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11th Mathematics Ncert Summary
11th Mathematics Ncert Summary
SETS
Summary
This chapter deals with some basic definitions and operations involving sets. These
are summarised below:
® A set is a well-defined collection of objects.
® A set which does not contain any element is called empty set.
® A set which consists of a definite number of elements is called finite set,
otherwise, the set is called infinite set.
® Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same elements.
® A set A is said to be subset of a set B, if every element of A is also an element
of B. Intervals are subsets of R.
® The union of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements which are either
in A or in B.
® The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all elements which are
common. The difference of two sets A and B in this order is the set of elements
which belong to A but not to B.
® The complement of a subset A of universal set U is the set of all elements of U
which are not the elements of A.
® For any two sets A and B, (A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B′ and ( A ∩ B )′ = A′ ∪ B′
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Summary
® If in a circle of radius r, an arc of length l subtends an angle of θ radians, then
l=rθ
π
® Radian measure = × Degree measure
180
180
® Degree measure = π × Radian measure
® cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
® 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
® 1 + cot2 x = cosec2 x
® cos (2nπ + x) = cos x
® sin (2nπ + x) = sin x
® sin (– x) = – sin x
® cos (– x) = cos x
® cos (x + y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y
® cos (x – y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
π
® cos ( − x ) = sin x
2
π
® sin ( − x ) = cos x
2
® sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
® sin (x – y) = sin x cos y – cos x sin y
π π
® 2 + x = – sin x
cos sin + x = cos x
2
cos (π – x) = – cos x sin (π – x) = sin x
cos (π + x) = – cos x sin (π + x) = – sin x
cos (2π – x) = cos x sin (2π – x) = – sin x
π
® If none of the angles x, y and (x ± y) is an odd multiple of , then
2
tan x + tan y
tan (x + y) =
1 − tan x tan y
tan x − tan y
® tan (x – y) = 1 + tan x tan y
® If none of the angles x, y and (x ± y) is a multiple of π, then
cot x cot y − 1
cot (x + y) = cot y + cot x
cot x cot y + 1
® cot (x – y) = cot y − cot x
2 tan x
® sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x =
1 + tan 2 x
2tanx
® tan 2x = 1 − tan 2 x
® A number of the form a + ib, where a and b are real numbers, is called a
complex number, a is called the real part and b is called the imaginary part
of the complex number.
® Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id. Then
(i) z1 + z2 = (a + c) + i (b + d)
(ii) z1 z2 = (ac – bd) + i (ad + bc)
® For any non-zero complex number z = a + ib (a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0), there exists the
a −b 1
complex number +i 2 2 , denoted by or z –1, called the
a +b
2 2
a +b z
a −b
multiplicative inverse of z such that (a + ib) +i 2 = 1 + i0
a +b
2 2
a + b2
=1
® For any integer k, i4k = 1, i4k + 1 = i, i4k + 2 = – 1, i4k + 3 = – i
® The conjugate of the complex number z = a + ib, denoted by z , is given by
z = a – ib.
LINEAR INEQUALITIES
Summary
® Two real numbers or two algebraic expressions related by the symbols <, >, ≤
or ≥ form an inequality.
® Equal numbers may be added to (or subtracted from ) both sides of an inequality.
® Both sides of an inequality can be multiplied (or divided ) by the same positive
number. But when both sides are multiplied (or divided) by a negative number,
then the inequality is reversed.
® The values of x, which make an inequality a true statement, are called solutions
of the inequality.
® To represent x < a (or x > a) on a number line, put a circle on the number a and
dark line to the left (or right) of the number a.
® To represent x ≤ a (or x ≥ a) on a number line, put a dark circle on the number
a and dark the line to the left (or right) of the number x.
BINOMIAL THEOREM
Summary
® The expansion of a binomial forn anyn positive
n n
integral n is given by Binomial
n – 1 n n – 2 2
Theorem, which is (a + b) = C 0 a + C 1 a b + C 2a b + ...+
n n–1 n n
Cn – 1a.b + Cnb .
® The coefficients of the expansions are arranged in an array. This array is
called Pascal’s triangle.
Sn =
(
a rn – 1 ) or a (1– r ) , if r ≠ 1
n
r –1 1–r
® The geometric mean (G.M.) of any two positive numbers a and b is given by
ab i.e., the sequence a, G, b is G.P.
STRAIGHT LINES
Summary
® Slope (m) of a non-vertical line passing through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
y 2 − y1 y1 − y 2
is given by m = = , x 1 ≠ x 2.
x 2 − x1 x1 − x 2
® If a line makes an angle á with the positive direction of x-axis, then the
slope of the line is given by m = tan α, α ≠ 90°.
® Slope of horizontal line is zero and slope of vertical line is undefined.
® An acute angle (say θ) between lines L1 and L2 with slopes m1 and m2 is
m2 – m1
given by tanθ = 1 + m m ,1 + m1 m2 ≠ 0 .
1 2
® Two lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal.
® Two lines are perpendicular if and only if product of their slopes is –1.
® Three points A, B and C are collinear, if and only if slope of AB = slope of BC.
® Equation of the horizontal line having distance a from the x-axis is either
y = a or y = – a.
® Equation of the vertical line having distance b from the y-axis is either
x = b or x = – b.
® The point (x, y) lies on the line with slope m and through the fixed point (xo, yo),
if and only if its coordinates satisfy the equation y – y o = m (x – xo).
® Equation of the line passing through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by
y 2 − y1
y − y1 = ( x − x1).
x 2 − x1
® The point (x, y) on the line with slope m and y-intercept c lies on the line if and
only if y = mx + c.
® If a line with slope m makes x-intercept d. Then equation of the line is
y = m (x – d).
® Equation of a line making intercepts a and b on the x-and y-axis,
x y
respectively, is + = 1.
a b
® Any equation of the form Ax + By + C = 0, with A and B are not zero,
simultaneously, is called the general linear equation or general equation of
a line.
® The perpendicular distance (d) of a line Ax + By+ C = 0 from a point (x1, y1)
Ax1 + B y1 + C
is given by d = .
A +B
2 2
CONIC SECTIONS
Summary
® A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point
in the plane.
® The equation of a circle with centre (h, k) and the radius r is
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2.
® A parabola is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed
line and a fixed point in the plane.
® The equation of the parabola with focus at (a, 0) a > 0 and directrix x = – a is
y2 = 4ax.
® Latus rectum of a parabola is a line segment perpendicular to the axis of the
parabola, through the focus and whose end points lie on the parabola.
® Length of the latus rectum of the parabola y2 = 4ax is 4a.
® An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the sum of whose distances from
two fixed points in the plane is a constant.
x2 y 2
® The equation of an ellipse with foci on the x-axis is + =1.
a 2 b2
x2 y 2 2b 2
® Length of the latus rectum of the ellipse a 2 + b 2 = 1 is a .
® The eccentricity of an ellipse is the ratio between the distances from the centre
of the ellipse to one of the foci and to one of the vertices of the ellipse.
® A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane, the difference of whose distances
from two fixed points in the plane is a constant.
x2 y 2
® The equation of a hyperbola with foci on the x-axis is : a 2 − b 2 = 1
® Latus rectum of hyperbola is a line segment perpendicular to the transverse
axis through any of the foci and whose end points lie on the hyperbola.
x2 y 2 2b2
® Length of the latus rectum of the hyperbola : − = 1 is : .
a 2 b2 a
® The eccentricity of a hyperbola is the ratio of the distances from the centre of
the hyperbola to one of the foci and to one of the vertices of the hyperbola.
INTRODUCTION TO THREE
DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
Summary
® In three dimensions, the coordinate axes of a rectangular Cartesian coordi-
nate system are three mutually perpendicular lines. The axes are called the x,
y and z-axes.
® The three planes determined by the pair of axes are the coordinate planes,
called XY, YZ and ZX-planes.
® The three coordinate planes divide the space into eight parts known as octants.
® The coordinates of a point P in three dimensional geometry is always written
in the form of triplet like (x, y, z). Here x, y and z are the distances from the
YZ, ZX and XY-planes.
® (i) Any point on x-axis is of the form (x, 0, 0)
(ii) Any point on y-axis is of the form (0, y, 0)
(iii) Any point on z-axis is of the form (0, 0, z).
® Distance between two points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2) is given by
PQ = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 + ( z2 − z1 )2
® For a function f and a real number a, lim f(x) and f (a) may not be same (In
x →a
f ( x) lim
x →a
f ( x)
lim =
x → a g ( x)
lim
x→ a
g ( x)
sin x
lim =1
x →0 x
1 − cos x
lim =0
x →0 x
® The derivative of a function f at a is defined by
f (a + h ) − f (a )
f ′( a) = lim
h →0 h
® Derivative of a function f at any point x is defined by
df ( x) f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = = lim
dx h →0 h
® For functions u and v the following holds:
(u ± v )′ = u ′ ± v′
(uv)′ = u ′v + uv′
u ′ u ′v − uv′
= provided all are defined.
v v2
STATISTICS
Summary
® Measures of dispersion Range, Quartile deviation, mean deviation, variance,
standard deviation are measures of dispersion.
Range = Maximum Value – Minimum Value
® Mean deviation for ungrouped data
M.D. (x ) =
∑ xi – x , M.D. (M) =
∑ xi – M
n n
® Mean deviation for grouped data
M.D. ( x ) =
∑ fi xi x
, M.D. ( M ) =
∑ fi xi
, where N = ∑ f i
M
N N
® Variance and standard deviation for ungrouped data
1 1
∑ ∑
2
σ2 = (xi – x )2 , σ= ( xi – x )
n n
® Variance and standard deviation of a discrete frequency distribution
1 1
∑ fi ( xi − x ) , ∑ fi ( xi − x )
2 2
σ2 = σ =
N N
® Variance and standard deviation of a continuous frequency distribution
1 1
∑ fi ( xi − x ) , N ∑ fi xi2 − ( ∑ fi xi )
2 2
σ2 = σ=
N N
® Shortcut method to find variance and standard deviation.
h2 h
= 2 N∑ fi yi2 − ( ∑ fi yi ) , σ N ∑ fi yi2 − ( ∑ fi yi ) ,
2 2
σ 2
=
N N
xi − A
where yi =
h
PROBABILITY
Summary
In this Chapter, we studied about the axiomatic approach of probability. The main
features of this Chapter are as follows:
® Event: A subset of the sample space
® Impossible event : The empty set
® Sure event: The whole sample space
® Complementary event or ‘not event’ : The set A′ or S – A
® Event A or B: The set A ∪ B
® Event A and B: The set A ∩ B
® Event A and not B: The set A – B
® Mutually exclusive event: A and B are mutually exclusive if A ∩ B = φ
® Exhaustive and mutually exclusive events: Events E1, E2,..., En are mutually
exclusive and exhaustive if E1 ∪ E2 ∪ ...∪ En = S and Ei ∩ Ej = φ V i ≠ j
® Probability: Number P (ωi) associated with sample point ω i such that
(i) 0 ≤ P (ωi) ≤ 1 (ii) ∑ P ( ω ) for all ω ∈ S = 1
i i