Chapter 2

POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
——————–o0o——————–
Chapter 2: Differential of a function
ANALYSIS 1
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Fundamental

Science 1
Hanoi - 2021
1 / 58
Assoc.Prof. Pham Ngoc Anh Chapter 2: Differential of a function
Differential of Function
1 3.1. Functions and Models
2 2.2. The Limit of a Function
3 2.3. Continuous Functions
4 Derivatives
5 2.4. Applications of differentiation
2 / 58
4 Derivatives
3 / 58
3.1.1. Definition
Definition
Let X ⊆ R, Y ⊆ R, a mapping
f :X→Y
x 7→ y = f (x)
is called a function, the set X is domain of f . As usual, x is called

variable, y is function. The value of y = f (x) is a set of the form
{f (x) : x ∈ X}.
4 / 58
Even and odd functions
(
x ∈ D ⇒ −x ∈ D,
- Function y = f (x) is even on the domain D ⇔
f (−x) = f (x) ∀x ∈ D.
(
x ∈ D ⇒ −x ∈ D,
- Function y = f (x) is odd on the domain D ⇔
f (−x) = −f (x) ∀x ∈ D
Example as: f1 (x) = |1 − x| + |1 + x| is even on R và f2 (x) = x4 sin x is

odd on R.
5 / 58
Even and odd functions
Function y = f (x) is called periodic with period T on the domain D, if

there exists T > 0 such that
(
x ∈ D ⇒ x + T ∈ D,
T is the smallest positive number such that f (x + T ) = f (x) ∀x ∈ D.
Then, T is called period of f . Example as, the function y = sin(ax + b)

where a > 0 is periodic with period T = 2πa on R.
6 / 58
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
+ Function y = f (x) is called increasing on the domain D, if
∀x1 , x2 ∈ D, x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) ≤ f (x2 ).
+ Function y = f (x) is called strictly increasing on D, if
∀x1 , x2 ∈ D, x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
+ Function y = f (x) is decreasing on D, if
∀x1 , x2 ∈ D, x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) ≥ f (x2 ).
+ Function y = f (x) is strictly decreasing on D, if
∀x1 , x2 ∈ D, x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).
7 / 58
Bounded Functions
+ Function y = f (x) is called upper bounded on D, if there exists

M ∈ R such that
f (x) ≤ M ∀x ∈ D.
+ Function y = f (x) is called lower bounded on D, if exists m ∈ R such
that
f (x) ≥ m ∀x ∈ D.
+ Function y = f (x) is called bounded on D, if f is upper and power
bounded on D.
8 / 58
Infimum and Supremum
+ Number m is called infimum of a function f on the domain D,

denoted by m = inf f (x), if and only if m is the biggest number such
x∈D
that
f (x) ≥ m ∀x ∈ D.
+ Number M is called supremum of f on D, denoted by
M = sup f (x),
x∈D
if M is the smallest number such that
f (x) ≤ M ∀x ∈ D.
9 / 58
Infimum and Supremum (continuity)
Corollary
Number M is called the greatest lower bound of f (x) trên D, if
(
M ≥ f (x) ∀x ∈ D,
∀ > 0 ⇒ ∃x0 ∈ D sao cho M < f (x0 ) + .
Number m is the least upper bound of f (x) on D, if

(
m ≤ f (x) ∀x ∈ D,
∀ > 0 ⇒ ∃x0 ∈ D sao cho m > f (x0 ) + .
10 / 58
Inverse Functions
Let X, Y ⊆ R and an bijection f : X → Y . Then, the inverse mapping

f −1 : Y → X is also a function y = f −1 (x) which is called inverse
function of y = f (x). Therefore,
y = f −1 (x) ⇔ x = f (y).
Example as, function y = ax where a > 0, a 6= 1 has an inverse function

that is y = loga x where x ∈ (0; +∞). About their graph, the graph of
y = f (x) and the graph of y = f −1 (x) is symmetric via the line y = x
on (Oxy).
11 / 58
Some Important Inverse Functions
a) Function y = arcsin x
(
x = sin y
y = arcsin x ⇔
y ∈ [− π2 ; π2 ].
Thus, the domain of y = arcsin x là D = [−1; 1] and the set of values is

Df = [− π2 ; π2 ].
Example
Evaluate arcsin 12 .
12 / 58
Some Important Inverse Functions (continuity)
b) Function y = arccos x
(
x = cos y
y = arccos x ⇔
y ∈ [0; π].
The domain of y = arccos x is D = [−1; 1] and the set of values is

Df = [0; π].
Example
Show that
π
arcsin x + arccos x = ∀x ∈ [−1; 1].
2
13 / 58
c) Function y = arctan x
(
x = tan y
y = arctan x ⇔
y ∈ (− π2 ; π2 ).
The domain y = arctan x is D = R and the set of values Df = (− π2 ; π2 ).
Example
√
Calculate arctan 3.
14 / 58
d) Function y = arccotx
(
x = cot y
y = arccotx ⇔
y ∈ (0; π).
The domain y = arccotx: D = R and the set of values: Df = (0; π).
Example
Prove
π
arctan x + arccot x = .
2
15 / 58
e) Hypebolic functions
Sinhypebolic: y = sinh(x), it is defined by
1
sinh(x) = (ex − e−x ).
2
Cosinhypebolic: y = cosh(x), it is given in the form:
1
cosh(x) = (ex + e−x ).
2
Example
Let x, y ∈ R. Prove that:
sinh(x + y) = sinh(x). cosh(y) + cosh(x). sinh(y),
sinh(x − y) = sinh(x). cosh(y) − cosh(x). sinh(y),
cosh(x + y) = cosh(x). cosh(y) + sinh(x). sinh(y),
cosh(x − y) = cosh(x). cosh(y) − sinh(x). sinh(y),
cosh2 (x) − sinh2 (x) = 1,
cosh2 (x) + sinh2 (x) = cosh(2x).
16 / 58
4 Derivatives
17 / 58
Definition
Let a function y = f (x) and x0 ∈ R. The function f (x) has the limit A
(definite) as x approaches x0 , denoted by lim f (x) = A, if
x→x0
∀ > 0, ∃δ > 0 such that 0 < |x − x0 | < δ ∀x ∈ (a, b) ⇒ |f (x) − A| < .
Then, f (x) has the left limit A ∈ R as x approaches x0 , denoted by

lim f (x) = A, if
x→x−
0
∀ > 0, ∃δ > 0 such that 0 > x − x0 > −δ ⇒ |f (x) − A| < .
Function f (x) has the right limit A ∈ R as x approaches x0 , denoted by

lim f (x) = A, if
x→x+
0
∀ > 0, ∃δ > 0 such that 0 < x − x0 < δ ∀x ∈ (a, b) ⇒ |f (x) − A| < .
18 / 58
Definition (continuity)
Remark

 lim− f (x) = A

x→x0
lim f (x) = A ⇔
x→x0  lim+ f (x) = A.

x→x0
- The limit lim f (x) = A, if

x→+∞
∀ > 0, ∃x0 sao cho ∀x > x0 ⇒ |f (x) − A| < .
- The limit lim f (x) = A, if

x→−∞
∀ > 0, ∃x0 sao cho ∀x < x0 ⇒ |f (x) − A| < .
19 / 58
Example
Using the definition to prove that
x+1
lim = 2.
x→1 2x − 1
20 / 58
Properties of the limit
- Boundedness
Theorem
If lim f (x) = A ∈ R, then f (x) is bonded on a neighbourhood of x0 .
x→x0
- Order
Theorem
i) Suppose that there exist definite the limits lim f (x), lim g(x). If
x→x0 x→x0
f (x) ≤ g(x) ∀x ∈
(x0 − δ, x0 + δ), x can be not equal to x0 then lim f (x) ≤ lim g(x).
x→x0 x→x0
ii) If lim f (x) > m, then there exists δ > 0 such that
x→x0
f (x) > m ∀x0 6= x ∈ (x0 − δ, x0 + δ).
iii) If f (x) ≤ g(x) ∀x ∈ (x0 − δ, x0 + δ) và lim f (x) = +∞, then
x→x0
lim g(x) = +∞.
x→x0
21 / 58
Number e ≈ 2, 71718...
Definition
(The first form)
1 x
lim 1+ = e.
x→∞ x
Example
Using the definition to calculate
x2 + x + 1 x3 −3x
1−x2
I = lim 2
x→∞ x − 3x − 2
22 / 58
Number e ≈ 2, 71718... (continuity)
Formula
(The second form)
1
y
lim 1 + y = e.
y→0
Example
Let a 6= 0, b 6= 0. Using this formula to calculate
1
J = lim (cos ax) x sin bx .
x→0
23 / 58
Formula
(The third form)
ey − 1
lim = 1.
y→0 y
Example
Evaluate 2
2x − cos 2x
J = lim √ .
x→0 1 − 1 + 2x2
24 / 58
Formula
(The fourth form)
ln(1 + y)
lim = 1.
y→0 y
Example
Evaluate
K = lim log1−x sin 3x (cos 4x + x2 ).
x→0
25 / 58
Properties
Let definite limits lim f (x) = A and lim g(x) = B

x→x0 x→x0
(x0 ∈ R̄ = [−∞, +∞]). Then, we have follows
a) lim [f (x) + g(x)] = lim f (x) + lim g(x).
x→x0 x→x0 x→x0
b) lim [f (x) − g(x)] = lim f (x) − lim g(x).
c) lim [k.f (x)] = k lim f (x), for all constant k ∈ R.
x→x0 x→x0
d) lim [f (x).g(x)] = lim f (x). lim g(x).
lim f (x)
f (x) x→x0
e) lim = , where B 6= 0.
x→x0 g(x) lim g(x)
x→x0
26 / 58
4 Derivatives
27 / 58
Definition
Let y = f (x) have the domain D and x0 ∈ D. The function f (x) is
called continuous at x0 , if lim f (x) = f (x0 ). It means that
x→x0
∀ > 0, ∃δ > 0, ∀x ∈ D : 0 < |x − x0 | < δ ⇒ |f (x) − f (x0 )| < .
The function f (x) is called left continuous at x0 ∈ D, if

lim f (x) = f (x0 ), i.e.,
x→x−
0
∀ > 0, ∃δ > 0, ∀x ∈ D : 0 > x − x0 > −δ ⇒ |f (x) − f (x0 )| < .
The function f (x) is called right continuous at x0 ∈ D, if

lim f (x) = f (x0 ).
x→x+
0
Remark
A function f (x) is continuous at x0 if and only if f (x) is left and right
continuous at x0 .
28 / 58
Discontinuous point
A function f (x) is called discontinuous at x0 , if f (x) is not continuous

x0 . Then, the point x0 is called discontinuous point of f (x). If x0 is a
discontinuous point of f (x) and there exists the definite limits
− −
lim f (x) = f (x+ +
0 ), lim f (x) = f (x0 ), then h = |f (x0 ) − f (x0 )| is
x→x+
0 x→x−
0
called step-length of the function f (x) at x0 .
29 / 58
Continuity on an interval
A function f (x) is continuous on an interval if it is continuous at every

number in the interval. (If f (x) is defined only on one side of an
endpoint of the interval, we understand continuous at the endpoint to
mean continuous from the right or continuous from the left.)
Example
Find a, b such that f is continuous on R

2
ax − bx + 1 if x < 1,

f (x) = 2a − b if 1 ≤ x ≤ 2,

bx + a − 1 if x > 2.

30 / 58
Properties
Let f (x), g(x) be continuous on D. Then, the functions
f (x) + g(x), f (x).g(x), kg(x) (where k : constant), |f (x)|, fg(x)
(x)
(where
g(x) 6= 0) are continuous on D.
Corollary
+ Polynomial function y = Pn (x) is continuous on R.
+ Rational function y = QPmn (x)
(x) is continuous for all x0 ∈ R such that
Qm (x0 ) = 0.
+ Trigonometric function, exponential function, root functions,
logarithmic function, hypebolic function or inverse function are
continuous on their domain.
Example
Let f (x) and g(x) be continuous on D. Prove that
min{f (x), g(x)} and max{f (x), g(x)} are also continuous on D.
31 / 58
Properties (continuity)
Theorem
(The Intermediate Value Theorem) Suppose that f (x) is continuous on
the closed interval [a, b] and let α be any number between f (a) and
f (b). Then, there exists a number x0 ∈ [a, b] such that f (x0 ) = α.
Example
Prove that the equation has any real solution
4x3 − 6x2 + 3x − 2 = 0.
32 / 58
4 Derivatives
33 / 58
Definition
Let a function f (x) define on interval (a, b) and x0 ∈ (a, b).
+ The derivative of f (x) at x0 , denoted by f 0 (x0 ), is
f (x) − f (x0 ) f (x0 + ∆x ) − f (x0 )

f 0 (x0 ) = lim = lim .
x→x0 x − x0 ∆x →0 ∆x
+ The right derivative of f (x) at x0 , denoted by f 0 (x+

0 ), is
f (x) − f (x0 ) f (x0 + ∆x ) − f (x0 )

f 0 (x+
0 ) = lim = lim .
x→x+
0
x − x0 ∆x →0+ ∆x
+ The left derivative of f (x) at x0 , denoted by f 0 (x−

0 ), is
f (x) − f (x0 ) f (x0 + ∆x ) − f (x0 )

f 0 (x−
0 ) = lim = lim .
x→x0 x − x0 ∆x →0− ∆x
+ The function f (x) is differentiable at x0 if f 0 (x0 ) exists. It is

differentiable on an open interval (a, b), (a, +∞), (−∞, b), (−∞, +∞), if
it is differentiable
34 / 58 at every number in the interval.
Relations
A function f (x) is differentiable at x0 if and only if f (x) has the right
derivative f+ (x0 ) and the left derivative f+0 (x0 ) such that
f−0 (x0 ) = f+0 (x0 ).
Example
Prove that the function f (x) = x|x − 1| exist f−0 (1) and f+0 (1), but it
does not exists f 0 (1).
35 / 58
Formula of derivatives
Let f (x) and g(x)

0 be differentiable on (a, b). Then
+ f (x) + g(x) = f 0 (x) + g 0 (x).
0
+ f (x) − g(x) = f 0 (x) − g 0 (x).
0
+ f (x).g(x) = f 0 (x).g(x) + f (x).g 0 (x).
0 0 (x).g 0 (x)

+ fg(x)
(x)
= f (x).g(x)−f
g 2 (x)
.
0
+ kf (x) = kf 0 (x).
+ The composite function: y = f (u), u = u(x). Then, fx0 = fu0 .u0x .
+ The inverse function: yx0 = x10 .
y
36 / 58
Derivative of popular functions
y = C (constant) ⇒ y 0 = 0 ∀x ∈ R.
y = xα (α ∈ R) ⇒ y 0 = αxα−1 ∀x ∈ R.
y = sin x ⇒ y 0 = cos x ∀x ∈ R.
y = cos x ⇒ y 0 = − sin x ∀x ∈ R.
y = tan x ⇒ y 0 = cos12 x ∀x ∈ R \ { π2 + kπ : k ∈ Z}.
y = cot x ⇒ y 0 = − sin12 x ∀x ∈ R \ {kπ : k ∈ Z}.
y = ex ⇒ y 0 = ex ∀x ∈ R.
y = ax (where 1 6= a > 0) ⇒ y 0 = ax ln a ∀x ∈ R.
y = loga x (where 1 6= a > 0) ⇒ y 0 = x ln1 ∗
a ∀x ∈ R = {x ∈ R : x > 0}.
y = sinh x ⇒ y 0 = coshx ∀x ∈ R.
y = cosh x ⇒ y 0 = sinhx ∀x ∈ R.
y = tanh x ⇒ y 0 = cosh 1
2 x ∀x ∈ R.
0 −1
y = coth x ⇒ y = sinh2 x ∀x ∈ R \ {0}.
37 / 58
Some inverse functions
+ y = arcsin x ⇒ y 0 = √ 1
1−x2
∀x ∈ (−1, 1).
0 −1
+y= arccos x ⇒ y = 1−x
√
2
∀x ∈ (−1, 1).
+y= arctan x ⇒ y 0 = 1+x
1
2 ∀x ∈ R.
−1
+y= arccot x ⇒ y 0 = 1+x 2 ∀x ∈ R.
38 / 58
Differential
Let f (x) be differentiable at x, be the definition
f (x + ∆x ) − f (x)
lim = f 0 (x).
∆x →0 ∆x
It means that
f (x + ∆x ) − f (x) = f 0 (x)∆x + o(∆x ).
Product f 0 (x)∆x is called differential of f (x) at x, denoted by df (x).
Then, we get
df (x) = f 0 (x)dx.

+ d f (x) + g(x) = d f (x) + d g(x) .

+ d f (x) − g(x) = d f (x) − d g(x) .

+ d f (x).g(x) = g(x)d f (x) + f (x)d g(x) .

g(x)d f (x) −f (x)d g(x)
+ d fg(x)
(x)
= g 2 (x)
.
39 / 58
Derivative with order n
+
If f (x) is differentiable at x, then f 0 (x) is called the first derivative of
f (x).
+ If f 0 (x) is differentiable at x, then f ”(x) is called the second
derivative of f (x).
+ If f ”(x) is differentiable at x, then f 000 (x) is called the third
derivative of f (x).
+ By mathematical induction, if f (n−1) (x) is differentiable at x, then
f (n) (x) is called the nth derivative of f (x). Then, we also have the nth
differential of f (x) as follows
dn f (x) = d(dn−1 f (x)) = f (n) (x)dxn .
40 / 58
Some formula of the nth derivative
(n) (n) (n)

+ f (x) + g(x) = f (x) + g(x) .
(n) (n) (n)
+ f (x) − g(x) = f (x) − g(x) .
(n) (n)
+ kf (x) = k f (x) với k = const.
n
+ (uv)(n) = Cnk u(k) v (n−k) where
P
k=0
u = u(x), v = v(x), u(0) = u, v (0) = v.
41 / 58
Popular forms
Form 1:
Evaluate the nth derivative
1
f (x) = where a, b : const.
ax + b
Example
By using Form 1 to calculate the nth derivative
x2 + 1
f (x) = .
(x − 1)3 (x + 3)
42 / 58
Popular forms (continuity)
Form 2:
Evaluate the nth derivative
f (x) = sin(ax + b) với a, b : const.
Example
f (x) = sin3 x cos2 2x.
Example
f (x) = (x2 + 3x − 1) sin 3x.

43 / 58
4 Derivatives
44 / 58
Maximum and Minimum Values
Definition
A function f (x) has an absolute maximum (or global maximum) at
x0 ∈ D if f (x0 ) ≥ f (x) for all x ∈ D, where D is the domain of f (x).
The number f (x0 ) is called the maximum value of f (x) on D. Similarly,
f (x) has an absolute minimum at x1 ∈ D if f (x1 ) ≤ f (x) for all x in D
and the number f (x1 ) is called the minimum value of f (x) on D. The
maximum and minimum values of are called the extreme values of f (x).
Definition
A function f (x) has an local maximum at x0 ∈ D if f (x0 ) ≥ f (x) for all
x ∈ D and x is near x0 , where D is the domain of f (x). Similarly, f (x)
has an local minimum at x1 ∈ D if f (x1 ) ≤ f (x) for all x in D and x is
near x1 .
45 / 58
Fermat’s theorem (Pierre de Fermat:
17.8.1601-12.1.1665)
Theorem
If f (x) is differentiable at x0 and obtains the extreme at x0 , then
f 0 (x0 ) = 0.
46 / 58
Rolle’s theorem (Michel Rolle: 21.4.1652-8.11.1719)
Theorem
Let a function f (x) be continuous on [a, b], differentiable on (a, b) and
f (a) = f (b). Then, there exists c ∈ (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0.
Example
Let a function f (x) be continuous on [a, b], differentiable on (a, b) and

f (a) = f (b) = 0

f 0 (a+ ) > 0

 0 −
f (b ) < 0.
Prove that ∃ c1 , c2 , c3 ∈ (a, b) such that
c1 < c2 < c3 , f (c2 ) = 0, f 0 (c1 ) = f 0 (c3 ) = 0.
47 / 58
Fermat’s theorem (Pierre de Fermat:
17.8.1601-12.1.1665)
Theorem
If f (x) is differentiable at x0 and obtains the extreme at x0 , then
f 0 (x0 ) = 0.
48 / 58
Lagrange’s theorem (Joseph Louis Lagrange:
25.1.1736-10.4.1813)
Theorem
Let a function f (x) be continuous on [a, b], differentiable on (a, b).
Then, there exists c ∈ (a, b) such that
f (b) − f (a)
= f 0 (c).
b−a
49 / 58
Lagrange’s theorem (Joseph Louis Lagrange:
25.1.1736-10.4.1813)
Example
Let a function f (x) be continuous on [a, b], differentiable on (a, b)
excepting n points. Prove that there exist n + 1 positive numbers
α1 , α2 , ..., αn+1 and n + 1 numbers ci (i = 1, 2, ..., n + 1) such that

 n+1
P


 αi = 1
 i=1

a < c1 < c2 < ... < cn+1 < b
 f (b)−f (a) n+1


αi f 0 (ci ).
P
 b−a =


i=1
50 / 58
Cauchy’s theorem
Theorem
Let two functions f (x), g(x) be continuous on [a, b], differentiable on
(a, b) such that g 0 (x) 6= 0 for all x ∈ (a, b). Then, there exists c ∈ (a, b)
such that
f (b) − f (a) f 0 (c)
= 0 .
g(b) − g(a) g (c)
51 / 58
Taylor Polynomials
Definition
Let a function f (x) be differentiable with (n + 1)th −degree in a
neighbourhood of point x0 . Then, an nth −degree polynomial Pn (x) is
called nth −degree Taylor polynomial of f (x) centered at x0 if and only
if 


 Pn (x0 ) = f (x0 )
P 0 (x ) = f 0 (x )

n 0 0


 ...
P (n) (x ) = f (n) (x ).

n 0 0
In the special case, if x0 = 0 then Pn (x) is called nth −degree Maclaurin

polynomial of f (x).
52 / 58
Taylor Polynomial (continuity)
Let a function f (x) be differentiable with (n + 1)th −degree in a

neighbourhood of point x0 .
Theorem
If Pn (x) is an nth −degree Taylor polynomial of f (x) centered at x0 ,
then
1 1 1
Pn (x) = f (x0 )+ f 0 (x0 )(x−x0 )1 + f 00 (x0 )(x−x0 )2 +...+ f (n) (x0 )(x−x0 )
1! 2! n!
53 / 58
The nth −degree Taylor redundance
Let Pn (x) is an nth −degree Taylor polynomial of f (x) centered at x0 .

Then, the nth −degree Taylor redundance of f (x), denoted by Rn (x), is
defined in the form
Rn (x) = f (x) − Pn (x).
Theorem
If f (x) is differentiable with (n + 1)th −degree in a neighbourhood
(x0 − δ, x0 + δ) and x ∈ (x0 − δ, x0 + δ), then there exists c belonging to
between x and x0 , i.e., c = x0 + λ(x − x0 ) where λ ∈ (0, 1) such that
1
Rn (x) = f (n+1) (c)(x − x0 )n+1 .
(n + 1)!
54 / 58
The nth −degree Taylor formula
Let f (x) be differentiable with (n + 1)th −degree in a neighbourhood

(x0 − δ, x0 + δ) and x ∈ (x0 − δ, x0 + δ), then the nth −degree Taylor
formula is formulated by
f 0 (x0 ) f 00 (x0 ) f (n) (x0 )

f (x) = f (x0 )+ (x−x0 )1 + (x−x0 )2 +...+ (x−x0 )n +Rn (
1! 2! n!
where
1 (n+1) (c)(x
λ ∈ (0, 1), c = x0 + λ(x − x0 ), Rn (x0 ) = (n+1)! f − x0 )n+1 .
In the special case x0 = 0, the above formula is called the nth −degree
Maclaurin formula.
55 / 58
The nth −degree Taylor formula
Example
Present the nth −degree Taylor formula centered at x0 of the following
functions:
(a)f (x) = ex at x0 = 0.
(b)f (x) = sin x at x0 = 0.
(c)f (x) = cos x at x0 = 0.
(d)f (x) = ln(1 + x) at x0 = 0.
(e)f (x) = ln(2x − x2 + 3) at x0 = 2.
56 / 58
L’Hospital Rule
Theorem
Let two functions f (x) and g(x) define in a neighbourhood
(x0 − δ, x0 + δ) of point x0 (except x0 ). Suppose that
i) lim f (x) = lim g(x) = 0
x→x0 x→x0
ii) g 0 (x) 6= 0 for all x ∈ (x0 − δ, x0 + δ) (except x0 ).
0 (x)
iii) There exists lim fg0 (x) = A.
x→x0
f (x)
Then, there exists the limit lim (form: 00 , ∞
∞ ) and
x→x0 g(x)
f (x) f 0 (x)
lim = lim 0 .
x→x0 g(x) x→x0 g (x)
57 / 58
L’Hospital Rule (continuity)
Using L’Hospital to evaluate the limits:

xx − 1
I1 = lim .
x→1 ln x + x − 1
1 1 1
I2 = lim − .
x→0 x tan x tan x
p 1
I3 = lim x + x2 + 1 ln x .
x→+∞
58 / 58

Chapter 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Chapter 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS INSTITUTE OF

Chapter 2: Differential of a function

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Fundamental

1 3.1. Functions and Models

2 2.2. The Limit of a Function

3 2.3. Continuous Functions

5 2.4. Applications of differentiation

1 3.1. Functions and Models

2 2.2. The Limit of a Function

3 2.3. Continuous Functions

5 2.4. Applications of differentiation

is called a function, the set X is domain of f . As usual, x is called

Example as: f1 (x) = |1 − x| + |1 + x| is even on R và f2 (x) = x4 sin x is

Function y = f (x) is called periodic with period T on the domain D, if

Then, T is called period of f . Example as, the function y = sin(ax + b)

+ Function y = f (x) is called increasing on the domain D, if

∀x1 , x2 ∈ D, x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) ≤ f (x2 ).

+ Function y = f (x) is called strictly increasing on D, if

∀x1 , x2 ∈ D, x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).

+ Function y = f (x) is decreasing on D, if

∀x1 , x2 ∈ D, x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) ≥ f (x2 ).

+ Function y = f (x) is strictly decreasing on D, if

∀x1 , x2 ∈ D, x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).

+ Function y = f (x) is called upper bounded on D, if there exists

+ Number m is called infimum of a function f on the domain D,

if M is the smallest number such that

Number m is the least upper bound of f (x) on D, if

Let X, Y ⊆ R and an bijection f : X → Y . Then, the inverse mapping

Example as, function y = ax where a > 0, a 6= 1 has an inverse function

Thus, the domain of y = arcsin x là D = [−1; 1] and the set of values is

The domain of y = arccos x is D = [−1; 1] and the set of values is

The domain y = arccotx: D = R and the set of values: Df = (0; π).

1 3.1. Functions and Models

2 2.2. The Limit of a Function

3 2.3. Continuous Functions

5 2.4. Applications of differentiation

∀ > 0, ∃δ > 0 such that 0 < |x − x0 | < δ ∀x ∈ (a, b) ⇒ |f (x) − A| < .

Then, f (x) has the left limit A ∈ R as x approaches x0 , denoted by

∀ > 0, ∃δ > 0 such that 0 > x − x0 > −δ ⇒ |f (x) − A| < .

Function f (x) has the right limit A ∈ R as x approaches x0 , denoted by

∀ > 0, ∃δ > 0 such that 0 < x − x0 < δ ∀x ∈ (a, b) ⇒ |f (x) − A| < .

- The limit lim f (x) = A, if

∀ > 0, ∃x0 sao cho ∀x > x0 ⇒ |f (x) − A| < .

- The limit lim f (x) = A, if

∀ > 0, ∃x0 sao cho ∀x < x0 ⇒ |f (x) − A| < .

Let definite limits lim f (x) = A and lim g(x) = B

1 3.1. Functions and Models

2 2.2. The Limit of a Function

3 2.3. Continuous Functions

5 2.4. Applications of differentiation

∀ > 0, ∃δ > 0, ∀x ∈ D : 0 < |x − x0 | < δ ⇒ |f (x) − f (x0 )| < .

The function f (x) is called left continuous at x0 ∈ D, if

∀ > 0, ∃δ > 0, ∀x ∈ D : 0 > x − x0 > −δ ⇒ |f (x) − f (x0 )| < .

The function f (x) is called right continuous at x0 ∈ D, if

A function f (x) is called discontinuous at x0 , if f (x) is not continuous

A function f (x) is continuous on an interval if it is continuous at every

1 3.1. Functions and Models

2 2.2. The Limit of a Function

∀ > 0, ∃δ > 0 such that 0 < |x − x0 | < δ ∀x ∈ (a, b) ⇒ |f (x) − A| < .

∀ > 0, ∃δ > 0 such that 0 > x − x0 > −δ ⇒ |f (x) − A| < .

∀ > 0, ∃δ > 0 such that 0 < x − x0 < δ ∀x ∈ (a, b) ⇒ |f (x) − A| < .

∀ > 0, ∃x0 sao cho ∀x > x0 ⇒ |f (x) − A| < .

∀ > 0, ∃x0 sao cho ∀x < x0 ⇒ |f (x) − A| < .

∀ > 0, ∃δ > 0, ∀x ∈ D : 0 < |x − x0 | < δ ⇒ |f (x) − f (x0 )| < .

∀ > 0, ∃δ > 0, ∀x ∈ D : 0 > x − x0 > −δ ⇒ |f (x) − f (x0 )| < .

Let f (x) and g(x)

(n) (n) (n)