Artifical Intelligence Class 10th

CBSE | DEPARTMENT OF SKILL EDUCATION
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
QUESTION BANK – CLASS 10
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO AI: FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS
One (01) Mark Questions

Fill in the Blanks:
1. The basis of decision making depends upon the availability of ____________and how we
experience and understand it. (information/data/conditions/ past experience/
knowledge/awareness.)
2. A machine can also become intelligent if it is trained with __________ which helps them
achieve their tasks (data)
True/False:
1. A machine is artificially intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself. (True)
2. Is a smart washing machine an example of an Artificially Intelligent devices? (False)
3. Platforms like Netflix, Amazon, Spotify, YouTube etc. show us recommendations on the
basis of what we like. (True)
Direct Question:
1. What do you understand by linguistic Intelligence?
Linguistic intelligence means intelligence to understand and interpret human natural
language and try to extract meaning out of it.
OR
Linguistic Intelligence refers to the ability of an individual to understand both written
and spoken language and the additional ability to write and speak the language too.
OR
This is the intelligence of language and communication. It includes the ability to speak,
articulate, and express, and convey one’s thoughts and feelings to the outside world in
one or more languages. This can be at an oral and written level. It also includes the
ability to listen to and to understand other people.
2. What do you understand by Interpersonal Intelligence?

Understanding human emotions, feelings and influenced by them is known as
interpersonal intelligence.
OR
Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to communicate with others by understanding
other people's feelings, being influenced by the person.
OR
CBSE Question Bank – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 1

Interpersonal intelligence refers to the ability of a person to relate well with people
and manage relationships. It enables people to understand the needs and motivations
of those around them, which helps strengthen their overall influence.
OR
Interpersonal intelligence refers to the ability to understand social situations and the
behavior of other people.
3. Define Artificial Intelligence.

A machine is artificially intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself - collect data,
understand it, analyze it, learn from it, and improve it.
OR
When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits, i.e., make decisions,
predict the future, learn and improve on its own, it is said to have artificial intelligence.
OR
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a
software think intelligently, in a similar manner to how intelligent humans think.
OR
AI is a form of intelligence; a type of technology and a field of study. AI theory and
development of computer systems (both machines and software) are able to perform
tasks that normally require human intelligence.
OR
Artificial Intelligence works to implement human intelligence in machines: creating
systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.
OR
Artificial Intelligence or AI for short, refers to any technique that enables computers to
mimic human intelligence. An artificially intelligent machine works on algorithms and
data fed to it and gives the desired output.
4. Mention two types of machines which have evolved with time.

Television/Mobile Phones/ Ceiling Fans/ Microwave ovens/ Headphones / Speakers/
Harvesters/ Refrigerators/Air Conditioners etc.
(1 mark for any two right answers)
5. What do you understand by mathematical and logical reasoning?
A person's ability to regulate, measure, and understand numerical symbols,
abstraction and logic.
OR
Reasoning is based on previous established facts. To establish a new fact or truth one
has to put it to the test of reasoning. If the new fact coincides with the previously
established facts, it is called logical or rational. It is the ability of a person to regulate,
measure and understand numerical symbols, abstraction and logic.

Two (02) Mark Questions
1. Mention four examples of artificially intelligent applications in our

smartphones.
Phone Smart Lock / Snapchat filter / Shopping websites / Netflix / YouTube / Face
Detection / Google Maps / Emotions recognition / Google assistant / Natural language
recognition / image detection / beauty filters etc. (2 marks for any four right
examples)
2. How does a machine become Artificially Intelligent?

A machine becomes intelligent by training with data and algorithm. AI machines keep
updating their knowledge to optimize their output.
OR
Machines also become intelligent once they are trained with some information which
helps them achieve their tasks. AI machines also keep updating their knowledge to
optimize their output.
3. Mention four examples of machines that are not AI but confused with AI.
Or
Mention four examples of machines that are smart but not AI.
Automatic gates in shopping malls / remote control drones/ a fully automatic washing
machine/ Air Conditioner/ Refrigerator/ Robotic toy cars/ Television etc.
4. How does learning and adapting help an AI machine in improvising itself?

An artificially intelligent machine collects real time data and tries to figure out new
patterns in it. Machines learn in a similar way human being; by supervision or by
observation and respond according to past experiences in similar scenarios. A machine
learns from its mistakes. The more the machine gets trained on data, the more
accurate result it gives.
For example:
Any virtual assistant initially trained with few basic instructions, but with time, the
machine captures the data fed by the user, may be the wake-up time of the user,
sleeping time, dinner time and so on. Later in time, the machine gives reminders of
similar things on the basis of data and adapts these new commands.
OR
Just as humans learn how to walk and then improve this skill with the help of their
experiences, an AI machine too gets trained first on the training data and then
optimizes itself according to its own experiences which makes AI different from any
other technological device/machine.
5. Pick the odd one out and justify your answer:

a. Snap Chat Filter b. Face Lock in Phone
c. Chatbot d. Image search Option
Ans: Chatbot (1 marks), as it is NLP based, the other three are Computer vision based
(1marks for justification).

6. Explain how AI works in the following areas (any two):
a. Google Search Engine b. Voice Assistants c. E-commerce websites
a. Google Search Engine:

With the help of AI, Google Search Engine has been turned into Intelligent search
which is a new network of systems that produces direct answers. It uses voice and
image searches and has incorporated deep learning to fasten the searches with more
accuracy.
b. Voice assistant:
AI is being used in voice assistants to recognize words spoken by the user. NLP has
capabilities like “Speech-to-Text” convert the natural language of the user into text for
further processing. As the digital assistant answers more and more queries, it “learns”
using ML algorithms. The more tasks it performs, its ML algorithms help it “learn”
from the tasks and the preferences of the user. As a result, the digital assistant
improves its performance over time.
c. E-commerce website:
With the use of big data, AI in E-Commerce is impacting customer choices by recording
the data of previous purchases, searched products, and online browsing habits.
Product recommendations provide multiple benefits for E-commerce retailers
including: Higher number of returning customers.
7. How has AI changed the gaming world?

AI has changed the world of gaming by making the game more intelligent by providing
them the ability to learn using machine learning algorithms. Games these days try to
understand human patterns and give responses on the basis of it and also give new
difficulty levels.
OR
AI has changed the gaming world in terms of feel and emotions. Some video games
react to player skill level. Depending on how well you do, adaptive AI ratchets the
game’s difficulty level up and down to give you a greater challenge when you need it or
to prevent you from rage-quitting in frustration. AI can also adapt to your playing style
by making the game more exciting.
8. Why training with information/Data is important in Artificial Intelligent

devices?
Similar to human beings, AI devices need experience to give better results and
improve in every next iteration. For giving better results, the machine should be
trained with some real data. The more the amount of accurate data, the better
predictions will be made by the machine. Hence, data is very important in AI devices.
OR
The AI devices need to be trained with information / Big data to produce the best
possible accurate results. All of AI’s learning happens only through this data. So, it
makes sense to have as big a dataset as is required to include variety, subtlety, and
nuance that makes the model viable for practical use. Before training, the model is just
a theorist.

4 Mark Questions
1. What is Intelligence? Explain in brief any three types of intelligence that are
mainly perceived by human beings?
Intelligence is the ‘ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as knowledge
to be applied towards adaptive behavior within an environment or context.’
OR
Intelligence is the ability to interact with the world (speech, vision, motion,
manipulation), ability to model the world and to reason about it, ability to learn, ability
to make decisions and to adapt.
OR
Intelligence has been defined in many ways: It involves abstract reasoning, mental
representation, problem solving, and decision making, the ability to learn, emotional
knowledge, creativity, and adaptation to meet the demands of the environment
effectively.
As per major researches, there are mainly 9 types of Intelligence;

(i) Mathematical Logical Intelligence: A person's ability to regulate, measure,
and understand numerical symbols, abstraction and logic
(ii) Linguistic Intelligence: Language processing skills both in terms of
understanding orimplementation in writing or speech.
(iii) Spatial Visual Intelligence: It is defined as the ability to perceive the visual
world and the relationship of one object to another.
(iv) Kinesthetic Intelligence: Ability that is related to how a person uses his limbs
in a skilled manner.
(v) Musical Intelligence: As the name suggests, this intelligence is about a
person's ability to recognize and create sounds, rhythms, and sound patterns
(vi) Intrapersonal Intelligence: Describes the level of self-awareness someone has
starting from realizing weakness, strength, to recognizing his own feelings
(vii) Existential Intelligence: An additional category of intelligence relating to
religious andspiritual awareness.
(viii) Naturalist Intelligence: An additional category of intelligence relating to the
ability to process information on the environment around us.
(ix) Interpersonal Intelligence: Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to
communicate with others by understanding other people's feelings and the
influence of the person.
2. Differentiate between what is AI and what is not AI with the help of an example?
AI Machine Not AI machine
1. AI machines are trained with data 1. Smart machines which are not AI, do
and algorithm. not require training data, they work on
2. AI machines learn from mistakes and algorithms only.
experience. They try to improvise on 2. Smart machines work on fixed
their next iterations. algorithms and they always work with
3. AI machines can analyses the the same level of efficiency, which is
situation and can take decisions programmed into them.

AI Machine Not AI machine
accordingly. 3. Machines which are not AI cannot take
4. AI based drones capture the real-time decisions on their own.
data during the flight, processes it in 4. An automatic door in a shopping mall,
real-time, and makes a human- seems to be AI-enabled, but it is built
independent decision based on the with only sensor technology.
processed data.
(Any other valid examples of AI and Non-AI machine can be considered.)
While we see a lot of AI applications around us, there still exist a lot of them which are
smart but not intelligent.
An AI enabled machine should not only recognize, but should also do something with
its gathered information. Artificial intelligence” must mean a human-made interface
with the power to reason and integrate knowledge. AI must demonstrate at least some
of the following behaviors associated with human intelligence: planning, learning,
reasoning, problem solving, knowledge representation, perception, motion,
manipulation and, to a lesser extent, social intelligence, and creativity.
Most IOT items are ordinary things outfitted with sensors and connected to the
Internet. For example, sensors in your office can recognize shadows or movements,
but that doesn’t make them an example of artificial intelligence. A fully automatic
washing machine can work on its own, but it requires human intervention to select the
parameters of washing and to do the necessary preparation for it to function correctly
before each wash, which makes it an example of automation, not AI.
3. How can AI be integrated with non-AI technologies? Explain with the help of an
example.
Today’s world is changing with the adoption of IOT (Internet of Things). IOT is helping
in prominently capturing a tremendous amount of data from multiple sources. The
convergence of AI (Artificial Intelligence) and IOT can redefine the way industries,
business, and economies function. AI enabled IoT creates intelligent machines that
simulate smart behavior and supports decision making with little or no human
interference.
While IOT provides data, artificial intelligence acquires the power to unlock responses,
offering both creativity and context to drive smart actions. Here are some examples:
Ex. 1: Self-driving Cars: Tesla’s self-driving cars are the best example of IoT and AI
working together. With the power of AI, self-driving cars predict the behavior
of pedestrians and cards in various circumstances. For example, they can
determine road conditions, optimal speed, weather and getting smarter with
each trip.
Ex. 2: Robots in Manufacturing: Manufacturing is one of the industries that already
embraced new technologies like IoT, artificial intelligence, facial recognition,
deep learning, Robots and many more. Robots employed in factories are
turning smarter with the support of implanted sensors, which facilitates data
transmission. Moreover, as the robots are provisioned with artificial
intelligence algorithms, they can learn from newer data. This approach not only
saves time and cost but also makes the manufacturing process better over time.

Ex.3: Weather forecasting System: In a weather forecasting system, where IOT
temperature sensor and humidity sensors collect data from the physical world,
AI tries to figure out patterns from previous data collected and tries to interpret
and give accurate predictions of upcoming day weather.
Ex.4: Smart Drones: Initially drones were only able to capture photographs, these
were not AI drones. As the scientist used to analyze the data captured through
drones. Now the drones are incorporated with AI, which helps them to make
decisions also on the basis of the picture they capture.
*Any one example from above or any other matching example can be given
4. Read the given scenario and answer the questions that follow:
A farmer keeps rabbits in three large hutches that stand in a row in his backyard.
Each of the hutches is painted different colours – red, yellow and green. Until
recently, the number of rabbits in the green hutch was twice as large as the
number of rabbits in the yellow hutch. Then, one day, the farmer took five rabbits
out of the left-side hutch and gave them away to the local school’s pet corner. He
also took half of the rabbits that remained in the left-side hutch and moved them
to the red hutch.
a. What was the colour of the left-side hutch? Justify your answer with
explanation.
The answer is yellow.
Explanation: As we already know at the outset the number of rabbits in the green
hutch was twice as large as the number of rabbits in the yellow hutch. This means that
the number of rabbits in the green hutch was an even number. After the farmer
removed five rabbits from the left side hutch, then the number of rabbits that
remained there also became an even number. This is proven by the fact that it was
divisible by 2. Therefore, before those five were removed, the left side hutch contained
an uneven number of rabbits hence the left side hutch cannot be the green one, but
based on the given information, it cannot be the red one. Hence it is yellow.
5. A scenario is given to you below. Read it and answer the questions that follow:
Late one night, a car ran over a pedestrian in a narrow by street and drove away
without stopping. A policeman who saw the vehicle leave the scene of the accident
reported it moving at very high speed. The accident itself was witnessed by six
bystanders. They provided the following conflicting accounts of what had
happened:
- It was a blue car driven by a man;
- The car was moving at high speed and its headlights were turned off;
- The car did have license plates; it wasn’t going very fast;
- It was a Toyota and its headlights were turned off;
- The car didn’t have license plates; the driver was a woman;
- It was a grey Ford.
When the car and its driver were finally apprehended, it turned out that only one
of the six eyewitnesses gave a fully correct description. Each of the other five
provided one true and one false piece of information. Keeping that in mind, can
you determine the following:

a. What was the car’s brand? Ans: FORD
b. What was the colour of the car? Ans: BLUE
c. Was the car going fast or slow? Ans: FAST
d. Did it have license plates? Ans: NO
e. Were its headlights turned on? Ans: NO
f. Was the driver a man or a woman? Ans: WOMAN
Explanation: Out of the statements of 6 bystanders, the third statement becomes false
as the policeman who saw the vehicle leave the scene of the accident reported it
moving at very high speed. Then eliminating all false statements of bystanders, the
above results can be extracted.
6. A firefighter has to get to a burning building as quickly as he can. There are three
paths that he can take. He can take his fire engine over a large hill (5 miles) at 8
miles per hour. He can take his fire engine through a windy road (7 miles) at 9
miles per hour. Or he can drive his fire engine along a dirt road which is 8 miles at
12 miles per hour. Which way should he choose? (speed=distance/time)
To reach the destination quickly, the fire fighter has to calculate the time required on
the basis of given data. Driving his fire engine 5 miles at 8 miles per hour takes 37.5
minutes. Driving his fire engine 7 miles at 9 miles per hour takes about 47 minutes.
Driving his fire engine 8 miles at 12 miles per hour takes 40 minutes So he should
choose to drive his fire engine over the hill.)
7. A thief has just found a pair of ancient treasure caves. One of the caves is filled
with unbelievable treasure and the other has a fire breathing monster that will
eat anyone who opens that cave. One cave has a black door decorated with
diamonds and the other cave has a brown door decorated with sapphires. Each of
the doors has an engraved description on top. The descriptions say:
a. Black Door: Monster is here.
b. Brown Door: Only One Door speaks the truth.
Which door should the thief open?
The treasure is in the Black door.
Explanation: Let us look at the description on the Brown door. It can be correct or
wrong.
Scenario 1: The description on the Brown door is true. Then the description on the
Black door has to be false. That means that the inscription on the Black door is false
and the cave with black door contains the treasure!
Scenario 2: The description on the Brown door is false. Then either both the
descriptions are false or both are true. Both cannot be true as that is impossible and
not consistent. That means that both descriptions are false.

8. How intelligent robots are helping us in accomplishing dangerous jobs?
Robots let humans avoid some hurtful work:
(i) Lifting up heavy material at the construction site.
(ii) Stirring and mixing metals or liquids at a high temperature.
(iii) Collecting and packaging of radioactive waste.
(iv) Working in contaminated and dusty environments.
9. How AI helps in giving you personalized experience online?
AI based recommendations: AI uses advanced machine learning algorithms to analyze

browser history, page clicks, social interactions (likes, shares), past purchases, the
duration for which a page was viewed, location, etc. to gauge customer interests and
preferences. AI can help deliver product recommendations based on frequently bought
items, or related products. It can even help customize web pages and elements to suit a
customer’s needs. For instance, Netflix does intense behavior analysis based on
behavior and demographic data to determine the content that will resonate with their
customers.
Chatbots and Automated Messaging: AI-powered chatbots and messaging agents can
enhance the customer experience across channels. They can answer simple queries,
engage customers, efficiently handle multiple interactions,
Automated Service Interactions: AI-driven programs can send automated messages to
customers regarding a pending service, a part replacement, or a regular order.
Curating Select Products: Amazon has come up with the concept of the Amazon 4-star
retail store. Products that have received a multitude of 4-star ratings will be offered in
this physical store. Amazon will use its product recommendation engine to identify
trending products and customers’ favorites and bring them to a brick and mortar
setting.

CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO AI: BASICS OF AI
Fill in the blanks:

1. One of the major sources of data for many major companies is the device which all of us
have in our hands all the time______________ (Smartphone/ Mobile Phones)
2. The world of Artificial Intelligence revolves around ___________ (Data)
True/False:
3. All the apps collect some kind of data. (True)
Direct Questions:
4. What do you understand by Machine Learning?
Machine Learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables machines to improve
at tasks with experience (data). The intention of Machine Learning is to enable machines
to learn by themselves using the provided data and make accurate Predictions/
Decisions.
OR
Machine learning focuses on the development of computer programs that can access data
and use it to learn for themselves.
OR
Machine learning is a data analytics technique that teaches computers to do what comes
naturally to humans and animals: learn from experience.
5. What do you understand by Deep Learning?

Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial Intelligence. In Deep Learning, the
machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it in training itself around the
data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for themselves.
OR
Deep learning is an artificial intelligence (AI) function that imitates the workings of the
human brain in processing data and creating patterns for use in decision making.
OR
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning where artificial neural networks,
algorithms inspired by the human brain, learn from large amounts of data.
CBSE QUESTION BANK – AI – CLASS 10 – CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO AI: BASICS 1

OF AI
6. What are the three domains of AI?
● Data Science/ Big Data
● Computer Vision
● Natural Language Processing (NLP)
7. Name any two examples of Data science?

(Any two out of the following)
Price Comparison Websites/ Website Recommendations/ Fraud and Risk detection/

Internet search/ Personalized healthcare recommendations / Optimizing Traffic routes
in real-time / image tagging.
8. Name any two examples of Computer vision?

Self-Driving cars/ Autonomous vehicles Face Lock in Smartphones/ MedicalImaging/

Facial recognition /Security Systems / Waste Management / Satellite imaging.
9. Name any two examples of Natural Language Processing?

Email filters/Smart assistants/ Sentiment Analysis/Automatic Summarization/Search

results / Language translation / Digital phone calls.
10. Name any two examples of Machine Learning?

Virtual Personal Assistants, Recommendation systems like Netflix, Face Apps, Online
Fraud Detection
New Addition
MCQ (Correct answers are highlighted)
11. Snapchat filters use _____ and _____ to enhance your selfie with flowers, cat ears etc.
a) machine learning and deep learning
b) data and image processing
c) augmented reality and machine learning
d) NLP and computer vision
12. Based on the image below, choose the correct domain or domains of AI required for it:

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a) Data
b) NLP
c) Computer Vision
d) Both (a) and (b)
13. Rock paper and scissors game is based on the following domain:
a) Data for AI
b) Natural Language Processing
c) Computer Vision
d) Image processing
14. Select a game which is based on Data Science domain of AI:

a) Rock Paper and Scissors b) Mystery Animal
c) Emoji Scavenger Hunt d) Pokémon
15. Identify the domain of AI in the following image:
a) Data Science
b) Natural Language Processing
c) Computer Vision
d) Rule Based

1. What is Data science? Give an example of it.
Data sciences is a domain of AI related to data systems and processes, in which the system
collects numerous data, maintains data sets and derives meaning/sense out of them. The
information extracted through data science can be used to make a decision about it.
OR
Data science is the field of study that combines domain expertise, programming skills, and
knowledge of mathematics and statistics to extract meaningful insights from data.
OR
Data Sciences, it is a concept to unify statistics, data analysis, machine learning and their
related methods in order to understand and analyses actual phenomena with data.
For example: a company that has petabytes of user data may use data science to develop
effective ways to store, manage, and analyze the data.
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2. What is Computer Vision? Give an example of it.
Computer Vision, abbreviated as CV, is a domain of AI that depicts the capability of a
machine to get and analyze visual information and afterwards predict some decisions about
it. The entire process involves image acquiring, screening, analyzing, identifying and
extracting information.
OR
Computer vision is an interdisciplinary field that deals with how computers can be made to
gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos.
OR
The Computer Vision domain of Artificial Intelligence, enables machines to see through
images or visual data, process and analyze them on the basis of algorithms and methods in
order to analyze actual phenomena with images.
For Example: - Self-Driving cars/ Automatic Cars, Face Lock in Smartphones
3. What is Natural Language Processing? Give an example of it.

Natural Language Processing, abbreviated as NLP, is a branch of artificial intelligence that
deals with the interaction between machine/computers and humans using the natural
language. Natural language refers to language that is spoken and written by people, and
natural language processing (NLP) attempts to extract information from the spoken and
written word using algorithms.
OR
Natural Language Processing, or NLP, is the sub-field of AI that is focused on enabling
machine/computers to understand and process human languages. AI is a subfield of
Linguistics, Computer Science, Information Engineering, and Artificial Intelligence
concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages, in
particular how to program computers to process and analyze large amounts of natural
language data.
OR
In NLP, we teach machines how to understand and communicate in human
language. Natural language refers to speech analysis in both audible speeches, as well as text
of a language. NLP systems capture meaning from an input of words (sentences,
paragraphs, pages, etc.)
For Example: Email filters, Smart assistants: - Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa
4. Where do we collect data from?

Data can be collected from various sources like –
 Surveys
 Sensors
 Observations
 Web scrapping (Internet)
 Interviews
 Documents and records.
 Oral histories
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5. Why do we need to collect data?
Data to a machine is similar to food for human being to function. The world of Artificial
Intelligence revolves around Data. Every company whether small or big is collecting data
from as many sources as possible. Data is called the New Gold today. It is through data
collection that a business or management has the quality information they need to make
informed decisions from further analysis, study, and research. Data collection allows them
to stay on top of trends, provide answers to problems, and analyze new insights to great
effect.
6. What is data mining? Explain with example.

Data mining is the process of analyzing large data sets and extracting the useful
information from it. Data mining is used by companies to turn raw data into useful
information. It is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer science and statistics with an
overall goal to extract information
OR
Data mining is an automatic or semi-automatic technical process that analyses large
amounts of scattered information to make sense of it and turn it into knowledge. It looks
for anomalies, patterns or correlations among millions of records to predict results, as
indicated by the SAS institute, a world leader in business analytics.
Example:
Price Comparison websites- They collect data about a product from different sites and then
analyze trends out of it and show up the most appropriate results.
Data mining is also known as Knowledge Discovery in Data (KDD)

To be moved to chapter no. 3
7. What do you understand by Data Privacy?

The world of Artificial Intelligence revolves around Data. Proper and ethical handling of
own data or user data is called data privacy. It is all about the rights of individuals with
respect to their personal information.
Data privacy or information privacy is a branch of data security concerned with the proper
handling of data – consent, notice, and regulatory obligations. More specifically,
practical data privacy concerns often revolve around: Whether or how data is shared with
third parties
8. Is data which is collected by various applications ethical in nature? Justify your

Yes, most of the times, the data collected by various applications is ethical in nature as the
users agree to it by clicking on allow when the application asks for various permissions.
They ask for our data for various facilities like - to show us personalized recommendations
and advertisements and to make their app more accurate and efficient.
OR

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No, the data collected by various applications is not always ethical in nature. Sometimes, we
just share our data to non – trusted third party applications without reading what happens
to our data. This may lead to unethical use of our data. If one does not want to share his/her
data with anyone, he/she can opt for alternative applications which are of similar usage and
keep the data private. For example, an alternative to WhatsApp is the Telegram app which
does not collect any data from us.
Note: This is an open-ended question, so both the answers yes/no will be considered right
with correct justification.
9. Fill in the blanks for the image given below:

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Three (03) Mark Questions
1. What do you understand by AI bias? Discuss in detail with some examples.
AI bias is the underlying prejudice in data that’s used to create AI algorithms, which can
ultimately result in discrimination and other social consequences.
AI Bias can creep into algorithms in several ways. AI systems learn to make decisions
based on training data, which can include biased human decisions or reflect historical or
social inequities, even if sensitive variables such as gender, race, or sexual orientation are
removed. Amazon stopped using a hiring algorithm after finding it favored applicants
based on words like “executed” or “captured” that were more commonly found on men’s
resumes, for example. Another source of bias is flawed data sampling, in which groups are
over- or underrepresented in the training data.
For Example
 Majorly, all the virtual assistants have a female voice. It is only now that some
companies have understood this bias and have started giving options for male voices
but since the virtual assistants came into practice, female voices are always preferred
for them over any other voice. Can you think of some reasons for this?
 If you search on Google for salons, the first few searches are mostly for female salons.
This is based on the assumption that if a person is searching for a salon, in all
probability it would be a female. Do you think this is a bias? If yes, then is it a Negative
bias or Positive one?
2. What do you understand by Data Privacy? Discuss in detail with some examples.
Data privacy, sometimes also referred to as information privacy, is an area of data
protection that concerns the proper handling of sensitive data including,
notably, personal data but also other confidential data, such as certain financial data and
intellectual property data, to meet regulatory requirements as well as protecting the
confidentiality and immutability of the data. It focuses on how to collect, process, share,
archive, and delete the data in accordance with the law.
Privacy, in the broadest sense, is the right of individuals, groups, or organizations
to control who can access, observe, or use something they own, such as their bodies,
property, ideas, data, or information.
Control is established through physical, social, or informational boundaries that help
prevent unwanted access, observation, or use. For example:
 A physical boundary, such as a locked front door, helps prevent others from entering a
building without explicit permission in the form of a key to unlock the door or a
person inside opening the door.
 A social boundary, such as a members-only club, only allows members to access and
use club resources.
 An informational boundary, such as a non-disclosure agreement, restricts what
information can be disclosed to others.
Privacy of information is extremely important in this digital age where everything is
interconnected and can be accessed and used easily. The possibilities of our private
information being extremely vulnerable are very real, which is why we require data
privacy.
OF AI
3. What do you understand by AI, ML & DL? How are they different from each other?
a) Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI is incorporating human intelligence to machines. Whenever a machine completes
tasks based on a set of rules that solve problems (algorithms), such an “intelligent”
behavior is what is called artificial intelligence.
b) Machine Learning (ML)

ML is a subset of AI that uses statistical learning algorithms to build smart systems. The
ML systems can automatically learn and improve without explicitly being programmed.
c) Deep Learning (DL)

In Deep Learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it in
training itself around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop
algorithms for themselves.
How they differ?

 Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial Intelligence out of these three. Then
comes Machine Learning which is intermediately intelligent and Artificial intelligence
covers all the concepts and algorithms which, in some way or the other mimic human
intelligence.
 Therefore, AI is the umbrella term which covers ML and DL.
4. Why do apps collect data in our phone?

One of the major sources of data for many major companies is the device which all of us have
in our hands all the time: Smartphones. Smartphones have nowadays become an integral
part of our lives. Most of us use smartphones more than we interact with people around us.
For the facilities that smartphones provide us, Apps need a lot of data which is collected
from the user like details about your face, browsing history, or your geographic location,
contact list etc. This data is collected with user’s consent which he/she gives at the time of
installing an app by clicking on “yes” or “allow” options which clearly means that we
ourselves are giving permissions to the Apps.
Permissions by themselves are harmless and even useful to provide users a good mobile
experience.
This data is collected to provide us with a lot of facilities and features which have made our
lives easier. Another reason to collect the data is to provide us with customized
recommendations and notifications according to our choices.
One more reason to collect the data is to make their app more accurate and efficient.

OF AI
5. Should AI replace laborious jobs? Is there an alternative for major unemployment?
Yes, AI should replace laborious jobs.

● AI can replace laborious jobs like lifting of heavy items, working in mines etc.
● AI can indeed automate most repetitive and physical tasks.
● In future, AI would be a good option in the field of architecture and construction.
OR
No, AI should not replace laborious jobs completely as if it replaces laborious jobs
completely, then there will be no source of income for the daily wage workers due to
unemployment. So, industry owners can use some machines but more of man power. Hence
the production will not get affected as humans are smarter than machines since they were
the ones who invented AI.
Note: As this is an open-ended question so both the answers (yes/No) are correct but it
must be with correct justification.
Is there an alternative for major unemployment?

● AI taking over laborious jobs won’t create unemployment. It is just a groundless fear.
The standard view of technical change is that some jobs are displaced by the
substitution of machines for labour, but that the fear of total displacement is misplaced
because new jobs are created, largely due to the technology-fuelled increase in
productivity. Humans have always shifted away from work suitable for machines and to
other jobs.
● The basic fact is that technology eliminates jobs, not work. If this level of AI revolution
will happen, lots of job opportunities will be created. For example: 20-30 years ago,
being an accountant was a lucrative job, but AI took over this job but this created a lot
of opportunities, it raised the demand of a software engineer, data scientist, etc.
● It will open doors to skillful jobs rather than doing laborious tasks.
● Thus, we will be able to cope with the level of major unemployment, if AI took over
laborious jobs.
6. As Artificially Intelligent machines become more and more powerful, their ability to
accomplish tedious tasks is becoming better. Hence, it is now that AI machines have
started replacing humans in factories. While people see it in a negative way and say AI
has the power to bring mass unemployment and one day, machines would enslave
humans, on the other hand, other people say that machines are meant to ease our lives.
If machines over take monotonous and tedious tasks, humans should upgrade their
skills to remain their masters always.
What according to you is a better approach towards this ethical concern? Justify your
answer.
● AI taking over laborious jobs won’t create unemployment. It is just a groundless fear.
The standard view of technical change is that some jobs are displaced by the
substitution of machines for labour, but that the fear of total displacement is misplaced
because new jobs are created, largely due to the technology-fuelled increase in
productivity. Humans have always shifted away from work suitable for machines and to
other jobs.
OF AI
● The basic fact is that technology eliminates jobs, not work. If this level of AI revolution
will happen, lots of job opportunities will be created. For example: 20-30 years ago,
being an accountant was a lucrative job, AI took over this job but this created a lot of
opportunities, it raised the demand of a software engineer, data scientist, etc.
● It will open doors to skillful jobs rather than doing laborious tasks.
● Thus, we will be able to cope with the level of major unemployment, if AI took over
laborious jobs.
7. List down various sensors that are present in a smartphone. Also list down the type
of data which gets collected through them.
 ACCELEROMETER [ helps running AR applications and track steps]
 GPS [ Location Data]
 Gyroscope [Orientation Data]
 Magnetometer [ Direction and Magnetic Field Data]
 Biometric Sensors [Fingerprint ,Iris, Face data]
New Additions
1. (Case Study) AI and robotics have raised some questions regarding liability. Take for
example the scenario of an ‘autonomous’ or AI-driven robot moving through a
factory. Another robot surprisingly crosses its way and our robot draws aside to
prevent collision. However, by this manoeuvre the robot injures a person.
a) Who can be held liable for damages caused by autonomous systems?

It is actually very difficult to blame anyone in such a scenario. Here is the situation
where AI Ethics come in to the picture. Here, the choices might differ from person to
person and one must understand that nobody is wrong in this case. Every person has a
different perspective and hence he/she takes decisions according to their moralities.
But still if someone is to be liable then it should be the programmer who has designed
the algorithm of the autonomous vehicle as he/she should have considered all the
exceptional conditions that could arise.
b) List two AI Ethics.

AI Bias, AI Access, Data privacy, AI for kids.

OF AI
CHAPTER 3: AI PROJECT CYCLE
1. Name all the stages of an AI Project cycle.

Problem Scoping, Data Acquisition, Data Exploration, Modeling, Evaluation
2. What are sustainable development goals?
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were
adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal call to action to
end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
OR
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a collection of 17
interlinked goals designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable
future for all" so that the future generations may live in peace and prosperity.
3. Name the 4Ws of problem canvases under the problem scoping stage of the AI
Project Cycle.
a. Who, b. what c. where d. why
4. What is Testing Dataset?
The dataset provided to the model ML. algorithm after training the algorithm
5. Mention the types of learning approaches for AI modeling.
Supervised, unsupervised and re-enforcement
6. What is the objective of evaluation stage?
It is to evaluate whether the ML algorithm is able to predict with high accuracy or not
before deployment.
7. Fill in the blank:
The analogy of an Artificial Neural Network can be made with _____________?
(Parallel Processing)
8. Which of the following is not an authentic source for data acquisition?
a. Sensors b. Surveys c. Web Scraping d. System Hacking
System Hacking
9. Which type of graphical representation suits best for continuous type of data
like monthly exam scores of a student?
Linear graph
10. Fill in the blank: Neural Network is a mesh of multiple _____________________.
Hidden Layers / Layers
CBSE Question Bank – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 3 AI Project Cycle 1

1. What are the two different approaches for AI modelling? Define them.
There are two approaches for AI Modelling; Rule Based and Learning Based.
The Rule based approach generates pre-defined outputs based on certain rules
programmed by humans. Whereas, machine learning approach has its own rules based
on the output and data used to train the models.
OR
Rule Based Approach Refers to the AI modelling where the relationship or patterns in
data are defined by the developer. The machine follows the rules or instructions
mentioned by the developer, and performs its task accordingly. Whereas in Learning
based approach, the relationship or patterns in data are not defined by the developer.
In this approach, random data is fed to the machine and it is left to the machine to
figure out patterns and trends out of it
2. What is a problem statement template and what is its significance?
The problem statement template gives a clear idea about the basic framework
required to achieve the goal. It is the 4Ws canvas which segregates; what is the
problem, where does it arise, who is affected, why is it a problem? It takes us straight
to the goal.
3. Explain any two SDGs in detail.
1. No Poverty: This is Goal 1 and strives to End poverty in all its forms everywhere
globally by 2030. The goal has a total of seven targets to be achieved.
2. Quality Education: This is Goal 4 which aspires to ensure inclusive and equitable
quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. It has 10 targets
to achieve.
* (Any two goals can be defined)
4. Mention the precautions to be taken while acquiring data for developing an AI
Project.
It should be from an authentic source, and accurate. Look for redundant and irrelevant
data parameters that does not take part in prediction.
5. What do you mean by Data Features?
The type of data to collect,It should be relevant data.
6. Write the names for missing stages in the given AI project cycle:
Problem scoping, Evaluation

7. Draw the icons of the following SDGs:
Gender Equality Clean Water and sanitation

8. Draw the graphical representation of Classification AI model. Explain in brief.
Classification: The classification Model works on the labelled data. For example, we
have 3 coins of different denomination which are labelled according to their weight
then the model would look for the labelled features for predicting the output. This
model works on discrete dataset which means the data need not be continuous.
OR
In classification, data is categorized under different labels according to some
parameters given in input and then the labels are predicted for the data.
9. Draw the graphical representation of Regression AI model. Explain in brief.

Regression: These models work on continuous data to predict the output based on
patterns. For example, if you wish to predict your next salary, then you would put in
the data of your previous salary, any increments, etc., and would train the model.
Here, the data which has been fed to the machine is continuous.
OR
Regression is the process of finding a model for distinguishing the data into
continuous real values instead of using discrete values. It can also identify the
distribution movement depending on the historical data.
10. Draw the graphical representation of Clustering AI model. Explain in brief.

Clustering: It refers to the unsupervised learning algorithm which can cluster the
unknown data according to the patterns or trends identified out of it. The patterns
observed might be the ones which are known to the developer or it might even come
up with some unique patterns out of it.
OR
Clustering is the task of dividing the data points into a number of groups such that
data points in the same groups are more similar to other data points in the same

group and dissimilar to the data points in other groups. It is basically a collection of
objects on the basis of similarity and dissimilarity between them.
11. Explain Data Exploration stage.

In this stage of project cycle, we try to interpret some useful information out of the
data we have acquired. For this purpose, we need to explore the data and try to put it
uniformly for a better understanding. This stage deals with validating or verification
of the collected data and to analyze that:
 The data is according to the specifications decided.
 The data is free from errors.
 The data is meeting our needs.
12. What are the features of an Artificial Neural Network?

Any Artificial Neural Network, irrespective of the style and logic of implementation,
has a few basic features as given below.
 The Artificial Neural Network systems are modelled on the human brain and nervous
system.
 They are able to automatically extract features without feeding the input by
programmer.
 Every node of layer in a Neural Network is compulsorily a machine learning algorithm.
 It is very useful to implement when solving problems for very huge datasets.
OR
 It can work with incomplete knowledge and may produce output even with
incomplete information.
 It has fault tolerance which means that corruption of one or more cells of ANN does
not prevent it from generating output.
 It has the ability to learn events and make decisions by commenting on similar events.
 It has Parallel processing capability i.e. ANN have numerical strength that can perform
more than one job at the same time.
OR
 Neural Networks have the ability to learn by themselves and produce the output that
is not limited to the input provided to them.
 The input is stored in its own networks instead of a database; hence the loss of data
does not affect its working.

 These networks can learn from examples and apply them when a similar event arises,
making them able to work through real-time events.
 Even if a neuron is not responding or a piece of information is missing, the network
can detect the fault and still produce the output.
 They can perform multiple tasks in parallel without affecting the system performance
13. What is the purpose of getting AI Ready?

The world is changing with each day and we have huge data coming our way. The
purpose of getting AI ready means taking steps to collect data around relevant
systems, equipment, and procedures; and storing and curating that data in a way that
makes it easily accessible to others for use in future AI applications.
OR
The purpose of getting AI ready specifies the responsible and optimum use of huge
amount of data around us to create and implement into such systems and applications
which should make life of future generations more organized and sustainable. This
process may lead to better lives for mankind.
14. What are the different types of sources of data from where we can collect
reliable and authentic datasets? Explain in brief.
Data can be a piece of information or facts and statistics collected together for
reference or analysis. Whenever we want an AI project to be able to predict an output,
we need to train it first using data There could be many ways and sources from where
we can collect reliable and authentic datasets namely Surveys, Web scrapping,
Sensors, Cameras, Observations, Research, Investigation, API etc.
Sometimes Internet is also used to acquire data but the most important point to keep
in mind is that the data should be taken from reliable and authentic websites only.
Some reliable data sources are UN, Google scholar, Finance, CIA, Data.gov etc.
Four (04) Mark Questions
1. Explain the AI Project Cycle in detail.

The steps involved in AI project cycle are as given:
 The first step is Scope the Problem by which, you set the goal for your AI project by
stating the problem which you wish to solve with it. Under problem scoping, we look
at various parameters which affect the problem we wish to solve so that the picture
becomes clearer
 Next step is to acquire data which will become the base of your project as it will help
you in understanding what the parameters that are related to problem scoping.
 Next, you go for data acquisition by collecting data from various reliable and authentic
sources. Since the data you collect would be in large quantities, you can try to give it a
visual image of different types of representations like graphs, databases, flow charts,
maps, etc. This makes it easier for you to interpret the patterns in which your acquired
data follows.
 After exploring the patterns, you can decide upon the type of model you would build to
achieve the goal. For this, you can research online and select various models which
give a suitable output.
 You can test the selected models and figure out which is the most efficient one.
 The most efficient model is now the base of your AI project and you can develop your
algorithm around it.
 Once the modelling is complete, you now need to test your model on some newly
fetched data. The results will help you in evaluating your model and hence improving
it.
Finally, after evaluation, the project cycle is now complete and what you get is your AI
project.
2. Explain the relation between data size and model performance of an Artificial
Neural Network.
The basis for any kind of AI development is BIG DATASET. The performance of any AI
based application depends on the data supplied
ANN models are also known as Learning models and are used for prediction purposes.
These are mostly developed without paying much cognizance to the size of datasets
that can produce models of high accuracy and better generalization. Although, the
general belief is that, large dataset is needed to construct a predictive learning model.
To describe a data set as large in size, perhaps, is circumstance dependent, thus, what
constitutes a dataset to be considered as being big or small is somehow vague.
In fact, the quantity of data partitioned for the purpose of training must be of good
representation of the entire sets and sufficient enough to span through the input
space. It must be authentic and relevant to give better model performance.
3. Draw the 4Ws problem canvas and explain each one of them briefly.
The 4Ws problem canvas is the basic template while scoping a problem and using this
canvas, the picture becomes clearer while we are working to solve it.
a) Who: The “Who” block helps you in analyzing the people getting affected directly or
indirectly due to it? Under this, you find out who the ‘stakeholders’ to this problem are
and what you know about them. Stakeholders are the people who face this problem
and would be benefitted with the solution.
b) What: Under the “What” block, you need to look into what you have on hand. At this
stage, you need to determine the nature of the problem. What is the problem and how
do you know that it is a problem?
c) Where: In this block, you need to focus on the context/situation/location of the
problem. It will help you look into the situation in which the problem arises, the
context of it, and the locations where it is prominent.
d) Why: in the “Why” canvas, think about the benefits which the stakeholders would get
from the solution and how would it benefit them as well as the society.
4. Differentiate between rule-based and learning-based AI modelling approaches.

Rule Based Approach: It refers to the AI modelling where the relationship or patterns
in data are defined by the developer. The machine follows the rules or instructions
mentioned by the developer, and performs its task accordingly.
For example, suppose you have a dataset comprising of 100 images of apples and 100
images of bananas. To train your machine, you feed this data into the machine and
label each image as either apple or banana. Now if you test the machine with the image
of an apple, it will compare the image with the trained data and according to the labels
of trained images, it will identify the test image as an apple. This is known as Rule
based approach. The rules given to the machine in this example are the labels given to
the machine for each image in the training dataset.
Learning Based Approach: In this approach, the machine learns by itself. It refers to
the AI modelling where the relationship or patterns in data are not defined by the
developer. In this approach, random data is fed to the machine and it is left on the
machine to figure out patterns and trends out of it. Generally, this approach is followed
when the data is un labelled and too random for a human to make sense out of it.
For example, suppose you have a dataset of 1000 images of random stray dogs of your
area. You would put this into a learning approach-based AI machine and the machine
would come up with various patterns it has observed in the features of these 1000
images which you might not have even thought of!
5. What is an Artificial Neural Network? Explain the layers in an artificial neural

network.
Artificial Neural Network: Modeled in accordance with the human brain, a Neural
Network was built to mimic the functionality of a human brain. The human brain is a
neural network made up of multiple neurons, similarly, an Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) is made up of multiple perceptrons.
A neural network consists of three important layers:
Input Layer: As the name suggests, this layer accepts all the inputs provided by the
programmer.
Hidden Layer: Between the input and the output layer is a set of layers known as
Hidden layers. In this layer, computations are performed which result in the output.
There can be any number of hidden layers
Output Layer: The inputs go through a series of transformations via the hidden layer
which finally results in the output that is delivered via this layer.
6. What is the need of an AI Project Cycle? Explain.

Project cycle is the process of planning, organizing, coordinating, and finally
developing a project effectively throughout its phases, from planning through
execution then completion and review to achieve pre-defined objectives.
Our mind makes up plans for every task which we have to accomplish which is why
things become clearer in our mind. Similarly, if we have to develop an AI project, the AI
Project Cycle provides us with an appropriate framework which can lead us towards
the goal.
The major role of AI Project Cycle is to distribute the development of AI project in
various stages so that the development becomes easier, clearly understandable and
the steps / stages should become more specific to efficiently get the best possible
output. It mainly has 5 ordered stages which distribute the entire development in
specific and clear steps: These are Problem Scoping, Data Acquisition, Data
Exploration, Modelling and Evaluation.
7. Explain the following:

a. Supervised Learning b. Unsupervised Learning
 Supervised learning is an approach to creating artificial intelligence (AI), where the
program is given labelled input data and the expected output results.
OR
 Supervised learning is a learning in which we teach or train the machine using data
which is well labelled that means some data is already tagged with the correct answer.
After that, the machine is provided with a new set of examples (data) so that
supervised learning algorithm analyses the training data (set of training examples)
and produces a correct outcome from labelled data.

OR
 In a supervised learning model, the dataset which is fed to the machine is labelled. It
means some data is already tagged with the correct answer. In other words, we can
say that the dataset is known to the person who is training the machine only then
he/she is able to label the data.
 Unsupervised Learning: An unsupervised learning model works on unlabeled
dataset. This means that the data which is fed to the machine is random and there is a
possibility that the person who is training the model does not have any information
regarding it. The unsupervised learning models are used to identify relationships,
patterns and trends out of the data which is fed into it. It helps the user in
understanding what the data is about and what are the major features identified by the
machine in it.
OR
 Unsupervised learning is the training of a machine using information that is neither
classified nor labelled and allowing the algorithm to act on that information without
guidance. Here the task of the machine is to group unsorted information according to
similarities, patterns and differences without any prior training of data.
8. Differentiate between classification and clustering algorithms with the help of

suitable examples.
Classification is a process of finding a function which helps in dividing the dataset into
classes based on different parameters. In Classification, a computer program is trained
on the training dataset and based on that training; it categorizes the data into different
classes. The task of the classification algorithm is to find the mapping function to map
the input(x) to the discrete output(y).
Example: The best example to understand the Classification problem is Email Spam
Detection. The model is trained on the basis of millions of emails on different
parameters, and whenever it receives a new email, it identifies whether the email is
spam or not. If the email is spam, then it is moved to the Spam folder.
Regression is a process of finding the correlations between dependent and
independent variables. It helps in predicting the continuous variables such as
prediction of Market Trends, prediction of House prices, etc. The task of the
Regression algorithm is to find the mapping function to map the input variable(x) to
the continuous output variable(y).
Example: Suppose we want to do weather forecasting, so for this, we will use the
Regression algorithm. In weather prediction, the model is trained on the past data, and
once the training is completed, it can easily predict the weather for future days.
OR
Classification is the process of finding or discovering a model (function) which helps in
separating the data into multiple categorical classes. In classification, the group
membership of the problem is identified, which means the data is categorized under
different labels according to some parameters and then the labels are predicted for the
data.
Regression is the process of finding a model or function for distinguishing the data into
continuous real values instead of using classes. Mathematically, with a regression
problem, one is trying to find the function approximation with the minimum error
deviation. In regression, the data numeric dependency is predicted to distinguish it.
The Regression analysis is the statistical model which is used to predict the numeric
data instead of labels. It can also identify the distribution movement depending on the
available data or historic data.
OR
Key Differences between Classification and Regression
 The Classification process models a function through which the data is predicted in
discrete class labels. On the other hand, regression is the process of creating a model
which predicts continuous quantity.
 The classification algorithms involve decision tree, logistic regression, etc. In contrast,
regression tree (e.g. Random forest) and linear regression are the examples of
regression algorithms.
 Classification predicts unordered data while regression predicts ordered data.
 Regression can be evaluated using root mean square error. On the contrary,
classification is evaluated by measuring accuracy.
9. Five sustainable Development Goals are mentioned below. Write 2 problems under
each goal that you think should be addressed for achieving the goal.
a. Quality Education
b. Reduced Inequalities
c. Life on Land
d. No Poverty
e. Clean Water and Sanitation
a. Quality Education:
i. Providing education remotely, leveraging hi-tech, low-tech and no-tech approaches;
ii. Ensure coordinated responses and avoid overlapping efforts;
iii. Ensuring return of students to school when they reopen to avoid an upsurge in
dropout rates.
b. Reduced inequalities:
i. Reduction of relative economic inequalities inequality in some countries having
poorest and most vulnerable communities.
ii. Improving the situations in countries with weaker health systems.
c. Life on Land:
i. Prevention of Deforestation caused by humans and restoration of land
ii. Preventions and cure of diseases that are transmissible between animals and humans
d. No Poverty
i. Creation of Strong social protection systems to prevent people from falling into
poverty
ii. Reduction of social exclusion, and high vulnerability of certain populations to disasters
and diseases.
iii. Responsible distribution of resources.
e. Clean Water and Sanitation
i. To increase access to clean drinking water and sanitation mostly in rural areas
ii. Managing our water sustainably to manage our production of food and energy.
10. Do ethics in AI hamper data acquisition stage? Justify your answer.

Data acquisition is the most important factor or stage as the entire project
development is based on the acquired data. There are several ethical issues which
must always be considered when planning any type of data collection.
We need to understand that the data which is collected is ethical only if the provider
agrees to provide. For example, in case of smartphone users, data is collected by
clicking on allow when it asks for permission and by agreeing to all the terms and
conditions. But at the same time if one does not want to share his/her data with
anyone then this ethical issue hampers the acquisition process and lowers the
accuracy or amount of data required for development.
Hence Regardless of the type of data collection, it is absolutely necessary to gain the
approval of the community from which the data will collected otherwise.

CHAPTER 7: NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
1. What is a Chabot?
A chatbot is a computer program that's designed to simulate human conversation
through voice commands or text chats or both. Eg: Mitsuku Bot, Jabberwacky etc.
OR
A chatbot is a computer program that can learn over time how to best interact with
humans. It can answer questions and troubleshoot customer problems, evaluate and
qualify prospects, generate sales leads and increase sales on an ecommerce site.
OR
A chatbot is a computer program designed to simulate conversation with human users.
A chatbot is also known as an artificial conversational entity (ACE), chat robot, talk bot,
chatterbot or chatterbox.
OR
A chatbot is a software application used to conduct an on-line chat conversation via text
or text-to-speech, in lieu of providing direct contact with a live human agent.
2. What is the full form of NLP?

Natural Language Processing
3. While working with NLP what is the meaning of?

a. Syntax
b. Semantics
Syntax: Syntax refers to the grammatical structure of a sentence.
Semantics: It refers to the meaning of the sentence.
4. What is the difference between stemming and lemmatization?

Stemming is a technique used to extract the base form of the words by removing affixes
from them. It is just like cutting down the branches of a tree to its stems. For example,
the stem of the words eating, eats, eaten is eat.
Lemmatization is the grouping together of different forms of the same word. In search
queries, lemmatization allows end users to query any version of a base word and get
relevant results.
OR
Stemming is the process in which the affixes of words are removed and the words are
converted to their base form.
CBSE Question Bank – AI – Class 10 – Chapter- 7 Natural Language Processing 1

In lemmatization, the word we get after affix removal (also known as lemma) is a
meaningful one. Lemmatization makes sure that lemma is a word with meaning and
hence it takes a longer time to execute than stemming.
OR
Stemming algorithms work by cutting off the end or the beginning of the word, taking
into account a list of common prefixes and suffixes that can be found in an inflected
word.
Lemmatization on the other hand, takes into consideration the morphological analysis
of the words. To do so, it is necessary to have detailed dictionaries which the algorithm
can look through to link the form back to its lemma.
5. What is the full form of TFIDF?

Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency
6. What is meant by a dictionary in NLP?

Dictionary in NLP means a list of all the unique words occurring in the corpus. If some
words are repeated in different documents, they are all written just once as while
creating the dictionary.
7. What is term frequency?
Term frequency is the frequency of a word in one document. Term frequency can easily
be found from the document vector table as in that table we mention the frequency of
each word of the vocabulary in each document.
8. Which package is used for Natural Language Processing in Python programming?

Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK). NLTK is one of the leading platforms for building
Python programs that can work with human language data.
9. What is a document vector table?

Document Vector Table is used while implementing Bag of Words algorithm.
In a document vector table, the header row contains the vocabulary of the corpus and
other rows correspond to different documents.
If the document contains a particular word it is represented by 1 and absence of word is
represented by 0 value.
OR
Document Vector Table is a table containing the frequency of each word of the
vocabulary in each document.
10. What do you mean by corpus?

In Text Normalization, we undergo several steps to normalize the text to a lower level.
That is, we will be working on text from multiple documents and the term used for the
whole textual data from all the documents altogether is known as corpus.
OR
A corpus is a large and structured set of machine-readable texts that have been
produced in a natural communicative setting.
OR
A corpus can be defined as a collection of text documents. It can be thought of as just a
bunch of text files in a directory, often alongside many other directories of text files.

1. What are the types of data used for Natural Language Processing applications?
Natural Language Processing takes in the data of Natural Languages in the form of
written words and spoken words which humans use in their daily lives and operates on
this.
2. Differentiate between a script-bot and a smart-bot. (Any 2 differences)
Script-bot Smart-bot
 A scripted chatbot doesn’t carry  Smart bots are built on NLP and
even a glimpse of A.I ML.
 Script bots are easy to make  Smart –bots are comparatively
difficult to make.
 Script bot functioning is very  Smart-bots are flexible and
limited as they are less powerful. powerful.
 Script bots work around a script ● Smart bots work on bigger
which is programmed in them databases and other resources
directly
 No or little language processing ● NLP and Machine learning skills
skills are required.
 Limited functionality ● Wide functionality
3. Give an example of the following:

 Multiple meanings of a word
 Perfect syntax, no meaning
 Example of Multiple meanings of a word –
His face turns red after consuming the medicine
Meaning - Is he having an allergic reaction? Or is he not able to bear the taste of that
medicine?
 Example of Perfect syntax, no meaning-
Chickens feed extravagantly while the moon drinks tea.
This statement is correct grammatically but it does not make any sense. In Human
language, a perfect balance of syntax and semantics is important for better
understanding.
4. What is inverse document frequency?

To understand inverse document frequency, first we need to understand document
frequency.
Document Frequency is the number of documents in which the word occurs irrespective
of how many times it has occurred in those documents.
In case of inverse document frequency, we need to put the document frequency in the
denominator while the total number of documents is the numerator.
For example, if the document frequency of a word “AMAN” is 2 in a particular document
then its inverse document frequency will be 3/2. (Here no. of documents is 3)

5. Define the following:
● Stemming
● Lemmatization
Stemming: Stemming is a rudimentary rule-based process of stripping the suffixes

(“ing”, “ly”, “es”, “s” etc) from a word.
Stemming is a process of reducing words to their word stem, base or root form (for
example, books — book, looked — look).
Lemmatization: Lemmatization, on the other hand, is an organized & step by step

procedure of obtaining the root form of the word, it makes use of vocabulary (dictionary
importance of words) and morphological analysis (word structure and grammar
relations).
The aim of lemmatization, like stemming, is to reduce inflectional forms to a common

base form. As opposed to stemming, lemmatization does not simply chop off inflections.
Instead it uses lexical knowledge bases to get the correct base forms of words.
OR
Stemming is a technique used to extract the base form of the words by removing affixes
from them. It is just like cutting down the branches of a tree to its stems. For example,
the stem of the words eating, eats, eaten is eat.
Lemmatization is the grouping together of different forms of the same word. In search
queries, lemmatization allows end users to query any version of a base word and get
relevant results.
OR
Stemming is the process in which the affixes of words are removed and the words are
In lemmatization, the word we get after affix removal (also known as lemma) is a
meaningful one. Lemmatization makes sure that lemma is a word with meaning and
hence it takes a longer time to execute than stemming.
OR
Stemming algorithms work by cutting off the end or the beginning of the word, taking
into account a list of common prefixes and suffixes that can be found in an inflected
word.
Lemmatization on the other hand, takes into consideration the morphological analysis
of the words. To do so, it is necessary to have detailed dictionaries which the algorithm
can look through to link the form back to its lemma.
6. What do you mean by document vectors?

Document Vector contains the frequency of each word of the vocabulary in a particular
document.
In document vector vocabulary is written in the top row. Now, for each word in the
document, if it matches with the vocabulary, put a 1 under it. If the same word appears
again, increment the previous value by 1. And if the word does not occur in that
document, put a 0 under it.
7. What is TFIDF? Write its formula.
Term frequency–inverse document frequency, is a numerical statistic that is intended to
reflect how important a word is to a document in a collection or corpus.

The number of times a word appears in a document divided by the total number of
words in the document. Every document has its own term frequency.
8. Which words in a corpus have the highest values and which ones have the least?
Stop words like - and, this, is, the, etc. have highest values in a corpus. But these words
do not talk about the corpus at all. Hence, these are termed as stopwords and are mostly
removed at the pre-processing stage only.
Rare or valuable words occur the least but add the most importance to the corpus.
Hence, when we look at the text, we take frequent and rare words into consideration.
9. Does the vocabulary of a corpus remain the same before and after text
normalization? Why?
No, the vocabulary of a corpus does not remain the same before and after text
normalization. Reasons are –
● In normalization the text is normalized through various steps and is lowered to
minimum vocabulary since the machine does not require grammatically correct
statements but the essence of it.
● In normalization Stop words, Special Characters and Numbers are removed.
● In stemming the affixes of words are removed and the words are converted to their base
form.
So, after normalization, we get the reduced vocabulary.
10. What is the significance of converting the text into a common case?
In Text Normalization, we undergo several steps to normalize the text to a lower level.
After the removal of stop words, we convert the whole text into a similar case,
preferably lower case. This ensures that the case-sensitivity of the machine does not
consider same words as different just because of different cases.
11. Mention some applications of Natural Language Processing.

Natural Language Processing Applications-
● Sentiment Analysis.
● Chatbots & Virtual Assistants.
● Text Classification.
● Text Extraction.
● Machine Translation
● Text Summarization
● Market Intelligence
● Auto-Correct
12. What is the need of text normalization in NLP?
Since we all know that the language of computers is Numerical, the very first step that
comes to our mind is to convert our language to numbers.
This conversion takes a few steps to happen. The first step to it is Text Normalization.
Since human languages are complex, we need to first of all simplify them in order to
make sure that the understanding becomes possible. Text Normalization helps in
cleaning up the textual data in such a way that it comes down to a level where its
complexity is lower than the actual data.
13. Explain the concept of Bag of Words.

Bag of Words is a Natural Language Processing model which helps in extracting features
out of the text which can be helpful in machine learning algorithms. In bag of words, we
get the occurrences of each word and construct the vocabulary for the corpus.
Bag of Words just creates a set of vectors containing the count of word occurrences in
the document (reviews). Bag of Words vectors are easy to interpret.
14. Explain the relation between occurrence and value of a word.
plot of occurrence of words versus their value
As shown in the graph, occurrence and value of a word are inversely proportional. The
words which occur most (like stop words) have negligible value. As the occurrence of
words drops, the value of such words rises. These words are termed as rare or valuable
words. These words occur the least but add the most value to the corpus.
15. What are the applications of TFIDF?

TFIDF is commonly used in the Natural Language Processing domain. Some of its
applications are:
 Document Classification - Helps in classifying the type and genre of a document.
 Topic Modelling - It helps in predicting the topic for a corpus.
 Information Retrieval System - To extract the important information out of a corpus.
 Stop word filtering - Helps in removing the unnecessary words out of a text body.
16. What are stop words? Explain with the help of examples.
“Stop words” are the most common words in a language like “the”, “a”, “on”, “is”, “all”.
These words do not carry important meaning and are usually removed from texts. It is
possible to remove stop words using Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK), a suite of
libraries and programs for symbolic and statistical natural language processing.

17. Differentiate between Human Language and Computer Language.
Humans communicate through language which we process all the time. Our brain keeps
on processing the sounds that it hears around itself and tries to make sense out of them
all the time.
On the other hand, the computer understands the language of numbers. Everything that
is sent to the machine has to be converted to numbers. And while typing, if a single
mistake is made, the computer throws an error and does not process that part. The
communications made by the machines are very basic and simple.
Four 04 Mark Questions
1. Create a document vector table for the given corpus:

Document 1: We are going to Mumbai
Document 2: Mumbai is a famous place.
Document 3: We are going to a famous place.
Document 4: I am famous in Mumbai.
We Are going to Mumbai is a famous place I am in

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
2. Classify each of the images according to how well the model’s output matches the
data samples:
Here, the red dashed line is model’s output while the blue crosses are actual data
samples.
● The model’s output does not match the true function at all. Hence the model is said to be
under fitting and its accuracy is lower.
● In the second case, model performance is trying to cover all the data samples even if
they are out of alignment to the true function. This model is said to be over fitting and
this too has a lower accuracy
● In the third one, the model’s performance matches well with the true function which
states that the model has optimum accuracy and the model is called a perfect fit.

3. Explain how AI can play a role in sentiment analysis of human beings?
The goal of sentiment analysis is to identify sentiment among several posts or even in
the same post where emotion is not always explicitly expressed.
Companies use Natural Language Processing applications, such as sentiment analysis, to
identify opinions and sentiment online to help them understand what customers think
about their products and services (i.e., “I love the new iPhone” and, a few lines later “But
sometimes it doesn’t work well” where the person is still talking about the iPhone) and
overall *
Beyond determining simple polarity, sentiment analysis understands sentiment in
context to help better understand what’s behind an expressed opinion, which can be
extremely relevant in understanding and driving purchasing decisions.
4. Why are human languages complicated for a computer to understand? Explain.

The communications made by the machines are very basic and simple. Human
communication is complex. There are multiple characteristics of the human language
that might be easy for a human to understand but extremely difficult for a computer to
understand.
For machines it is difficult to understand our language. Let us take a look at some of
them here:
Arrangement of the words and meaning - There are rules in human language. There are
nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives. A word can be a noun at one time and an adjective
some other time. This can create difficulty while processing by computers.
Analogy with programming language- Different syntax, same semantics: 2+3 = 3+2 Here
the way these statements are written is different, but their meanings are the same that
is 5. Different semantics, same syntax: 2/3 (Python 2.7) ≠ 2/3 (Python 3) Here the
statements written have the same syntax but their meanings are different. In Python 2.7,
this statement would result in 1 while in Python 3, it would give an output of 1.5.
Multiple Meanings of a word - In natural language, it is important to understand that a
word can have multiple meanings and the meanings fit into the statement according to
the context of it.

Perfect Syntax, no Meaning - Sometimes, a statement can have a perfectly correct syntax
but it does not mean anything. In Human language, a perfect balance of syntax and
semantics is important for better understanding.
These are some of the challenges we might have to face if we try to teach computers
how to understand and interact in human language.
5. What are the steps of text Normalization? Explain them in brief.
Text Normalizationin Text Normalization, we undergo several steps to normalize the

text to a lower level.
Sentence Segmentation - Under sentence segmentation, the whole corpus is divided into
sentences. Each sentence is taken as a different data so now the whole corpus gets
reduced to sentences.
Tokenisation- After segmenting the sentences, each sentence is then further divided into
tokens. Tokens is a term used for any word or number or special character occurring in
a sentence. Under tokenisation, every word, number and special character is considered
separately and each of them is now a separate token.
Removing Stop words, Special Characters and Numbers - In this step, the tokens which
are not necessary are removed from the token list.
Converting text to a common case -After the stop words removal, we convert the whole
text into a similar case, preferably lower case. This ensures that the case-sensitivity of
the machine does not consider same words as different just because of different cases.
Stemming In this step, the remaining words are reduced to their root words. In other
words, stemming is the process in which the affixes of words are removed and the
words are converted to their base form.
Lemmatization -in lemmatization, the word we get after affix removal (also known as
lemma) is a meaningful one.
With this we have normalized our text to tokens which are the simplest form of words
present in the corpus. Now it is time to convert the tokens into numbers. For this, we
would use the Bag of Words algorithm
6. Through a step-by-step process, calculate TFIDF for the given corpus and mention
the word(s) having highest value.
Document 1: We are going to Mumbai
Document 2: Mumbai is a famous place.
Document 3: We are going to a famous place.
Document 4: I am famous in Mumbai.
Term Frequency
Term frequency is the frequency of a word in one document. Term frequency can easily
be found from the document vector table as in that table we mention the frequency of
each word of the vocabulary in each document.

We Are Going to Mumbai is a famous Place I am in
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
Inverse Document Frequency
The other half of TFIDF which is Inverse Document Frequency. For this, let us first
understand what does document frequency mean. Document Frequency is the number
of documents in which the word occurs irrespective of how many times it has occurred
in those documents. The document frequency for the exemplar vocabulary would be:
We Are going to Mumbai is a Famous place I am in

2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 1 1
Talking about inverse document frequency, we need to put the document frequency in
the denominator while the total number of documents is the numerator. Here, the total
number of documents are 3, hence inverse document frequency becomes:
We Are going to Mumbai is a Famous Place I am in

4/2 4/2 4/2 4/2 4/3 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/2 4/1 4/1 4/1
The formula of TFIDF for any word W becomes:

TFIDF(W) = TF(W) * log (IDF(W))
The words having highest value are – Mumbai, Famous
7. Normalize the given text and comment on the vocabulary before and after the
normalization:
Raj and Vijay are best friends. They play together with other friends. Raj likes to
play football but Vijay prefers to play online games. Raj wants to be a footballer.
Vijay wants to become an online gamer.
Normalization of the given text:

Sentence Segmentation:
1. Raj and Vijay are best friends.
2. They play together with other friends.
3. Raj likes to play football but Vijay prefers to play online games.
4. Raj wants to be a footballer.
5. Vijay wants to become an online gamer.

Tokenization:
Raj and Vijay Raj and Vijay are best friends .

are best
friends.
They play They play Together with other friends .

together with
other friends
Same will be done for all sentences.

Removing Stop words, Special Characters and Numbers:
In this step, the tokens which are not necessary are removed from the token list.
So, the words and, are, to, an, (Punctuation) will be removed.
Converting text to a common case:

After the stop words removal, we convert the whole text into a similar case, preferably
lower case.
Here we don’t have words in different case so this step is not required for given text.
Stemming:
In this step, the remaining words are reduced to their root words. In other words,
stemming is the process in which the affixes of words are removed and the words are
Word Affixes Stem
Likes -s Like
Prefers -s Prefer
Wants -s want
In the given text Lemmatization is not required.

Given Text
Raj and Vijay are best friends. They play together with other friends. Raj likes to play
football but Vijay prefers to play online games. Raj wants to be a footballer. Vijay wants to
become an online gamer.
Normalized Text
Raj and Vijay best friends They play together with other friends Raj likes to play football
but Vijay prefers to play online games Raj wants to be a footballer Vijay wants to become
an online gamer

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (SUBJECT CODE - 417)
Blue-print for Sample Question Paper for Class X (Session 2023-2024)
Max. Time: 2 Hours Max. Marks: 50
PART A - EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS (10 MARKS):
OBJECTIVE TYPE SHORT ANSWER
UNIT QUESTIONS TYPE QUESTIONS TOTAL
NAME OF THE UNIT
NO. QUESTIONS
1 MARK EACH 2 MARKS EACH
1 Communication Skills -II 1 1 2
2 Self-Management Skills - II 2 1 3
3 ICT Skills - II 1 1 2
4 Entrepreneurial Skills - II 1 1 2
5 Green Skills - II 1 1 2
TOTAL QUESTIONS 6 5 11
NO. OF QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED Any 4 Any 3 07
TOTAL MARKS 1x4=4 2x3=6 10 MARKS
PART B - SUBJECT SPECIFIC SKILLS (40 MARKS):

SHORT ANSWER DESCRIPTIVE/
OBJECTIVE TYPE
UNIT TYPE LONG ANS. TYPE TOTAL
NAME OF THE UNIT QUESTIONS
NO. QUESTIONS QUESTIONS QUESTIONS
1 MARK EACH 2 MARKS EACH 4 MARKS EACH
1 Introduction to AI 5 1 1 7
2 AI Project Cycle 3 1 2 6
3 Advance Python - - - -
4 Data Sciences 3 1 - 4
5 Computer Vision 3 1 - 4
6 Natural Language 5 1 1 7
Processing
7 Evaluation 5 1 1 7
TOTAL QUESTIONS 24 6 5 35
NO. OF QUESTIONS 20 Any 4 Any 3 27

TO BE ANSWERED
TOTAL MARKS 1 x 20 = 20 2x4=8 4 x 3 = 12 40 MARKS
417 - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – CLASS X PAGE 1 OF 8

Sample Question Paper for Class X (Session 2023-2024)

General Instructions:
1. Please read the instructions carefully.
2. This Question Paper consists of 21 questions in two sections: Section A & Section B.
3. Section A has Objective type questions whereas Section B contains Subjective type questions.
4. Out of the given (5 + 16 =) 21 questions, a candidate has to answer (5 + 10 =) 15 questions in the
allotted (maximum) time of 2 hours.
5. All questions of a particular section must be attempted in the correct order.
6. SECTION A - OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (24 MARKS):
i. This section has 05 questions.
ii. Marks allotted are mentioned against each question/part.
iii. There is no negative marking.
iv. Do as per the instructions given.
7. SECTION B – SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (26 MARKS):
ii. A candidate has to do 10 questions.
iii. Do as per the instructions given.
iv. Marks allotted are mentioned against each question/part.

SECTION A: OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
Q. 1 Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions on Employability Skills (1 x 4 = 4 marks)
i. “M D Gulati started with a small shop with his focus, dedication and clear ideas, MDH 1
became one of the most popular brands in India besides having a good reputation all
over the world”.
Which self-management skill is clearly visible in the given statement?
ii. When you bring the mouse over a file in File Explorer, it will show the details of that file. 1
This is known as
(a) Drag and drop
(b) Double click
(c) Hover
(d) Single click
iii. Assertion(A): A doctor works for a renowned hospital. 1

Reason(R): The statement given above is an example of wage employment.
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is correct but R is not correct
(d) A is not correct but R is correct
iv. _______ the work is all about identifying and noting how we spent our time, and 1
analysing how to spend our time effectively.
(a) Organising
(b) Prioritising
(c) Controlling
(d) Tracking
v. Remya traveled to Sweden from India to pursue her higher education. But she doesn't 1
know how to speak Swedish (language of Sweden). Because of this, she was unable to
find a part time job. This is an example of _____________
(a) Interpersonal barrier
(b) Physical barrier
(c) Organisational barrier
(d) Linguistic barrier
vi. “Efforts are made to increase the solar power generation so that our electricity needs are met 1
and at the same time we do not pollute the environment or use up natural resources”.
Which SDG can you relate this statement to?
(a) Life on land
(b) Clean water and sanitation
(c) Affordable and clean energy
(d) Reduced inequalities

Q. 2 Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)
i. Assertion (A)– One can be a good singer while the other can be a great athlete. 1
Reason(R) – Humans possess different types of intelligences but at different levels.
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
(d) A is not correct but R is correct.
ii. The Indian Government banned a few apps stating – “servers in the hostile nation are 1
receiving and using the acquired data improperly”.
Which terminology suits best for this action?
(a) AI Ethics
(b) Data Privacy
(c) AI Bias
(d) AI Access
iii. Statment1: There are four layers in a neural network. 1

Statement2:The first layer of the neural network is known as the output layer.
(a) Both Statement1 and Statement2 are correct
(b) Both Statement1 and Statement2 are incorrect
(c) Statement1 is correct but Statement2 is incorrect
(d) Statement2 is correct but Statement1 is incorrect
iv. Observe the given graph and fill in the blank: 1
__________ the neural network, better is the performance.
v. _______ is a simple file format that stores data separated by commas. 1

(a) jpg
(b) doc
(c) csv
(d) png
vi. A corpus contains 4 documents in which the word ‘diet’ was appearing once in 1
document1. Identify the term in which we can categorise the word ‘diet’.
(a) Stop word
(b) Rare word
(c) Frequent word
(d) Removable word

i. Read the examples given below- 1

i. Using Chat GPT to write an email
ii. Face unlock technology of mobile phones using camera
iii. Turning off lights with IoT device
iv. Hand sanitizer dispenser having sensor
Choose the options that are not AI
(a) i and ii
(b) iii and i
(c) iii and iv
(d) i, iii and iv
ii. _____ refer to the type of features that we want to collect. 1
iii. Which of the following is an application of data science? 1

(a) Text summarization
(b) Target Advertisements
(c) Face lock in smartphones
(d) Email filters
iv. ____ is the process of finding instances of real-world objects in images or videos. 1
(a) Instance segmentation
(b) Object detection
(c) Classification
(d) Image segmentation
v. Identify the given Chat bot type: 1

It learns from its environment and experience. It also builds on its capabilities based on
the knowledge. These can collaborate with humans, working along-side them and
learning from their behavior.
vi. F1 Score is the measure of the balance between 1

(a) Accuracy and Precision
(b) Precision and Recall
(c) Recall and Accuracy
(d) Recall and Reality
i. Srishti learnt about AI terminologies but was not able to recollect the term that is used 1
to refer to machines that perform tasks with vast amounts of data using neural
networks. Help her with the correct term.
ii. Statment1: The output given by the AI model is known as reality. 1

Statement2:The real scenario is known as Prediction.
(a)Both Statement1 and Statement2 are correct
(b)Both Statement1 and Statement2 are incorrect

iii. Rajat has made a model which predicts the performance of Indian Cricket players in 1
upcoming matches. He collected the data of players’ performance with respect to
stadium, bowlers, opponent team and health. His model works with good accuracy and
precision value. Which of the statement given below is incorrect?
(a) Data gathered with respect to stadium, bowlers, opponent team and health is
known as Testing Data.
(b) Data given to an AI model to check accuracy and precision is Testing Data.
(c) Training data and testing data are acquired in the Data Acquisition stage.
(d) Training data is always larger as compared to testing data.
iv. How many channels does a colour image have? 1
v. Which feature of NLP helps in understanding the emotions of the people mentioned 1
with the feedback?
(a) Virtual Assistants
(b) Sentiment Analysis
(c) Text classification
(d) Automatic Summarization
vi. Sarthak made a face mask detector system for which he had collected the dataset and 1
used all the dataset to train the model. Then, he used the same data to evaluate the
model which resulted in the correct answer all the time but was not able to perform
with unknown dataset.
Name the concept.
i. Aditi, a student of class XII developed a chatbot that clarifies the doubts of Economics 1
students. She trained the software with lots of data sets catering to all difficulty levels.
If any student would type or ask questions related to Economics, the software would
give an instant reply. Identify the domain of AI in the given scenario.
(a) Computer Vision
(b) Data Science
(c) Natural Language Processing
(d) None of these
ii. Which evaluation parameter takes into consideration all the correct predictions? 1
iii. ______ means a picture element which is the smallest unit of information that makes 1
up a picture.
(a) Vision
(b) Pics
(c) Pixel
(d) Piskel
iv. What do you mean by syntax of a language? 1

(a) Meaning of a sentence
(b) Grammatical structure of a sentence
(c) Semantics of a sentence
(d) Synonym of a sentence

v. Which algorithms result in two things, a vocabulary of words and frequency of the 1
words in the corpus?
(a) Sentence segmentation
(b) Tokenisation
(c) Bag of words
(d) Text normalisation
vi. Which one of the following scenario result in a high false positive cost? 1
(a) viral outbreak
(b) forest fire
(c) flood
(d) spam filter
SECTION B: SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions on Employability Skills (2 x 3 = 6 marks)
Answer each question in 20 – 30 words.
Q. 6 List two best practices for effective communication. 2
Q. 7 What is the importance of setting goals in life? 2
Q. 8 “The Trojan Horse was a wooden horse said to have been used by the Greeks during the 2
Trojan War to enter the city of Troy and win the war”.
What does Trojan horse mean in computer terminology?
Q. 9 How is society helping entrepreneurs in their business? 2
Q. 10 Mention any two human activities that lead to environmental degradation. 2
Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions in 20 – 30 words each (2 x 4 = 8 marks)

Q. 11 All of us use smartphones. When we install a new app, it asks us for several permissions 2
to access our phone’s data in different ways. Why do apps collect such data?
Q. 12 Sirisha and Divisha want to make a model which will organize the unlabeled input data 2
into groups based on features. Which learning model should they use and why?
Q. 13 Ajay wants to access data from various sources. Suggest him any two points that he 2
needs to keep in mind while accessing data from any data source.
Q. 14 Explain the term resolution with an example. 2
Q. 15 Identify any two stop words which should not be removed from the given sentence and 2
why?
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Contact us at abc@pwershel.com or on our website www.pwershel.com
Q. 16 Draw the confusion matrix for the following data 2

• the number of true positive = 100
• the number of true negative 47
• the number of false positive = 62
• the number of false negative = 290
Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions in 50– 80 words each (4 x 3 = 12 marks)
Q. 17 Your grandmother watches you use AI applications. She wants to understand more 4
about it. Help her understand the term artificial intelligence by giving the right definition
and explain to her with an example how machines become artificially intelligent.
Q. 18 Akhil wants to learn how to scope the problem for an AI Project. Explain him the 4
following:
(a) 4W Problem Canvas
(b) Problem Statement Template
Q. 19 Identify and explain the types of the learning-based approaches in the figures given 4
below.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Q. 20 We, human beings, can read, write and understand many languages. But computers can 4
understand only machine language. Do you think we might face any challenges if we try
to teach computers how to understand and interact in human languages? Explain.
Q. 21 An AI model made the following sales prediction for a new mobile phone which they 4
have recently launched:
Reality
Confusion Matrix Yes No
Yes 50 40
Prediction
No 12 10
(i) Identify the total number of wrong predictions made by the model.
(ii) Calculate precision, recall and F1 Score.


NAME OF THE UNIT
NO. QUESTIONS
OBJECTIVE SHORT DESCRIPTIVE/

UNIT TYPE ANSWER TYPE LONG ANS. TYPE TOTAL
NAME OF THE UNIT QUESTIONS QUESTIONS QUESTIONS
NO. QUESTIONS
Natural Language
6 6 2 1 9
Processing
NO. OF QUESTIONS
20 Any 4 Any 3 27
TO BE ANSWERED
Page 1 of 9

Page 2 of 9
i. Pranjali gets up at 5 am and goes to her badminton classes. Then she comes home 1
and finishes her homework before going to school. She does this all by herself. No
one tells her to do it. This is an example of
(a) Self-motivation
(b) External motivation
(c) Both self and external motivation
(d) Not any specific type of motivation
ii. Which of the following can cause stress? 1

(a) Yoga and meditation
(b) Driving during rush hour
(c) Organized academic life
(d) Enjoying holidays with family
iii. What is the term used when you quickly click the left mouse button twice? 1
(a) Hover
(b) Drag and drop
(c) Double clicking
(d) Moving
iv. Ravi learnt that if a laptop gets overheated, the internal parts get damaged. What 1
happens if he leaves his device plugged in even after it is charged 100%?
(a) It can break
(b) It can stop functioning
(c) It can overheat
(d) Data can get corrupt
v. Srishti is a young woman who makes earrings. She buys jute from a farmer and 1
makes earrings from that. She sees that most women in her village do not work. So,
she hires two women to help her. As her orders increase, she hires three more
women to work for her. How was she helping her village grow?
(a) By selling earrings to women without a job
(b) By purchasing earrings from the local market
(c) By buying jute from the local farmer and by providing jobs to local women
(d) By attracting the women in her village with her creative earrings
vi. Mary has two people who work for her. Every day, she spends one hour with them 1
to learn about what they’ve done that day.
(a) Creates a new product
(b) Divides income
(c) Manages the business
(d) Takes risks
Page 3 of 9
i. ____________ and __________ are AI based applications that help us in navigation. 1
ii. “This type of intelligence measure’s one’s awareness of the natural world 1
around them and their sensitivities to any changes that occur. It allows us to
identify the variation among two different species and understand how they are
related”.
Identify the type of intelligence described in the above sentence.
iii. Identify the incorrect statement(s) from the following: 1

(i) Deep learning is a subset of Machine Learning
(ii) Machine Learning is a subset of Deep Learning
(iii) Artificial Intelligence is a subset of Deep Learning
(iv) Deep Learning is the advanced form of AI and ML
(a) only (i)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) Only (iii)
iv. Search engines not only predict what popular searches may apply to your query as 1
you start typing, but it looks at the whole picture and recognizes what you’re trying
to say rather than the exact search words. This is an example of
(a) Computer Vision
(b) Data Sciences
(d) Natural Language Understanding
v. When a user installs an app in the smartphone, it asks for access to gallery, contacts, 1
etc. After accepting this, it gives the user agreement which most users accept
without realizing the implications. What is the concern here?
(a) Data Privacy
(b) Unemployment
(c) AI bias
(d) No concern
vi. We can’t make “good” decisions without information. (True/False) 1
i. __________ helps us to summarise all the key points into one single Template so 1
that in future, whenever there is a need to look back at the basis of the problem, we
can take a look at this and understand the key elements of it.
Page 4 of 9
ii. Divya was learning neural networks. She understood that there were three layers in 1
a neural network. Help her identify the layer that does processing in the neural
network.
(a) Output layer
(b) Hidden layer
(c) Input layer
(d) Data layer
iii. Smita is working on a project that involves over a lakh of records. Which of the 1
following should she use to make the best project?
(a) Traditional programming
(b) Manual processing
(c) IoT
(d) Neural networks
iv. For better efficiency of an AI project Training data should be _______ 1

i) Relevant
ii) Scattered
iii) Structured
iv) Authentic
Choose the correct option:
(a) Both i and ii
(b) Both i and iv
(c) Only i
(d) Only iv
v. The _______Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were launched at the United 1

Nations Sustainable Development Summit in New York in the year 2015, forming the
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
(a) 17
(b) 15
(c) 13
(d) 19
vi. 1
Identify the algorithm based on the given graph

(a) Dimensionality reduction
(b) Classification
(c) Clustering
(d) Regression
Page 5 of 9
i. _______________ helps in assigning a predefined category to a document, organize 1

it in such a way that helps customers to find information they want. For example
spam filtering in email, auto tagging on social media, categorization of news articles
etc.
ii. Which of the following is the type of data used by NLP applications? 1
(a) Images
(b) Numerical data
(c) Graphical data
(d) Text and Speech
iii. Ayushi was learning about NLP. She wanted to know the term used for the whole 1
textual data from all the documents altogether. Help her in identifying the term used
for it.
iv. What is the full form of TF-IDF? 1
v. A corpus contains 12 documents. How many document vectors will be there for 1
that corpus?
a. 12
b. 1
c. 24
d. 1/12
vi. Identify the type of chatbot with the information given below: 1
These bots work on pre-programmed instructions inside the application/machine
and are generally easy to develop. They are deployed in the customer care section
of various companies. Their job is to answer some basic queries that they are coded
for and connect them to human executives once they are unable to handle the
conversation.
i. The output given by the AI machine is known as ________ (Prediction/ Reality) 1
ii. _____________ is used to record the result of comparison between the prediction 1
and reality. It is not an evaluation metric but a record which can help in evaluation.
iii. Raunak was learning the conditions that make up the confusion matrix. He came 1
across a scenario in which the machine that was supposed to predict an animal was
always predicting not an animal. What is this condition called?
(a) False Positive
(b) True Positive
(c) False Negative
(d) True Negative
Page 6 of 9
iv. Which two evaluation methods are used to calculate F1 Score? 1
(a) Precision and Accuracy
(c) Accuracy and Recall
(d) Precision, F1 score
v. Which of the following statements is not true about overfitting models? 1

(a) This model learns the pattern and noise in the data to such extent that it
harms the performance of the model on the new dataset
(b) Training result is very good and the test result is poor
(c) It interprets noise as patterns in the data
(d) The training accuracy and test accuracy both are low
vi. Priya was confused with the terms used in the evaluation stage. Suggest her the term 1
used for the percentage of correct predictions out of all the observations.
(a) Accuracy
(b) Precision
(c) Recall
(d) F1 Score

Q. 6 In SMART goals, what does ‘A’ stand for? Explain. 2
Q. 7 Sameera is always punctual at school. She has a regular schedule that she follows 2
every day. She plans for study and play time in advance. Enlist the four steps Sameera
must have followed for effective time management.
Q. 8 Enlist any two methods to protect our data on the computer. 2
Q. 9 What do entrepreneurs do when they run their business? Mention any two points. 2
Q. 10 Raj has a small convenience store in his locality. There are many other convenience 2
stores in the area. Yet, Raj’s store survives the competition and does well.
Which stage of an entrepreneur's career process can you relate this to? Explain.

Q. 11 How do you understand whether a machine/application is AI based or not? Explain 2
with the help of an example.
Q. 12 If you do an image search for vacations on a popular search engine, the first few 2
searches mostly return the picture of beaches. What is the concern here? Explain.
Page 7 of 9
Q. 13 Suhana works for a company wherein she was assigned the task of developing a 2
project using AI project cycle. She knew that the first stage was scoping the problem.
Help her list the remaining stages that she must go through to develop the project.
Q. 14 What will be the results of conversion of the term, ‘happily’ in the process of 2
stemming and lemmatization? Which process takes longer time for execution?
Q. 15 What do we get from the “bag of words'' algorithm? 2
Q. 16 People of a village are totally dependent on the farmers for their daily food items. 2
Farmers grow new seeds by checking the weather conditions every year. An AI
model is being deployed in the village which predicts the chances of heavy rain to
alert farmers which helps them in doing the farming at the right time. Which
evaluation parameter out of precision, recall and F1 Score is best to evaluate the
performance of this AI model? Explain.
Q. 17 Ashwat is amazed to learn about his sister Ananya who is multi-talented and has 4
excelled in academics, music, dancing, sports and painting. He was quite curious
when Ananya told him that he too possessed all these intelligences like every human
being does, but only at different levels. He wondered which intelligence she was
talking about. Can you help Ashwat in learning about different types of intelligences
by naming and explaining any four types of intelligences?
Q. 18 Samarth attended a seminar on Artificial Intelligence and has now been asked to 4
write a report on his learnings from the seminar. Being a non-technical person, he
understood that the AI enabled machine uses data of different formats in many of
the daily based applications but failed to sync it with the right terminologies and
express the details. Help Samarth define Artificial Intelligence, list the three domains
of AI and the data that is used in these domains.
Q. 19 Neural networks are said to be modelled the way how neurons in the human brain 4
behave. A similar system is mimicked by the AI machine to perform certain tasks.
Explain how neural networks work in an AI model and mention any three features
of Neural Networks.
Q. 20 Samiksha, a student of class X was exploring the Natural Language Processing 4

domain. She got stuck while performing the text normalisation. Help her to
normalise the text on the segmented sentences given below:
Document 1: Akash and Ajay are best friends.

Document 2: Akash likes to play football but Ajay prefers to play online games.
Page 8 of 9
Q. 21 Automated trade industry has developed an AI model which predicts the selling 4
and purchasing of automobiles. During testing, the AI model came up with the
following predictions.
Reality
Confusion Matrix
Yes No
Yes 60 25
Predicted
No 05 10
(i) How many total tests have been performed in the above scenario?
Page 9 of 9
NAME OF THE UNIT
NO. QUESTIONS
1 Communication Skills -II 1 1 2
5 Green Skills - II 1 1 2

SHORT ANSWER DESCRIPTIVE/
OBJECTIVE TYPE
UNIT TYPE LONG ANS. TYPE TOTAL
NAME OF THE UNIT QUESTIONS
NO. QUESTIONS QUESTIONS QUESTIONS
3 Advance Python - - - -
4 Data Sciences 3 1 - 4
5 Computer Vision 3 1 - 4
6 Natural Language 5 1 1 7
Processing
NO. OF QUESTIONS 20 Any 4 Any 3 27

TO BE ANSWERED



i. “M D Gulati started with a small shop with his focus, dedication and clear ideas, MDH 1
became one of the most popular brands in India besides having a good reputation all
over the world”.
Which self-management skill is clearly visible in the given statement?
ii. When you bring the mouse over a file in File Explorer, it will show the details of that file. 1
This is known as
(a) Drag and drop
(b) Double click
(c) Hover
(d) Single click
iii. Assertion(A): A doctor works for a renowned hospital. 1

Reason(R): The statement given above is an example of wage employment.
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(d) A is not correct but R is correct
iv. _______ the work is all about identifying and noting how we spent our time, and 1
analysing how to spend our time effectively.
(a) Organising
(b) Prioritising
(c) Controlling
(d) Tracking
v. Remya traveled to Sweden from India to pursue her higher education. But she doesn't 1
know how to speak Swedish (language of Sweden). Because of this, she was unable to
find a part time job. This is an example of _____________
(a) Interpersonal barrier
(b) Physical barrier
(c) Organisational barrier
(d) Linguistic barrier
vi. “Efforts are made to increase the solar power generation so that our electricity needs are met 1
and at the same time we do not pollute the environment or use up natural resources”.
Which SDG can you relate this statement to?
(a) Life on land
(b) Clean water and sanitation
(c) Affordable and clean energy
(d) Reduced inequalities

i. Assertion (A)– One can be a good singer while the other can be a great athlete. 1
Reason(R) – Humans possess different types of intelligences but at different levels.
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
(d) A is not correct but R is correct.
ii. The Indian Government banned a few apps stating – “servers in the hostile nation are 1
receiving and using the acquired data improperly”.
Which terminology suits best for this action?
(a) AI Ethics
(b) Data Privacy
(c) AI Bias
(d) AI Access
iii. Statment1: There are four layers in a neural network. 1

Statement2:The first layer of the neural network is known as the output layer.
(a) Both Statement1 and Statement2 are correct
(b) Both Statement1 and Statement2 are incorrect
iv. Observe the given graph and fill in the blank: 1
__________ the neural network, better is the performance.
v. _______ is a simple file format that stores data separated by commas. 1

(a) jpg
(b) doc
(c) csv
(d) png
vi. A corpus contains 4 documents in which the word ‘diet’ was appearing once in 1
document1. Identify the term in which we can categorise the word ‘diet’.
(a) Stop word
(b) Rare word
(c) Frequent word
(d) Removable word

i. Read the examples given below- 1

i. Using Chat GPT to write an email
ii. Face unlock technology of mobile phones using camera
iii. Turning off lights with IoT device
iv. Hand sanitizer dispenser having sensor
Choose the options that are not AI
(a) i and ii
(b) iii and i
(c) iii and iv
(d) i, iii and iv
ii. _____ refer to the type of features that we want to collect. 1
iii. Which of the following is an application of data science? 1

(a) Text summarization
(b) Target Advertisements
(c) Face lock in smartphones
(d) Email filters
iv. ____ is the process of finding instances of real-world objects in images or videos. 1
(a) Instance segmentation
(b) Object detection
(c) Classification
(d) Image segmentation
v. Identify the given Chat bot type: 1

It learns from its environment and experience. It also builds on its capabilities based on
the knowledge. These can collaborate with humans, working along-side them and
learning from their behavior.
vi. F1 Score is the measure of the balance between 1

(a) Accuracy and Precision
(c) Recall and Accuracy
(d) Recall and Reality
i. Srishti learnt about AI terminologies but was not able to recollect the term that is used 1
to refer to machines that perform tasks with vast amounts of data using neural
networks. Help her with the correct term.
ii. Statment1: The output given by the AI model is known as reality. 1

Statement2:The real scenario is known as Prediction.
(a)Both Statement1 and Statement2 are correct
(b)Both Statement1 and Statement2 are incorrect

iii. Rajat has made a model which predicts the performance of Indian Cricket players in 1
upcoming matches. He collected the data of players’ performance with respect to
stadium, bowlers, opponent team and health. His model works with good accuracy and
precision value. Which of the statement given below is incorrect?
(a) Data gathered with respect to stadium, bowlers, opponent team and health is
known as Testing Data.
(b) Data given to an AI model to check accuracy and precision is Testing Data.
(c) Training data and testing data are acquired in the Data Acquisition stage.
(d) Training data is always larger as compared to testing data.
iv. How many channels does a colour image have? 1
v. Which feature of NLP helps in understanding the emotions of the people mentioned 1
with the feedback?
(a) Virtual Assistants
(b) Sentiment Analysis
(c) Text classification
(d) Automatic Summarization
vi. Sarthak made a face mask detector system for which he had collected the dataset and 1
used all the dataset to train the model. Then, he used the same data to evaluate the
model which resulted in the correct answer all the time but was not able to perform
with unknown dataset.
Name the concept.
i. Aditi, a student of class XII developed a chatbot that clarifies the doubts of Economics 1
students. She trained the software with lots of data sets catering to all difficulty levels.
If any student would type or ask questions related to Economics, the software would
give an instant reply. Identify the domain of AI in the given scenario.
(a) Computer Vision
(b) Data Science
(d) None of these
ii. Which evaluation parameter takes into consideration all the correct predictions? 1
iii. ______ means a picture element which is the smallest unit of information that makes 1
up a picture.
(a) Vision
(b) Pics
(c) Pixel
(d) Piskel
iv. What do you mean by syntax of a language? 1

(a) Meaning of a sentence
(b) Grammatical structure of a sentence
(c) Semantics of a sentence
(d) Synonym of a sentence

v. Which algorithms result in two things, a vocabulary of words and frequency of the 1
words in the corpus?
(a) Sentence segmentation
(b) Tokenisation
(c) Bag of words
(d) Text normalisation
vi. Which one of the following scenario result in a high false positive cost? 1
(a) viral outbreak
(b) forest fire
(c) flood
(d) spam filter

Q. 6 List two best practices for effective communication. 2
Q. 7 What is the importance of setting goals in life? 2
Q. 8 “The Trojan Horse was a wooden horse said to have been used by the Greeks during the 2
Trojan War to enter the city of Troy and win the war”.
What does Trojan horse mean in computer terminology?
Q. 9 How is society helping entrepreneurs in their business? 2
Q. 10 Mention any two human activities that lead to environmental degradation. 2

Q. 11 All of us use smartphones. When we install a new app, it asks us for several permissions 2
to access our phone’s data in different ways. Why do apps collect such data?
Q. 12 Sirisha and Divisha want to make a model which will organize the unlabeled input data 2
into groups based on features. Which learning model should they use and why?
Q. 13 Ajay wants to access data from various sources. Suggest him any two points that he 2
needs to keep in mind while accessing data from any data source.
Q. 14 Explain the term resolution with an example. 2
Q. 15 Identify any two stop words which should not be removed from the given sentence and 2
why?
Get help and support whether you're shopping now or need help with a past purchase.
Contact us at abc@pwershel.com or on our website www.pwershel.com
Q. 16 Draw the confusion matrix for the following data 2

• the number of true positive = 100
• the number of true negative 47
• the number of false positive = 62
• the number of false negative = 290
Q. 17 Your grandmother watches you use AI applications. She wants to understand more 4
about it. Help her understand the term artificial intelligence by giving the right definition
and explain to her with an example how machines become artificially intelligent.
Q. 18 Akhil wants to learn how to scope the problem for an AI Project. Explain him the 4
following:
(a) 4W Problem Canvas
(b) Problem Statement Template
Q. 19 Identify and explain the types of the learning-based approaches in the figures given 4
below.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Q. 20 We, human beings, can read, write and understand many languages. But computers can 4
understand only machine language. Do you think we might face any challenges if we try
to teach computers how to understand and interact in human languages? Explain.
Q. 21 An AI model made the following sales prediction for a new mobile phone which they 4
have recently launched:
Reality
Confusion Matrix Yes No
Yes 50 40
Prediction
No 12 10
(i) Identify the total number of wrong predictions made by the model.

Employability Skills
Textbook for Class X
Prelims.indd 1 31-Jan-20 9:46:12 AM

ISBN 978-93-5292-218-5
First Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

February 2020 Magha 1941  No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise
without the prior permission of the publisher.
PD 5T BS
 This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not,
by way of trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise
disposed off without the publisher’s consent, in any form of
© National Council of Educational binding or cover other than that in which it is published.
Research and Training, 2020  The correct price of this publication is the price printed on
this page. Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or
by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should
be unacceptable.
OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATION

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Foreword
The National Curriculum Framework–2005 (NCF–2005) recommends

bringing work and education into the domain of the curricular, infusing it in
all areas of learning while giving it an identity of its own at relevant stages.
It explains that work transforms knowledge into experience and generates
important personal and social values such as self-reliance, creativity and
cooperation. Through work one learns to find one’s place in the society. It is
an educational activity with an inherent potential for inclusion. Therefore,
an experience of involvement in productive work in an educational setting
will make one appreciate the worth of social life and what is valued and
appreciated in society. Work involves interaction with material or other
people (mostly both), thus creating a deeper comprehension and increased
practical knowledge of natural substances and social relationships.
Through work and education, school knowledge can be easily linked
to learners’ life outside the school. This also makes a departure from
the legacy of bookish learning and bridges the gap between the school,
home, community and the workplace. The NCF–2005 also emphasises
on Vocational Education and Training (VET) for all those children who
wish to acquire additional skills and/or seek livelihood through vocational
education after either discontinuing or completing their school education.
VET is expected to provide a ‘preferred and dignified’ choice rather than a
terminal or ‘last-resort’ option.
As a follow-up of this, NCERT has attempted to infuse work across
the subject areas and also contributed in the development of the National
Skill Qualification Framework (NSQF) for the country, which was
notified on 27 December 2013. It is a quality assurance framework that
organises all qualifications according to levels of knowledge, skills and
attitude. These levels, graded from one to ten, are defined in terms of
learning outcomes, which the learner must possess regardless of whether
they are obtained through formal, non-formal or informal learning.
The NSQF sets common principles and guidelines for a nationally
recognised qualification system covering Schools, Vocational Education
and Training Institutions, Technical Education Institutions, Colleges
and Universities.
It is under this backdrop that Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute
of Vocational Education (PSSCIVE), Bhopal, a constituent of NCERT has
developed learning outcomes based modular curricula for the vocational

subjects from Classes IX to XII. This has been developed under the
Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Vocationalisation of Secondary and Higher
Secondary Education of the Ministry of Human Resource Development.
This textbook takes care of generic skills embedded in various job roles
in a comprehensive manner and also provides more opportunities and
scope for students to engage with these common and necessary skills,
such as communication, critical thinking and decision making in different
situations pertaining to different job roles.
I acknowledge the contribution of the development team, reviewers
and all the institutions and organisations, which have supported in the
development of this textbook.
NCERT would welcome suggestions from students, teachers and
parents, which would help us to further improve the quality of the material
in subsequent editions.
Hrushikesh Senapaty
Director
New Delhi National Council of Educational
June 2018 Research and Training
(iv)

About the Textbook
Employability skills can be defined as those soft skills which employers

look for in a potential employee. These skills equip the employees to
carry out their role to the best of their ability and client satisfaction. For
example, the ability to explain what you mean in a clear and concise way
through written and spoken means, helps to build a better relationship
with the client or the customer. Similarly, handling stress that comes with
deadlines for finishing work and ensuring that you meet the deadlines can
be done through effective self-management training. It can also be done
by working well with other people from different disciplines, backgrounds,
and expertise to accomplish a task or goal. In today’s digital age, employers
expect that the employees should be able to make use of elementary
functions of information and communication technology to retrieve,
access, store, produce, present and exchange information in collaborative
networks via the Internet. Students need to develop entrepreneurial skills,
so that they can develop necessary knowledge and skills to start their own
business, thus becoming job creators rather than job seekers. Potential
employees need to develop green skills, which are the technical skills,
knowledge, values and attitudes needed in the workforce to develop and
support sustainable social, economic and environmental outcomes in
business, industry and the community. Thus, as a student you are expected
to acquire a range of skills so that you can meet the skill demands of the
organisation that you would work for or to set up and run your own business.
This textbook on ‘Employability Skills’ covers communication,
self-management, information and communication technology,
entrepreneurial and green skills. It has been developed as per the learning
outcome based curriculum. The employability skills are embedded in the
Qualification Packs of the different job roles in various sectors under the
National Skill Qualification Framework.
The textbook aims to provide learning experience through a blended
approach of text and video-based interactive e-learning lessons. Running
these e-learning lessons in classrooms would require a computer with
Internet connection, projector and sound system, which the school should

provide to the teachers and students. The teachers will guide you to actively
participate in class — asking and answering questions and following the
instructions to complete the exercises and activities.
Vinay Swarup Mehrotra

Professor and Head
Curriculum Development and Evaluation Centre
and NSQF Cell,
PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal
(vi)

Acknowledgements
The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)

expresses its gratitude to all members of the Project Approval Board
(PAB) and officials of the Ministry of Human Resource Development
(MHRD), Government of India, for their cooperation in the development
of this textbook. The Council would like to thank Rajesh P. Khambayat,
Joint Director, PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education (PSSCIVE),
Bhopal for providing support and guidance in the development of
this textbook.
The Council extends its gratitude to Vinay Swarup Mehrotra, Professor
and Head, Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry and
Curriculum Development and Evaluation Centre, PSSCIVE, Bhopal, for
his untiring efforts, skillful guidance and assistance in the development
and publishing of this textbook. The Council is grateful to Saroj Yadav,
Professor and Dean (Academic), NCERT, and Ranjana Arora, Professor and
Head, Department of Curriculum Studies, NCERT for their sincere efforts
in coordinating the review workshops for the finalisation of this textbook.
The Council acknowledges the contribution of the following review
committee members from PSSCIVE — Abhijit Nayak, Professor and Head,
Department of Health and Paramedical, Dipak Shudhalwar, Associate
Professor and Head, Department of Engineering and Technology, Kuldeep
Singh, Associate Professor, Department of Agriculture and Animal
Husbandry, Mridula Saxena, Professor, Department of Home Science and
Hospitality Management, P. Veeraiah, Professor and Head, Department of
Business and Commerce, Pinki Khanna, Professor and Head, Department
of Home Science and Hospitality Management, Rajiv Pathak, Professor,
Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Saurabh Prakash,
Professor, Department of Engineering and Technology, R.K. Shukla,
Professor, Department of Business and Commerce and Vipin K. Jain,
Associate Professor and Head, Department of Humanities, Science,
Education and Research for reviewing this textbook.
The Council also acknowledges the valuable contribution of
Aakash Sethi, Chief Executive Officer, Quest Alliance, Aditi Kumar,
Project Manager, Quest Alliance, Amit Singh, Advisor, National Institute
for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development, Austin Thomas,
Executive Vice President, Wadhwani Foundation, Mekin Maheshwari, Chief
Executive Officer, Udhyam Learning Foundation, Nidhi Sahni, Curriculum

Manager, Wadhwani Foundation, Nikita Bengani, Senior Program
Manager, Quest Alliance, Poonam Sinha, Joint Director, National Institute
for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development, Rohit Massey,
Consultant, National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business
Development, Shivani Gandhi, Program Manager, Udhyam Learning
Foundation, Sonal K Jain, Consultant, Wadhwani Foundation, Sunil
Dahiya, Executive Vice President, Wadhwani Foundation, and Vikrant
Chandela, Associate Director, Wadhwani Foundation for their assistance
in development of the textbook and for providing illustrations for the
textbook. Vikas Kogey, Visual Analyser and Pinki Tiwari, Graphic Designer,
PSSCIVE, Bhopal are also duly acknowledged for redrawing illustrations
for the textbook. The images other than these used in the textbook have
been sourced from the Creative Commons License.
The Council also acknowledges the copyediting and valuable
contribution of Shilpa Mohan, Assistant Editor (Contractual) Publication
Division, NCERT, in shaping this textbook.
The efforts of Pawan Kumar Barriar, DTP Operator and Sachin Tanwar,
DTP Operator (Contractual), Publication Division, NCERT, for flawless
layout design are also acknowledged.
(viii)

Contents
Foreword iii
About the Textbook v
Unit 1 Communication Skills 1
Session 1 Methods of Communication 1
Session 2 Verbal Communication 7
Session 3 Non-verbal Communication 10
Session 4 Communication Cycle and Importance of Feedback 16
Session 5 Barriers to Effective Communication 20
Session 6 Writing Skills — Parts of Speech 24
Session 7 Writing Skills — Sentences 31
Unit 2 Self-management Skills 39
Session 1 Stress Management 40
Session 2 Self-awareness — Strength and Weakness Analysis 46
Session 3 Self-motivation 51
Session 4 Self-regulation — Goal Setting 54
Session 5 Self-regulation — Time Management 58
Unit 3 Information and Communication Technology Skills 63
Session 1 Basic Computer Operations 63
Session 2 Performing Basic File Operations 70
Session 3 Computer Care and Maintenance 74
Session 4 Computer Security and Privacy 79
Unit 4 Entrepreneurial Skills 84
Session 1 Entrepreneurship and Society 85
Session 2 Qualities and Functions of an Entrepreneur 89
Session 3 Myths about Entrepreneurship 94
Session 4 Entrepreneurship as a Career Option 99
Unit 5 Green Skills 103
Session 1 Sustainable Development 103
Session 2 Our Role in Sustainable Development 109
Answer Key 114
Glossary 117

Unit 1
Communication
Skills
Introduction
In the present time, a thorough knowledge
of language with communication skills
is very important in any occupation or
business. As a student, you may study
any language, but it is important that you
are able to read, write, speak and listen
well in order to communicate properly.
Speaking more than one language can
help you to communicate well with people
around the world. Learning English can
help you to communicate with people who
understand English besides the mother
tongue i.e., the language one has been
exposed to since birth.
Session 1: Methods of Communication

The word ‘communication’ comes from the Latin word
commūnicāre, meaning ‘to share’.
Being able to communicate effectively is one of the
most important life skills. Communication skills are
Unit 1.indd 1 31-Jan-20 9:48:05 AM

Notes needed to communicate effectively with people and
customers. This module aims to help you improve your
communication skills.
Clear and concise communication is of immense
importance in work and business environment as there
are several parties involved. Various stakeholders, like,
customers, employees, vendors, media, etc., are always
sending important information to each other.
Communication has three important parts:
1. Transmitting — The sender transmits the
message through one medium or another.
2. Listening — The receiver listens or understands
the message.
3. Feedback — The receiver conveys their
understanding of the message to the sender in the
form of feedback to complete the communication
cycle.
Let us look at an example below in an outlet of a
bookstore:
Customer (to a retail associate): Do you have the
textbook of Beauty Therapist, published by National
Council of Educational Research and Training?
Salesperson : Let me check.
In the above conversation, the information is being
transmitted orally by the customer. The salesperson is
the listener in this case. The discussion about book is
the message.
Salesperson: Yes, we have the textbook of Beauty
Therapist.
Customer: Please give me one copy of the textbook.
I want to purchase it.
In the above conversation, the receiver’s response
(i.e., the salesperson) is the feedback. This is an
example of a communication between the customer and
the salesperson.
The process of conveying a message is complete
only when the person receiving it has understood the
message in its entirety. In this case, the customer
understood that the book store has the textbook and
they can get a copy of the same.
2 Employability Skills – Class X
Unit 1.indd 2 31-Jan-20 9:48:05 AM

Communication Process and Elements
Let us see the process of communication in detail.
Information/ Behaviour/
Input Output
The Channel—
What speaking, writing
I mean graphic, video, etc. What
I understand
Coding The Message De-coding
The The
At least some
Messenger Recepient
code in common
Fig. 1.1: Communication Process
Sender sends a
message
Giving Information
Message
(Encoding) channel
Sender Receiver
Communication A Channel is
starts with used to transfer
sender the message
Reply to Sender
(Encoding)
Receiver channel Message is Receiving Information

replies to the received by the
sender receiver
Figure 1.2: Elements of Communication
Communication Skills 3
Unit 1.indd 3 31-Jan-20 9:48:06 AM

The various elements of a communication cycle are:
Sender: the person beginning the communication.
Message: the information that the sender wants to
convey.
Channel: the means by which the information is sent.
Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent.
Feedback: the receiver’s acknowledgement and response
to the message.
We are constantly use some form of communication or
another to send a message across. Without the different
methods of communication available today, it would be
challenging to carry out business as proficiently as it is
done today and with the same swiftness. Some common
methods of communication are given in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1: Methods of Communication
Method Description Pictorial Description
Face-to-face informal There is nothing better than face-to-face
communication communication. It helps the message
to be understood clearly and quickly.
Also, since body language can be seen
in this case; it adds to the effectiveness
of the communication.
e-mail e-mail can be used to communicate

quickly with one or many individuals
in various locations. It offers flexibility,
convenience and low-cost.
Notices/Posters It is effective when the same message

has to go out to a large group of
people. Generally used for where email
communication may not be effective.
For example, ‘Change in the lunch time
for factory worker,’ or ‘XYZ Clothing
will remain closed for customers on
Sunday.’
Business Meetings Communication during business
meetings at an organisation are generally
addressed to a group of people. It can
be related to business, management
and organisational decisions.
Unit 1.indd 4 31-Jan-20 9:48:12 AM

Other Methods There can be various other methods
like social networks, message, phone
call for communication, newsletter,
blog, etc.
Choosing the right method of communication

depends on
• target audience
• costs
• kind/type of information
• urgency/priority
The methods of communication you choose could affect
your relationship with peers, supervisors and customers.
It is, therefore, vital that you spend considerable time
and consider all factors choosing the right methods to
aid you in your tasks.
Practical Exercises
The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the
e-learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book.
html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics
as well as detailed instructions for some activities below.
Initial Thinking Activity
After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for
this topic, write the answer of the following question: Why is it
important to communicate effectively?
Activity 1
Role Play on Communication
Procedure
• Form groups with four students in each group.
• The situation is that a student is Sales Executive at a
toy store and he or she is supposed to communicate to
customers about the various types of toys available with
the store for different age group.
• The other students will reach the Sales Executive one by
one and ask different types of questions related to toys.
• Develop a script for the role play and act on the same.
• Discuss what you all learned from this activity.
Unit 1.indd 5 31-Jan-20 9:48:14 AM

Notes Activity 2
Identifying Elements of the Communication Cycle in Activity 1
Material required
Paper and pencil
Procedure
• Each student will draw a communication cycle.
• The entire class will then discuss how each element
affected communication during Activity 1.
Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
Read the questions carefully and circle the letter(s) (a),
(b), (c) or (d) that best answer(s) the question. (Note: There
can be more than one correct choice)
1. Which of the following is NOT an element of communication

within the communication process cycle?
(a) Channel
(b) Receiver
(c) Sender
(d) Time
2. You need to apply leave at work? Which method of
communication will you use?
(a) e-mail
(b) Poster
(c) Newsletter
(d) Blog
3. By which action can senders send their messages?
(a) Gestures
(b) Speaking
(c) Reading
(d) Writing
B. Subjective question
1. Make a chart highlighting all the methods of

communication. Use markers and colours to highlight
differences amongst all.
What Have You Learnt?

After this session, you will be able to
• identify the different communication elements.
• explain the communication process along with all the
communication elements.
• list the various methods of communication.
Unit 1.indd 6 11-Feb-20 9:35:19 AM

Session 2: Verbal Communication
Verbal communication includes sounds, words,
language, and speech. Speaking is one of the most
effective and commonly used way of communicating. It
helps in expressing our emotions in words. By improving
your verbal communication skills you will build rapport,
and have a better connect. Table 1.2 lists the important
forms of verbal communication.
Table 1.2: Verbal Communication
Type of Verbal Examples
Communication
Interpersonal This form of communication takes
Communication place between two individuals and is
thus a one-on-one conversation. It
can be formal or informal.
Examples
1. A manager discussing the
performance with an employee.
2. Two friends discussing
homework.
3. Two people talking to each other
over phone or video call.
Written Communication This form of communication
involves writing words. It can be
letters, circulars, reports, manuals,
SMS, social media chats, etc. It can
be between two or more people.
Examples
1. A manager writing an
appreciation e-mail to an
employee.
2. Writing a letter to grandmother
enquiring about health.
Small Group This type of communication takes

Communication place when there are more than two
people involved. Each participant
can interact and converse with
the rest.
Examples
1. Press conferences
2. Board meetings
3. Team meetings
Unit 1.indd 7 31-Jan-20 9:48:25 AM

Public Communication This type of communication takes
place when one individual addresses
a large gathering.
Examples
1. Election campaigns
2. Public speeches by dignitaries
Advantages of Verbal Communication

It is an easy mode of communication in which you
can exchange ideas by saying what you want and get
a quick response. Verbal communication also enables
you to keep changing your interaction as per the other
person’s response.
Disadvantages of Verbal Communication

Since verbal communication depends on written or spoken
words, sometimes the meanings can be confusing and
difficult to understand if the right words are not used.
Mastering Verbal Communication

Most people tend to get nervous while speaking in front
of a large group, or even while speaking to their teachers,
managers or supervisors. However, if you focus on the
points given in Table 1.3, you can enhance and master
your verbal communication skills.
Table 1.3: Mastering Verbal Communication
Think Before You • Think about your topic.
Speak • Think about the most effective ways to make your listeners
understand the topic.
• Write or note down whatever you plan to say.
Concise and Clear • Speak clearly, loudly and at moderate speed.
• Be sure the information you want to share is to the point.
• Do not repeat the same sentences.
Confidence and • Be confident.
Body Language • Maintain eye contact, stand straight and be attentive.
• Be friendly.
Practical Exercise
e-Learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book.
Unit 1.indd 8 11-Feb-20 9:36:45 AM

Initial Thinking Activity Notes
After watching the video in the e-Learning lesson for this topic write
down why do you think Tina’s directions were misunderstood?
How would you have given directions on the phone?
Activity 1
Group-Practice: Role Play of a Telephonic Conversation
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Form groups with three students in each group.
• Write a phone conversation based on a given scenario of a
student calling a university academic coordinator to know
about study courses and admission procedure.
• One student acts as caller and the other as receiver.
• Read out the conversation by enacting the roles.
• The third student gives feedback based on the 7Cs of
communication (clear, concise, concrete, correct, coherent,
complete and courteous).
Activity 2
Group-Practice on Public Speaking
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Within the group, choose a topic for a short speech.
For example, Importance of Punctuality, Healthy Food
Habits, etc.
• Each person should make a speech to the others in the
group; who then give feedback based on whether the
person was able to communicate properly.
• One student from the group volunteers to give the same
speech in front of the class.
Check Your Progress

Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b),
(c) or (d) that best answers the questions.
1. Which of the following is an example of oral

communication?
(a) Newspapers
(b) Letters
(c) Phone call
(d) e-mail
Unit 1.indd 9 11-Feb-20 9:37:08 AM

Notes 2. What are the types of words we should use for
verbal communication?
(a) Acronyms
(b) Simple
(c) Technical
(d) Jargons
3. Why do we use e-mails?
(a) To communicate with many people at the same time.
(b) To share documents and files.
(c) To talk to each other in real-time.
(d) To keep a record of communication.
1. List the different types of verbal communication.

Include examples for each verbal communication type.

After completing this session, you will able to
• describe different types of verbal communication.
• list the advantages and disadvantages of verbal
communication.
Session 3: Non-verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication is the expression or
exchange of information or messages without using any
spoken or written word.
In other words, we send signals and messages to
others, through expressions, gestures, postures, touch,
space, eye contact and para language. In this session,
Figure1.3: Non-verbal Communication
Unit 1.indd 10 31-Jan-20 9:48:27 AM

you will learn about the importance of different types
of non-verbal communication skills and also know the
correct body language to be used for communication.
Importance of Non-verbal Communication

In our day-to-day communication
• 55% communication is done using body
movements, face, arms, etc.
• 38% communication is done using voice, tone,
pauses, etc.
• only 7% communication is done using words.
Figure 1.4: Methods of Communication
As we can see in Figure 1.4, around 93% of our

communication is non-verbal. Certain examples of
communicating with tone of voice and body language
are shown in Table 1.4.
Table 1.4: Non-verbal Communication
Non-Verbal Communication
Gestures • Raising a hand to greet or say goodbye
• Pointing your finger at someone
Expressions • Smiling when you are happy

• Making a sad face when you are sad
Unit 1.indd 11 31-Jan-20 9:48:33 AM

Body Language Postures by which attitudes and feelings
are communicated. Standing straight,
showing interest.
• Our message becomes more effective if we use the

right gestures while communicating.
• If we know about non-verbal communication,
we can understand our audience’s reaction and
adjust our interaction accordingly.
• Using the right gestures and postures is a sign of
professionalism and etiquette.
• If verbal messages are obstructed by noise or
distance, etc., we can use our hand movements to
exchange messages. For example, placing a finger
on the lips indicates the need for silence while
nodding the head is the same as saying ‘yes’.
As mentioned in Table 1.5, let us learn about some
of the ways in which we communicate non-verbally.
Table 1.5: Types of Non-verbal Communication
Type What it means How to use effectively?
Facial Expressions Our expressions can show different • Smile when you
feelings, such as Happiness, meet someone.
Sadness, Anger, Surprise, Fear, etc. • Keep your face relaxed.
• Match your expressions
with your words.
• Nod while listening.
Posture Postures show our confidence and • Keep your shoulders

feelings. For example, a straight straight and body relaxed.
body posture shows confidence • Sit straight while resting
while a slumped posture is a sign of your hands and feet in
weakness. relaxed position.
• While standing, keep your
hands by your sides.
Gestures or Gestures include body movements • Keep your hands open.
Body Language that express an idea or meaning. • Avoid pointing your finger
For example, raising a hand in at people.
class to ask a question and biting • Tilt your head a bit to show
nails when nervous. that you are attentive.
Unit 1.indd 12 31-Jan-20 9:48:40 AM

Touch We communicate a great deal • Shake hands firmly while
through touch. For example, meeting someone.
a firm handshake to display • Avoid other touch
confidence and pat on the back gestures during formal
to encourage someone. communication.
Space Space is the physical distance • Maintain proper space

between two people. The space depending on the
between tow persons while relationship, which could
communicating, generally depends be formal or informal or
on the intimacy or closeness the closeness with the
between them. person with whom you
are talking.
Eye Contact The way we look at someone can • Look directly at the person
communicate a lot. Eye contact who is speaking.
shows that we are paying attention • Avoid staring; keep a
to the person as opposed to looking relaxed look.
away, which can make the other • Maintain eye contact with
person feel ignored. intermittent breaks.
Paralanguage How we speak affects our • Use a suitable tone
communication and includes the and volume
tone, speed and volume of our • Maintain a moderate speed
voice. For example, talking fast while talking
may show happiness, excitement or
nervousness while speaking slow
may show seriousness or sadness.
Visual Communication
Visual communication proves to be effective since it
involves interchanging messages only through images
or pictures and therefore, you do not need to know any
particular language for understanding it. It is simple
and remains consistent across different places. Some
common types of visual communication are shown in
Table 1.6.
Table 1.6: Examples of Visual Communication
Visual Communication: Exchanging Information through Images
Under construction No pets allowed
Unit 1.indd 13 31-Jan-20 9:48:50 AM

No parking zone No entry
Danger warning Radiation/biohazard

warning
Under CCTV surveillance No mobile phone
Practical Exercises
After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for this
topic write down how could Rohit understand something was
wrong with Amar? Can you understand how your friends are
feeling even when they do not tell you anything?
Activity 1
Group-Practice: Role-play on Non-verbal Communication
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Prepare the script for the role play, based on the given
scenario. For example, a hearing impaired salesperson is
attending a female customer at an apparel store.
• Act it out in front of your group.
• One group volunteers to act before your whole class.
Discuss how students used non-verbal communication.
Was this communication effective?
Unit 1.indd 14 31-Jan-20 9:49:01 AM

Activity 2
Notes
Group-Practice: How to Avoid Body Language Mistakes
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• In the same group of three students as above, discuss what
are the Dos and Don’ts of avoiding miscommunication
because of body language.
• Each student should write down a list of these Dos and
Don’ts. (Prepare the lists as homework, if there is less time
left to complete the task in class).
Activity 3
Individual-Practice: Comparing Methods of Communication
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Discuss the three methods of communication (Verbal,
Non-verbal and Visual).
• Ask each student to write a list of the advantages and
disadvantages of each method.
• Practice: In all your conversations at home and school,
pay attention to the non-verbal signs others are using.
Practice using the non-verbal methods you learnt here in
the right manner.
Check Your Progress

(c) or (d) that best answers the question.
1. Which of these is a positive (good) facial expression?

(a) Frowning while concentrating
(b) Maintaining eye contact
(c) Smiling continuously
(d) Rolling up your eyes
2. What does an upright (straight) body posture convey
or show?
(a) Pride
(b) Professionalism
(c) Confidence
(d) Humility
3. Which of these is NOT an appropriate non-verbal
communication at work?
(a) Keeping hands in pockets while talking
(b) Talking at moderate speed
Unit 1.indd 15 31-Jan-20 9:49:01 AM

Notes (c) Sitting straight
(d) Tilting head a bit to listen
4. Which of the following statement is true
about communication?
(a) 50% of our communication is non-verbal
(b) 20% communication is done using body movements,
face, arms, etc.
(c) 5% communication is done using voice, tone,
pauses, etc.
(d) 7% communication is done using words
5. Put a X mark against the actions below which are
examples of bad non-verbal communication.
• Laughing during formal communication
• Scratching head
• Smiling when speaking to a friend
• Nodding when you agree with something
• Standing straight
• Yawning while listening
• Sitting straight
• Maintaining eye contact while speaking
• Biting nails
• Firm Handshake
• Clenching jaws
• Looking away when someone is speaking to you
• Intense stare
1. Draw any five common signs used for Visual

Communication. Explain what each conveys and where
did you see it?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• explain non-verbal and visual communication and
their importance.
• identify different types of non-verbal communication.
• use non-verbal communication in the right manner at work.
• avoid common mistakes in non-verbal communication.
Session 4: Communication Cycle and

Importance of Feedback
Feedback is an important part of the communication
cycle. For effective communication, it is important
that the sender receives an acknowledgement from
Unit 1.indd 16 31-Jan-20 9:49:01 AM

the receiver about getting the message across.
While a sender sends information, the receiver
provides feedback on the received message.
Translated to the work environment, when you
observe someone perform their work and then,
communicate with them to help improve their
performances, you are giving feedback. Feedback
can be positive or negative. A good feedback is always
• specific
• helpful
• kind
Figure 1.5: Communication Cycle
Table 1.5: Types of Feedback
Type of Feedback Examples
Positive Feedback • I noticed you finished the work

perfectly. Great job!
• I really appreciate you taking that
call. Can you please also share
the details?
Negative Feedback • You keep forgetting to smile at the

hotel guests when you talk
to them.
• You take really long to reply to
e-mails! Are you always so busy?
No Feedback • It is also a feedback in itself which

indicates disagreement of ideas.
Feedback
Feedback, if shared properly, can help reinforce existing
strengths and can increase the recipient’s abilities to
Unit 1.indd 17 31-Jan-20 9:49:18 AM

Notes rectify errors. It can have a long-term effect in managing
and achieving goals.
A good feedback is one that is:
• Specific: Avoid general comments. Try to
include examples to clarify your statement.
Offering alternatives rather than just giving
advice allows the receiver to decide what to do
with your feedback.
• Timely: Being prompt is the key, since feedback
loses its impact if delayed for too long.
• Polite: While it is important to share feedback,
the recipient should not feel offended by the
language of the feedback.
• Offering continuing support: Feedback sharing
should be a continuous process. After offering
feedback, let recipients know you are available
for support.
Importance of Feedback
Feedback is the final component and one of the most
important factors in the process of communication since
it is defined as the response given by the receiver to
the sender. Let us look at certain reasons why feedback
is important.
• It validates effective listening: The person
providing the feedback knows they have been
understood (or received) and that their feedback
provides some value.
• It motivates: Feedback can motivate people to
build better work relationships and continue the
good work that is being appreciated.
• It is always there: Every time you speak to
a person, we communicate feedback so it is
impossible not to provide one.
• It boosts learning: Feedback is important to
remain focussed on goals, plan better and develop
improved products and services.
• It improves performance: Feedback can
help to form better decisions to improve and
increase performance.
Unit 1.indd 18 31-Jan-20 9:49:18 AM

Notes
Practical Exercise
Activity 1
Role Play on Providing Feedback
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Form groups with five students in each group.
• Two volunteers in the group should act out a role play
of a hotel staff. For example, Volunteer A can act as a
front desk executive and Volunteer B as a guest enquiring
availability of rooms.
• After the role play, remaining members of group will give
constructive feedback to both the volunteers.
Activity 2
Group-Practice on Constructive Feedback
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Each member in the group should write down three
sentences showing how feedback should NOT be given.
• Then, each group forms a circle. One person in the circle
starts by saying a sentence or feedback. The next person
in the circle tries to make the feedback more constructive.
• Keep repeating until all written feedback have
constructive alternatives.
Check Your Progress

1. Which of these are examples of positive feedback?

(a) Excellent, your work has improved.
(b) I noticed your dedication towards the project.
(c) You are always doing it the wrong way.
(d) All of the above
Unit 1.indd 19 31-Jan-20 9:49:18 AM

Notes 2. Which of these are examples of negative feedback?
(a) I hate to tell you this but your drawing skills are poor.
(b) You can surely improve your drawing.
(c) This is a good drawing but you can do better.
(d) None of the above
3. Which of the following are effective components of a good
feedback?
(a) Detailed and time consuming
(b) Direct and honest
(c) Specific
(d) Opinion-based
1. What do you mean by feedback? Let’s take a scenario.

Radha is your co-worker. Together you are making a
report on how to manage the waste in your store. Since
she has not finished her part of the report on time, the
whole report has got delayed and the manager has given
you both a warning. Write down the feedback you would
like to give your co-worker on managing time. Try to keep
the feedback specific and polite.

After completing this session, you will able to
• identify how and when to give feedback.
• explain the importance of feedback.
• use suitable words and phrases when giving or receiving
feedback.
Session 5: Barriers to Effective

Communication
What is Effective Communication?
We now know that there are different methods of
communication: non-verbal, verbal and visual. However,
all these methods can only be effective if we follow the
basic principles of professional communication skills.
These can be abbreviated as 7 Cs i.e., Clear, Concise,
Concrete, Correct, Coherent, Complete and Courteous.
These are further explained in Figure 1.6.
Absence of any of these 7Cs can lead to
miscommunication. Let us take a closer look at certain
barriers to effective communication.
Unit 1.indd 20 31-Jan-20 9:49:18 AM

Notes
Figure 1.6: 7Cs of Effective Communication
Linguistic Cultural
Barriers to
Communication
Physical and
Interpersonal
Organisational
Figure 1.7: Barriers to Effective Communication
Barriers to Effective Communication

Physical Barriers
Physical barrier is the environmental and natural
condition that act as a barrier in communication in
sending message from sender to receiver. Not being
able to see gestures, posture and general body language
can make communication less effective. For example,
text messages are often less effective than face-to-face
communication.
Linguistic Barriers
The inability to communicate using a language is known
as language barrier to communication. Language
barriers are the most common communication
barriers, which cause misunderstandings and
Unit 1.indd 21 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

Notes misinterpretations between people. For example,
slang, professional jargon and regional colloquialisms
can make communication difficult.
Interpersonal Barriers
Barriers to interpersonal communication occur when
the sender’s message is received differently from how
it was intended. It is also very difficult to communicate
with someone who is not willing to talk or express their
feelings and views. Stage fear, lack of will to communicate,
personal differences can create interpersonal barriers
to communication.
Organisational Barriers
Organisations are designed on the basis of formal
hierarchical structures that follow performance
standards, rules and regulations, procedures, policies,
behavioural norms, etc. All these affect the free flow
of communication in organisations and therefore,
need to be suitably managed. Superior-subordinate
relationships in a formal organisational structure can be
a barrier to free flow of communication. Also, sometimes
due to the stringent rules, the employees find it difficult
to communicate with their peers too.
Cultural Barriers
Cultural barriers is when people of different cultures are
unable to understand each other’s customs, resulting in
inconveniences and difficulties.People sometimes make
stereotypical assumptions about others based on their
cultural background, this leads to difference in opinions
and can be a major barrier to effective communication.
Although there are certain barriers to effective
communication, you can always overcome these
barriers by following some best practices of effective
communication that are listed here.
Ways to Overcome Barriers to Effective
Communication
• Use simple language
• Do not form assumptions on culture, religion
or geography
Unit 1.indd 22 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

• Try to communicate in person as much as possible Notes
• Use visuals
• Take help of a translator to overcome differences
in language
• Be respectful of other’s opinions
Practical Exercise
Activity 1
Role Play on Barriers to Effective Communication.
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Two volunteers from the group should act out a role play of
a salesperson in a shopping mall. For example, Volunteer
A can act as a sales executive, and Volunteer B as a
customer enquiring about a television set. The customer
is from a foreign country.
• Enact the communication barriers or challenges the
customer or salesperson may face while interacting with
each other.
Activity 2
Group practice: Overcoming Barriers
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Each member in a group should write down three ways
to overcome barriers to effective communication. The
group members will then stand in a circle. Each student
should say aloud one point each; till all the ways have
been discussed.
Check Your Progress

(b), (c) or (d) that best answers the question.
1. Which of these is NOT a common communication barrier?

(a) Linguistic barrier
(b) Interpersonal barrier
Unit 1.indd 23 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

Notes (c) Financial barrier
(d) Organisational barrier
2. Which of these are ways to overcome communication
barriers?
(a) Respecting each other’s differences
(b) Using a translator
(c) Not communicating at all
(d) Using your own language for comfort
1. Write down the common communication barriers you

may come across when you move to a new city or country.

• identify the common barriers to effective communication.
• list ways to overcome barriers to effective communication.
Session 6: Writing Skills — Parts of Speech

Writing skills are part of verbal communication and
include e-mails, letters, notes, articles, SMS/chat,
blogs, etc. In all these forms of written communication,
we use sentences to express ourselves. Sentences
are important because they help to clearly present
the message. We all know that a sentence is a group
of words that communicates a complete thought. For
example, Pooja goes to school. On the other hand, a
group of words, which does not make complete sense, is
known as a phrase. For example, Pooja goes. A sentence
always begins with a capital letter, and it always ends
with a question mark, full stop or exclamation mark. In
this session, we will cover all these topics in detail. But
first, read aloud the examples given below:
• When will you complete your homework?
• I completed it yesterday.
• That is good!
Capitalisation
We know that all sentences begin with capital letters.
However, there are certain other points in a sentence
where we should use capital letters. ‘TINS’is a set of
Unit 1.indd 24 11-Feb-20 9:38:25 AM

simple rules that help you capitalise words correctly.
Each letter in the word TINS refers to one capitalisation
rule as shown in Table 1.7.
Table 1.7: Capitalisation Rules
Alphabet T I N S
What it shows: Titles word ‘I’ Names Starting letter
of sentences
Rule Capitalise the Capitalise the Capitalise the first Capitalise
first letter in letter ‘I’ when it letter in the names the first
the titles used is used as a word of people, places, letter in every
before people’s (Pronoun). days and months. sentence.
names.
Example Dr Malik and He said that I The summer break The little girl
Mr Pandey should accompany is starting this lost her book.
were invited to him to the mall. Friday and will
the party. continue till the end
of June. Suresh is
planning to visit
London next year.
Punctuation
Certain set of marks, such as full stop, comma, question
mark, exclamation mark and apostrophe are used in
communication to separate parts of a sentence for
better clarity of message. Some common punctuation
marks and their rules are shown here in Table 1.8.
Table 1.8: Punctuation Marks
Punctuation Sign Use Example
name
Full stop . • Used at the end of a Omar is a professor. His students
sentence. call him Prof. Omar.
• Used with short form of
long words.
Comma , • Used to indicate a pause After getting down from the bus, I
in the sentence. walked towards my school.
• Used to separate two or The grocery store had fresh
more items in a row. kiwis,strawberries and mangoes.
Question mark ? • Used at the end of a Where is your book?
question.
Exclamation mark ! • Used at the end of a What a beautiful dress!
word or a sentence to Hooray! We won the match.
indicate a strong feeling.
Unit 1.indd 25 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

Apostrophe (‘) • Used followed by an ‘s’ That is Shobha’s cat.
to show possession or Are these Rahim’s colour pencils?
belonging. Let’s go for the movies today.
• Used with shortened She isn’t coming to school today.
form of words in
informal speech.
Basic Parts of Speech

The part of speech indicates how a particular word
functions in meaning as well as grammatically within
the sentence. Some examples are nouns, pronouns,
adjectives, verbs and adverbs as shown in Figure 1.8.
Nouns
(Name, Place,
Animal, Thing)
Adverbs Pronouns
(slowly, (He, she,
quickly, etc.) you, I)
Adjectives
Verbs (Walk, (Salty, Spicy,
Talk, etc.) etc.)
Figure 1.8: Parts of Speech
Table 1.8: Parts of Speech

Parts of What they do Example sentence Example
speech words
Noun Words (naming words) Kavita bought a book. ‘Kavita’ Tiger
that refer to a person, and ‘book’ are nouns. Truth
place, thing or idea. India
Raj
January
Pronoun Words used in place of Kavita bought a book. She has I
a noun a great book collection. ‘She’ is You
used in place of the noun Kavita. They
Us
She
He
Unit 1.indd 26 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

Adjectives Words that describe Kavita bought a best-selling book Large
other words. best-selling is an adjective that Red
describes the noun book. Naughty
Weak
One-foot
Verbs Words that show action Kavita buys a new book every Run
month. Buys is the verb that tells Eat
about Kavita’s actions. Think
Sit
Adverbs Words that add meaning Kavita quickly read her Easily
to verbs by answering book.‘Quickly’ tells us how Kavita Always
How? How often? When? did the action. Before
and Where? Fast
Carefully
Let us now see how these words are used. Read aloud
the sentence given below.
Hooray! Shyam and his team won the exciting
match yesterday.
We already know that Shyam, team and match are
nouns. ‘Exciting’ is an adjective here because it describes
the noun match, the word won is a verb because its
hows an action and the word ‘yesterday’ is an adverb
because it describes when they won the match.
But what about the remaining words in this sentence:
Hooray, the, and? Such supporting words are used to
join the main parts of speech together and also to add
information to the sentences. Let us now look at some
types of these supporting words.
Supporting Parts of Speech Types
Articles (a,
an, the)
Interjection
Conjunctions
(wow, oh no,
(and, but, etc.)
etc.)
Preposition
(in, on, etc.)
Figure 1.9: Supporting Parts of Speech
Unit 1.indd 27 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

Some supporting words are shown in Figure 1.9. Let
us learn more about them using Table 1.10.
Table 1.10: Supporting Parts of Speech

Supporting Parts Use Example
of Speech
Articles (a, an, the) Generally used before nouns. Wow! The boy was taken
An — used before words with a vowel sound by surprise because he
A — used before nouns with a consonant saw a bird flying over
sound his head.
The — Refers to specific or particular words
Conjunctions Joins two nouns, phrases or sentences Wow! The boy was taken
(and, but, by surprise because he
because) saw a bird flying over
his head.
Prepositions (on, Connects one word with another to Wow! The boy was taken by
over, in, under) usually answer the questions ‘where’, surprise because he saw a
‘when’ and ‘how’. bird flying over his head.
Interjections Expresses strong emotions, such as Wow! The boy was taken
(Wow!, Help!) happiness, surprise, anger or pain. by surprise because he
saw a bird flying over
his head.
Practical Exercise
The teacher will facilitate these activities – by showing you the
After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for
this topic, write down what do you think was wrong with
Seema’s letter?
Activity 1
Identifying Parts of Speech
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• In the paragraph given below (taken from from ‘La Bamba’—
a short story; Gary Soto pp. 115), identify the different
parts of speech and write them down accordingly.
“manuel walked on stage and the song started immediately
glassy-eyed from the shock of being in front of so many
Unit 1.indd 28 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

people manuel moved his lips and swayed in a made-up
Notes
dance step he couldn’t see his parents but he could see his
brother mario who was a year younger thumb-wrestling
with a friend mario was wearing manuel’s favourite shirt
he would deal with Mario later. He saw some other kids get
up and head for the drinking fountain and a baby sitting
in the middle of an aisle sucking her thumb and watching
him intently.”
• This paragraph contains examples of the parts of speech
you learnt about in this lesson.
• Identify as many of these parts of speech as you can and
mark them. Discuss what was difficult in this activity.
• Write the paragraph with correct capitalisation and
punctuation. One of the groups will volunteer and present
to the class what they have marked. They write out the
paragraph on the board with proper punctuation. The
other students will share if it is correct.
Activity 2
Pair Activity: Sentence Construction
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Form pairs of students.
• List out nine parts of speech that you learnt in the lesson.
Select any three of them and create five simple sentences
which use these parts of speech.
• For each part of speech, a volunteer reads out their
sentences. The other students share if it is correct.
Activity 3
Group Practice: Identify Name, Place, Animal, Thing
Material required
Notepad and pens
Procedure
• Number yourselves from 1 to 5.
• One set of 1–5 is in one group and so on.
• Each member of a group has to say a word that is either a
name, place, animal, thing or feeling; the fifth member has
to perform any kind of action.
• Each group gets 30 seconds to think what they are going
to say and do.
Discussion
The class discussion will highlight different words that are used
to name a person, place, animal, thing, or feeling and their role in
a sentence as parts of speech. The discussion will also highlight
the role of action words as parts of speech
Unit 1.indd 29 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

Notes
Check Your Progress
1. In which of the following, the underlined word is

an adjective?
(a) Radha has a red dress.
(b) I can speak French.
(c) The Girl on the Train is a best-seller.
(d) Abdul can swim fast.
2. Which of these sentences is capitalised correctly?
(a) Ravi and i are going to the movies.
(b) Salim is visiting India in july.
(c) The Tiger is a strong animal.
(d) She is arriving on Monday.
3. Which of these sentences are punctuated correctly?
(a) When is the party.
(b) I had bread omelette and a Banana for breakfast.
(c) I am so excited about my first foreign trip!
(d) This is Abdul’s notebook.
4. In which of these sentences can you find an adverb?
(a) Divya drinks milk every day.
(b) Sanjay gifted me a new pen.
(c) I opened the door lock.
(d) Sita is 5-feet tall.
B. Fill in the blanks

1. Fill correct nouns and verbs from the given options to
complete the sentence in table given below.
Nouns Verbs
Boy, Ms Sen, Rahim, Children, Swimming, Driving, Writing,
Cat, Students Teaching, Eating, Playing
a. The __________________ is b. The _________________ are

________________________. _______________________.
c. The _________________ are d. __________________________

________________________. is_______________ the car.
Unit 1.indd 30 31-Jan-20 9:49:26 AM

e. _______________ is f. The ____________ is
_________________. _________________.
C. Subjective question
1. Identify the conjunctions and prepositions from the list

below and write these in the correct box.
Over, Because, Under, And, Since, In, At, Although, Or, Up,
On, Beside
Conjunction Preposition

• use capitalisation and punctuation rules for sentences.
• identify the basic parts of speech.
• explain the usage of the different parts of speech.
• identify the supporting parts of speech.
Session 7: Writing Skills — Sentences

Parts of a Sentence
We all know that almost all English
sentences have a subject and a verb
while some also have an object.
Subject: Person or thing that performs
an action.
Verb: Describes the action.
Object: Person or thing that receives
the action.
Let us see the different parts of the
sentence in Figure 1.10.
Read aloud the example sentences
shown in Table 1.11 and understand
which is the subject, verb and object. Figure 1.10: Parts of a Sentence
Unit 1.indd 31 31-Jan-20 9:49:30 AM

Table 1.11: Parts of a Sentence
Sentence Subject Verb Object
He swam in the lake. He swam the lake
She rode the bicycle. She rode the bicycle
He threw the ball. He threw the ball
The dog chased the cat. Dog chased the cat
Types of Objects
In a sentence, there can be two types of objects — Direct
and Indirect. The objects provided in the above
examples are called direct objects since they are
directly ‘acted on’ by the verb. On the other hand,
an indirect object answers questions, such as ‘to/
for who.’
For example, in the sentence “She bought a bicycle
for her son.” The verb is ‘bought’.
What did she buy? A bicycle. For who? For her
son. Here, ‘bicycle’ is the direct object and ‘her son’
is the indirect object. Some sentences only have
direct objects while some have both direct and
indirect objects.
Read aloud the examples given in Table 1.12 and
practice finding the direct and indirect objects.
Table 1.12: Direct and Indirect Objects
Sentence Verb Verb+What? Verb+by Direct Indirect

whom/to Object Object
whom?
Ravi repaired repaired car Car
his car.
The children played football Football

played football.
The parents sent sent postcard him Postcard him

him a postcard.
He bought his bought computer his daughter Computer His daughter

daughter a
computer.
Unit 1.indd 32 31-Jan-20 9:49:31 AM

Types of Sentences Notes
Figure 1.11: Types of sentences
Active and Passive Sentences

Read aloud the sentence shown in Figure 1.11. What is
the difference between the two sentences?
1. Radha is reading a book.
2. A book is being read by Radha.
The action (verb) in both sentences is reading a book.
But the ‘subject’ of both sentences is different. In the
first sentence, the subject (Radha) does the action. In
the second sentence, the subject (a book) receives the
action. Read the sentences in Figure 1.12 again.
Figure 1.12: Active and Passive Sentences
Unit 1.indd 33 31-Jan-20 9:49:35 AM

Sentences where the subject does an action are
known to be in the Active voice, whereas sentences in
which the subject receives an action are known to be in
the Passive voice.
Read aloud some more active and passive voice
examples given in Table 1.12.
Table 1.12: Active and Passive Sentences
Active Voice Passive Voice
Ali changed the flat tire. The flat tire was changed by Ali.
I will clean the house every Saturday. The house will be cleaned by me every Saturday.
Ravi painted the entire house. The entire house was painted by Ravi.
So, now we know that there are active voice and

passive voice sentences. Besides these, we also have
other types of sentences which are based on the purpose
that the sentences serve while communicating.
Read aloud the sentences in Figure 1.13. How do
you think they differ from each other?
Figure 1.13: Examples of types of sentences
Each of these sentences has a different purpose.

Also, notice how each sentence in Figure 1.13 ends.
Read the examples in Figure 1.14 to understand the
different types of sentences.
Unit 1.indd 34 31-Jan-20 9:49:37 AM

Figure 1.14: Types of sentences — Description
Table 1.13: Types of Sentences

Types of Sentences
Statement or Question or Emotion/Reaction Order or
Declarative Sentence Interrogative or Exclamatory Imperative
Sentence Sentence Sentence
• Provides information • Asks a question. • Expresses a strong • Shows an order,
or states a fact. • Always ends emotion. command, request
• Always ends with a with a question • Always ends with or advice.
‘full-stop’ (‘.’). mark (‘?’). an exclamation • Can end with a
mark (‘!’). full stop or an
exclamation mark
(‘.’ or ‘!’).
Read aloud the related examples
Blue is my favourite Do you want tea or This is the best day Please lower
colour coffee? of my life! your voice.
The farewell party Is it raining? Oh, my goodness, we Respond
begins in two hours. won! immediately.
You’re a good man, Have you had lunch? I can’t wait for Meet me at the office
Raj. the party! at 10am.
Paragraph
By now, you have understood how to form correct
sentences by identifying the various components that
Unit 1.indd 35 31-Jan-20 9:49:42 AM

Notes make up a sentence. Just as a group of words form
a sentence, a group of sentences forms a paragraph.
However, to qualify as a paragraph, all the sentences
within it must have a common idea or theme.
For example, if you are writing about your best friend,
the first paragraph can be of sentences about the name,
age, personality, friendship duration and other such
details. In the next paragraph you can use sentences to
describe what qualities you like about your best friend
and how valuable your friendship is.
My mother is my best friend. She loves me a lot and cares

for me. When I am in any kind of trouble, I seek her help
and support. She gives me sound advice, and does all she
can to comfort me and make me happy.
My mother always wishes me well, and prays for my
good health, happiness and success. I cannot thank my
mother enough for all that she does for me. I am grateful
to God for giving me such a wonderful mother. I love my
mother, and hope I can make her proud.
Practical Exercise
topic write down if you think that Sanjay and Dia were able to
make correct sentences?
Activity 1
Pair-work: Making Sentences
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• First, write down five sentences that contain direct objects.
• Then, write down five other sentences that contain both
direct and indirect objects.
• Use different colours to mark the different parts of each
sentence. (Subject, Verb, Object). One volunteer shows
their list to class, who correct them, if needed.
Unit 1.indd 36 31-Jan-20 9:49:42 AM

Activity 2
Notes
Pair-work: Active and Passive Voice
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• With same pairs as above, write a paragraph on the topic
‘My Favourite Movie.’
• The paragraph should have at least two sentences in active
voice and two sentences in passive voice.
• One volunteer reads out their paragraph to the class. The
class gives feedback on it.
Activity 3
Individual Work: Types of Sentences
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Each student will make a list of minimum 12 sentences.
• These should have at least three sentences of each type —
declarative, interrogative, exclamatory and imperative.
• For each type of sentence, different volunteers read out
their sentences to the class.
• The class gives feedback on the correctness of
the sentences.
Check Your Progress

1. Identify the object, verb and subject in the sentence,

‘The car crashed into a tree.’
(a) Object: a tree; Verb: crashed; Subject: the car
(b) Object: The car; Verb: crashed; Subject: a tree
(c) Object: crashed; Verb: the tree; Subject: the car
(d) Object: crashed; Verb: the car; Subject: the tree
2. Identify the indirect object in the sentence, ‘The band
played music for the audience.’
(a) The band
(b) played
(c) music
(d) audience
3. Which of these is an imperative sentence?
(a) Switch off the fan.
(b) Sheila has gone to the market.
(c) Where are my pen colours?
(d) Oh no! I missed my flight.
Unit 1.indd 37 31-Jan-20 9:49:42 AM

Notes 4. Which of these sentences is in active voice?
(a) A movie is being watched by them.
(b) The car was repaired by Raju.
(c) He is reading a book.
(d) The thief was being chased by a policeman.
B. Subjective questions
1. Write two sentences of each type of sentence — statement,

question, exclamatory and order.
2. Which is your favourite food, dish or cuisine? Write two
paragraphs about your favourite food, dish or cuisine.
Each paragraph should have a minimum of five sentences.
Make sure you follow all the rules about sentences and
paragraphs you have learnt.
3. Practice speaking in active and passive voice with your
classmates. Also, try to identify the different parts of
sentences while you speak.

• identify the different parts of a sentence.
• list the differences between active and passive voice.
• identify and use different types of sentences.
• describe the important elements of a paragraph.
Unit 1.indd 38 31-Jan-20 9:49:42 AM

Unit 2
Self-management
Skills
Introduction
Self-management, also referred to as ‘self-control,’
is the ability to control one’s emotions, thoughts and
behaviour effectively in different situations. This also
includes motivating oneself, and setting goals. People
with strong self-management skills are better in doing
certain things better than others.
Therefore, employers too strongly prefer
people with good self-management skills.
Basics of Self-management
To perform well at work and life in
general, you must be able to manage
and improve yourself in various skills
including discipline and timeliness,
goal-setting, problem solving, teamwork,
professionalism, etc. Once you develop
your personality and abilities in these
areas,you will be able to succeed in
personal as well as professional life.
Figure 2.1 Self-management
Unit 2.indd 39 31-Jan-20 9:57:07 AM

Following are some of the skills you must master to
succeed in life:
• Self-awareness: Ask for honest feedback. Gather
insights on your personality and work-specific
proficiencies. Think about your daily interactions
and how you handled situations well or could
have handled them differently.
• Responsibility: Taking responsibility for your
tasks is very important. Taking ownership is
the step towards self-development. For example,
if you have been assigned a task by a teacher;
ensure you take complete ownership. Even if you
are unable to complete the task on time, you must
report it and then correct it.
• Time Management: Prioritise the things you
have to do. Remove waste and redundancy from
work. Make a time table and follow it diligently.
• Adaptability: Stay current with best practices
and read up on new information always. Prepare
yourself for new changes, so that you can
transition seamlessly.
Session 1: Stress Management

Stress and Stress Management
Have you ever felt worried that you will not pass in an
exam? Do you feel pressurised when people around you
bring up certain topics for discussion (issues that you
are not comfortable with)? Do you fear that
you will be unsuccessful in life? If yes, then
you are going through stress. Stress motivates
you to achieve more but when you are under
stress for a prolonged period of time, it can
cause health problems and mental troubles
as well.
What is Stress?
Stress can be defined as our emotional,
mental, physical and social reaction to any
perceived demands or threats. These demands
or threats are called stressors. Stressors are
Figure 2.2 Stress the reason for stress.
Unit 2.indd 40 11-Feb-20 9:42:01 AM

For example, Notes
• you are too close to the exams but feel unprepared.
• you are experiencing a loss of someone close in
the family.
• you are worried about what people would think
of you if you don’t dress well or cannot speak
confidently.
• you are stressed due to lack of sleep.
Stress Management
Stress is a part of everyday life. There are many
instances when stress can be helpful. A fire alarm
is intended to cause stress that alerts you to avoid
danger. The stress created by a deadline to finish a
paper can motivate you to finish the assignment on
time. But when experienced in excess or for a long
period of time, stress has the opposite effect. It can
harm our emotional and physical health, and limit our
ability to function well at home, in school and within
our relationships.
Managing stress is about making a plan to be able to
cope effectively with daily pressures. The ultimate goal
is to strike a balance between life, work, relationships,
relaxation and fun. By doing this, you are able to deal
with daily stress triggers and meet these challenges
head on.
Always keep in mind the ABC of stress management
A: Adversity or the stressful event
B: Beliefs or the way you respond to the event
C: Consequences or actions and outcomes of the event
Stress management can help you to

• have a joyful life.
• focus and complete tasks on time.
• be a happy person as you are stress free.
• be more energetic and spend quality time with your
friends and family.
Self-management Skills 41
Unit 2.indd 41 31-Jan-20 9:57:08 AM

Three Steps to Manage Stress
Look out for signs of stress, such as
Step 1: Be aware
headache, sleeplessness, sadness, excessive
that you are worrying, nervousness, etc. Only when we
stressed are aware, we can manage stress.
Step 2: Identify Find out the reason for your stress. Is it

what is causing because of exams, family pressures, money
you stress issues, not eating good food, etc.?
Use time management tools to manage your

Step 3: time well. Focus on the important tasks and
Apply stress get them done. Talk to someone close about
management the issue. Take time to relax by exercising,
methods watching movie or any other activity which
can help feel relaxed.
Figure 2.3 Managing stress
Management Techniques
Here are a few simple stress management techniques.
• Time management: Proper time management
is one of the most effective stress-relieving
techniques.
• Physical exercise and fresh air: A healthy lifestyle
is essential for students. Stress is generally lower
in people who maintain a healthy routine. Doing
yoga, meditation and deep breathing exercises
help in proper blood circulation and relaxes the
body. Even taking a walk or playing in the park
will help you get a lot of fresh oxygen, which will
help you become more active.
• Healthy diet: Having a healthy diet will also help
you reduce stress. Eating a balanced diet, such
as Dal, Roti, vegetables and fruits will give you
the strength to do your daily work efficiently.
• Positivity: Focussing on negative aspects of life
will add more stress. Instead, learn to look at
the good things and stay positive. For example,
instead of feeling upset over a scoring less in a
test, try to maintain a positive attitude and look
at ways to improve the next time.
Unit 2.indd 42 31-Jan-20 9:57:10 AM

• Organising academic life; no delaying: By Notes
keeping class notes organised, finishing in
assignments on time, and keeping track of all
deadlines, stress can be reduced to a great extent.
• Sleep: We should get a good night’s sleep for at
least 7 hours so that your brain and body gets
recharged to function better the next day.
• Holidays with family and friends: Going to a
relative’s place, such as your grandparents’ house
or a new place during your summer vacations can
help you break from the normal routine and come
back afresh.
Ability to Work Independently

If you can become a calm and relaxed person, you will
be have the ability to work independently, which means.
1. becoming self-aware, self-monitoring and
self-correcting.
2. knowing what you need to do.
3. taking the initiative rather than being told what
to do.
4. recognising your mistakes and not blaming others.
5. having the ability and the will to learn continuously.
Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and
manage one’s own emotions, as well as the emotions
of others. It is generally said to include at least
three skills:
• Emotional awareness : the ability to identify and
name one’s own emotions.
• Harnessing emotions : the ability to harness
and apply emotions to tasks like thinking and
problem solving.
• Managing emotions : the ability to regulate one’s
own emotions when necessary and help others to
do the same.
Knowing how to manage one’s emotions is critical
for all of us. You can manage stress, keep your brain
Unit 2.indd 43 31-Jan-20 9:57:10 AM

Notes active and open minded, and easily overcome failures
if you can keep your emotions in check. Emotional
intelligence can also help you have better relations with
your friends and family.
Let us take an example. Ravi and his best friend,
Shiv, have been practising for the annual school dance
competition. They are both performing solo. On the
day of the competition, Shiv won. Ravi felt extremely
sad and dejected. He shouted at Shiv unnecessarily,
cried and also did not talk to his parents for 3–4 hours.
On the contrary, if Ravi would have been emotionally
intelligent, he would have accepted defeat gracefully,
and done better in the next competition.
Being emotionally intelligent enhances your chances
of success and a balanced life.
Some steps to manage emotional intelligence are as
given below.
• Understand your emotions: Observe your
behaviour and note the things you need to work
on. You can then work on the things you need
to improve.
• Rationalise: Do not take decisions abruptly; be
rational in your thinking.
• Practise: Do meditation and yoga to keep
yourself calm.
Practical Excercise
e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities below.
• After watching the video ‘Have you faced this situation?’ in
the e-learning lesson, discuss what you have learnt from
the video. Do you think Priya was worried that she will
not meet her goal? What would you do differently in her
situation?
• After watching the video ‘Managing Stress at Work’ in the
e-learning lesson, discuss the various stress management
techniques that were used in the video by Gaurav to
improve his situation.
Unit 2.indd 44 31-Jan-20 9:57:10 AM

Activity 1 Notes
Role Play on Avoiding Stressful Situation
Material required
Pen, notepad or sheets of paper
Procedure
• Form groups of three.
• Choose any one situation from below.
• Prepare a skit (role play) and perform within your groups.
• Two members will perform the skit and one member will
observe and share feedback.
Situation 1
You have missed your school bus and you are getting late. What
will you do? Will you panic or call for help or try to find a way?
Situation 2
You have to perform your best in the next cricket or badminton
match so you get a chance to play for your school at the national
level cricket or badminton tournament. You have been anxious
(worried or stressed). Will you lose your sleep worrying about it
or will you go to the field and practice?
Activity 2
Self-reflection
Material required
Pen or pencil
Procedure
• Complete the below table by listing the situation(s) that
can cause stress and what will you do to avoid stress in
such situations.
• Use the stress management techniques shared in the
lesson to complete the exercise.
Stress Management
Stress Causing Situation(s)
Techniques
Activity 3
Benefits of taking a holiday
Material required
Pen or pencil
Procedure
• Write an essay to describe the place and your experience
during a holiday trip or summer camp.
• Highlight how the trip helped you de-stress.
Unit 2.indd 45 31-Jan-20 9:57:10 AM

Check Your Progress
A. Subjective questions
1. Describe stress and stress management in your

own words.
2. List your favorite stress management technique and
elaborate why you find it the most effective.

• define stress management.
• identify the steps for managing stress.
• create a list of personal stressful situation and ways to
handle them.
Session 2: Self-awareness — Strength and

Weakness Analysis
Being self-aware means that you can identify your
strengths and weaknesses. Self-awareness, therefore,
will help you in converting your weakness into strength
and strength into an exceptional talent. Analysing your
strengths and weaknesses helps you to attain success
in life. However, strength and weakness analysis begins
with knowing yourself first.
Knowing Yourself
Understanding who you are, what
Beliefs you like or dislike, what are your
beliefs, what are your opinions,
what is your background, what
Background
you do well and what you do not
do well is important because only
Who am I? Opinions then can you actually measure
your strengths and weaknesses
(see Figure 2.4).
Likes/dislikes
Strength and Weakness
Analysis
Values
Understanding who you are
Figure 2.4 Knowing Yourself means looking outside your usual
Unit 2.indd 46 31-Jan-20 9:57:10 AM

characteristics, such as your name, qualification and
interpersonal relationships. In other words, being self-
aware actually means knowing your inner strengths,
hidden talents, skills and even weaknesses. Let us look
at how we define strengths and weaknesses.
Figure 2.5 Strength and Weakness
Examples of strengths
• I am good at creative writing.
• I am confident of speaking in front of an audience.
• I play guitar very well.
Examples of weaknesses
• I find it difficult to solve mathematics problems.
• I would like to speak English fluently.
• I do not like to lose in any game or sports.
By understandig Based on that

By improving, we will
ourselves we can information, we can
• become confident in
• know what we • plan the next steps
what we do.
can/cannot do. to improve ourselves.
Techniques for Identifying your Strengths

and Weaknesses
Finding Strengths (or abilities)
• Think of anything that you are always
successful at.
Unit 2.indd 47 31-Jan-20 9:57:12 AM

• Think about what others like in you.
• Take out time and think about what you do well.
Finding Weaknesses
• Point out the areas where you struggle and the
things you find difficult to do.
• Look at the feedback others usually give you.
• Be open to feedback and accept your weaknesses
without feeling low about it. Take it as an area
of improvement.
You can find your strengths and weaknesses once
you find answers to the questions given here.
• How am I different from others?
• What do I do better than others?
• What do other people admire in me?
• What makes me stand out?
• Where do I worry and struggles?
• Where, how and why do others perform better
than me?
• What advice for improvement do I often receive
from others?
Difference between Interests and Abilities

(Strengths)
Table 2.1: Difference between Interests and Abilities

S.No Interests Abilities
1. Things that you like to do in your An acquired or natural capacity
free time that make you happy.
2. Things you are curious about or Enable you to perform a
would do even if no one asked you particular job or task with
to do it. considerable proficiency.
3. Things you want to learn or would
like to do in the future.
When your interests do not match your abilities, you

can either improve your abilities or follow some other
path. For example, you may like music, but you may
not be good at singing. In that case, do not try to become
a singer!
Unit 2.indd 48 31-Jan-20 9:57:12 AM

Practical Exercise
e-Learning lesson athttp://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book.
After watching the initial video ‘Finding the right job’ in the
e-Learning lesson, write down the points that you will use from
the video to understand your own strengths and weaknesses.
Activity 1
Pair Activity: Aim in Life
Material required
Procedure
• Each student will make a list of things that they can do
well based on the given format.
• Share your notes with your partner.
• One volunteer from the pair comes and reads, in front of
the class.
Here is the format for you to fill in
I am
I can (abilities)
I will (plan)
My aim is
Activity 2
Individual Activity: Interests and Abilities Worksheet
Material required
Student textbooks, pen
Procedure
• Each student has to complete the given worksheet,
containing a list of statements and questions.
• Each student has to be real and honest when filling
the worksheet as it is for their own understanding
of themselves.
• If they are not real and honest, they will get incorrect
results about their own interests and abilities.
Worksheet - My Interests and Abilities
I am happiest when
My idea of a perfect day
Unit 2.indd 49 31-Jan-20 9:57:12 AM

Notes
Five things I really
enjoy doing
Three things I like to do
every day
I am most passionate about
Ideas or issues I care deeply
about
If I had the talent or ability,
I would
If I could choose any job, it
would be
The three activities that
I love to do?
How often do I do them?
What stops me from doing
the activities more often?
What specific changes do
I need to make in order to
engage in these activities
more frequently?
Check Your Progress

1. Fill in the table given below to prepare an action
plan to build upon your strengths and overcome
your weaknesses.
Strengths Weakness Action plan to build upon
your strengths and
overcome your weaknesses

• identify your own strengths and weaknesses.
• explain how to build on your strengths and overcome your
weaknesses.
• identify your interests.
Unit 2.indd 50 31-Jan-20 9:57:12 AM

Session 3: Self-motivation
Have you heard of the story of the hare and tortoise?
Who won that race in spite of being slow? The tortoise.
They key to win was that the tortoise never thought less
of itself and stayed motivated even though it was lagging
behind. But slowly and gradually it crossed all hurdles
and continued the race without being demotivated.
Self-motivation is simply the force within you that
drives you to do things. Self-motivation is what pushes
us to achieve our goals, feel happy and improve our
quality of life. In other words, it is our ability to do
the things that need to be done without someone or
something influencing us.
Here are some examples of self-motivation.
Neha spends all her Rekha gets up at 5

after-school hours am and goes for her
to practice more dance classes. Then
and more sample she comes home and
question papers. She finishes her hoemwork
wants to do well in before going to school.
her exams so that she She does this all by
can get admission in herself. No one tells
her dream college in her to do it.
the city.
Figure 2.7 Self-motivation
Different people are motivated by different things

and at different times in their lives.
Types of Motivation
Internal Motivation: LOVE
We do things because they make us happy, healthy
and feel good. For example, when you perform on
your annual day function and you learn something
new, such as dancing, singing, etc., you feel good.
External Motivation: REWARD

We do things because they give us respect, recognition
and appreciation. For example, Suresh participated
in a 100m race and won a prize. This motivated him
to go for practice every morning.
Unit 2.indd 51 31-Jan-20 9:57:18 AM

Qualities of Self-motivated People
There are some typical behaviours seen in self-motivated
people which are as given below.
Know what they want Are focussed Know what is Are dedicated to fulfill
from life important their dreams
Figure 2.8: Qualities of self-motivated people
Mr E Shreedharan, Former Managing Director, Delhi

Metro Rail Corporation Ltd, was a self-motivated and
energetic person. With his dedication and respect for
others, he motivated his team to work hard and achieve
results.
Mahashay Dharmapal Gulati, the founder of
Mahashian Di Hatti (MDH) Private Limited started with a
small shop in Karol Bagh but with his focus, dedication
and clear ideas, MDH (Spice Company) became one of
the most popular brands in India besides having a good
reputation all over the world.
Building Self-motivation
There are four steps for building self-motivation, which
are as given below.
Stay loyal to
Develop a plan your goals
to achieve
your goals
Set and focus
on your goals Work towards
Find out your Plan and set timelines
achieving your goal,
strengths even when you are
to achieve your goals, facing difficult time.
Plan a list of activities For example, even
Define the goals that you will do to
you want to though I did not clear
achieve each goal. For the Hotel Management
Identify your likes achieve and example, after schooling,
focus all your entrance exam, I will
and dislikes. you may be required to find out other ways to
Understand what energy to achieve appear for a competitive
your goal. For become a chef.
makes you happy. examination to join Hotel
For example, I example, I want Management Institute.
love cooking. to be a chef.
Figure 2.9: Building self-motivation
Unit 2.indd 52 31-Jan-20 9:57:24 AM

Notes
Practical Exercise
some activities below.
• After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for
this topic why do you think that Shyam was unable to
complete his work?
• Also, watch the video on ‘Becoming Self-motivated and
Commitment’ in the e-learning lesson and discuss how
Nikhil motivated Sheela using the Hare and Tortoise story.
Discuss your learnings in the class.
Activity 1
Staying Motivated (Group Discussion)
Material required
Pen, notepad or sheets of paper, chart paper
Procedure
• Form groups of three.
• Choose any one of the following situation and write down
the steps you would take to motivate yourself.
• Your teacher gives you feedback on the essay you had
written. There are a lot negative remarks. What will
you do to motivate yourself to improve the essay?
• Your father has given you the responsibility of
arranging for a birthday party for your little sister who
is turning 3 years old. You do not want to do this task.
How will you motivate yourself to do the work?
Activity 2
Self Reflection
Material required
Pen or pencil
Procedure
• Make a list of reasons that stop you from being motivated.
• Write down ways by which you will motivate yourself to
overcome them.
Reasons for not Ways to overcome
being motivated
For example: People For example: I will learn to speak English
make fun of the way correctly by attending classes after school.
I speak English.
Unit 2.indd 53 31-Jan-20 9:57:24 AM

Notes
Check Your Progress

(b), (c) or (d) that best answers the question.
1. What makes you complete work or studies without
others cheering you?
(a) Self-confidence
(b) Communication
(c) Self-motivation
(d) Self-esteem
2. Which of the following are types of motivation?

(a) Internal
(b) Intermediate
(c) External
(d) Extensive
3. Ravi works hard to get the best student award at the
end of year. What type of motivation is this?
(a) Internal
(b) External
(c) Both internal and external
(d) Not any specific type of motivation

• explain the meaning of self-motivation.
• identify types of motivation.
• list the qualities of self-motivated people.
• list the steps to build self-motivation.
Session 4: Self-regulation — Goal Setting

Goals and Setting SMART Goals
A man was travelling and stopped at an intersection. He
asked an elderly man, “Where does this road take me?”
The elderly person asked, “Where do you want to go?”
The man replied, “I don’t know.” The elderly people said,
“Then take any road. What difference does it make?”
How true is that? When we do not know where we are
Unit 2.indd 54 31-Jan-20 9:57:24 AM

going, any road will take us there. So in life, we need
to have a clear vision of what we will do and where we
want to go.
Goal setting is a very

essential factor in your
personal life. The process
of goal setting in your life
helps you decide on how
to live your life, where you
want to be, and how you
want to be in the future.
Goals : They are a set of dreams with a deadline to

get them, for example, saving pocket money to buy a
favourite mobile phone by a particular date.
Goal setting : It is all about finding and listing your
goals and then planning on how to achieve them.
Goals allow you to separate out what’s important.
It helps you to focus on the end result instead of less
important work. This will make you successful in your
career and personal life.
How to Set Goals?

We can use SMART method to set goals. SMART
stands for:
• Specific : A specific and clear goal answers six
questions. Who is involved in the goal? What do
I want to do? Where do I start? When do I start
and finish? Which means do I use? Why am I
doing this?
Not a specific goal: “I would learn to speak
English.”
Specific goal: “I would learn to speak English
fluently by joining coaching classes after my
school everyday, and in six months I will take
part in the inter-school debate competition.”
• Measureable : A measureable goal answers the
questions “How much?”, “How many?” and “How
do I know that I have achieved results?”
Unit 2.indd 55 31-Jan-20 9:57:24 AM

Notes Not measurable goal: “I want to be rich.”
Measurable goal: “I want to have 5 times more
money than what I have today in my hand at the
end of this year.”
• Achievable : Breaking down big goals into smaller
parts will make the goal achievable.
Bigger Goal: “I want to become a teacher in my
school.”
Breaking it into smaller goals:
Complete higher secondary
Complete Graduation
Complete B.Ed.
Apply for jobs in the teaching field
• Realistic : A realistic goal would be something
that we want to achieve and can work towards.
Example of unrealistic goal: “I will read my
entire year’s syllabus in one day and get good
marks.”
Realistic goal: “I spend 3 hours every day of
the year after school to revise my subjects to get
good marks in the exams.”
• Time bound : A SMART goal should have a
timeframe by when the goal needs to be achieved.
This encourages us to take actions to completely
fulfill the goals.
Not a time bound goal: “I want to lose 10 kg
someday.”
Time bound goal: “I want to lose 10kg in the
next 6 months.”
Practical Exercise
some activities given ahead.
• After watching the initial video ‘Introduction’ in the
e-learning lesson, discuss the in the class: Why did Amit
feel he was not prepared for the future?
• After watching the video ‘Setting SMART Goals’ in the
e-learning lesson, discuss what you have learnt from
the video.
Unit 2.indd 56 31-Jan-20 9:57:24 AM

Activity 1 Notes
SMART Goal or Not (Group Work)
Materials required
Procedure
• Indicate whether the below mentioned goals are SMART or
not. If they are SMART goals then tick mark against each
aspect of SMART.
Goals Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time
(Yes or (Yes or No) (Yes or No) (Yes or bound
No) No) (Yes
or No)
I want to
earn INR 1
crore in my
first job.
I want to
become
a teacher
after my
post-
graduation.
I want
to travel
to many
places.
Activity 2
Long-term Goals and Short-term Goals (Peer Feedback)
Material required
Procedure
• Form groups of four. Work individually in your group and
complete the below table. Once completed, share with
your group and seek feedback on your goals. Share your
feedback when other members of the groups are presenting
their goals.
Short-term Goals (What are Long-term Goals (What are
your goals in the next 6 your goals in the next 5
months to 2 years?) years?)
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
Unit 2.indd 57 31-Jan-20 9:57:24 AM

Notes Activity 3
Self Reflection
Material required
Pen or pencil
Procedure
• Complete the table below by writing how you will make
sure that the goals you set for yourself are SMART. Use the
tips shared in the lesson for doing this.
SMART Goals How will make sure the goals
are SMART
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time-bound
Check Your Progress

1. What is Goal Setting?

2. In SMART goals, what does ‘S’ stand for? Explain.
3. What is the best way to work on long-term goals?

• explain the meaning of ‘Goal Setting.’
• identify the benefits of ‘Goal Setting.’
• create short-term and long-term goals using
SMART method.
Session 5: Self-regulation — Time

Management
Time Management and Its Importance
Sameer was a very lazy boy and always used to postpone
things. His father tried to make him understand the
value of time. Sameer promised his father that he would
never postpone his tasks. One day, he won the first prize
in a singing competition. He was asked to collect the
Unit 2.indd 58 31-Jan-20 9:57:24 AM

prize the same day. He didn’t care and went to collect
the prize the next day. But the prize was now useless for
him, as it was a ticket to a circus show for the previous
day. That day Sameer learnt an important lesson — the
importance of doing things on time.
Time management is the ability to

plan and control how you spend
the hours of your day well and do
all that you want to do. An example
of good time management skills
would be when you decide to finish
your homework immediately after
school so you have time to watch
TV later in the evening.
Example and Non-example of Time

Management
Sameera is always punctual Nisha usually arrives late to work.

at school. She has a regular She does not submit her assignments
schedule that she follows on time. She sometimes gets carried
everyday. She plans for study away in certain activities and forgets
and play time in advance. the main tasks in hand.
Time management is the thinking skill that helps

you to
• complete tasks on time.
• make a daily timetable.
• make a good guess at how long it will take you to
do something.
• submit homework and assignments on time.
• not waste time during the day.
Unit 2.indd 59 31-Jan-20 9:57:25 AM

Four Steps for Effective Time Management
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
Organise Pritortise Control Track

• We plan our day- • We make a to-do • We have a • We identify
to-day activities. list that has all our control over our and note where
• We make a activities and we activities and we have spent
timetable that we rank them in the time. our time. This
follow. order of importance. • We avoid time will help us
• We keep our For example, you wasters like analyse if we
surroundings and may rank doing chatting on have used our
study table clean homework as the the phone, time effectively
and mess free. most important task. surfing gossip or not. It
• We put things back It helps us to get sites, etc., and also helps
where they belong. the most important focus on more us to identify
• It helps us save task done first and important time-wasting
time! also to track what is things. activities
pending.
Tips for Practicing the Four Steps for

Effective Time Management
• Avoid delay or postponing any planned activity
• Organise your room and school desk
• Develop a ‘NO DISTURBANCE ZONE’, where you
can sit and complete important tasks
• Use waiting time productively
• Prepare a ‘To-do’ list
• Prioritise
• Replace useless activities with productive activities
Practical Exercise
some activities given below.
After watching the video ‘ Time Management’ in the e-learning
lesson, discuss — What you have learnt from the video? Which
steps of time management were followed in the video?
Unit 2.indd 60 11-Feb-20 9:44:03 AM

Activity 1
Notes
Pair Work : Making a List of Activities
Material required
Procedure
• Form groups of two. Complete the below table with a list
of activities that you do on a daily basis. Remember to
include in the list, every small activity that you do.
• The next step would be to group them into three types
‘Must Do’, ‘Should Do’ and ‘Nice to Do’.
• Use a tick mark to indicate the group. An example is
given below.
• Once completed share with your partner and discuss each
other’s table.
List of Must Do Should Do Nice to Do (Not
Activities (Urgent and (Important Urgent and Not
Important Tasks) Important)
tasks)
Complete

Homework
Chat with

friends
Book movie 
tickets for
tomorrow
Activity 2
Managing your time to reach school on time
Material required
Pen
Procedure
• List out the to-do plan with timing to make sure you reach
school on time.
To-do List
1.
2.
3.
4.
Check Your Progress

1. What is time management and how can you manage
your time?
2. How can tracking your time help you?
Unit 2.indd 61 31-Jan-20 9:57:30 AM

Notes What Have You Learnt?
• define time management.
• list the steps for managing time effectively.
• create a to-do list of various activities that you need to do
in a day (in order of priority).
Unit 2.indd 62 31-Jan-20 9:57:30 AM

Unit 3 Information and
Communication
Technology Skills
Session 1: Basic Computer Operations

ICT stands for Information and Communication
Technology. ICT refers to all the methods, tools,
concepts related to storing, recording and sending
digital information.
Information can be recorded or stored in many
ways, handwritten on paper, written using a typewriter
and so on. When information is stored and recorded
on electronic devices, it takes on a ‘digital’ form. ICT
devices are tablets, smartphones and laptops as shown
in Figure 3.1.
ICT skills help us to communicate, run our
business and stay connected with our family and
friends. Hence, every person needs to acquire
ICT skills and build them to stay updated with
the latest software and applications (apps).
Computer Hardware and Software

A computer system consists of two main parts—
the hardware and the software. The physical
parts that we can see and touch are called
Figure 3.1: ICT Devices
Unit 3.indd 63 31-Jan-20 10:04:56 AM

hardware. It is the machinery of a computer.
These are the keyboard, monitor, CPU, etc.
There is another important part i.e., the
software. Though we cannot see it, it makes the
hardware work the way we want.
The monitor is a physical device or the
hardware. When we start a program, for
example, a game, it is displayed on the monitor.
Software This is done by the software which displays text,
Hardware images and videos on the monitor as shown
Figure 3.2: Hardware and Software

in Figure 3.2. Hardware would not be able to
function without software.
Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets
are also computer systems with hardware and software.
They are simply smaller in size and can be easily
carried around.
The most important software in any computer is the
Operating System (OS). This is the software that starts
working as soon as we switch on a computer. It displays
the desktop on the monitor. Some of the most commonly
used operating systems for laptops and desktop are
Ubuntu, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS.
Mobile devices also have an operating system that
helps them perform their functions. Some of the mobile
operating systems are Apple iOS and Google Android
(as shown in Figure 3.3).
All the computer applications, such as browsers,
games, Office tools, etc., are also software programs
Figure 3.3: Mobile Android OS that perform particular functions.
Starting a Computer
What is the first thing you do after you wake up in
the morning? What if your father tells you to do your
homework immediately? Can you do it? Normally you
would do some daily activities and get ready before you
start working? Similarly, when a computer is switched
on, it performs some basic processes/functions before
it is ready to take instructions from the user.
To start a computer, press the Power button on the
CPU. This will start the operating system and display
the Ubuntu desktop as shown in Figure 3.4 or the main
Figure 3.4: Power Button screen on the monitor.
Unit 3.indd 64 31-Jan-20 10:05:01 AM

Basic Functions performed when a computer
starts
Just as we go about our morning routine without
anyone telling us what to do, a computer automatically
runs a basic program called BIOS (Basic Input/Output
System) as soon as it is switched on or the power button
is pushed on.
The BIOS first does a self-test. If the self-test
shows that the system is fine, the BIOS will load the
Operating System. This means that the computer’s
operating system, for example, Ubuntu, is now ready to
take user inputs.
Login and Logout

Just like we keep our cupboards locked at home we need
to keep our computer locked when we are not working
on it. This will ensure that no unauthorised person
can see or make changes to our information without
taking our permission. To make sure your computer is
locked, you have login-IDs and passwords. A login and
password is like a key to the lock which allows you to
use the computer.
When you login to the computer with your login-ID
and password (as shown in Figure 3.5), the computer
knows that you are an authorised person and allows
you to work on the applications in the computer. Once
you finish working, you must log out or sign out so that
no one else can see your work.
Figure 3.5: Login Screen Figure 3.6: Log Out
Information and Communication Technology Skills 65
Unit 3.indd 65 31-Jan-20 10:05:01 AM

Notes Shutting Down a Computer
You can shut down the computer in Ubuntu by clicking
Systems button at the top right and then click Shut
Down as shown in Figure 3.6. When you click Shut down,
the Operating System will close all the applications and
turn off the computer.
Using the Keyboard

A keyboard is an input device used to type text, numbers
and commands into the computer. It is shown in
Figure 3.7.
Figure 3.7: Parts of a Keyboard
Function Keys
Keys labeled from F1 to F12 are function keys. You
use them to perform specific functions. Their functions
differ from program to program. The function of the F1
key in most programs is to get help on that program.
Some keyboards may have fewer function keys.
(a) Control keys: Keys, such as Control (CTRL),
SHIFT, SPACEBAR, ALT, CAPS LOCK and TAB,
are special control keys that perform special
functions depending on when and where they
are used.
(b) Enter key: The label on this key can be either
ENTER or RETURN, depending on the brand of
computer that you are using. You use the ENTER
or the RETURN key to move the cursor to the
beginning of a new line. In some programs, it is
used to send commands and to confirm a task on
a computer.
Unit 3.indd 66 31-Jan-20 10:05:01 AM

(c) Punctuation keys: Punctuation keys include
keys for punctuation marks, such as colon (:),
semicolon (;), question mark (?), single quotation
marks (‘ ’), and double quotation marks (“ ”).
(d) Navigation keys: Keys, such as the arrow keys,
HOME, END, PAGE UP, and PAGE DOWN are
navigation keys. These are used to move up and
down, right and left in a document. The HOME
and END keys move the cursor to the left/right
end of a line of text, respectively. The PAGE UP
and PAGE DOWN keys are used to move one page
up and one page down, respectively.
(e) Command keys: Keys, such as INSERT (INS),
DELETE (DEL), and BACKSPACE are command
keys. When the INSERT key is turned ON, it
helps you overwrite characters to the right of the
cursor. The DELETE key and the BACKSPACE
key are used to remove typed text, characters
and other objects on the right and left side of the
cursor, respectively.
(f) Windows key: Pressing this key opens the
Start menu
Using a Mouse Left-click

A mouse as shown in Figure 3.8 is a small device that
you can use to move, select and open items on your
computer screen. Let us see some of the functions that Scroll
can be performed using a mouse. Different application
will behave differently to the mouse actions. Here we use Right-click
the File Explorer to see the effect of the mouse action. Figure 3.8: Mouse
Roll Over or Hover

Some actions can be done by simply rolling over
or hovering over an item. When you bring the
mouse over a file in File Explorer, it will show
the details of that file as shown in Figure 3.9.
Point and Click

As you move the mouse on your desk, a pointer
Figure 3.9 Roll Over
moves correspondingly on your screen. The
mouse allows you to select an item on the
Unit 3.indd 67 31-Jan-20 10:05:02 AM

screen. When you click a particular file, it
gets selected as shown in Figure 3.10.
Drag and Drop

To move an item, you need to click it, and
then holding the mouse button down, move
the item to a new location. After you move
Figure 3.10 Point and Click the item to the new location, you release the
mouse button. This is called drag and drop.
When you drag a file in File Explorer, you
can pick it up from the present location and
drop it in a new location where you release
the mouse as shown in Figure 3.11.
Double-click
Double-clicking means to quickly click the
left mouse button twice. When we double-
Figure 3.11 Drag and Drop click on a file, it will open the file.
Practical Exercise
html ->Using a Computer. This will include videos and e-content
for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for some
activities below.
After watching the initial video write what do you think happens
when you start a computer and enter data using a keyboard
and mouse?
Activity 1
Group Demo on Use of Computer
Material required
Pen, notebook, computer
Procedure
• Form groups depending on the number of computers
available. One student starts the computer and logs in.
• Another student identifies the keys on the keyboard.
A third student then performs all the functions of the
mouse such as hover, click, double-click, etc.
• Discuss and note differences between hardware and
software and also how they work together to perform a
task on the computer.
Unit 3.indd 68 31-Jan-20 10:05:02 AM

• After you have performed all the activities, another Notes
student shuts down the computer.
• Other students watch and give feedback on what was
done right and which tasks can be improved.
Activity 2
Group Practice: Using the Keyboard
Material required
Computer
Procedure
• Form groups depending on
the number of computers
available.
• Open a text editor in
Ubuntu by typing ‘editor’ Figure 3.12 Typing
in the search bar and then
selecting the Text Editor. You can also open Notepad in
Windows by typing Notepad on the Windows Search bar
and then selecting Notepad from the search result.
• One student positions his or her hands on the keyboard as
shown in Figure 3.12 and types the following paragraph
in the text editor.
“People use computers at work, at school and at home every day.
In factories computers are used to control the manufacturing
process and in offices to make documents, such as reports. We
also use computers for sending e-mails and playing games.”
Now, another student in the group will check the paragraph
and correct the grammar and spelling mistakes.
Check Your Progress

1. Which of the following functions is not performed using

a mouse?
(a) Turn on
(b) Hover
(c) Right click
(d) Drag and Drop
2. What is the term used when you press and hold the left
mouse key and move the mouse around?
(a) Highlighting
(b) Dragging
(c) Selecting
(d) Moving
Unit 3.indd 69 31-Jan-20 10:05:03 AM

3. Here are the steps that take place when starting a
computer. Rearrange the steps in the correct order.
(a) Desktop appears after login
(b) Login screen appears
(c) Power on Self-Test (POST) starts
(d) Operating system starts
(e) Welcome screen appears
1. What is the function of the ENTER key?
2. How will you prevent others from using your computer?

• demonstrate the process of starting a computer.
• identify the various keys on a keyboard and their
associated functions.
• perform various mouse functions.
Session 2: Performing Basic File Operations

Basic File Operations
In any school (or office), each teacher has a separate
cabinet as shown in Figure 3.13 where they keep the
files of different students or classes on separate shelves.
Similarly, information on a computer is stored in
electronic files, which can be put into separate folders.
It is easier to manage the electronic files as they can be
simply copied, moved, renamed or even deleted.
Figure 3.13 File Cabinet
Files and Folders
All information stored in a computer is kept in
files. Different types of files store different types of
information. Each file is given a file name and has a
file name extension that identifies the file type. The file
name and file name extension are separated by a period
or a ‘dot’. For example, a document (e.g., Neha) created
using Notepad (a type of computer application to create
simple text files) will have the extension .txt. There are
other types like .doc, .xls, etc. An image file usually has
an extension .jpg while a sound file usually has .mp3.
A folder is a location where a group of files can
be stored.
Unit 3.indd 70 31-Jan-20 10:05:03 AM

Creating a File (Using a Text Editor in Ubuntu)
When a student, Neha, joins a class, the teacher creates
a file on the computer to store Neha’s information, such
as name, address, phone number, etc. Let us create a
new file using a text editor in Ubuntu.
• To open a text editor, type ‘editor’ in the search
dialog box. Then double-click the text editor
option as shown in Figures 3.14 and 3.15. This
will open a blank document. In Windows, you can
open Notepad and type in the text.
• Here you can add text, such as ‘Neha Tiwari
Shakti Nagar, New Delhi, 7856453451’
• To save the file click Save. In the Save As dialog
box, browse to the Desktop folder, type the name
as ‘Neha’ and click Save as shown in Figure 3.16.
Figure 3.14 Opening Text Editor
Figure 3.15 Text Editor Figure 3.16 Saving a File

Unit 3.indd 71 31-Jan-20 10:05:03 AM

Creating a Folder (in Ubuntu)
Folder is a location where a group of files can be stored.
For example, we can create a folder where all the files
for all the students can be stored.
Let us create a new folder in Ubuntu.
• To open file explorer in Ubuntu, click Files
option on the left as shown in Figure 3.7.
• File explorer opens up as shown in Figure 3.18.
• To create a folder:
(a) Choose a location where the folder has to be
created for example ‘Desktop’.
(b) Right-click and then choose the ‘New Folder’.
(c) Type the name of the folder as ‘Demo’.
Figure 3.17: Choose the File Option Figure 3.18: File Explorer
Figure 3.19: Right-click on Desktop and Figure 3.20: Type Demo as the name of
click New Folder the new folder
Unit 3.indd 72 31-Jan-20 10:05:04 AM

Notes
Practical Exercise
The teacher will facilitate these activities – by showing you the
html ->Performing Basic File Operations. This will include videos
and e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions
for some activities below.
topic why do you think it is important to know how files are
stored in a computer?
Activity 1
Creating a folder
Material required
Pen, notebook, computer
Procedure
• Form groups depending on the number of computers
available. Each member of the group creates a new folder.
Others can watch and give feedback on what was done
correctly and what can be improved.
• Open a text editor in Ubuntu or Notepad in Windows
• Create a 2 folders Demo1 and Test1
• Now delete the folder Test1
Each group can study the following shortcut commands together.
CTRL+z — undo CTRL+c — copy
CTRL+y — redo CTRL+v — paste
CTRL+a — select all CTRL+p — print
CTRL+x — cut CTRL+s — save
• The first group asks the other groups a question (e.g.

what does CRTL+z do? (Answer is Undo) or what is the
shortcut for Copy (CTRL+c). Whichever group answers
correctly gets one point otherwise the next group answers
and so on. Whichever group gets most points, wins.
Check Your Progress

1. Which one of the following shortcut keys is used to paste

a file?
(a) Ctrl + c
(b) Ctrl + p
(c) Ctrl + v
(d) Ctrl + x
Unit 3.indd 73 31-Jan-20 10:05:04 AM

Notes 2. Which of the following is a valid file extension for Notepad
file?
(a) .jpg
(b) .doc
(c) .text
(d) .txt
3. What keys do you use to copy something?
(a) Ctrl+x
(b) Ctrl+c
(c) Ctrl+z
(d) Ctrl+y
1. How is a computer file system similar to our physical file
system in a school?
2. What are the steps you will perform to save a text file in
Ubuntu?
What have you learnt?

• describe what computer files and folders are.
• open a new file in a text editor, type in your details and
save the file.
Session 3: Computer Care and Maintenance

Importance of Care and Maintenance
of Computers
Taking care of our things whether it’s our books,
clothes, furniture or gadgets is important. Taking
care of electronic devices, such as computer and
mobiles helps them to work properly. Just as we take
care of our body by taking bath, brushing our teeth
and eating food every day we need to take care of our
machines. A computer is a delicate machine with a lot
of moving electronic parts. We need to protect it from
dust and damage. If we are careless, it will not work
efficiently.
Computers and mobiles are very expensive. When
we take good care of them on a regular basis, we
can use them for a longer time. This will help us
save money as we do not need to buy new devices
too often.
Unit 3.indd 74 31-Jan-20 10:05:04 AM

Basic Tips for Taking Care of Devices
Here are some simple ways that you can follow to take
care of your computer.
Keeping a Device Clean

Cleaning a device, such as a computer or mobile means
to keep the screen, keyboard and mouse clean. Figure 3.21: Cleaning keyboard
with soft brush
(i) Keyboard: First we should not eat anything over
a keyboard. Crumbs can damage the internal
parts of a keyboard. You can clean a keyboard
with a soft brush as shown in Figure 3.21 to
remove crumbs and dust particles.
(ii) Screen: You can wipe the screen with a soft cloth
to remove any finger marks.
(iii) Be careful with food and drinks: Avoid eating Figure 3.22: Avoid keeping food
and keeping glasses of water or cups of coffee near a computer
near a computer as shown in Figure 3.22. Any
liquid spilt over an electronic device can spoil it
beyond repair.
(iv) Handle devices carefully: Handle and move your
laptop carefully and avoid dropping or banging
it against a hard surface. Even a short fall can
damage the screen or the hard disk and make the
Figure 3.23: Avoid dropping
device useless. Using a cover for your mobile and bag containing laptop
a padded case for moving your laptop as shown
in Figure 3.23 protects the device from damage.
(v) Keep the computer cool: If a computer, laptop
or mobile device gets overheated, the internal
parts can be damaged. The CPU has an internal
fan to keep it cool. We should make sure the fan
is functioning. You can also use an external fan
as shown in Figure 3.24. Avoid leaving a device in Figure 3.24: Keep device cool
the sun or in a closed car. We should be careful
when using a laptop while sitting in bed and
make sure that the fan in not covered.
(vi) Do not overcharge your battery: Sometimes
we keep a device plugged in for charging even
after it is fully charged. If we leave the device
plugged in for a long time as shown in Figure
Figure 3.25: Do not over
3.25, it can overheat the battery. This reduces charge your battery
Unit 3.indd 75 31-Jan-20 10:05:06 AM

the battery life. Always unplug the device once it
is charged 100%.
(vii) Always plug in devices carefully: Any device
being connected to a laptop or computer such
as a USB drive or headphones, should be done
gently. It should not be forced into the port. If
you find it difficult to plug in a device, change the
direction and try instead of trying to force it in.
Figure 3.26: Too many (viii) Do not run too many programs at a time: When
programs running at a time too many programs are running at the same
time as shown in Figure 3.26, the computer can
become slow and even crash. If a program/app is
not being used, it should be closed so that other
programs can work smoothly.
Prepare a Maintenance Schedule

We need to prepare a plan or a schedule for maintenance
to keep the computer running in perfect condition for a
long time. This can include:
(a) Daily Maintenance
i. Clean up your e-mail inbox
ii. Download e-mail attachments and save in
proper folders
(b) Weekly Maintenance
i. Clean your keyboard
ii. Clean your monitor
iii. Dust CPU and printer
iv. Backup your data to an external drive
(c) Monthly Maintenance
i. Transfer photographs to computer and delete
from drive
ii. Organise photos into folders or albums
iii. Clean up ‘Download’ folder
iv. Uninstall unused programs and apps
v. Run disk-cleaner software
vi. Run full system virus scan
(d) Yearly/Annual Maintenance
(a) Clean up contacts list on social media
accounts
Unit 3.indd 76 31-Jan-20 10:05:06 AM

(b) Clean up e-mail contact list
(c) Update your operating system
(d) Check for expiry of anti-virus software
and renew
Backup Your Data

Backing up data means to save the information present
Figure 3.27: Backup Data
on your computer on another device, such as CD/DVD on CD/DVD
drives as shown in Figure 3.28 or hard disk. Data can
recovered from here in case the computer stops working
completely. Computers can crash, humans can make
mistakes and natural disasters, such as floods can
happen. So, it is important for companies, hospitals,
banks, etc., to keep their information safe — so that
their business can continue to function smoothly and
their customers do not face problems.
Scanning and Cleaning Viruses

Sometimes computer viruses can enter a computer
from such attacks we can install anti-virus software.
This will prevent any viruses from entering and will also
clean any viruses that may enter our system before they
affect the data.
Increasing Computer Performance

If we have been using a computer for a long time we
have a lot of unnecessary files and data, such as
temporary files and images. When they use too much
hard-disk space, the performance of the computer goes
down. It is important that we keep cleaning
by removing any extra files. We can use some
disk cleaner software, which help us clean up
the unnecessary files.
Removing SPAM from your Computer

Sometimes we get mails from companies
who are advertising a product or trying to
attract you to their website. Such mails are
called SPAM.
We should never respond to SPAM and
delete it on a regular basis. Figure 3.28: SPAM folder
Unit 3.indd 77 31-Jan-20 10:05:06 AM

Notes It is possible to set filters in the settings to prevent
SPAM from entering our mail box. Most e-mail software
have a SPAM folder as shown in Figure 3.28 and
automatically put all such emails into this folder.
Practical Exercise
Activity 1
Making a Chart
Material required
Pen, notebook, chart paper, pictures.
Procedure
• Form groups and make a chart to list down all the
ways in which a device can be damaged and how it can
be prevented.
• Make sure all students in the group get a chance
to participate.
Check Your Progress

1. What happens if you leave a device plugged in even after

it is charged 100%?
(a) It can break.
(b) It can stop functioning.
(c) It can over-heat.
(d) Data can get corrupt.
2. How can an anti-virus protect your device?
(a) It can protect it from over-heating.
(b) It can increase its performance.
(c) It can prevent data from getting corrupt.
(d) It can backup data.
3. Which option is not required to keep a device cool?
(a) Keep the device unplugged when in use.
(b) Do not cover a laptop with a blanket.
(c) Make sure computer’s CPU fan is working.
(d) Avoid leaving the device in the sun.
4. Which of the following is essential for maintaining
keyboard?
(a) Turn the keyboard upside down and shake it to
remove foreign material.
Unit 3.indd 78 31-Jan-20 10:05:06 AM

(b) Blow dust and other particles with help of a blower.
(c) Use a very dilute combination of soap and water
applied with a non-abrasive cloth to remove stains
from the keycaps.
(d) All of the above.
1. Explain how to clean a computer on a daily basis.

2. How can you increase the performance of a computer?

• identify the importance of taking care of computers.
• list the various ways in which computers can be
damaged.
• demonstrate how to prevent damage and take care
of computers.
Session 4: Computer Security and Privacy

We store a lot of information on our computers and
electronic devices. For example, we keep our photos
on our mobiles, school computers store personal
information regarding every student and their parents,
computers used in banks store the financial information
of their clients and computers in hospital have important
information about patients. If any of this information
gets lost or leaked and falls into the wrong hands, it can
cause a lot of harm to the people. Figure 3.29: Computer Security
For example, if information stored in a bank’s

computer gets leaked it can cause many people to lose
a lot of money. Hence, it is essential to keep computers
secure and our data safe.
Computer Security Deals with Protecting

Computers
Computer security and privacy deals with the measures
used to prevent loss of data.
Reasons for Security Break

Security break is leakage of information stored in
a computer.
Unit 3.indd 79 31-Jan-20 10:05:07 AM

Personal information can be lost or leaked in
two ways:
1. We are not careful in giving out personal
information over the Internet. For
example, we share our account details
and password on unsecure sites.
2. A person gets unauthorised access to
our computer. This can happen in the
office if we leave are computer without
logging out.
Figure 3.30: Security Breach Computer security and privacy is about
measures we can take to restrict access to
personal data stored in a computer.
Threats to Computer
Threats are the ways in which personal
information can be leaked from a computer
without our knowing.
(a) Theft: Theft means stealing of
information or hardware. These maybe
of three types:
Figure 3.31: Physical stealing
• Physical: Where a person may
steal your desktop computer or
laptop.
• Identity: Where a hacker steals
your personal information and
assumes your identity. Using this
false identity, the hacker can gain
access to your account information
or perform illegal activity.
• Software Piracy: This is stealing
of software and includes using
Figure 3.32: Online stealing
or distributing unlicensed and
unauthorised copies of a computer
program or software.
(b) Virus: Viruses are computer programs that can
damage the data and software programs or steal
the information stored on a computer. Major
types of viruses are Worms and Trojan Horse.
• Worms: These are viruses that replicate
Figure 3.33: Worm virus themselves and spread to all files once they
Unit 3.indd 80 31-Jan-20 10:05:13 AM

attack a computer. This makes it very difficult
to remove them.
• Trojan Horse: A Trojan Horse disguises itself
i.e., it appears to be a useful software program
but once it reaches a computer it starts
behaving like a virus and destroying data.
• Online Predator: Online predators are people
who trap you into inappropriate relationships.
They may be older people posing to be your
age, bullying you into doing illegal activities
online and sometimes face to face.
• Internet Scams: Sometimes you may receive
very attractive offers saying you have won
a huge money in a lottery and that you can
claim the prize by depositing a certain amount
of money. When you deposit the money
using credit card or online banking, you not
only lose the deposit money but your card /
account information may be misused later.
Protecting your Data

To protect our data from theft and viruses we
can take the following measures:
(a) Use passwords to login to your
computer: Use passwords that are
difficult to guess. Passwords are difficult
to hack if they are a mix of small (For
example ‘a b c d’) and capital letters
(For example, ‘H J E R’), numbers (For
example ‘8 7 6 5’) and special characters
(For example, ’% ^ # $’). This would Figure 3.34: Antivirus
prevent unauthorised people from
using your computer.
(b) Install Anti-virus and Firewall: Anti-viruses
and Firewall monitor the data coming in and
out of a computer and prevent and viruses from
entering. Anti-viruses can also detect and clean
viruses that may have entered a computer.
(c) Encrypt Data: This is usually done by banks
and companies in which important customer
information is stored. They can encrypt their
entire hard disk using encrypting feature in Figure 3.35: Data encryption
Unit 3.indd 81 31-Jan-20 10:05:16 AM

Notes Windows (Bitlocker). This would force users to use
a decryption password (or key) before starting the
computer thus preventing unauthorised usage.
(d) Secure sites: Give details of your credit card or
bank account only on secure sites. See in the
address bar of the browser. If the site address
starts with https://and a lock symbol, then it is
safe to give your credit card and bank details.
Practical Exercise
e-learning lesson athttp://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book.
After watching the initial video write down the type of risk present
to the data available in different places, for example in a school,
hospital, bank, etc.
Activity 1
Group Chart Making
Material required
Pen, notebook, computer, Chart paper, colours
Procedure
• Form groups depending on the number of students
available. Make a chart to show all the different threats
faced by a computer and how you can protect a computer
from such treats.
Check Your Progress

(c) or (d) that best answers the question
1. What should you do to ensure secure online transactions?

(a) Lock your computer
(b) Give credit card or bank details only on safe websites
(c) Use anti-virus
(d) Do not use pirated software
2. Which of the following trap small children into
inappropriate relations?
(a) Online predators
(b) Worms
(c) Trojan Horse
(d) Anti-Virus
Unit 3.indd 82 11-Feb-20 9:48:12 AM

3. What should a strong password consist of?
Notes
(a) Only letters
(b) Numbers and special characters
(c) Name of a person
(d) Letters, numbers and special characters
1. Explain how Trojan Horse virus works.

2. List the various ways you can use to protect your data.

• identify the importance of securing our computers
and data.
• list the various threats to a computer and its data.
• list the various ways to protect data.
Unit 3.indd 83 31-Jan-20 10:05:16 AM

Unit
4
Entrepreneurial
Skills
Introduction
Entrepreneurship is being talked about a lot in the
world today, and especially in India. Entrepreneurship
is the type of self-employment where one is running a
business to satisfy the needs of people and looking for
ways to make the business better to make profits. This
unit focusses on encouraging students to learn about
entrepreneurship and its functions from the world
around them.
Entrepreneurs are all around us. We would have
spoken to a lot of them through the course of this
module. We also learnt that successful entrepreneurs
have the following qualities.
• They are confident. They believe in themselves
and their abilities.
• They keep trying new ideas in their business.
• They are patient.
• They are creative and think differently about
business ideas.
• They take responsibility for their actions.
• They take decisions after thinking about them.
• They work hard.
• They do not give up when they face a difficulty.
Unit 4.indd 84 31-Jan-20 10:08:55 AM

Session 1: Entrepreneurship and Society Notes
We learnt last year that the two ways in which one
can earn a living are through wage employment and
self-employment. Wage employed people are people
who work for a person or an organization and get paid
for that work. Self-employed people are those who
start businesses to satisfy the needs of people. A self-
employed person who is always trying to make his/her
business better by taking risks and trying new ideas is
an entrepreneur.
Example: Ramya and Ramu both own plant shops.
Ramu sits at his shop every day. When customers
come, he sells to them. Ramya walks around and gets
customers to her shop. She also sells seeds and flowers
with her plants.
Ramya is working to do more and grow her business.
She has also added a different idea to her business. So,
Ramya is an entrepreneur and Ramu is a businessman.
Practical Exercise
Activity 1
Entrepreneurs I know: Individual Practice
Procedure
• In this activity, we will think of the entrepreneurs we know.
Instructions
1. Think of 4 entrepreneurs whom you know or have seen.
2. Draw circles and in each circle write the name of that
entrepreneur, what business they run, and one thing
that you really like about their business.
3. After writing, share the details of the entrepreneurs with
your class.
You have identified entrepreneurs around you.

Where do these entrepreneurs do their business?
Entrepreneurs run their businesses in a market.
The market has people who buy products and services
and people who sell them also. When people are buying
and selling from each other, it is helpful for everyone
because everyone involved makes money. This is how
entrepreneurs help in growing the area and society they
live in.
Entrepreneurial Skills 85
Unit 4.indd 85 31-Jan-20 10:08:55 AM

Aditi has a store where she sells different types
of shampoos. She has many customers. She buys
the shampoos in large quantities from a woman.
There are two men who work in the store to help
her sell.
Aditi is helping people in her area to make
money. She is also increasing jobs in her area.
Aditi is helping the people in the society around
her to live better.
So, what do entrepreneurs do when they run
Figure 4.1: Customer needs, wants
and demands their business?
Fulfil Customer Needs

Demand means a product or service that people want.
Entrepreneurs find out what people want. Then, they
use their creativity to come up with a business idea that
will meet that demand.
Use Local Materials

Entrepreneurs use the material and people available
around them, to make products at low cost.
Help Society
Entrepreneurs have a positive relationship with society.
They make profits through activities that benefit
society. Some entrepreneurs work towards saving the
environment, some give money to build schools and
hospitals. This way, the people and area around them
becomes better.
These are the roles that entrepreneurs do in a society.
How do you think entrepreneurs affect the society they
live in? Let’s read.
Create Jobs
With the growth of a business, entrepreneurs look for
more people to help them. They buy more material, and
from more people. The also hire more people to work for
them. In this way, more people have jobs.
Sharing of Wealth
Wealth means having enough money to live a comfortable
life. As entrepreneurs grow their business, the people
Unit 4.indd 86 31-Jan-20 10:08:56 AM

working for them and in related businesses also grow.
Hey have more money to live a better quality life.
Lower Price of Products

As more entrepreneurs sell the same product, the price
of the product goes down. For example, when more
mobile phones were getting sold in India, the cost of the
phone became lesser.
Let’s learn about the role of entrepreneurs in society
by reading Bharti’s story.
Bharti, the Jewellery Queen

Bharti is a young woman from Bihar. Many girls in her
area like to wear earrings. She buys jute from a farmer
and makes earrings from that. Her business is called
Manavi Natural Handicrafts. She sees that most women
in her village do not work. So, she hires two women to
help her. As her orders increase, she buys more jute.
She hires three more women to work for her. The farmer,
and the women working for her now earn more money.
They are able to save money for their future.
Do you think Bharti is an entrepreneur? Read her
story and tick the correct answer for each question in
Table 4.1
Table 4.1
Questions about Bharti’s business Answers
What demand did Bharti identify in Options
her village? (a) People in her village wanted Jute
(b) Girls in her area liked to wear earrings
(c) The villagers wanted more water
What is the local resource that Bharti Options
used? (a) Jute
(b) Water
(c) Sand
How is Bharti helping her village grow? Options
(a) By buying jute from the local farmer who
can now earn more money
(b) By providing jobs to local women
(c) Both (a) and (b)
How was she creating more jobs? Options
(a) By selling earrings to women without a job
(b) By buying jute from the local farmer
(c) By providing jobs to local women
Unit 4.indd 87 31-Jan-20 10:08:56 AM

Notes We’ve read how entrepreneurs help in the growth of
the society around them. Let’s try it out ourselves now!
Practical Exercise
Activity 2
Field Work : Let’s be an Entrepreneur
Procedure
• In this activity, students will find problems on their school
campus that can be turned into business opportunities.
Instructions
1. Form groups of 3 each.
2. Take 30 minutes to go around your school.
3. Note down 2–3 problems you see on your school campus.
4. Write down some business ideas to solve these problems
in the table given below.
5. Also think about how your business ideas will help the
school. One example has been written for you.
Problem Business ideas How will this help the
school?
For example, 1. Make plant 1. The school will look
plastic cola pots out of green and beautiful.
bottles bottles and sell The air will be fresh.
from the to students and
canteen are parents. 2. The canteen owner
harming the will spend less money
environment 2. Sell cola in on buying glass
glass bottles. bottles because they
can be used again.
Check Your Progress

A. State whether the following statements are True or False
1. Entrepreneurs can create jobs in the market.

2. When many entrepreneurs sell mobile phones in a
market, the prices of phones increase.
3. Entrepreneurs identify a need in the market and build a
product or service for it.
Unit 4.indd 88 31-Jan-20 10:08:56 AM

1. List the ways in which an entrepreneur affects a society.

• identify the role of entrepreneurs and how they help in
the growth of society.
Session 2: Qualities and Functions of an

Entrepreneur
In the previous section, we read how entrepreneurs help
in the growth of the world around them. To help society,
how do they think and behave?
Qualities of an Entrepreneur
Quality is a way in which a person acts or behaves.
Some examples of qualities in people are hardworking,
nice, rude, etc. Read the comic strips in Figures 4.2 and
4.3 and learn about the qualities of an entrepreneur.
Qualities of an Entrepreneur
You must believe in yourself. t
did no
! T h a t idea
You should be CONFIDENT Oh okay. I
r k . B u t, it is
and take business wo NEW
RYING
decision Keep T .
IDEAS
is
y business I had a CREATIVE and different
Running m T IE NT
A
ut, I am P solution to the problem — that is
difficult. B es s
know succ why I am successful!
because I
soon.
will come
Figure 4.2
Unit 4.indd 89 31-Jan-20 10:09:01 AM

The Story of Zafar
Oops! I made a mistake. But, I take DECISIONS AFTER
it was my decision. so, I Take THINKING about whether
RESPONSIBILITY for it. I will they are good or bad for
work to make my business.
it better
y hours, Sometimes, I have so many problems.

ng so man
I am worki WORK
so. But, I But, I DO NOT GIVE UP. I stay
Sundays al od
use it is go positive because everything will be fine.
HARD beca y.
m p an
for the co
Figure 4.3
We’ve read about the qualities of successful

entrepreneurs. Let us find what the entrepreneurial
qualities that we have!
Practical Exercise
Activity 1
My Entrepreneurial Qualities: Self-assessment
Procedure
• In this activity, the students will rate themselves on the
entrepreneurial qualities mentioned below.
Y N Y N
I believe in myself and what I can I keep trying new ideas.
do. I am confident.
I think of different ways to
Problems take time to get solved. solve a problem. I am creative.
I am patient about solving them.
I think before I make a decision.
I take responsibility for my
I do not give up when I face a
actions and mistakes.
problem.
I work hard on every task.
Figure A
Unit 4.indd 90 31-Jan-20 10:09:10 AM

Instructions
Notes
1. Listed in Figure A are all the qualities of successful
entrepreneurs.
2. Think about yourself. Mark yes or no against
each quality.
3. Give yourself a point for every ‘yes’ answer.
Debrief questions
1. Look at how many ‘yes’ you have. You are good at these
things. Can you be better at these? How?
2. Look at the ‘no’ statements. What can you do to learn
these qualities?
Activity 2
Let us Solve a Problem!
Procedure
• In this activity, students will try and solve a problem in
their vicinity.
Instructions
1. Similar to Activity 1.2, select a problem in the area
near your home. This could be a problem that really
bothers you.
2. Make a 5-step plan for how you will solve the problem.
3. Implement step 1 of your solution!
4. After that, try implementing all the steps. Try your
solution for a week.
5. At the end of the week, rate yourself again on the
entrepreneurial qualities you rated yourselves on in
Activity 2.2.
Questions for Discussion
Are your ratings on your entrepreneurial qualities before doing
the activity and after doing the activity different?
What qualities did you see yourself apply in the activity? You
would have applied some or all of these entrepreneurial qualities
while implementing your solution. You did not implement a
business solution, but you exercised these qualities anyway.
These are ideal qualities than an entrepreneur has.
However, any individual who is trying to solve a problem can
be entrepreneurial. If employees of a factory or company work
hard to try new ideas to make their company’s products better
or find creative ways to get work done, they are also showing the
qualities of an entrepreneur. They are also being entrepreneurial.
If your mother or father work in a company, ask them if they
show these qualities.
Functions of an Entrepreneur
If you were to become an entrepreneur, you now know how you
would think and act. But, what would you actually be doing in
your business? What work will you do every day? Let’s find out.
Unit 4.indd 91 31-Jan-20 10:09:10 AM

Notes Activity 3
Interview an entrepreneur
Procedure
• In this activity, students will observe entrepreneurs
at work, and speak to them and their employees about
their work.
Instructions
1. Identify an entrepreneur in your area that you like
or know.
2. On a weekend, spend some time in their shop and note
everything that they do.
3. After that, speak to the entrepreneur and ask them in
detail what activities they do in a day.
4. Also speak to somebody who works for them. Ask them
what activities they see the entrepreneur do in a day.
Write all your notes in Figure a.
5. After you are back in class, make a list of all the
actions you listed with your teacher. Compare your list
with the list of your friends. Notice how many actions
get repeated.
Figure a
Everyone in class would have spoken to different kinds of

entrepreneurs. But, when you compare the responses you got to
the responses your friends got, you will see that all entrepreneurs
do some common activities. These activities are called functions.
Function means working in a way. Functions of an entrepreneur
Unit 4.indd 92 31-Jan-20 10:09:14 AM

would be the work that an entrepreneur does. In Figure 4.8, you
Notes
will read the common functions that all entrepreneurs do.
MAKING MANAGING CREATE

DIVIDE TAKING
DECISIONS THE A NEW
INCOME RISK
BUSINESS METHOD,
An An Risk is the IDEA OR
The PRODUCT
entrepreneur entrepreneur entrepreneur chance of
makes plans the divides the something An
decisions future of business going entrepreneur
everyday. his or her money wrong. is always
business. to many An trying new
This includes things.
what to He/she groups. entrepreneur
produce or arranges for takes risks He/she
raw material, He/she against fires,
sell, how spends does this to
much and hires people lost items increase their
for work money to and theft.
where to sell. buy material, importance
and tells and income.
everyone pays rent of
what to do. the building
They also and salaries
check if the to people.
plan is being
followed.
Figure b
Check Your Progress

A. Here are some stories of some entrepreneurs. Tick the
option for the quality they are showing.
1. Ravi’s customer comes to his store and starts shouting
at him. He does not get angry. He listens to what his
customer is saying. He is ____________.
(a) hardworking
(b) confident
(c) patient
(d) prying new ideas
2. Susheela decides to sell her company tyres in Sri Lanka.
It does not sell and she has a loss. She apologises to the
people who work for her. She says she will plan better
next time. She _______________________.
(a) takes responsibility for your mistakes
(b) thinks before making a decision
(c) does not give up
(d) is creative
Unit 4.indd 93 31-Jan-20 10:09:19 AM

Notes B. Tick the correct option for the function that the
entrepreneur is doing.
1. Ali has a diamond factory. He pays his employees on the
1st of every month.
(b) Manages the business
(c) Takes risk
2. Mary buys bulbs for her business from Noida. She learns
that bulbs are cheaper in Faridabad. So, she decides to
start buying bulbs from there.
(a) Makes decisions
(b) Divides income
(c) Takes risk
3. Rehnuma has two people who work for her. Every day,
she spends one hour with them to learn about what
they’ve done that day.
(b) Divides income
(c) Manages the business
C. Subjective question
1. What do you think is the most important function of

an entrepreneur? Write your answer giving suitable
examples.

• identify the qualities of successful entrepreneurs.
• list the functions of entrepreneurs.
Session 3: Myths about Entrepreneurship

We know that entrepreneurs are all around us. But
even now, how many of us want to be entrepreneurs
ourselves? We connect entrepreneurship with some
thoughts and opinions. Some people think being an
entrepreneur is easy, and some people think it is
difficult. Some people may even think they are not
meant to be entrepreneurs.
A myth, or a misconception, is a false belief or opinion
about something. For example, if we think tall people
run faster than short people, we have a misconception.
It is not true. The truth is that short people can also
run fast.
Unit 4.indd 94 31-Jan-20 10:09:19 AM

In the same way, here are some misconceptions we Notes
might have about entrepreneurship. We will also read
about the actual truth.
Misconception 1
The misconception is that every business

idea needs to be unique or special.
The businesses mentioned in the activity above are
common businesses that we see every day. But, each
entrepreneur saw customer demand and brought a
new idea into their business. A person can take an idea
that is already there in the market and do something
different with it.
Ganesh is an entrepreneur who started a car rental
business. He wanted to be different from other car rental
businesses. So, he thought of a new idea of adding
luxury cars like Mercedes and BMW to his business.
After 10 years of being in the business, he now has 200
cars, of which 75 are luxury cars.
Practical Exercise
Activity 1
Identifying Everyday Heroes
Procedure
• In this activity, the teacher will make chits about different
professions and the students will act them out. There will
be a discussion after that. The professions are
1. a vegetable seller not using plastic bags
2. a businesswoman running a delivery system
3. a chai wala selling fruit flavoured tea
4. a gold seller selling gold teeth
Instructions
1. There will be professions of different people written on
each chit of paper. The student reads the profession and
acts it out for the class.
2. Identify what each person is doing differently in
their business.
Questions for Discussion
1. Are all these people entrepreneurs? Why or why not?
2. Being a vegetable seller, selling chai or selling gold —
How many of these are new business ideas? How many
of these are common business ideas?
Unit 4.indd 95 31-Jan-20 10:09:19 AM

Notes Misconception 2
The misconception we have is that a person

needs a lot of money to start a business.
The money used to start a business is called capital.
Capital is important for starting. However, every
business does not need a lot of capital to start. In the
activity, you would have seen that every entrepreneur
started with a different amount. Some had a lot of
money, and some did not. But, they are successful
today.
Depending on how much money you have or can
borrow, you can start a business with that much
money. Once you make more money, you can put that
into your business to make it bigger.
Practical Exercise
Activity 2
Talking to Entrepreneurs: Interview
Procedure
• In this activity, students speak to entrepreneurs and learn
about the money needed to start a business and how
to raise money needed for the business. Students should
find out how the entrepreneur raised the money for
their business.
Instructions
1. Identify three different types of successful entrepreneurs
in your area.
2. Ask them how much money they started their
businesses with.
3. What are the sources?
4. How did they raise the money?
5. Caution — not everyone likes talking about money.
Please ask your questions with respect. If someone does
not want to answer, let it be!
6. Fill ‘ Table a’ after the conversation.
Table a
Entrepreneur E.g. Kashish
Name
Type of business Lightbulb shop
Capital ` 50,000 –
` 1,00,000
Unit 4.indd 96 31-Jan-20 10:09:19 AM

Year of starting 2001
Notes
How does one Borrow money
raise money from your family,
for business? use your own
What are the money, etc.
sources?
How did you do I borrowed money
it? from my family.
Question for discussion

1. Compare the amounts across the businesses. What do
you see?
Misconception 3
A misconception we have is that only a person

having a big business is an entrepreneur.
Sheila is 35 years old. She loved to drive. She worked
hard for five years and bought a taxi for herself. She
wanted to be different from other taxi drivers in the
city. She said ‘hello’ to her customers. She would put
that day’s newspaper in her car, for her customers
to read. She had a small TV where customers could
watch different channels. She also had a board with the
numbers of the nearby hospitals and hotels. Because of
this, customers would stand in line to take a ride in her
amazing taxi!
After reading Sheila’s story, fill up Table 4.2.
Table 4.2
What was Sheila doing?
Why was she doing it?
Many of us may not call Sheila an entrepreneur

because she had a taxi business. However, she was
working for herself, was thinking about what her
customers would want and was adding good things to
her taxi. As per our definition, she is an entrepreneur.
No business is big or small. If a person is running
a business to fulfill a customer need, they are an
entrepreneur. Most businesses start small. It becomes
big with hard work and creativity.
Unit 4.indd 97 31-Jan-20 10:09:20 AM

Notes Misconception 4
A misconception we have is that entrepreneurs

are born, not made.
Before we read on, ask yourself this question — Do
you think you can be an entrepreneur? Answer as yes
or no.
Practical Exercise
Activity 3
Make and sell
Procedure
• In this activity, students make an item in class and step
out to sell it to someone.
Instructions
1. Form groups of 5 people each. The group should have a
mix of boys and girls.
2. Look into your bags and desks and find any three items.
Put them on your desk.
3. With the materials you’ve collected, make an object.
Take 15 minutes to do this.
4. Now, take 30 minutes to sell it for money, to someone
in school.
Questions for discussion
Were you able to do it? What do you now think — can you be
an entrepreneur?
Sometimes, we think that only some people have the

talent for doing business. An entrepreneur is a person
who does whatever it takes to make the business
successful. In the above activity, you did everything
you could do to sell your product. So, you are already
an entrepreneur!
Being an entrepreneur starts with a way of thinking.
You must believe that anything is possible and it shall
be achieved. It starts with thinking of an idea that you
want to work on, making it different.
There are four misconceptions we broke
about entrepreneurship.
Unit 4.indd 98 31-Jan-20 10:09:20 AM

Notes
Check Your Progress
1. What is the difference between a misconception and

reality? Give an example.
B. Match each story below with the misconception about

entrepreneurship.
Story Misconception
Ramu owns a large clothes (a) Every business idea needs
shop. Shamu has a small to be unique or special.
store selling handmade
sarees. Shamu does not call
himself an entrepreneur.
Anna has a great idea for a (b) Entrepreneurs are born,
website. She has ` 5,000. She not made.
is waiting for ` 20,000 more,
so that she can start it.
In a city of thousands of (c) A person needs to have a

tailoring shops, Gauri is big business to be called an
a tailor who stitches good entrepreneur.
quality clothes and has a
very successful business.

• list the misconceptions around entrepreneurship and
the truth behind them.
Session 4: Entrepreneurship as a
Career Option
So far, we have discussed the effect of entrepreneurship
on society the qualities and functions of an
entrepreneur and misconceptions we might have about
entrepreneurship.
In this section, we shall think about entrepreneurship
as a life choice.
Unit 4.indd 99 31-Jan-20 10:09:20 AM

A career is a line of work that a person takes for
life. There are two ways a person can earn a living.
They are
1. self-employment
2. wage employment
For example, a doctor who works for a hospital is a
wage employed person. If the same doctor has their own
clinic, he or she is a self-employed person.
A self-employed person running a business to satisfy
a need by trying new ideas is an entrepreneur.
A person who becomes an entrepreneur goes through
a career process. This process is as follows:
ENTER SURVIVE GROW
When an entrepreneur is There are many entrepreneurs Once the business is

starting, they are just entering in the market. The entrepreneur stable, an entrepreneur
the market to do business. has to remain in a competitive thinks about expanding
market. his or her business.
For example, Sanjana is For example, there are many For example, after five
starting a small grocery store other grocery stores in the area. years, Sanjana has
in a locality. Yet, Sanjana’s store survives opened a chain of four
the competition and does well. more grocery stores in
She also expands the store to the same city. In the next
two more floors. two years, she plans to
expand to tow other cities.
Practical Exercise
Activity 1
Talking about entrepreneurship as a life option
Procedure
• In this activity, you will compare entrepreneurship and
wage employment.
Instructions
1. Get into pairs.
2. Imagine five years in the future — one person in the
pair is wage employed and the other person is an
entrepreneur. Discuss how your lives are similar and
different from each other.
3. Have a debate with your class and your teacher.
Unit 4.indd 100 31-Jan-20 10:09:24 AM

Questions for Group Discussion
Notes
1. What differences did you find between entrepreneurship
and wage employment as a life choice? What did you
find more interesting?
Activity 1
Presenting about the Power of Entrepreneurship
Procedure
• In this activity, students shall prepare and present why
they think entrepreneurship is a good life option for a
person and for the society
Instructions
1. Get into groups of 5 each.
2. Imagine you believe that people should become
entrepreneurs. You are speaking at your school
assembly. You have to talk to the audience about the
power of entrepreneurship. Prepare a presentation for
the same.
3. You can use any way to present - talk, draw, act, sing,
or dance.
4. You have 15 minutes to prepare. You will have 5 minutes
to present.
Things to remember
1. An entrepreneur does a lot of work in his or her
business. One has to learn and practice these actions
before they try it out in their business. This can be
done by either learning them in school and college
or practicing them while working for someone.
2. If you believe in your idea, start your business.
3. Being an entrepreneur can be risky. But if you do
not try, you will not know!
You have read a lot about entrepreneurship. Do you

want to be an entrepreneur? Write your thoughts in the
table below.
Please add your thoughts about entrepreneurship

—————————————————————————————
—————————————————————————————
Go back to the exercise you went through in Session 1.

You thought of some business ideas to solve problems
in your school. Take up the same problem, or identify
Unit 4.indd 101 31-Jan-20 10:09:24 AM

Notes a new one. Write down business ideas for the problem
and select one business idea that you want to try out.
Do whatever it takes to run your business. Use the
qualities you identified within yourself in Session 2.
Remember — if you do not try, you will not know if you
want to be an entrepreneur!
Check Your Progress

A. Write against the option, if the business idea is of
self-employment or wage employment.
(a) Cooking in a restaurant
(b) Owning a clothing business
(c) Having a dosa selling stall
B. Match the columns
1. Surabhi opens 5 painting stores a. Enter

across India.
2. There are many coaching classes in b. Survive
Mumbai. Jacob owns one of them.
He is starting morning batches to
attract more students to his classes.
3. Salma has started her clothing line c. Grow
on the Internet.

• define the meaning of a career.
• present your opinion about entrepreneurship as a
life option.
Unit 4.indd 102 31-Jan-20 10:09:24 AM

Unit 5
Green Skills
Introduction
The environment around us affects all aspects of our
life; and all our day-to-day activities also affect the
environment. Those who live in cities get their food
supply from surrounding villages and in turn, are
dependent on forests, grasslands, rivers, seashores, for
resources, such as water, fuel wood, fodder, etc. We use
natural resources for food. Everything around us forms
our environment and our lives depend on the natural
world around us.
Over the years, with economic development, there
has been an increase in environmental pollution.
For example, with the introduction of high input
agriculture, we can grow more food by using fertilisers,
pesticides and hybrid crops. But it has led to soil and
environmental degradation. We need to plan the use of
resources in a sustainable manner so that we and our
future generations can enjoy the good environment
Session 1: Sustainable Development

Are we planting more trees or are we only destroying
them for our use? Are we saving the water resources
Unit 5.indd 103 31-Jan-20 10:10:29 AM

Notes or just polluting them with garbage? Are we using
clean energy or are we burning wood and petrol and
adding to pollution? Are we giving back to nature
so that our future generations may thrive or are we
simply using the air, water and soil available without
leaving anything for the future generations to come? If
the answer to all these questions is yes, then we are
only thinking about our immediate development and
not the long-term development.
What is Sustainable Development?
Sustainable development is the development that
satisfies the needs of the present without compromising
the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing
the balance between economic growth, care for the
environment and social well-being.
Importance of Sustainable Development
Economic development is using up resources of the
world so quickly that our future generations, the young
people of the world, would have serious environmental
problems, much worse than those that we are facing at
present. With increasing population and income, the
consumption of goods is increasing day by day. This has
led to increase in production and utilisation of natural
resources, which are required for producing goods.
Society must thus change its development strategy
to a new form where development will not destroy the
environment. This form of sustainable development
can only be brought about if each individual practices
a sustainable lifestyle. Since most of the natural
resources are scarce, therefore, careful utilisation of
resource is necessary.
Sustainable development is defined as ‘development
that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs’ (World Commission on Environment
and Development, 1987). For example, sustainable
agriculture consists of environment friendly methods
of farming that allow the production of agricultural
crops or livestock without damage to human or
natural systems. It also involves preventing the use of
Unit 5.indd 104 31-Jan-20 10:10:29 AM

chemicals so as to avoid adverse effects to soil, water Notes
and biodiversity.
Problems Related to Sustainable Development

Three major problems related to sustainable
development are:
(a) Food: The amount of rich, fertile land needed to
grow crops, such as wheat, rice, etc., is becoming
less as we are using up more and more land for
other purposes. Soil nutrients are also getting
depleted and lots of chemicals are spoiling the
soil due to use of chemical fertilisers.
(b) Water: We use fresh water from rivers and ponds
for drinking and cleaning but dump garbage into
them. The rivers and ponds are getting polluted.
This way after several years, we will have no clean
water for our use.
(c) Fuel: We are using a lot of wood from trees as
fuels and for construction of homes and furniture.
As more and more trees are being cut, it is
affecting the climate of the place. Extreme weather
conditions, such as floods, extreme cold or heat,
are seen in many places, which affect the people
living there.
An environment friendly way for production of power
is using solar energy or energy from the sun which is
unlimited. One major example of large scale production
of solar power is seen in Charanka — Gujarat Solar
Park. This barren land with wild vegetation has a mega
solar power plant of 600 MW. This has reduced the
dependence on non-renewable fossil fuels in Gujarat.
The people of Charanka have benefited as they have
a good source of income and this will also help future
generations in the next 40–50 years to come
Sustainable development includes
• reducing excessive use of resources and enhancing
resource conservation;
• recycling and reuse of waste materials;
• scientific management of renewable resources,
especially bio-resources;
• planting more trees;
Green Skills 105
Unit 5.indd 105 31-Jan-20 10:10:29 AM

• green grassy patches and trees to be interspersed
between concrete buildings;
• using more environment friendly material or
biodegradable material and
• use of technologies, which are environmental
friendly and based on efficient use of resources.
Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a
universal call of action to end poverty, protect the
planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and
prosperity. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
were launched at the United Nations Sustainable
Development Summit in New York in September 2015,
forming the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
It has set targets that the countries have to should work
towards and achieve by 2030.
The 17 SDGs have been made with the aim to take
care of important issues facing businesses, governments
and society. Some of these issues are poverty, gender
equality, water use, energy, climate change and
biodiversity. Countries are now making policies and
regulations that will promote sustainable systems
needed in all economic sectors to provide a secure,
affordable and sustainable economy.
Fig. 5.1 Sustainable Development Goals
Unit 5.indd 106 31-Jan-20 10:10:31 AM

The core skills required by a person who wants to Notes
contribute towards environment include environmental
awareness and willingness to learn about sustainable
development. If we are responsible about our life, then we
will do our best at home, in school and at our workplace
to help the environment and the people around us.
Sustainable Development Initiatives

When plastics were banned by the municipal corporation
of Mangalore, an innovator and entrepreneur Mr Avasth
Hedge found an eco-friendly alternative. He made a
100 per cent bio-degradable bag which can dissolve in
hot water and decompose in natural environment. This
is now being used in many countries and is going to
help the environment.
Another innovative idea was to stop the use of
plastics spoons, forks, etc. Narayana Peesapaty made
edible cutlery made out of a grain — these spoons can
be eaten and even if they are not eaten they will easily
decompose in the soil enriching it. <https://www.ibef.
org/Innovations-from-India.aspx>
Sustainable Processes
Some practices, such as organic farming, vermi-composting
and rainwater harvesting are being used to help preserve
the environment.
Organic farming is where farmers do not use chemical
pesticides and fertilisers to increase their production.
They use organic and natural fertilisers, such as cow
dung to help in growing crops. This helps in better
quality chemical free crops while at the same time
maintaining the soil quality for future use. This is a true
example of sustainable developmen where we are not
only using the earth resources but are also preserving
it for our future generations.
Practical Exercise
Activity 1
Create a Garden in School or Plant Trees
Material required
Seeds, garden waste, sprinkler, gardening tools
Green Skills 107
Unit 5.indd 107 31-Jan-20 10:10:31 AM

Notes Procedure
available. Ask teacher to allot a piece of land in the
school premises.
• Assign different tasks to different groups of students.
• The tasks can be ploughing, sowing seeds, making manure
using vermicomposting and setting up a sprinkler system
to water the plants.
Activity 2
Discussion on How to Prevent Wastage.
Procedure
available.
• Every student in the group will name way in which wasting
of water and food can be stopped or prevented.
• Make a list and share it with the rest of the class.
Check Your Progress

1. How many sustainable development goals are given by

the United Nations?
(a) 18
(b) 17
(c) 15
(d) 20
2. Choose the option which defines sustainable
development.
(a) Taking care of future generations
(b) Taking care of only ourselves
(c) Taking care of ourselves and the future generations
(d) Well-being of all
3. Which organisation has made the Sustainable
Development Goals.
(a) United Nations
(b) League of Nations
(c) UNICEF
(d) World Health Organisation
1. What is the meaning of sustainable development?

2. Why do you think the United Nations has made the 17
Sustainable Development Goals?
Unit 5.indd 108 31-Jan-20 10:10:32 AM

What Have You Learnt? Notes
• define sustainable development.
• identify the goals of sustainable development.
Session 2: Our Role in Sustainable

Development
Increasing population and development has led to the
increase in consumption of the natural resources. The
more the population, the more food, energy and water
we need. When we grow more crops, the soil’s nutrients
are consumed and slowly the soil becomes unusable.
Similarly, is we continue to use fossil fuels, such as
coal, oil and natural gas, very soon we will run out of
these natural resources.
We use so many resources from nature but what
do we give back to nature? Factories give out smoke
that pollutes the air. Garbage collected from homes
is dumped into landfills. Untreated garbage can lead
to disease and unhealthy environment. Sewage from
the cities is dumped into the seas and lakes making
it unsafe for marine life. This shows that though we
are using the natural resources, we are doing nothing
to return or give back to nature. Natural resources are
limited and with time they will get over and if we do not
do anything about it, our future generations will not be
able to survive.
One initiative was taken by Ministry of Railways in
Varanasi and Raibareilly where they introduced clay
pots ‘Kulhads’ to replace plastic and paper cups and to
bring back taste of tradition. Three major advantages
gained by using ‘Kulhads’ are to
1. reduce cutting of tree for making paper cups.
2. job creation for potters, which contributes
to economy.
3. reduce plastic waste.
Our Role towards Sustainable Development
United Nations has formed 17 Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) so that countries and nations can work
Green Skills 109
Unit 5.indd 109 31-Jan-20 10:10:32 AM

towards finding a solution to the growing problems in
the world. Countries should form rules and guidelines
to remove poverty and hunger and provide good health
and quality education. These goals have been made so
that all the nations take action to protect our air, water
and land from pollution and provide clean water, air
and energy to all people.
Sustainable development can actually happen
only when each one of us works towards it. We have
to become responsible environment citizens who can
protect the environment through our own efforts.
Here are some basic ways in which people can help
towards Sustainable Development Goals.
Quality Education
Education is the most important factors for sustainable
development. Children who have gone to school will be
able to do jobs so that they can take care of themselves
and their families. Education helps us become aware of
our role as a responsible citizen. We should
1. use the facilities present in our areas.
2. take our friends to school.
3. help friends study.
4. stop friends from dropping out of school.
Clean Water and Sanitation

We must make efforts to make India free of open
defecation by building toilets and creating awareness
towards sanitation.
Industrial pollution
is polluting our
water resources,
which in near future
will cause scarcity of
clean drinking and
usable water. We
must take measurable
steps by promoting
awareness to keep
water sources clean.
Unit 5.indd 110 31-Jan-20 10:10:39 AM

Affordable and Clean Energy
Using solar power i.e., power generated
using the sun does not cause pollution
as it does not require burning of
non-renewable fuels, such as coal. We
are making efforts to increase the solar
power generation so that our electricity
needs are met and at the same time we
do not pollute the environment or use
up natural resources. Use of biogas is
also an eco-friendly alternative to
natural gas.
Decent Work and Economic Growth

We can
(a) study and find good jobs to take care of ourselves
and our families.
(b) work hard and contribute to society.
(c) learn and develop skills so that we get add value
in our community.
Reduced Inequalities
To reduce inequalities we can
1. be helpful to one another.
2. be friendly with everyone.
3. include everyone while working or playing.
4. help others by including everyone whether they
are small or big, girl or boy, belong to any class
or caste.
Sustainable Cities and Communities
Creating Sustainable Cities

1. Save energy by switching off lights and fans when
not in use.
2. Use natural light as much as possible.
3. Use energy efficient lights (LED bulbs)
and appliances.
Green Skills 111
Unit 5.indd 111 31-Jan-20 10:10:40 AM

Responsible Consumers and Producers
We can become responsible about our own
environment by
1. reusing paper, glass, plastic, water, etc.
2. taking cloth bags to market carrying fruits and
vegetables.
3. donate things we do not use such as clothes,
books, furniture, food, etc.
4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from
local growers.
5. Repair leaking taps and pipes to avoid
wasting water.
6. Sort and treat garbage before disposing.
Protect Life Below Water

Tons of plastic is found in the seas, which is killing
marine life. Protecting marine life, saving our oceans
from pollution is necessary to preserve the marine life.
Protect Life on Land

Cutting of trees is leading to soil erosion and making
land dry and unusable for cultivation. Planting more
tree to replace the ones that we have cut is an important
step towards sustainable development.
Practical Exercise
Activity 1
Group Discussion
Procedure
available.
• Every student will describe one way in which they can
work to conserve and protect the environment.
• Make a list and share it with the rest of the class.
Activity 2
Make art project using waste
Material required
Plastic bags, used bottles, papers cups, paper, wire, etc.
Unit 5.indd 112 31-Jan-20 10:10:41 AM

Procedure
Notes
• Form groups depending on the number of children
available. Make a list of waste material that is thrown
away. Now think of creative ideas in which you can use
the waste material to make something useful.
If time permits, every student can get some waste material from
home, such as old newspapers, plastic bottles, old cloth, etc.,
and make the best out of waste (a painting, wall decoration or a
bag). Have an exhibition at the front gate of your school.
Check Your Progress

(c) or (d) that best answers the question
1. Which of the following sources of energy is from a

renewable source?
(a) Solar energy
(b) Wood
(c) Coals
(d) Petrol
2. Choose the option which is not a sustainable
development goal according to United Nations.
(a) Clean Water and Sanitation
(b) Gender Equality
(c) Population
(d) Reduced Inequalities
1. List some ways in which we can use resources sensibly.

2. Explain the importance of education towards sustainable
development.

• explain the importance of our role in sustainable
development.
• identify how we can contribute towards sustainable
development.
Green Skills 113
Unit 5.indd 113 31-Jan-20 10:10:41 AM

Answer Key
Unit 1: Communication Skills
Session 1: Methods of Communication
1. d
2. a
3. c
Session 2: Verbal Communication

1. c
2. b
3. a and b
Session 3: Non-verbal Communication

1. b
2. c
3. a
4. d
B. Put an X mark against the incorrect actions below

• Laughing during formal communication X
• Scratching head X
• Smiling when speaking to a friend
• Nodding when you agree with something
• Standing straight
• Yawning while listening X
• Sitting straight
• Maintaining eye contact while speaking
• Biting nails X
• Firm handshake
• Clenching jaws X
• Looking away when someone is speaking to you X
• Intense stare X
Session 4: Communication Cycle and Importance of Feedback

1. d
2. a
3. b and c
Session 5: Barriers to Effective Communication

1. c
2. a and b
Answer Key & Glossary.indd 114 11-Feb-20 9:54:36 AM

Session 6: Writing Skills — Parts of Speech Notes
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. a and c
2. c and d
3. c and d
4. a
B. Fill in the blanks
a. The boy is swimming.
b. The children are playing.
c. The students are writing.
d. Rahim is driving the car.
e. Ms Sen is teaching.
f. The cat is eating.
Session 7: Writing Skills — Sentences

1. a
2. d
3. d
4. c
Unit 2: Self-management Skills

Session 3: Self-motivation
1. c
2. a and c
3. b
Unit 3: Information and Communication Technology Skills

Session 1: Basic Computer Operations
1. a
2. b
3. c>>d>>e>>b>>a
Session 2: Performing Basic File Operations

1. c
2. d
3. b
Session 3: Computer Care and Maintenance

1. c
2. c
3. a
4. d
Answer Key 115
Answer Key & Glossary.indd 115 11-Feb-20 9:55:02 AM

Notes Session 4: Computer Security and Privacy
1. b
2. a
3. d
Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills

Session 1: Entrepreneurship and Society
A. State whether the following statements are True or False
1. True
2. False
3. True
Session 2: Qualities and Functions of an Entrepreneur
A. Tick the correct option for the quality they are showing.
1. c
2. a
B. Tick the correct option for the function that the
entrepreneur is doing.
1. b
2. a
3. c
Session 3: Myths about Entrepreneurship
B. Match each story below with the misconception about
entrepreneurship.
1. c
2. d
3. a
Session 4: Entrepreneurship as a Career Option
A. a - wage employment
b – self-employment
c – self-employment
B. Match the columns
1. 1.c
2.b
3.a
Unit 5: Green Skills

Session 1: Sustainable Development
1. b
2. c
3. a
Session 2: Our Role in Sustainable Development
1. a
2. c
Answer Key & Glossary.indd 116 31-Jan-20 10:13:47 AM

Glossary
Backup: this means copying data from a computer onto another
storage device to ensure that no data gets lost or damaged.
Barrier: obstacle
Capital: the money used to start a business is called capital.
Career: a career is a line of work that a person takes for life.
Coherent: logical and consistent.
Concise: giving a lot of information clearly and in a few words
Creative: to have original and different ideas
Demand: is a product or service that people want.
Digital: the information that is stored on a computer is said to be in
a digital form.
Effective: successful in producing a desired or intended result
Entrepreneur: a self-employed person who is always trying to
make his or her business better by taking risks and trying new
ideas is an entrepreneur.
Exchange: an act of giving one thing and receiving another.
Folder: a folder is a location where a group of files can be stored.
Function: it is work being done.
Habit: regular tendency.
Helpful: useful, ready to offer help.
Hire: giving work to someone and paying them for it.
Maintenance: it is way we take care of our things on a daily,
weekly, monthly and yearly basis.
Myth: a myth, or a misconception, is a false belief or opinion about
something.
Observe: notice or perceive.
Paralanguage: example intonation, pitch and speed of speaking,
hesitation noises, gesture and facial expression.
Perspective: a particular attitude towards or way of regarding
something.
Quality: a quality is the way a person acts or behaves. For example,
kind, rude, etc.
Resources: a supply of things, such as material, money or natural
resources, such as air, land, water, etc., that people can use in order
to function properly.
Scanning: scanning for virus means using an anti-virus software,
which checks the entire computer to find if the computer is infected
by a dangerous virus.
Self-employed: someone who starts businesses to satisfy the
needs of people.

Notes SMS: Short Message Service.
Sustainable: something that can be maintained at a constant level
for a long time.
Verbal: relating to or in the form of words.
Visual: relating to seeing or sight.

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CBSE | DEPARTMENT OF SKILL EDUCATION

One (01) Mark Questions

2. What do you understand by Interpersonal Intelligence?

CBSE Question Bank – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 1

3. Define Artificial Intelligence.

4. Mention two types of machines which have evolved with time.

CBSE Question Bank – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 2

1. Mention four examples of artificially intelligent applications in our

2. How does a machine become Artificially Intelligent?

4. How does learning and adapting help an AI machine in improvising itself?

5. Pick the odd one out and justify your answer:

CBSE Question Bank – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 3

a. Google Search Engine:

7. How has AI changed the gaming world?

8. Why training with information/Data is important in Artificial Intelligent

CBSE Question Bank – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 4

As per major researches, there are mainly 9 types of Intelligence;

CBSE Question Bank – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 5

CBSE Question Bank – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 6

CBSE Question Bank – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 7

CBSE Question Bank – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 8

9. How AI helps in giving you personalized experience online?

AI based recommendations: AI uses advanced machine learning algorithms to analyze

CBSE Question Bank – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 9

Fill in the blanks:

5. What do you understand by Deep Learning?

CBSE QUESTION BANK – AI – CLASS 10 – CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO AI: BASICS 1

7. Name any two examples of Data science?

Price Comparison Websites/ Website Recommendations/ Fraud and Risk detection/

8. Name any two examples of Computer vision?

Self-Driving cars/ Autonomous vehicles Face Lock in Smartphones/ MedicalImaging/

9. Name any two examples of Natural Language Processing?

Email filters/Smart assistants/ Sentiment Analysis/Automatic Summarization/Search

10. Name any two examples of Machine Learning?

CBSE QUESTION BANK – AI – CLASS 10 – CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO AI: BASICS 2

14. Select a game which is based on Data Science domain of AI:

15. Identify the domain of AI in the following image:

Two (02) Mark Questions

For Example: - Self-Driving cars/ Automatic Cars, Face Lock in Smartphones

3. What is Natural Language Processing? Give an example of it.

4. Where do we collect data from?

6. What is data mining? Explain with example.

Data mining is also known as Knowledge Discovery in Data (KDD)

7. What do you understand by Data Privacy?

8. Is data which is collected by various applications ethical in nature? Justify your

CBSE QUESTION BANK – AI – CLASS 10 – CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO AI: BASICS 5

9. Fill in the blanks for the image given below:

CBSE QUESTION BANK – AI – CLASS 10 – CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO AI: BASICS 6

a) Artificial Intelligence (AI)

b) Machine Learning (ML)

c) Deep Learning (DL)

How they differ?

4. Why do apps collect data in our phone?

CBSE QUESTION BANK – AI – CLASS 10 – CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO AI: BASICS 8

Yes, AI should replace laborious jobs.

Is there an alternative for major unemployment?

a) Who can be held liable for damages caused by autonomous systems?

b) List two AI Ethics.

CBSE QUESTION BANK – AI – CLASS 10 – CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO AI: BASICS 10

One (01) Mark Questions

1. Name all the stages of an AI Project cycle.

CBSE Question Bank – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 3 AI Project Cycle 1

Problem scoping, Evaluation

CBSE Question Bank – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 3 AI Project Cycle 2