZ
Student Teacher