Main His

1 1 The Rise of Nationalism in
Europe
MCQ (Multiple choice-based questions)

1. Choose the correct nationality of the artist Frederic Sorrieu who visualised in his painting a
society made up of Democratic and Social Republic
(a) German (b) Swiss (c) French (d) American
2. ‘Nationalism’, which emerged as a force in the late 19th century, means

(a) strong devotion for one’s own country and its history and culture.
(b) strong devotion for one’s own country without appreciation for other nations.
(c) strong love for one’s own country and hatred for others.
(d) equally strong devotion for all the countries of the world.
3. Match the term with the statements given below:

A ‘Utopian Society’ is
(i) a society under a benevolent monarchy
(ii) a society that is unlikely to ever exist
(iii) a society under the control of a chosen few wise men
(iv) a society under Parliamentary Democracy
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) only
(d) (iii) only
4. Pick out the correct definition to define the term ‘Plebiscite’.

(a) Plebiscite is a direct vote by which only the female members of a region are asked to accept or
reject a proposal.
(b) Plebiscite is a direct vote by the female members of a matriarchal system to accept or reject a
proposal.
(c) Plebiscite is a direct vote by only a chosen few from the total population of a parti-cular region
to accept or reject a proposal. (d)
Plebiscite is a direct vote by which all the citizens of a region are asked to accept or reject a
proposal.
5. Ernst Renan believed that the existence of nations is a necessity because

(a) it ensures protection to all inhabitants.
(b) it ensures liberty to all inhabitant citizens.
(c) it ensures Parliamentary form of govern-ment to its inhabitants.
(d) it ensures jobs and good health to all its inhabitants.
6. Which of the following countries did not attend the Congress of Vienna?
(a) Britain
(b) Russia
(c) Prussia
(d) Switzerland
7. The first great revolution which gave the clear idea of nationalism with its core words: ‘Liberty,
Equality and Fraternity’ was:
(a) The Russian Revolution
(b) The French Revolution
(c) The American Revolution
(d) India’s First War of Independence
8. Which of the following statements about the ‘French Revolution’ are correct?
(i) After the end of the French Revolution it was proclaimed that it was the people who would
henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
(ii) France will have a constitutional monarchy and the new republic will be headed by a member
of the royal family.
(iii) A centralised administrative system will be put in place to formulate uniform laws for all
citizens.
(iv) Imposition of internal custom duties and dues will continue to exist in France.
(a) (ii) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
9. The French revolutionaries declared that the mission and destiny of the French nation was
(a) to conquer the people of Europe.
(b) to liberate the people of Europe from despotism.
(c) to strengthen absolute monarchies in all the countries of Europe.
(d) to propagate the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity in every part of the world.
10. The Civil Code of 1804 in France is usually known as:

(a) The French Revolutionary Code
(b) Napoleonic Code
(c) European Imperial Code
(d) The French Civil Code
11. The Napoleonic Code was exported to which of the following regions?
(a) England
(b) Spain
(c) Regions under French control
(d) Poland
12. The liberal nationalism stands for:

(a) freedom for the individual and equality before law.
(b) preservation of autocracy and clerical privileges.
(c) freedom for only male members of society and equality before law.
(d) freedom only for senior citizens.
13. Who among the following formed the secret society called ‘Young Italy’? [Delhi 2012]
(a) Otto von Bismarck
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini
(c) Mettemich
(d) Johann Gottfried Herder
14. The term ‘Universal Suffrage’ means:

(a) the right to vote and get elected, granted only to men.
(b) the right to vote for all adults.
(c) the right to vote and get elected, granted exclusively to property owning men.
(d) the right to vote and get elected, granted only to educated men and women.
15. Which of the following is not a feature or belief of ‘Conservatism’?

(a) Conservatives believe in established, traditional institutions of state and policy.
(b) Conservatives stressed the importance of tradition and preferred gradual develop¬ment to
quick change.
(c) Conservatives proposed to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days and were against the
ideas of modernisation to strengthen monarchy.
(d) Conservatives believed in the monarchy, church, and other social hierarchies.
16. The Treaty of recognized Greece

as an independent nation:
(a) Vienna 1815
(b) Constantinople 1832
(c) Warsaw 1814
(d) Leipzig 1813
17. Who said ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’?
(a) Garibaldi
(b) Bismarck
(c) Mazzini
(d) Duke Metternich
18. What happened to Poland at the end of 18th century. Which of the following answers is
correct?
(a) Poland achieved independence at the end of the 18th century.
(b) Poland came totally under the control of Russia and became part of Russia.
(c) Poland became the part of East Germany.
(d) Poland was partitioned at the end of the 18th century by three Great Powers: Russia, Prussia
and Austria.
19. Who played the leading role in the unification of Germany?

(a) German Emperor (formerly King of Prussia) — Kaiser William I.
(b) Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Chief Minister).
(c) Johann Gottfried Herder — German philosopher.
(d) Austrian Chancellor — Duke Metternich.
20. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark, Germany and France, ended in
(a) Danish victory
(b) Prussian victory
(c) French victory
(d) German victory
21. Who was proclaimed the emperor of Germany in 1871?

(a) Otto Von Bismarck
(b) Victor Emmanuel II
(c) Count Cavour
(d) Kaiser William I of Prussia
22. Who became the King of United Italy in 1861?

(a) Giuseppe Garibaldi
(c) Count Cavour
(d) Giuseppe Mazzini
23. What helped in the formation of a nation-state in Britain?

(a) The formation of a nation-state in Britain was the result of a sudden upheaval.
(b) In 1688, the monarchy in Britain had seized the power from English Parliament.
(c) The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the monarchy which
gradually led to the emergence of a nation-state.
(d) The British nation was formed as a result of a war with Scotland and Wales.
24. Who was responsible for the unification of Germany?

(a) Count Cavour
(b) Bismarck
(c) Garibaldi
25. The allegory of the German nation who wears a crown of oak leaves was a:
(a) Marianne
(b) Union Jack
(c) Britannia
(d) Germania
26. A large part of Balkan region was under the control of:
(a) Russian empire
(b) Ottoman empire
(c) German empire
(d) Habsburg rulers
27. Choose the correct nationality of the artist Frederic Sorrieu who visualised in his painting a
society made up of Democratic and Social Republic.
(a) German
(b) Swiss
(c) French
(d) American
28. When did the French Revolution start?
(a) 1789
(b) 1879
(c) 1780
(d) 1769
29. Who was called the Architect of Germany’s Unification?
(a) Napoleon
(b) Ottto Von Bismarck
(c) Mazzini
(d) Garibaldi
30. What type of conservative regimes were set up in 1815 in Europe?
(a) Autocratic
(b) Democratic
(c) Aristocratic
(d) Dictatorial
31. Nationalism brought about in Europe the emergence of :

(a) The Nation State
(b) The Modern State
(c) Multinational Dynastic State
(d) Alliances formed among many European states
32. ‘Nationalism’, which emerged as a force in the late 19th century, means
(a) strong devotion for one’s own country and its history and culture.
(b) strong devotion for one’s own country without appreciation for other nations.
(c) strong love for one’s own country and hatred for others.
(d) equally strong devotion for all the countries of the world.
33. When was Ireland forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom ?
(a) 1798
(b) 1801
(c) 1800
(d) 1799
34. Which of the given aspects signifies the image of ‘Germania’.
(a)Fold and Cultural Tradition
(b)Auterity and Asceticism
(c)Revenge and Vengeance
(d)Heroism and Justice
35. Identify the French artist who prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world
from the following:
(a) Kitagewa Utamaro

(b) Richard M Hoe
(c) Voltaire
(d) Frederic Sorrieu
36. The first clear expression of Nationalism in Europe came with :
(a) The American Revolution

(c) The Russian Revolution
(d) The Industrial Revolution
37. Pick out the correct definition to define the term ‘Plebiscite’.
(a) Plebiscite is a direct vote by which only the female members of a region are asked to accept or
reject a proposal.
(b) Plebiscite is a direct vote by the female members of a matriarchal system to accept or reject a
proposal.
(c) Plebiscite is a direct vote by only a chosen few from the total population of a parti-cular region
to accept or reject a proposal.
(d) Plebiscite is a direct vote by which all the citizens of a region are asked to accept or reject a
proposal.
38. Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary – was keen on countering the hold of
other powers over the Balkans, this became one of the major reasons for …………
(a) First World War

(b) Second World War
(c) Fall of the Ottomon Empire
(d) Integration of the Balkan States
39. When the Greek struggle for Independence begins?
(a)1821
(b)1797
(c)1850
(d)1800
40. Napoleon invaded Italy in
(a) 1821
(b) 1790s
(c) 1905
(d) 1797
41. The ideas of a United Community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution were expressed by
the French as :
(a) La Patrie
(b) Le Citoyen
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
42. Ernst Renan believed that the existence of nations is a necessity because
(a) it ensures protection to all inhabitants.

(b) it ensures liberty to all inhabitant citizens.
(c) it ensures Parliamentary form of govern-ment to its inhabitants.
(d) it ensures jobs and good health to all its inhabitants.
43. Which area was the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871?
(a) Southern Europe

(b) mid Europe
(c)Balkan States
(d)Eastern States
44. What the crown of oak leaves symbolise?
(a) Peace
(b)Heroism
(c)Courage
(d)Tolerance
45. Who was proclaimed King of united Italy in 1861?
(a) Victor Emmanuel II

(b) Louis Philippe
(c) Mazzini
(d) Cavour
46. Frederic Serrieu, a French artist, in his series of four prints (1848) visualised his dream of a
world as:
(a) A world made up of ‘democratic and social republics’
(b) A world made up of one nation, one world
(c) A world with one absolute ruler
(d) A world following one religion, one language
47. Which of the following countries did not attend the Congress of Vienna?
(a) Britain
(b) Russia
(c) Prussia
(d) Switzerland
48. How many wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian
victory and completed the process of unification?
(a) four
(b) three
(c) six
(d) two
49. Which sentence best explains the Utopian Society?
(a)A society where everyone is equal
(b)A society with a comprehensive constitution
(c)An idealist society which can never be achieved
(d)A democratic society
50. Which of the following artists painted the image of Germania?
(a) Philip Veit

(b) Frederic Sorrieu
(c) Ernst Renan
(d) Richar M Hoe
51. What kind of political and constitutional change was brought about by the French Revolution?
(a) It ended the absolute monarchy

(b) It transferred power to a body of the French citizens
(c) It proclaimed that henceforth people would constitute the nation and shape its destiny
(d) All the above
52. The first great revolution which gave the clear idea of nationalism with its core words: ‘Liberty,
Equality and Fraternity’ was:
(a) The Russian Revolution

(c) The American Revolution
(d) India’s First War of Independence
53. In which year did Louis Philippe flee and the National Assembly was proclaimed a Republic?
(a) 1846
(b) 1848
(c) 1845
(d) 1847
54. Which of the following treaty gave Greece a recognition of an independent nation?
(a)Treaty of Vienna
(b)Treaty of Versailles
(c)Treaty of Lausanne
(d)Treaty of Constantinople
55. Who said ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’?
(a) Garibaldi
(b) Bismarck
(c) Mazzini
(d) Duke Metternich
56. The Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code, established :
(a) Equality before the law

(b) Secured the right to property
(c) Did away with all the privileges based on birth
(d) All the above
57. The French revolutionaries declared that the mission and destiny of the French nation was
(a) to conquer the people of Europe.

(b) to liberate the people of Europe from despotism.
(c) to strengthen absolute monarchies in all the countries of Europe.
(d) to propagate the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity in every part of the world.
58. What happened at the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832?
(a) revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off

(b) struggle for independence amongst the Greeks began
(c) Greece was recognised as an independent nation
(d) European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim
empire
59. Romanticism refers to which movement.

(a)Political Movement
(b)Religious Movement
(c)Cultural Movement
(d)Literary Movement
60. What happened to Poland at the end of 18th century. Which of the following answers is
correct?
(a) Poland achieved independence at the end of the 18th century.

(b) Poland came totally under the control of Russia and became part of Russia.
(c) Poland became the part of East Germany.
(d) Poland was partitioned at the end of the 18th century by three Great Powers: Russia, Prussia
and Austria.
61. Socially and politically dominant class in Europe during mid-eighteenth century was
__________ .
(a) The Nobility
(b) The landed aristocracy
(c) The Church
(d) The absolute monarchs
62. The Civil Code of 1804 in France is usually known as:
(a) The French Revolutionary Code

(b) Napoleonic Code
(c) European Imperial Code
(d) The French Civil Code
63. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini, what did he do?
(a) French revolutionary, formed groups

(b) British statesman, gave a speech
(c) Russian politician, wrote a book
(d) Italian Revolutionary, founded two underground societies – Young Italy in Marseilles and Young
Europe in Berne and opposed monarchy
64. Who formed the secret society called ‘Young Italy’.
(a)Metternich
(b)Mazzini
(c)Johann Gottfried Herder
(d)Otto Von Bismarck
65. Who played the leading role in the unification of Germany?
(a) German Emperor (formerly King of Prussia) – Kaiser William I.

(b) Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Chief Minister).
(c) Johann Gottfried Herder – German philosopher.
(d) Austrian Chancellor – Duke Metternich.
66 .All the new regimes, set up in 1815, were autocratic because:

(a) They did not tolerate criticism and dissent
(b) They imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, plays, songs etc.
(c) They curbed activities which questioned their legitimacy
(d) All the above
67. The Napoleonic Code was exported to which of the following regions?
(a) England
(b) Spain
(c) Regions under French control
(d) Poland
68. When did the Treaty of Vienna take place and who were the participants?
(a) 1816, Britain, Russia, Prussia
(b) 1815, Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria
(c) 1820, Britain and Russia
(d) 1817, Russia, Prussia, Austria
69. Before the Revolution in France in 1789, which of the following types of government were
functioning there.
(a)Monarchy
(b)Military
(c)Body of French Citizen
(d) Dictatorship
70. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark, Germany and France, ended in
(a) Danish victory
(b) Prussian victory
(c) French victory
(d) German victory
71. Name one kind of revolt that started in Europe in 1848.

(a) Linguistic Revolt in Germany
(b) Artisans, industrial workers, and peasants revolted against economic hardships
(c) Revolt against monarchy in Switzerland
(d) Revolt for freedom in Greece
72. The liberal nationalism stands for:
(a) freedom for the individual and equality before law.

(b) preservation of autocracy and clerical privileges.
(c) freedom for only male members of society and equality before law.
(d) freedom only for senior citizens.
73. What was conservatism?
(a) strict rules on the society

(b)social norms became conservative
(c) monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved
(d) different norms for different classes
74. Italian Princely house ruled which of the following states before the Unification of Italy.
(a)Sardania-piedmont
(b)Lomabardy
(c)Venetia
(d)Kingdom of two Sicilies
75. Who was proclaimed the emperor of Germany in 1871?
(a) Otto Von Bismarck

(c) Count Cavour
(d) Kaiser William I of Prussia
76. Which new spirit guided European nations after Napoleon’s defeat?
(a) Fascism
(b) Conservatism
(c) Nazism
(d) Communism
77. The term ‘Universal Suffrage’ means:
(a) the right to vote and get elected, granted only to men.
(b) the right to vote for all adults.
(c) the right to vote and get elected, granted exclusively to property owning men.
(d) the right to vote and get elected, granted only to educated men and women.
78. What did the customs union or zollverein do?
(a) abolished tax

(b) abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two
(c) abolished tariff charges and reduced the currencies to 5
(d) only abolished tariff barriers
79. Which one of the following was not the feature of Napoleonic Code?
(a) Equality before the law

(b) Universal Adult Franchise
(c) Right to Property
(d) Privileges based on birth
80. The denial of universal suffrage in Europe, led to _________________.
(a) Revolutions
(b) Women and non-propertied men organising opposition movements, demanding equal rights
throughout 19th and early 20th centuries
(c) Demand of equal political rights
(d) Return of monarchy
81. The Treaty of recognized Greece as an independent nation:
(a) Vienna 1815

(b) Constantinople 1832
(c) Warsaw 1814
(d) Leipzig 1813
82. A merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have had to
pass through ……………….
(a) 11 customs barriers

(b) no custom barriers
(c) 6 custom barriers
(d) 3 custom barriers
83. Who hosted the ‘Treaty of Vienna’?
(a) Frédéric Sorrieu

(b) Victor Emmanuel
(c) Duke Metternich
(d) Giuseppe Garibaldi
84. In the 19th century, the French artists symbolised the French nation as :
(a) Marianne, a popular Christian name for women
(b) Marianne, a female figure, with a red cap, the tricolour, and the cockade
(c) As a female named Marianne, with characteristics of liberty (a red cap, a broken chair) and the
Republic (the red cap, tricolour, and the cockade)
(d) All the above
85. Who became the King of United Italy in 1861?
(a) Giuseppe Garibaldi

(c) Count Cavour
86. In revolutionary France, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to
………………….
(a) property-owning men
(b) all
(c) Men and women
(d) upper class.
87. The political and constitutional changes brought about by the French Revolution were:
(a) it ended the absolute monarchy.

(b) It transferred power to a body of the French citizens.
(c) It proclaimed that henceforth people would constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
(d) All the above.
88. The purpose behind the painting “The Massacre at Chios” by Eugene Delacroix, 1824, was:
(a) To appeal to the emotions of the spectators and create sympathy for the Greeks
(b) To dramatize the incident in which 20,000 Greeks were killed
(c) To focus on the suffering of women and children
(d) All the above
89. What helped in the formation of a nation-state in Britain?
(a) The formation of a nation-state in Britain was the result of a sudden upheaval.
(b) In 1688, the monarchy in Britain had seized the power from English Parliament.
(c) The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the monarchy which
gradually led to the emergence of a nation-state.
(d) The British nation was formed as a result of a war with Scotland and Wales.
90. The allegory of the German nation who wears a crown of oak leaves was a:
(a) Marianne
(b) Union Jack
(c) Britannia
(d) Germania
91. What is Suffrage?
(a) Right to property

(b) Right to Justice
(c) Right to vote
(d) Right to complain
92. What does ‘Absolutist’ mean?
(a) A Philosophy
(b) A Theory
(c) Monarchical Government
(d) A Painting
93. German philosopher Johann Gotfried Herder claimed that true German culture was discovered
through
(a) Folk songs, folk poetry, folk dances
(b) Common people — das volk
(c) Vernacular language
(d) All the above
94. A large part of Balkan region was under the control of:
(a) Russian empire
(b) Ottoman empire
(c) German empire
(d) Habsburg rulers
95. The first clear expression of nationalism came with:
(a) The American Revolution

(c) The Russian Revolution
(d) The Industrial Revolution
96. Cavour’s contribution to Italian unification was:
(a) Diplomatic alliance with the enemies of Austria

(b) War with Austrians and Bourbons.
(c) Diplomatic alliance with France in 1859 and strengthening Sardinia and Piedmont
(d) Defeated the Bourbon kings
97. “In the initial stages, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. But the initial
enthusiasm soon turned to hostility”. Identify the reason from the following.
A. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies.
B. Introduced uniform laws, standardised weights, and measures.
C. Secured equality before the law and the right to property.
D. Simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system.
98. Which one of the following statements is not true of Aristocracy?
A. They owned estates in the countryside and also townhouses.
B. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
C. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
D. They often clashed with the ideas of the monarchs.
99. Find out from the following, what economic liberalism stood for.
(i) Abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital
(ii) End of autocracy and clerical privileges
(iii) Freedom for the individual and equality of all
(iv) Freedom of markets
A. (i) and (ii) are correct.
B. (i) and (iii) are correct.
C. (ii) and (iv) are correct.
D. (i) and (iv) are correct.
100. ---------------- was the famous English poet, who organised funds and later went to fight in the
Greek War of Independence.
A. Lord John Milton
B. Lord Byron
C. Lord Wellington
D. Lord Macaulay
101. ---------------- of 1832 recognised Greece as the independent nation.
A. The Treaty of Versailles
B. The Congress of Vienna
C. The Treaty of Constantinople
D. The Treaty of Geneva
102. Arrange the following events related to the Formation of Britain as a nation, in chronological
order.
(i) The Act of Union between England and Scotland
(ii) The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy
(iii) Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom
(iv) Catholic revolts against British dominance
A. iii - i – ii – iv
B. i – ii – iii – iv
C. iv – i – ii – iii
D. ii – i – iv – iii
103. Identify the three wars led by Otto van Bismarck that completed the process of German
Unification.
A. Austria, Denmark, and France
B. France, Austria, and England
C. Denmark, France, and England
D. England, Austria, and Denmark
104. The following characteristics of Marianne were drawn from those of Liberty and of the
Republic. A. The red cap, The broken chain, The oak leaves
B. The red cap, The tricolour, The cockade
C. The broken chain, The tricolour, The cockade
D. The oak leaves, The cockade, The tricolour
105. “The Balkan area became an area of intense conflict”. Find out the reason(s) for conflict.
(i) Different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence
(ii) Each Balkan state hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others
(iii) The Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry
A. (i) and (i) are correct
B. (i) and (iii) are correct
C. All the above are correct
D. None of the above
106. The Nation is most often symbolized in which of the following forms?
A. History and Fiction
B. Figures or Images
C. Popular Prints
D. Folklore and Songs
107. Which of the following did the European Conservatives not believe in?
A. Traditional Institutions of state policy
B. Strengthened monarchy
C. A return to a society of pre-revolutionary days
D. Preservation of the Church
108. Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe.
A. Restoration of Bourbon kings to power.
B. Greek war of independence.
C. The July Revolution.
D. Installation of constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.
109. Consider these statements about Romanticism,
i) Romanticism was cultural movement.
ii) Romanticism was a political movement.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
A. i only
B. ii only
C. Both i and ii
D. Neither i nor ii
110. Consider the following.
1. Johann Gottfried - German philosopher
2. uprising in Brussels - Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
3. Delacroix - French Romantic painters.
4. Grimm Brothers - Folktales and Nation-building
Which of the above are correctly matched?
A. 2 and 3 only
B. 1, 2 and 3 only
C. 2, 3 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answers
1-b 2-a 3-b 4-d 5-b 6-d 7-b 8-c 9-b 10-b
11-c 12-a 13-b 14-b 15-c 16-b 17-d 18-d 19-b 20-b
21-d 22-b 23-c 24-b 25-d 26-b 27-c 28-a 29-b 30-a
31-a 32-a 33-b 34-d 35-d 36--b 37-d 38-a 39-a 40-b
41-c 42-b 43-c 44-b 45-a 46-a 47-d 48-b 49-c 50-a
51-d 52-b 53-b 54-d 55-d 56-d 57-b 58-c 59-c 60-d
61-a 62-b 63-d 64-b 65-b 66-d 67-c 68-b 69-a 70-b
71-b 72-a 73-b 74-a 75-d 76-b 77-b 78-b 79-d 80-b
81-b 82-a 83-c 84-c 85-b 86-a 87-d 88-d 89-c 90-d
91-c 92-c 93-d 94-b 95-b 96-c 97-a 98-d 99-d 100-b
101-c 102-d 103-a 104-b 105-c 106-b 107-d 108-b 109-a 110-d
NCERT Based questions

Q1 a) Write a note on Guiseppe Mazzini.:
Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini (1807-1872) was an Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification
of Italy and spearheaded the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the independent
and unified Italy in place of several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers.
1. He also helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican
state.
2. Mazzini was a fervent advocate of republicanism and envisioned a united, free and
independent Italy.
3. Unlike his contemporary Garibaldi, who was also a republican, Mazzini never compromised
his republican ideas and refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the House of Savoy.
4. Mazzini was the spiritual force of the Italian resurrection. He joined the Carbonari, a
revolutionary organisation and was arrested in 1830. He was sent into exile in 1831 for
attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently founded two more underground societies,
first – Young Italy in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-
minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.
5. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy
could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a
single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the
basis of Italian liberty. Mazzini was in favour of a republic because he thought sovereignty
resides essentially in the people and can only completely express itself in that form. Mazzini’s
relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the
conservatives. Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.
6. Young Italy’ attempted many insurrections but were unsuccessful. Mazzini failed in his
objects because he himself lacked some of the qualities of practical leadership. He
underestimated the strength of the opposition. But in spite of these drawbacks he is one of the
chief makers of Italy. He was responsible for the growth of patriotism for a country that
existed as yet only in the imagination.
Question 1(b)
Write a note on Count Camillo de Cavour.
Solution:
1. Cavour was a realist who practiced realistic politics. He allied with France when necessary and
with France’s key enemy, Prussia, was necessary.
2. Cavour used international power to achieve his domestic goals.
3. He devoted himself to the liberation of northern Italy from Austrian domination. A brilliant
and steadfast diplomat, he played a leading role in the unification of Italy.
4. He was distrustful of the reactionary politics in force throughout Europe, particularly their
manifestation in the repressive rule of Austria over a large area of Italy.
5. He became Prime Minister of Piedmont in 1852. He reorganized its army and it achieved rapid
growth in material prosperity. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, Sardinia-
Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
6. Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of
Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fight. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom
of Two Sicilies and with the support of the local peasants drove out the Spanish rulers. Thus,
Cavour was ultimately successful in the unification of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II.
He, however, died on June 6, 1861, before the completion of the unification of Italy in 1870.
Although Cavour was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat he played an important role in
the unification of Italy.
Question 1(c)
Write a note on The Greek war of independence.
Solution:
The Greek war of independence, also known as the Greek Revolution was a successful war of
independence waged by the Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1832 against the Ottoman
Empire. The Greeks were later assisted by the Russian Empire, Great Britain, France and
several other European powers, while the Ottomans were aided by their vassals, Egypt, Algeria
etc.
Events:
Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century. The growth of
revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence among st the
Greeks which began in 1821.
1. The object of the struggle was to expel Turks from Europe and to establish old Greek eastern
empire.
2. Nationalists in Greece were supported by other Greeks living in exile and many West
European countries.
3. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation. They mobilised public
opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. The English poet Lord Byron
organised funds and later went to fight in the war.
4. Ultimately, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Its independence was guaranteed by Russia, England and France.
Question 1(d)
Write a note on Frankfurt parliament.
Solution:
1. Frankfurt Parliament (1848-49) was convened at Frankfurt on May 18, 1848 as a result of the
liberal revolution that swept the German states early in 1848.
2. The parliament was called by a preliminary assembly of German liberals in March 1848 and
its members were elected by the direct manhood suffrage. They represented the entire political
spectrum and included the foremost German figures of that time.
3. Its purpose was to plan the unification of Germany.
4. The conflict among the traditionally separate German states, notably Austria and Prussia made
progress difficult.
5. In March 1849 the parliament adopted a federal constitution of German states, excluding
Austria, with a parliamentary government and a hereditary emperor. Frederick William IV of
Prussia was chosen emperor but he refused to accept the crown from a popularly elected
assembly and the entire scheme failed.
6. Most of the representatives withdrew and the remainder were dispersed. The parliament,
therefore, accomplished nothing as troops were called and the assembly was forced to disband.
Question 2.
What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French
people? OR
Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French Revolution to create a sense of collective
identity amongst the French people. [CBSE 2016-17]
Or
Describe any five steps taken by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among
the French people. [CBSE 2015]
Solution:
From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could
create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le
citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a
constitution. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. The Estates
General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were
composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. A centralised
administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was
adopted. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the
common language of the nation.
Question 3.
Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?
Solution:
1. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, artists represented the country as if it were a person.
2. Nations were portrayed as female figures that sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a
concrete form.
3. The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular
woman in a real life.
4. Thus, in France, she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the
idea of a people’s nation.
5. Her characteristics were drawn from those of liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the
tricolour, the cockade.
6. Statues of Marianne were installed in public squares to remind the public of the national
symbols of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.
7. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps too.
8. Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations,
Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, because the German oak stands for heroism.
The importance of the way in which they were portrayed was to remind the public of their national symbols
of unity and to persuade them to identify with them.
Question 4.
Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Solution:
Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different
regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. This liberal
initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the
military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took on the
leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect
of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years
– with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. In
January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at
Versailles.
Question 5.
What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories
ruled by him?
Solution:
The following changes were introduced by Napoleon to make the administrative system more efficient
in the territories ruled by him:
1. Civil Code of 1804 or the Napoleonic Code was issued. It abolished all privileges based on
birth. It established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
2. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions in the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in
Italy and Germany. ,
3. The feudal system was abolished, and peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues.
4. Guild restrictions were removed in towns.
5. Improvements were made in the transport and communication systems.
6. Uniform laws, standardized weights, and measures, and a common national currency was
introduced. It facilitated the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to
another. In view of the above reforms it is stated that through a return to monarchy, Napoleon
had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field, he had
incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and
efficient.
Discuss
Question 1.
Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic
ideas supported by the liberals?
Solution:
Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a
constitution and representative government through parliament. Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the
inviolability of private property. The memory of the French Revolution nonetheless continued to inspire
liberals. One of the major issues taken up by the liberal-nationalists, who criticised the new conservative
order, was freedom of the press.
Parallel to the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in many European
countries in the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way. Events of
February 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal
male suffrage had been proclaimed. In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet
exist – such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal
middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. They took advantage
of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary
principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.
Question 2.
How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Solution:
In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the
result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The primary
identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or
Irish. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the English nation
steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of
the islands. The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a
protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be
forged.
The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United
Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The
British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members. The growth of a British identity meant
that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed. The Catholic
clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert
their independence. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their
national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland
Question-3
Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Solution:
The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The
Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria,
Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose
inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the
Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the
disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through
modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success. One by one, its European subject
nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan peoples based their claims
for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been
independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers. Hence the rebellious nationalities in
the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence.
Very short type questions
Question 1.
Which French artist prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world? [CBSE 2013]
Answer:
Frederic Sorrieu.
Question 2.
What do you understand by ‘absolutist’?
Answer:
Absolutist, literally a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised. In history,
the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralised, militarised and repressive.
Question 3.
What is a Utopian?
Answer:
Utopian is a vision of society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.
Question 4.
What are advantages of a nation? State one advantage.
Answer:
The existence of nations is a guarantee of liberty, which would be lost if the world had only one law and
only one master.
Question 5.
What is Plebiscite?
Answer:
Plebiscite is a direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.
Question 6.
What political and constitutional changes did take place in the wake of the French Revolution in 1789?
Answer:
1. The French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of
French citizens.
2. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation
and shape its destiny.
Question 7.
State any one step that could create a sense of collective identity among the French people.
Answer:
The ideas of the fatherland and the citizen emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal
rights under a constitution.
Question 8.
Which clubs were set up after the French Revolution and by whom?
Answer:
As the news of events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students, and other members of
educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs.
Question 9.
How the Napoleon code was implemented in the regions under French control?
Answer:
In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions,
abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
Question 10.
Why did the people in the conquered territories become hostile to Napoleon’s rule ?
Answer:
The people became hostile due to increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies
required to conquer ihe rest of Europe. All these seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative
changes.
Question 11.
In Austria-Hungary in the mid-eighteenth century, there were different groups, languages etc. In such a
situation what was the binding tie between them ?
Answer:
The only tie binding the diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.
Question 12.
What was the meaning of liberalism in early 19th century in Europe ? [CBSE2016]
Answer:
The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the Latin word liber meaning free. Thus for the new middle classes,
liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasised
the concept of government consent.
Question 13.
What do you mean by suffrage?
Answer:
Suffrage means right to vote.
Question 14.
Who had created out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states of Germany?
Answer:
Napoleon.
Question 15.
In 1834, which customs union was formed? Who joined it?
Answer:
In 1834 a customs union – zollvere in was formed. The union was joined by most of the German state.
Question 16.
What do you mean by conservatism?
Answer:
Conservatism is a political philosophy that stresses the importance of tradition, established institutions and
customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change.
Question 17.
Which congress was held in 1815? By whom was it hosted?
Answer:
1. Congress of Vienna was held in 1815.

2. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
Question 18.
What was the policy adopted at Vienna (1815) about the monarchies that had been overthrown by
Napoleon?
Answer:
The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and create a new
conservative order in Europe.
Question 19.
Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?
Answer:
Giuseppe Mazzini was the Italian revolutionary who founded Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe
in Berne (1833).
Question 20.
What was the result of July 1830 revolution in France?
Answer:
By July 1830 revolution in France, the Bourbon Kings who had been restored to power during the
conservative reaction after 1815, were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries and installed a constitutional
monarchy under Louis Philippe.
Question 21.
What was said about Mazzini by Metternich?
Answer:
Metternich described him as “the most dangerous enemy of our social order”.
Question 22.
What Metternich remarked about events in France? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
Metternich once remarked, “When France sneezes, the rest of the Europe catches cold.”
Question 23.
Who was Lord Byron? What was his contribution in the Greek war of independence?
Answer:
1. Lord Byron was an English poet.

2. He organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.
Question 24.
What was Romanticism?
Answer:
Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.
Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on
emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
Question 25.
What was contribution of Karol Kurpinski in the freedom struggle of Poland?
Answer:
Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the
polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
Question 26.
Give one reason for the great economic hardship in Europe in the 1830s.
Answer:
1. There was enormous increase in population all over Europe.

2. In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
Question 27.
Who were Grimm brothers? Why did they collect folktales?
Answer:
1. The Grimm brothers were born in the German city of Hanau in 1785 and 1786 respectively.
2. They collected folktales and considered their projects of collecting folktales and developing
the German language as part of the wider effort to oppose French domination and create a
German national identity.
Question 28.
What happened in 1848 revolution in France?
Answer:
1. Louis Philippe was forced to flee and

2. National Assembly proclaimed a Republic.
3. Suffrage was granted to all adult males above 21.
4. Right to work was guaranteed. National workshops to provide employment were set up.
Question 29.
Define feminist.
Answer:
Feminist means awareness of women’s rights and interests based on the belief of the social, economic, and
political equality of the genders.
Question 30.
What is ideology?
Answer:
Ideology is a system of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision.
Question 31.
Who were Junkers in Prussia?
Answer:
Large landowners were called Junkers in Prussia.
Question 32.
Who was the architect of the unification of Germany and which policy was adopted by him?
Answer:
Otto von Bismarck is considered the architect of German unification. He followed the policy of blood and
iron to achieve his object.
Question 33.
After unification of Germany which policies were adopted by the new state?
Answer:
The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial system in
Germany, Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of Germany.
Question 34.
Name three persons who played an important role in the unification of Italy.
Answer:
1. Cavour
2. Mazzini
3. Garibaldi.
Question 35.
What happened in England in 1688?
Answer:
Glorious revolution had taken place. As a result of this, the English parliament had seized power from the
monarchy.
Question 36.
What is the importance of the Act of Union (1707)?
Answer:
The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland had resulted in the formation of the ‘United
Kingdom of Great Britain’.
Question 37.
How attributes of liberty and justice were represented during French Revolution?
Answer:
1. The attributes of Liberty were the cap or the broken chain.

2. Justice is generally a blind folded man carrying a pair of weighing scales.
Question 38.
What did become the allegory of the German nation? How was it represented visually?
Answer:
1. Germania became the allegory of the German nation.

2. In visual representations Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as German oak stands for
Heroism.
Question 39.
Which was the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871?
Answer:
It was the area called the Balkans. It was a region of geographical and ethnic variations comprising modern
day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Mecedonia, Croatia Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and
Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
Question 40.
What made the Balkans an explosive region?
Answer:
The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the
Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
Question 41.
Which European powers had rivalries in the Balkans and were keen on countering the hold of other powers
over the Balkans and extending own control over the area?
Answer:
Russia, Germany, England, and Austro-Hungary.
Question 42
What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to the French
Revolution in Europe? (2015 D)
Answer:
It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution
proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
Question 43
What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries? (2015 OD)
Answer:
The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French
people. They proclaimed that it was the people who would constitute the nation and shape its decisions.
Question 44
What is the meaning of concentration camps? (2015 OD)
Answer:
Concentration camps are prisons where people are detained and tortured without due process of law.
Question 45
Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation. (2016 D)
Answer:
Treaty of 1832: Constantinople
Question 46
Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848?
(2016 D)
Answer:
The Greek War of Independence in 1821.
Question 47
What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815? (2016 D)
Answer:
The main aim of revolutionaries of Europe was to oppose monarchical forms of government.
Question 48
Who remarked “when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”. (2016 OD)
Answer:
Duke Metternich
Question 49
Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871? (2016 OD)
Answer:
Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January
1871.
Question 50.
Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861? (2016 OD)
Answer:
Victor Emmanuel-II
Question 51
Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Answer:
The Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Question 52.
Answer:
The event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848 was the
Question 53.
What was the main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?
Answer:
The main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815 was to oppose monarchical
forms of government, that had been established after the Congress of Vienna and to fight for liberty and
freedom.
Question 54.
Who remarked “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold”?
Answer:
Duke Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor, remarked “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches
cold”.
Question 55.
Who was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?
Answer:
Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in
January 1871.
Question 56.
What was the meaning of liberalism in early 19th century in Europe?
Answer:
For the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the
law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Economically, liberalism stood for the
freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
Question 57.
What was main aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815?
Answer:
The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was signed with the main aim of undoing most of the changes that had come
about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. It was signed to re-establish conservative regions in Europe.
Question 58.
What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during 19th century?
Answer:
Men and women of liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national
unification.
Question 59.
Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Answer:
The Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Question 60
Answer:
The event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848 was the
Question 61
What was the main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?
Answer:
The main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815 was to oppose monarchical
forms of government, that had been established after the Congress of Vienna and to fight for liberty and
freedom.
Question 62
Who remarked “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold”?
Answer:
Duke Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor, remarked “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches
cold”.
Question 63
Who was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?
Answer:
Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in
January 1871.
Question 64
What was the meaning of liberalism in early 19th century in Europe?
Answer:
For the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the
law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Economically, liberalism stood for the
freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
Question 65.
What was main aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815?
Answer:
The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was signed with the main aim of undoing most of the changes that had come
about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. It was signed to re-establish conservative regions in Europe.
Question 66
What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during 19th century?
Answer:
Men and women of liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national
unification.
Question 67
What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to French
Revolution in Europe?
Answer:
Major political and constitutional change that occurred after the French Revolution of 1789 was the end of
the rule of absolute monarch and transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.
Question 68
What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries?
Answer:
The main aim of the French Revolutionaries was to transfer sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of
French citizens and to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Question 69.
What was the major issue taken up by the liberal nationalists?
Answer:
The major issue taken up by the liberal nationalists was the freedom of press.
Question 70
Mention the proclamation of the French Revolution.
Answer:
The French Revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would constitute the nation and shape its
destiny.
Question 71
Who founded the secret society, ‘Young Italy’ during the 1830s?
Answer:
Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary, founded secret society, ‘Young Italy’ during the 1830s.
Question 72
Name the female allegory representing the Republic of France.
Answer:
The female allegory representing the Republic of France is Marianne.
.
Question 73
Name the female allegory of the German nation.
Answer:
The female allegory of the German nation is Germania.
Question 74
What was the result of the first upheaval that took place in France in July 1830?
Answer:
The first upheaval that took place in France in July 1830 resulted in the overthrowing of the Bourbon kings
and installation of a constitutional monarch with Louis Philippe as its head.
Question 75.
Explain any three features of Napoleonic Code
Answer:
The following were the features of the Napoleonic Code:
 Monarchy was restored after destroying democracy.

 The administrative system was made rational and efficient.
 Administrative divisions were simplified.
 Privileges based on birth were abolished and equality before the law was established.
Short Type questions
Question 1.
Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815. (2011 D)
Answer:
Three beliefs of conservatism that emerged after 1815 were:
1. Established and traditional institutions of state and society like monarchy, the Church, property
and family should be preserved.
2. They believed in the modernization of the traditional institution to strengthen them, rather than
returning to the society of pre-revolutionary days.
3. Also they believed that abolition of feudalism and serfdom and replacing it with a modern
army, an efficient bureaucracy and a dynamic economy could strengthen autocratic
monarchies of Europe.
Question 2
Explain the contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification. (2011 D)
Answer:
Contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification. Nationalist feelings started spreading amongst the
middle-class Germans, who in 1848, tried to unite different parts of German confederation into a nation state
to have an elected parliamentarian government. However, this liberal movement was repressed by the
combined forces of monarchy and military supported by Prussian landowners.
Prussian Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck, took the responsibility of national unification with the help of
Prussian army and bureaucracy. Under his leadership he fought three wars over seven years with Austria,
Denmark, and France. Prussia was victorious in all these wars and the process of unification of Germany
was completed because of Prussia’s victory over France.
Question 3.
Explain any three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th
centuries. (2011 OD)
Answer:
The three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in 18th and 19th centuries in Poland:
(i) Emphasis on vernacular language. Language played an important role in developing nationalist
sentiments. The use of the Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian
dominance. For example, In Poland, following armed rebellion against Russian rule, Polish was used for
church gatherings and religious instruction. As a result, a number of priests and bishops were put in jails or
sent to Siberia as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian.
(ii) Emphasis on collection of local folklore. It was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to
carry the modern nationalist message to the large audience who were mostly illiterate.
(iii) Use of music to keep the nationalist feeling alive. For example, Karol Kurpinski, celebrated the national
struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist
symbols.
Question 4.
Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe. (2011 OD)
Answer:
The year following 1815, was the period of revolutionaries. Most of the revolutionaries were committed to
oppose monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom.
One such prominent revolutionary was “Giuseppe Mazzini”, an Italian revolutionary. Mazzini also saw the
creation of nation-states as a necessary part in the struggle for freedom. Ele strongly believed in the
unification of Italy as a single unified republic which could be the basis of Italian liberty.
Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of a democratic republic frightened the
Conservatives. His ideas also influenced the revolutionaries of Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
Question 5
Describe any three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered. (2011 D)
Answer:
Three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered were:
1. The Napoleonic Code —It finished all the privileges based on birth and established equality
before law and secured the right to property.
2. He simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from
serfdom and manorial dues.
3. He introduced uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and common national
currency to facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one place to
another.
Question 6.
Explain any three causes of conflict in the ‘Balkan area’ after 1871. (2011 OD)
Answer:
The nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans due to the following reasons:
(i) Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria,
Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose
inhabitants were known as the Slavs. A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman empire.
(ii) After the decline of the Ottoman empire and the growth of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, the
region became very explosive. Its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared
independence.
(iii) As the different nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area
became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to
gain more territory at the expense of others.
(iv) Balkan also became the scene of big power rivalry. Russia, Germany, England, Austria, Hungry — all
big powers were keen in countering the hold of other powers. This ultimately turned Balkan into a war
region which eventually provided a minor cause for the First World War.
Question 7.
How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain. (2014 D)
Answer:
The reactions of the local population to the French rule were mixed.
Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan
and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. As new administrative
arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom, enthusiasm turned into hostility. Increased
taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe, outweighed
the advantages of the administrative changes.
Question 8.
Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new
commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe. (2014 OD)
Answer:
In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed
restrictions on movement of goods and capital.
1. But in the 19th century Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of countless small
principalities a confederation of 39 states. Each possessed its own currency, and weights and
measures.
2. A merchant travelling from Hamburg to Nuremberg had to pass through 11 custom barriers
and pay 5% duty at each one of them.
3. As each region had its own system of weights and measures this involved time-consuming
calculations.
Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic growth and exchange by the new
commercial classes who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing free
movement of goods, people and capital.
Question 9.
Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of
Europe. (2015 D)
Answer:
 The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In
1789, France was under the rule of an absolute monarch.
 When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new sense
of unity and nationhood. For this, they emphasized the concept of France being the father land
(La Patrie) for all French people, who were from now on addressed as citizens (citoyen). They
were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity.
French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as:
1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National
Assembly.
2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the
nation.
3. A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all
citizens within its territory.
4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and
measures was adopted.
5. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became
the common language of the nation.
6. They further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate
the people of Europe from despotism and help them to become nations.
Question 10.
How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain. (2015 OD, 2013 OD)
Or
Describe the role of culture in shaping the feelings of nationalism in Europe from 1830 to the end of
19th century.
Answer:
Culture, music, dance, and religion played an important role in the growth of nationalism.
(i) Culture. Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped in
developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the
development of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and
science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition.
(ii) Language. Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian
occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere.
In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this,
many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.
(iii) Music and Dance. Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German culture
was to be discovered among the common people —das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk
dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised.
Question 11.
How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse.
(2016 D)
Answer:
Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female form, that
was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life. Rather it sought to
give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the
nation.
In France, she was named Marianne —a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania. Germania
wears a crown of oak leaves as the German oak stands for heroism. The characteristics of Marianne were
drawn from those of Liberty and Republic —the red cap, the tricolour and cockade.
Question 12.
Describe any three steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst
the French people. (2017 D)
Answer:
of unity and nationhood for this, they emphasized the concept of France being the father land
were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Assembly.
2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken, and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the
nation.
3. A centralized administrative system was put in place, and it formulated uniform laws for all
4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished, and a uniform system of weights and
Question 13.
Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s. 2017OD
Answer:
Following are the causes of economic hardships in Europe during 1830s:
1. Europe had come under the grip of large-scale unemployment. In most of the countries there
were more seekers of jobs than employment. Cities had become overcrowded, and slums had
emerged as population from the rural areas migrated to the cities.
2. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap
machine- made goods from England where industrialization was more advanced specially in
the field of textile production.
3. In those regions of Europe, where aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the
burden of feudal dues and obligations. The rise of food prices and bad harvests added to the
hardships of the peasants.
Question 14
How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the 19 th century in Europe?
Ans: Nations were portrayed as female figure. The female form that was chosen to personify the
nation did not stand for any woman in real life. It gives an abstract idea of the nation in concrete
form.
Question 15. The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardships in Europe’. Support the
statement with arguments.
Ans: enormous increase in population, more jobs seekers than employment, population from rural
areas migrated to cities, small producers faced competition, and peasant struggled under the
feudal dues, rise of price of food crops and bad harvest.
Question 16
Describe the role of culture in shaping the feelings of nationalism in Europe from 1830 to the end
of 19th century.
Ans: culture helped to express and shape nationalist feeling, shared collective heritage, criticized
the glorification of reason and science, German philosophers Johann Gottfried popularized the true
spirit of nation through folk song, folk poetry and folk dance.
Question 17
What were main aims of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815?
Ans: The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed. A
series of states were set up o the boundaries of France. Prussia was given important new
territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of Northern Italy. The German
confederation of 39 states was left untouched.
Question 18
Explain causes of conflict in the ‘Balkan area’ after 1871.
Ans: Slav nationalities struggle for their identity and independence, the Balkan states were fiercely
jealous of each other and wanted to gain more territory, rivalry among the European powers over
trade and colonies as well as army and naval might, Balkan tension led to a series of wars and
finally the First World War.
Question 19
What was the Act of Union, 1707?
Ans: Scotland got incorporated in Britain through this Act of Union of 1707, England could impose
its influence on Scotland, The catholic clans of Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression, they
were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language, wear their national dress, many were forcibly
driven out of their homeland.
Question 20.
Explain social and administrative reforms introduced by Napoleon in regions under his control.
Ans: Did away all privileges based on birth. Simplified administrative divisions, established equality
before the law and secured the right to property. Simplified administrative division, abolished the
feudal system, freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues,
Question 21.
How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the 19th century in Europe? Analyse.
Answer:
In the 19th century in Europe, the female figures became an allegory of the nation in the following ways.
 The artists, in the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe, wanted to represent a country, as if it was
a person. In other words, they wanted to personify the nation. Nations were represented as
female figures. The female form did not belong to any particular woman in real life. It was an
abstract idea, which gave the nation a concrete form. The female figure became an allegory of
a nation.
 In France, the female form was given the name of Marianne, which represented the nation. Her
characteristics were red cap, the tricolour and the cockade, drawn from those of Liberty and
the Republic.
 Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. Germania wears a crown of
oak leaves because oak stands for heroism.
Question 22.
‘The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardships in Europe’. Support the statement with
arguments.
Answer:
The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe because:
 The first half of the nineteenth century saw an increase in population, all over Europe. There
was scarcity of jobs and few employment opportunities.
 Population from rural areas migrated to the cities in search of jobs. They lived in overcrowded
slums.
 Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from imports of cheap machine goods from
England.
 In those parts of Europe where aristocracy was strong and enjoyed enormous powers, the
peasants groaned under the burden of feudal dues and taxation.
 The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest, added to the miseries of the common man.
Question 23.
Culture had played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during the 18th and 19th
centuries. Support the statement with examples.
Answer:
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of a nation in Europe in the following ways.
 Art, music, literature and drama helped to express, shape and strengthen nationalist sentiments.
 Romantics like the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder held the view that true
German culture could be discovered only among the common people, the das volk.
 Glorification of reason and science was criticised by the romantic artists, rather they favoured
emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings.
 Language too boosted nationalism. The Polish people opposed the Russian occupation and the
ban on Polish language, by using it in the Church gathering for all religious ceremonies and for
religious instruction. The Polish language became a weapon of the nationalists.
 Two Germans, Grimm Brothers, used stories and folktales written in German to promote the
German spirit against the domination of the French.
 Operas and music, like that of Karol Kurpinski, kept alive the national spirit.
 Folk dances like the polonaise and mazurki became national symbols.
Question 24.
How did a wave of economic nationalism strengthen the wider nationalist sentiments growing in Europe?
Explain.
Answer:
A wave of economic nationalism strengthened wider nationalist sentiments growing in Europe with:
(a) the demands of new commercial classes for a unified economic province for unconstrained transfer of
commodities, people and funds.
(b) the formation of the Zollverein in 1834.
(c) the elimination of tariff barriers by the union.
(d) the reduction in the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
(e) the formation of a network of railways that further helped mobility and connected economic interests to
national unification.
Question 25.
Europe.
Answer:
Events of French Revolution that influenced the people of other parts of Europe were as follows.
(a) When the news of the French Revolution reached different cities of Europe, students and other members
of educated middle classes began to set up Jacobin clubs which influenced the French army.
(b) The French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
(c) The Napoleonic Code, introduced in 1804, abolishing privileges and upholding equality and other
reforms, exported these new ideas to the European regions under French Control
Question 26.
Name the female allegory, which was invented by artists in the 19th century to represent the nation of
France. Explain any two features of it.
Answer:
The name of the allegory, to represent the nation of France was Marianne. The following were its features:
 It underlined the idea of a people’s nation.

 Her characteristics were drawn from liberty and republic.
Question 27.
Describe the impact of the ‘Revolution of Liberals’ of 1848 in Europe.
Answer:
The Revolution of the Liberals in 1848 was led by the educated middle classes.
The impact of the Revolution was:
 In France, it brought about the abdication of monarch and a republic based on the principles of
universal male suffrage was set up.
 Germany, Poland, Italy, Austro-Hungarian Empire did not exist as independent nation states.
Men and women of liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism and
national unification. They wanted a nation state on parliamentary principles—a constitution,
freedom of the press and freedom of association.
 In the German regions, middle class professionals, businessmen and rich artisans came to the
city of Frankfurt to vote for an all-German National Assembly. The Frankfurt Assembly was
convened, they drafted a constitution, headed by a monarchy subject to the crown. However,
the king Friedrich Wilhelm-IV of Prussia refused to accept the crown.
Question 28.
Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815.
Answer:
Following were the beliefs of conservatism that emerged after 1815:
 The conservatives held the belief that established, traditional institutions of state and society
like monarchy, church, social hierarchies, property and family must be protected and
preserved.
 They never proposed a pre-revolutionary period to return to but they knew that as Napoleon
had carried out changes, modernisation would in fact contribute to a strong monarchy. They
believed that it would strengthen power of the state and make it much more effective.
 For them it was a firm belief that aristocratic monarchies of Europe would gain much from a
modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and
serfdom. ‘
Question 29.
Explain the contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification.
Answer:
Otto von Bismarck was the chief architect of German unification. He carried out the process with the help of
Prussian army and bureaucracy. He helped in infusing nationalism in the mind of the masses. Three wars for
over seven years were fought to seek the German nation and defeat of Austria, Denmark and France.
Bismarck initiated in proclaiming the new German nation under Kaiser William I of Prussia, thus
completing the process of German unification.
Question 30.
Explain any three ways in which nationalists’ feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th
century.
Answer:
Polish people used their culture in a big way. They strived hard to keep their national identity. Nationalist
feelings were kept alive in Poland in the following ways:
 They used music to keep their unity and identity. Karol Kurpinski raised the national struggle
by staging his Polish operas and music.
 Traditional dance forms of Poland polonaise and mazurka became their national symbols.
 In the regions occupied by the Russia, Polish people used their language to develop nationalist
feelings. It was used as a weapon of national resistance in Church gatherings and religious
instructions.
Question 31.
Explain any three causes of conflict in the ‘Balkan area’ after 1871.
Answer:
The Balkans comprised of modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-
Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro. A large part of this region was under the control of the
Ottoman Empire. This was a region of great geographical and ethnic variation, and its inhabitants were
known as Slavs.
The following were the main causes of the. conflict in the Balkan area after 1871:
 The feelings of nationalism of these countries were in conflict with one another. They were
fiercely jealous of each other and struggle to define their identity. They were extremely
intolerant of one another.
 The disintegration of Ottoman Empire which had throughout the 19th centuries tried to
strengthen itself through modernisation and reforms.
 The breaking away of each of these nationalist group one by one from control of the Ottoman
Empire was the another cause of conflict. They declared themselves as independent with
political rights on the basis of the history. They proved that once they had been independent
but were subsequently subjugated by foreign powers.
 Each of these counties attempted to gain more territory at the expense of the others.
 The Balkans became a scene of big power of rivalry. Major European pofter— Russia,
Germany-England—Austro-Hungary—manipulated nationalist aspirants to complete their own
aims. There was a rivalry between the European powers over trade and colonies as well as
naval and military superiority.
 There was a rivalry among the big powers to counter the hold of other powers over the Balkan
region and extending their own control, {any three)
Question 32.
Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe.
Answer:
Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini was born in Genoa in 1807. He became a member of the secret
society of the Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in
Liguria. He founded two underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne.
The members of the society were drawn from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.
Mazzini strongly believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could
not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified
republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.
Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini’s
relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.
Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.
Question 33.
Explain in three points, how Ireland was incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801.
Answer:
Ireland was incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801 in the following ways:
 Ireland was deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants. The English helped the
Protestants to establish dominance over the largely Catholic country.
 Catholics revolted against this dominance but were suppressed. Wolfe Tone and his United
Irishmen led a revolt but failed.
 As the English nation grew in power and influence, Ireland’s distinctive culture and language
was suppressed. The new symbols like British flag, national anthem and English language was
promoted.
Question 34.
Explain any three features of the ‘Nation State’ that emerged in Europe in the twentieth centuiy.
Answer:
The following were the features of the ‘Nation State’ that emerged in Europe in the twentieth century:
 This period witnessed intense rivalry and group were formed among nations over trade and
colonies as well as naval and military might.
 Ottoman Empire had disintegrated, and subject nationalities declared their independence.
 Colonies waged anti-colonial struggle which led to the independence of these nations.
Long type questions

Question 1.
Who was Frederic Sorrieu? Describe main features of the first print prepared by him in 1848 ?
Answer:
(1) Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world
made up of “democratic and social republics” as he called them.
(2) The main features of the first print of the series were as mentioned below :
1. It shows men and women of all ages of Europe and America offering homage to the statue of
Liberty.
2. Liberty was personified as a female figure with the Torch of Enlightenment in one hand and
the Charter of Rights of Man in the other.
3. In the foreground are the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.
4. Procession is led by USA and Switzerland who were already nation states. Other people are
following them.
5. From heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene to symbolise fraternity
among the nations of the world.
6. In Sorrieu’s utopians vision, the peoples of the world were grouped as distinct nations,
identified through their flags and national costume. Thus,many issues have been visualised by
Sorrieu in his prints but it is vision that can be realised.
Question 2.
Describe how the events in France affected the different cities in Europe.
Answer:
When the news of the events in France reached the different cities in Europe it had the effects as
mentioned below :
1. Students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs.
2. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into
Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s.
3. With the break of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of
nationalism abroad.
Question 3
What were the reactions of the local populations to the French rule in the conquered territories ?
Answer:
The reactions of the local peoples in the conquered territories by the French were mixed. In the beginning, in
Holland, Switzerland, Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, people welcomed the French armies as
harbingers of liberty. Political freedom was advantageous but more taxes, censorship and forced
conscription into the French armies for conquering rest of Europe made local population hostile to them
because it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political
freedom. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the
rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.
Question 4.
Describe the political condition of Europe in the mid-eighteenth century.
Answer:
The political condition of Europe in the mid-eighteenth century was as mentioned below :
(1) There were no nation states
(2) Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their
autonomous territories.
(3) There were autocratic monarchies in Eastern and Central Europe.
(4) People spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups,
1. For example, Habsburg Empire consisted of different regions and peoples.

2. They did not share a collective identity or a common culture,
3. It included German-speaking people of Bohemia as well as Italian-speaking people of
Lombardy and Venetia.
4. Half of the population of Hungary was Magyar,
5. Such differences did not promote a sense of political unity. The only tie binding diverse groups
together was a common allegiance to the emperor.
Question 5.
Describe the condition of the aristocracy and peasantry in Europe in the mid-eighteenth century.
Answer:
The condition of aristocracy and peasantry was as mentioned below :
(1) Landed aristocracy :
1. Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.
2. They were united by a common way of life, such as owning large estates and town houses, use
of French language for diplomacy and in high society.
3. They were also united with ties of marriage with each other. Thus, aristocracy was powerful,
but they were in minority.
(2) Peasantry:
1. The majority of the population was peasants.

2. To the west, most of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners.
3. In the Eastern and Central Europe, there were large estates which were cultivated by serfs.
Question 6.
When did industrialisation begin in Europe? What were its consequences?
Answer:
(1) Industrialisation: Industrialisation had begun in England in the second-half of the ’ eighteenth century.
However, it took place in France and parts of the German states during the nineteenth century.
(2) Its consequences were as mentioned below:
1. Growth of towns: Emergence of commercial classes – there was growth of towns and the
emergence of commercial classes in Western and some parts of Eastern Europe. This was due
to the growth of industrial production and trade. The existence of commercial classes was
based on production for the market.
2. A new working class and middle classes consisting of industrialists, businessmen,
professionals came into existence. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas
of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
Question 7.
What do you understand by Liberalism? Describe their ideas in the political, social, and economic spheres.
Answer:
(1) The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the Latin word liber, meaning free. Thus, for the new middle
classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before “law.
(2) Political and economic ideas supported by the liberals were as given below:
(1) Political ideas:
1. It emphasised the concept of government by consent.

2. Since the French Revolution, liberalism stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges,
a constitution and representative government through parliament.
3. They did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage.
4. In revolutionary France, which was the first example of liberal democracy, the right to vote
and election was exclusively granted to property-owning men. Men without property and
women were not granted political rights. Thus, in the 19th and 20th centuries there were
movements demanding equal political rights.
(2) Economic ideas: They supported freedom of markets and the abolition of state- imposed restrictions on
the movement of goods and capital. During the 19th century this was a strong demand of the emerging
middle classes. Also see Textbook Question 4.
Question 8.
Who were granted the right to vote in France during the period of revolution?
Answer:
1. In France, the right to vote and election was granted only to property-owning men.
2. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights.
3. During the period of Jacobins, all adult males were granted right to vote.
4. The Napoleonic Code again granted limited right to vote. Women were reduced to the status of
a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.
5. Women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political
rights during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Question 9.
What was Zollverein? Why was it introduced? Describe its advantages? How did it strengthen nationalist
sentiments in German states?
Answer:
(1) Zollverein was a custom union that was formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia and was joined by
most of the German States.
(2) Causes of introduction of Zollverein: In the first half of the nineteenth century there were countless
small principalities in the German-speaking region. Napoleon had created a confederation of 39 states.
This confederation had many drawbacks as mentioned below:
1. Each had its own currency, weights, and measures.

2. From Hamburg to Nuremberg there were 11 custom barriers.
3. Traders had to pay a custom duty at each barrier.
4. Duty was paid according to weight or measurement, so there was a lot of problem in
calculation.
The above conditions were an obstacle to economic growth. Traders and new commercial
classes wanted movement of goods without any hindrance. So in 1834 at the initiative of
Prussia zollverein was formed.
(3) Advantages:
1. It was formed for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered
movement of goods, people and capital.
2. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to
two.
3. A network of railways was created which increased mobility harnessing economic interests to
national unification.
4. Industry grew due to free trade.
(4) It created a national unity in economic matters at a time when Germany was divided. It accustomed
German states to cooperate without Austria who had not become a member of Zollverein. It taught them the
advantages of Prussian leadership. It was the beginning of German unity. Thus, economic nationalism
strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments.
Question 10.
What do you understand by conservatism? Describe the objects and decisions of the Congress of Vienna and
examine them too.
Answer:
(1) Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions
and customs and preferred gradual development to quick change.
(2) Objects: After the defeat of Napoleon, the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria met
at Vienna. It was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The object was to undo most of the
changes that had taken place during the Napoleonic wars.
(3) Decisions of the Congress: Some major decisions of the Congress were as given below:
1. The Bourbon dynasty was restored in France.

2. Several states such as Netherlands, Piedmont, were strengthened on the boundaries of France
to prevent French expansion in future. Thus, Belgium was included in Netherlands and Genoa
in Piedmont.
3. Prussia was given important new territories on France’s western frontiers. It got a portion of
Saxony.
4. Austria got control of northern Italy.
5. Russia was given a part of Poland. She got most part of the Grand Dutchy of Warsaw’s and
retained Finland. Russia emerged with a good number of addition and extended farther
westward into Europe than ever.
(4) Evaluation of the Congress: Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate
criticism and dissent. They imposed censorship laws to control the newspapers, books, plays and ideas of
liberty and freedom.
Question 11.
During the years following the Congress of Vienna (1815) why did the liberal nationalists go underground?
Why were the secret societies formed? Describe their aims and activities with special reference to the
activities of Mazzini.
Answer:
(1) After the Congress of Vienna (1815) the liberal nationalists went underground due to fear of repression
by the autocratic rulers.
(2)
1. The aim of the secret societies that were formed in many European states was to train
revolutionaries and spread their ideas i.e., to oppose monarchical forms that had been
established after the Congress of Vienna and to fight for liberty and freedom.
2. They wanted creation of nation-states which were considered necessary as a part of freedom
for struggle.
(3) Mazzini and activities of secret societies:
1. Mazzini was the Italian revolutionary. He was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
Later, he founded two societies – Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. Aim
of Mazzini was to have a unified republic in Italy as the basis of liberty. He believed that the
nations were the natural units of mankind.
2. Secret societies were formed in Germany, France, Switzerland, and Poland.
3. As a result of the secret societies, the conservatives were frightened. Metternich described
Mazzini as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’. Also see Textbook Question 1(a)
and (b).
Question 12.
How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe ? [CBSE2015]
Or
‘Culture has played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during 18th and 19th
centuries.’ Support the statement with examples. [CBSE 2016]
Or
How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe ? Explain with
examples. [CBSE 2013]
Or
Describe the role of culture in shaping the feeling of nationalism in Europe from 1830 to the end of the 19th
century. [CBSE 2013]
Answer:
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped
express and shape nationalist feelings. Romanticism helped in developing a particular form of nationalist
sentiments.
(1) Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science.
(2) They focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings in order to create a sense of a shared collective
heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
(3) German philosopher Johann Gottfried tried to popularise the true spirit of the nation through folk songs,
folk poetry and folk dances.
(4) The emphasis on Vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was to recover an ancient
national spirit and to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.
(5) In Poland which had been partitioned by the Great Powers, national feelings were kept alive through
music and language. Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning
folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
(6) Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
1. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language
was imposed everywhere.
2. In 1831 an armed rebellion against Russian rule was crushed.
3. After this many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of
national resistance.
4. Polish was used for church gatherings and all instructions. The use of Polish came to be seen
as symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.
5. As a result of it a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the
Russian authorities as punishment. But the use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the
struggle against Russian dominance.
Question 13.
“The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe.” Support that statement with
arguments. [CBSE 2016]
Or
Why was the decade of 1830s known as the great economic hardship in Europe? Explain any three
reasons. [CBSE 2013]
Answer:
The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe due to the following reasons:
1. There was enormous increase in population all over Europe.

2. There were more seekers of jobs than employment.
3. People migrated from rural areas to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
4. There was stiff competition between the products of small producers and products imported
from England where goods were made by machines as industrialisation had already taken
place there.
5. Peasants’ condition was bad due to burden of feudal dues and obligations.
6. The prices of food had risen due to bad harvest. This had resulted in widespread pauperism in
town and country.
Question 14.
What were the causes and effects of Revolution of 1848 in France?
Answer:
(1) Causes:
1. In Europe the 1830s were years of great economic hardship.

2. In 1848 too there were food shortages and widespread unemployment. As a result of it, the
population of Paris demonstrated. Barricades were erected.
(2) Results:
1. Louis Philippe abdicated the throne.

2. France became a Republic.
3. Suffrage was granted to all adult males above 21 years.
4. Right to work was guaranteed.
5. National workshops to provide employment were set up.
Thus, another revolution had taken place in France which changed the government from
monarchy to a republic.
Question 15.
Describe the cause of the Silesian weavers’ uprising. What were its results?
Answer:
(1) Cause of the Silesian weavers’ uprising : The cause of the uprising was the exploitation of the weavers
by the contractors. They had reduced the payments to the weavers for the goods they ordered. There was
already widespread unemployment and they were living a life of extreme misery.
(2) Results: A contractor when attacked, tried to get shelter in neighbouring village but failed. He sought the
help of army. In the exchange between the army and the weavers, eleven weavers were killed.
(3) Importance: The weavers’ uprising depict the condition of people in the villages. There was extreme
poverty and unemployment. People were exploited by rich people. Army also helped them to crush such
uprisings or opposition. Thus, the government did not care for the welfare of the poor.
Question 16.
What were the causes for the revolution by the liberals in 1848 ? Describe its events and effects.
Answer:
(1) Causes: The February revolution of 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch. A
republic based on universal male suffrage was proclaimed. This had a effect on the liberal middle classes in
other parts of Europe – Germany, Italy, Poland and Austro-Hungarian Empire.
(2) Demands:
1. Liberal middle classes demanded constitutionalism with national unification.

2. They demanded the creation of a nation state on parliamentary principles i.e., a constitution,
freedom of the press and freedom of association.
(3) Results: The revolutions of the liberals in 1848 were suppressed by the autocratic- monarchs but even
then these revolutions made the monarchs to realise that the old order could not be restored. The autocratic
monarchs in the Central and Eastern Europe introduced changes that had taken place in Western Europe
before 1815.
1. Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in Habsburg dominions and in Russia.
2. More autonomy was granted to the Hungarians in 1867 by the Habsburg monarchs.
Dualism was established. Austria-Hungary was to consist of two distinct independent states.
Their ruler was known as Emperor in Austria and as King in Hungary, also see Textbook
Question 1(d).
Question 17.
Describe the condition of Italy before unification. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Condition of Italy in the nineteenth century:
1. Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over various dynastic
states as well as multi-national Habsburg Empire.
2. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states.
3. Out of these states only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.
4. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs.
5. The center was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the
Bourbon Kings of Spain.
6. There was no common language too.
Question 18.
How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe ?
Answer:
The history of nationalism in Britain was unlike the rest of Europe in the following ways :
1. It was not the result of wars as was in Germany but a long drawn out process.
2. Different ethnic groups – English, Welsh, Scot and Irish had their own cultural and political
traditions. But the English nation, in course of time, was able to extend it’s influence over the
other nations of the islands due to her wealth, importance and power.
3. As a result of Glorious Revolution in 168874,he English Parliament was the instrument
through which a nation state with England as its center, came to be forged.
4. The Act of Union (1707) formed ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. As the majority of the
members of British Parliament were English members, a policy of repression was followed
against catholic clans of Scottish Highlands.
5. In Ireland too similar policy was followed. There were Catholics as well as Protestants.
Catholic revolts were suppressed and ultimately in 1801, Ireland was incorporated into the
United Kingdom.
6. A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture. The
symbols of the new Britain – the British Flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save
Our Noble King), the English language – were actively promoted and the older nations
survived only as subordinate partners in this union.
Question 19.
Describe the nature of nationalism in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
Answer:
The nature of nationalism in the last quarter of the nineteenth century was as mentioned below :
1. It no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of the first-half of the century
but became a narrow creed with limited ends.
2. During this period nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever
ready to go to war.
3. The major European powers manipulated the nationalist aspirations of the subject peoples in
Europe to further their own imperialist aims.
Question 20.
What was the area of the Balkans? Why was it the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after
1871? What was its result?
Answer:
(1) The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern day Romania,
Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro
whose inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs.
(2) Causes for being the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe in 1871 were as
mentioned below:
1. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. However, with the
weakening and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, the nationalist tensions emerged in the
area. Its European subject nationalities broke away and declared their independence.
2. The people of the Balkans argued that they were once independent before the foreign powers
controlled them. So their object was to regain their lost independence.
3. Nationalist tensions emerged due to rivalries of the European powers i.e., Russia, England,
Germany, Austria-Hungary. All of these powers wanted to have their control due to one reason
or the other.
4. Rivalries among the Balkan states — The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and
each one of them wanted to extend her territory at the expense of the others.
(3) Results: Rivalries of the European powers and among the Balkan states led to a series
of wars in the region and finally the First World War.
Question 21.
What did Liberal Nationalism stand for? Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic
sphere. (2011 OD)
Answer:
Liberalism or Liberal Nationalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
Lour ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere are:
1. Liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restriction. For
example, Napoleon’s administration was a confederation of 29 states, each of these possessed
its own currencies, weight, and measures. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to
economic exchange.
2. Liberal Nationalists argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the
unhindered movement of goods, people, and capital.
3. In 1834, a customs union or” Zollverein” was formed. The union abolished tariff barriers and
reduced the number of currencies from 30 to 2.
4. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic
interest to national unification.
Question 22
“Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated
revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.” Support the
statement. (2016 OD, 2014 OD, 2012 D)
Or
Explain any five social and administrative reforms introduced by Napolean in regions under his control.
Answer:
Napoleon had brought revolutionary changes in the administrative field in order to make the whole system
rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 is usually known as the Napoleonic Code.
1. The first major change was doing away with all privileges based on birth, establishing equality
before law and securing the right to property.
2. Administrative divisions were simplified.
3. Feudal system was abolished, and peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues (abuse
of manorial lords).
4. In towns, guild restrictions were removed.
5. Transport and communication systems were improved.
6. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new found freedom.
7. Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods began to realize that uniform laws,
standardised weights and measures and a common national currency would facilitate the
movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.
Question 23.
How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the ‘nation’ in Europe? Explain with
examples. (2013 D)
Answer:
Culture, music, dance, and religion played an important role in the growth of nationalism.
(i) Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped in
developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the
development of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and
science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition.
(ii) Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female form,
that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any woman in real life. Rather it sought to give the
abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the nation.
In France, she was named Marianne—a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania.
(iii) Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation,
the Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an
armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many
members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.
(iv) Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German culture was to be
discovered among the common people – das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry, and folk dances
that the true spirit of the nation was popularized.
Question 24.
Describe any five measures which were introduced by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people. (2016 D, 2015 OD, 2012 OD)
Answer:
of unity and nationhood. For this, they emphasized the concept of France being the father land
were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity.
Assembly.
2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken, and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the
nation.
3. A centralized administrative system was put in place, and it formulated uniform laws for all
4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished, and a uniform system of weights and
Question 25.
How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after 1815? Explain with examples.
(2014 OD)
Answer:
During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground.
1. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their
ideas. Revolutionary ideas were spread by opposing monarchical forms and to fight for liberty
and freedom.
2. Most of the revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this
struggle for freedom.
3. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary bom in Geneva in 1807. He was a member of
the Secret Society of the Carbonari. He attempted a revolution in 1831 and was sent into exile.
4. He had set up two more underground societies, namely, Young Italy (1832) in Marseilles and
then Young Europe in Berne. The members were like-minded young men from Poland,
France, Italy and Germany.
5. He opposed monarchy and small states and kingdoms and dreamt of a Democratic Republic.
He believed the unification of Italy alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.
Question 26.
Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective
identity amongst the French people.
Answer:
The measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity
among the French people were as follows.
 The idea of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the idea of united
people enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
 A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
 The Estates General was elected by the active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
 New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated in the name of nation.
 Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became
 A centralised administrative system was put in practice and it formulated uniform laws for all
 Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and
Question 27
Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated
revolutionary principles to make the whole system more rational and efficient. Analyse the statement with
arguments.
Answer:
Napoleon declared himself the emperor of France and destroyed democracy. In the administrative field, he
incorporated revolutionary principles, which were as follows.
 The Civil Code of 1804, also known as Napoleonic Code, abolished all the privileges based on
birth, established equality before the law and gave the right to property.
 The code which was introduced in the regions under French control, like Italy, Germany,
Switzerland, simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues,
 In towns guild restrictions came to an end.
 Uniform weights and measures were adopted. A common national currency helped in the
movement of goods and capital from one region to another.
 Transport and communication systems were improved.
Question 28
‘Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiments by the last quarter of the 19th
century in Europe’. Analyse the statement with examples.
Answer:
 Towards the end of the 19th century, nationalism became a narrow belief with inadequate
ends.
 This period saw nationalist groups becoming increasingly prejudiced of each other and ready
to wage a war at the slightest of the pretext.
 Nationalism was now identified with increasing one’s sphere of influence, by establishing
control over more territories. Balkan states became jealous of each other and entered into a
conflict to establish more control and power in the region at the cost of others.
 The chief European authorities saw this as an opportunity and manipulated the nationalist
desires of the subject peoples. ‘
 European powers were keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans. They
did nothing serious to solve the Balkan issue rather watched the situation to turn fruitful for
them.The most severe tensions emerge after 1871, leading to a series of wars and ultimately
led to the First World War in 1914.
Question 29
“Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.” Support the
statement.
Answer:
The term nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness based on common heritage and common identity and a
sense of belonging to one’s nation.
 The spirit of nationalism can spread and develop only when people discover some bond or
unity that binds them together.
 The sense of collective belonging develops through the experience of united struggles.
 There are a variety of cultural process through which nationalism captures people’s
imagination.
 History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all play a role in the
spread of nationalism.
 Any image or symbol that is identified as nation is also recognised as a bond and help in the
spread of nationlism.
Question 30.
Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic
Answer:
Liberal nationalists had the following ideas in the economic sphere:
 They wanted the freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the
movement of goods and capital.
 They argued for the creation of unified economic territory.
 Reduction of currency disparities and following of uniform weights and measures.
 Creation of infrastructure to stimulate mobility and harness economic interests to national
unification.
Question 31
Explain any four changes brought about in Europe by the Treaty of Vienna (1815)
Answer:
Napoleon was defeated in 1815 by collective European powers i.e. Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The
representatives of European powers drew up the Treaty of Vienna at a congress hosted by Austrian
Chancellor Duke Metternich with the objective of undoing the changes that had come about the Europe
during the Napoleonic wars. Following changes were brought about in Europe by this treaty:
 The Bourbon dynasty that was destroyed during the French Revolution was restored. French
lost the territories it has annexed under Napoleon.
 A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in
future.
 The Netherlands which included Belgium was set up in the north. Genoa was added to
Piedmont in the south.
 Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers. Austria was given control
of northern Italy.
 The German confederation of 39 states set up by Napoleon was left untouched. Russia was
given part of Poland and Prussia was given part of Saxony.
 Monarchy was restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe.
Question32
Europe.
Ans: The French revolution took place in 1789 had various impacts on Europe. -the revolution led to the
setting up of Jacobin Clubs in different cities of Europe. -paved way for the French armies to move into
Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and some parts of Italy. -the idea of nationalism began to be carried by
French armies -rise of Napoleon, the concept of equality of law and uniform laws, liberate the people of
Europe from despotic rulers -the concept of nation states.
Question33
Explain the contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification.
Ans: Germany was united by the Prussian Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck with the help of the Prussian
Army and bureaucracy. Prussia fought three wars with Austria, Denmark and France over seven years and
won. It completed the process of unification.
Finally the German Empire was proclaimed and William I was crowned as the Emperor.
Question34
Describe any five steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the
French people.
Ans: They introduced the idea of la patrie and le citoyen, concept of a uited community enjoying equal
rights under a constitution-new French flag to replace royal standard flagthe Estates General, elected body of
active citizens, renamed the National Assembly-new hymns composed, oaths taken, martyrs
commemorated- established centralized administrative system, formulated uniform law for all-adopted
uniform system of weights and measures, internal custom duties were abolished- promoted French language,
discouraged regional dialects.
Question 35
Who was granted the right to vote in France during the period of revolution?
Answer: In France, the right to vote and election was granted only to property- owning men.
1. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights.
2. During the period of Jacobins, all adult males were granted right to vote.
3. The Napoleonic Code again granted limited right to vote. Women were reduced
to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.
4. Women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding
equal political rights during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Competency Based Questions
Directions: - In the following questions, the Assertions (A) and Reason(s) (R) have been
put forward. Read both statements carefully and choose the correct answer from the
below:
 (A) If both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
 (B) If both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
 (C) Assertion (A) is true, but reason (R) is false.
 (D) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Q1.) Assertion (A): Conservatives believed that established traditional institutions of state and
society should be preserved.
Reason (R) : Zollverein was formed to preserve conservatism
Q2.) Assertion (A) : The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear
their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
Reason (R) : The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a
largely Catholic country.
Q3.) Assertion (A) : Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation.
Reason (R) : Weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against the contractors who supplied raw material
and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.
Q4.) Assertion (A) : Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one was ruled by an Italian
princely house.
Reason (R) : The north was under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
Q5) Assertion (A) : Giuseppe Mazzini worked with the conservatives for the monarchy.
Reason (R) : Italy had to continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.
Q6.) Assertion (A) : In France, were the ‘Bibliothéque Bleué, which were low-priced small books
printed on poor quality paper, and bound in cheap blue covers.
Reason (R) : In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars known as chapmen, and
sold for a penny, so that even the poor could buy them.
Q7) Assertion (A) : In the areas conquered by Napoleon the reactions of the local population were
mixed.
Reason (R) : Increased taxation, censorship etc. out-weigh the advantages of administrative
changes.
Q8.) Assertion (A) : Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and
cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
Reason (R) : They were closely bound to each other in spite of their autonomous rule.
Q9.) Assertion (A) : From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various
measures and practices like the idea of la patrie and le citoyen.
Reason (R) : This was done to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Q10.) Assertion (A) : On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives revolted in the Frankfurt
parliament.
Reason (R) : The elected representatives revolted against the issue of extending political rights to
women.
Q11) Assertion: Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying
a nation.
Reason: they represented a country as if it were a person.
Q12.) Assertion: Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation.
Reason: During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven States.
Q13) Assertion(A): Napolean was defeated in 1815, after which the European governments were
driven by the spirit of liberalism.
Reason(R): Conservatives believed that the institutions like Church, social hierarchies, property,
and family should be preserved.
Q14. Assertion (A): From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various
measures and practices like the idea of la patrie and le citoyen. Reason (R) : This was done in order
to create a sense of collective Identity among French people.
Q15. Assertion (A): Giuseppe Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural
units of mankind. Reason (R): Metternich described him as “the most dangerous enemy of our
social order”.
Q16. Assertion (A): The Grimm brothers saw French domination as a threat to German culture.
Reason (R) : They believed developing the German language as a part of wider effort to oppose
French domination.
Q17 Assertion(A): Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation Reason (R) :
Weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied raw materials and gave them
orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments
Q18 Assertion (A): The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within
the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.
Reason (R): When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were
granted the rights.
Q19 Assertion (A): Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by
personifying a nation. Reason (R): they represented a country as if it were a person.
Q20. Assertion (A): Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914. Reason
(R): Many countries in the world which had been colonised by the European powers in the
nineteenth century began to oppose imperial domination.
Q21. Assertion (A): The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the
area called the Balkans Reason (R): A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the
Ottoman Empire.
Q22 Assertion (A): There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth-century Reason (R): The
primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones – such as English,
Welsh, Scot or Irish. All these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
Q23. Assertion (A): Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. Reason (R):
During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven States.
Answers
1-c 2-b 3-b 4-c 5-d 6-a 7-a 8-c 9-a 10-d 11-b 12-a
13-b 14-a 15-b 16-a 17-b 18-c 19-b 20-a 21-b 22-a 23-a
Picture Based Questions
Answers Marked in
red colour.
Case Based Questions

1. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying a nation. In other
words, they represented a country as if it were a person. Nations were then portrayed as female
figures. The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any woman in
real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form. That is, the female
figure became an allegory of the nation. During the French Revolution artists used the female
allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic. These ideals were represented
through specific objects or symbols. The attributes of Liberty are the red cap, or the broken chain,
while Justice is generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales. Female allegories
were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation. In France, she has
christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Her
characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the
cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national
symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were marked on coins
and stamps. Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual
representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.
Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:
1.1 Why were Female allegories invented by artists?
A. Representation of heroism.
B. Representation of Imperialism
C. Representation of the modern state
D. Representation of the nation.
1.2 Which of the following is an allegory for 'liberty'?
A. Red Cap
B. Crown of Oak
C. Olive Branch
D. Sword
1.3 What does a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales symbolise?
A. Peace
B. Equality
C. Justice
D. Liberty
1.4 Which of the following is not true with respect to "Allegory"?
A. It is a symbol representing an abstract idea.
B. Artist became an allegory of a nation.
C. It is an idea expressed through a person or a thing.
D. An allegorical story has two meanings, one literal and one symbolic.
Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members
of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned
estates in the countryside and also townhouses. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in
high society. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage. This powerful aristocracy
was, however, numerically a small group. The majority of the population was made up of the
peasantry. To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in
Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised by vast estates which were
cultivated by serfs.
Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:
2.1 Which was the dominant class on the continent of Europe?
A. Landed aristocracy
B. Tenants
C. Small owners
D. High class society
2.2 What did the majority of population comprise of?
A. Tenants
B. Small owners
C. Land holders
D. Peasantry
2.3 The given passage describes the social and political life of this class
A. serfs and peasants
B. big landowners
C. aristocracy and middle class
D. peasants and small owners
2.4 Aristocratic class used to speak French for the purpose of

A. diplomacy and high society
B. farming on a big land
C. unity among the members
D. educing regional divisions
Economists began to think in terms of the national economy. They talked of how the nation could
develop and what economic measures could help forge this nation together. Friedrich List, Professor
of Economics at the University of Tubingen in Germany, wrote in 1834: ‘The aim of the Zollverein
is to bind the Germans economically into a nation. It will strengthen the nation materially as much
by protecting its interests externally as by stimulating its internal productivity. It ought to awaken
and raise national sentiment through a fusion of individual and provincial interests. The German
people have realised that a free economic system is the only means to engender national feeling.’
Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate options:
3.1 State the aim of the Zollverein in Germany.
A. To divide German regions.
B. To support time consuming calculations.
C. To create confusion in trade.
D. To bind the Germans economically into a nation.
3.2 What German people have realised about new economic system?
A. German people wanted to conquer more regions.
B. German people realised the importance of closed economy.
C. German people have realised that a free economic system is the only means to engender national
feeling.
D. German people realised that a free economic system is obstacle to develop nationalism.
3.3 How does a country become stronger?
A. It will strengthen the nation materially as much by protecting its interests externally as per
stimulating its internal productivity.
B. By conquest
C. By making alliances.
D. Both (b) and (c)
3.4 Who was Friedrich List?

A. French artist
B. Professor of Economics at the University of Tubingen in Germany
C. Philosopher
D. Painter
In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a
world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’, as he called them. As you would recall, artists
of the time of the French Revolution personified Liberty as a female figure—here you can recognise
the torch of Enlightenment she bears in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other.
On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist
institutions. In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations,
identified through their flags and national costume. Leading the procession, way past the statue of
Liberty, are the United States and Switzerland, which by this time were already nation-states.
France, identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue. The concept and
practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly
defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe. But a nation state was
one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common
identity and shared history or descent.
Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate options:
4.1 What was the theme of painting made by French artist?
A. Constitutional Monarchy
B. Absolute Monarchy
C. Democratic and Social Republic
D. True democracy
4.2 The utopian vision of French artist Frédéric Sorrieu was.
A. The peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and
national costume.
B. The concepts and practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign
control over a clearly defined territory.
C. Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, as the United States and Switzerland,
which by this time were already nation-states.
D. France, identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue.
4.3 French Revolution personified Liberty as a female figure, she bears the torch of Enlighten-
ment in one hand and ........... in the other.
A. Constitution
B. Charter of Rights of Man
C. Charter of Rights of Woman
D. Bible
4.4 Which of the following pairs represent two nation states?
A. Spain and Portugal
B. United States and Switzerland
C. Britain and Italy
D. Japan and Turkey

Main His

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Main His

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 1 The Rise of Nationalism in

MCQ (Multiple choice-based questions)

(a) German (b) Swiss (c) French (d) American

2. ‘Nationalism’, which emerged as a force in the late 19th century, means

3. Match the term with the statements given below:

4. Pick out the correct definition to define the term ‘Plebiscite’.

5. Ernst Renan believed that the existence of nations is a necessity because

10. The Civil Code of 1804 in France is usually known as:

12. The liberal nationalism stands for:

14. The term ‘Universal Suffrage’ means:

15. Which of the following is not a feature or belief of ‘Conservatism’?

16. The Treaty of recognized Greece

19. Who played the leading role in the unification of Germany?

21. Who was proclaimed the emperor of Germany in 1871?

22. Who became the King of United Italy in 1861?

23. What helped in the formation of a nation-state in Britain?

24. Who was responsible for the unification of Germany?

28. When did the French Revolution start?

31. Nationalism brought about in Europe the emergence of :

(a) Kitagewa Utamaro

(a) The American Revolution

(a) First World War

(a) it ensures protection to all inhabitants.

(a) Southern Europe

(a) Victor Emmanuel II

(a) Philip Veit

(a) It ended the absolute monarchy

(a) The Russian Revolution

(a) Equality before the law

(a) to conquer the people of Europe.

58. What happened at the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832?

(a) revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off

59. Romanticism refers to which movement.

(a) Poland achieved independence at the end of the 18th century.

62. The Civil Code of 1804 in France is usually known as:

(a) The French Revolutionary Code

63. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini, what did he do?

(a) French revolutionary, formed groups

65. Who played the leading role in the unification of Germany?

(a) German Emperor (formerly King of Prussia) – Kaiser William I.

66 .All the new regimes, set up in 1815, were autocratic because:

71. Name one kind of revolt that started in Europe in 1848.

(a) freedom for the individual and equality before law.

73. What was conservatism?

(a) strict rules on the society

(a) Otto Von Bismarck

77. The term ‘Universal Suffrage’ means:

78. What did the customs union or zollverein do?

(a) abolished tax

(a) Equality before the law

(a) Vienna 1815

(a) 11 customs barriers

(a) Frédéric Sorrieu

(a) Giuseppe Garibaldi

(a) it ended the absolute monarchy.

89. What helped in the formation of a nation-state in Britain?

91. What is Suffrage?

(a) Right to property

95. The first clear expression of nationalism came with:

(a) The American Revolution

96. Cavour’s contribution to Italian unification was:

(a) Diplomatic alliance with the enemies of Austria

NCERT Based questions