MAT120: Calculus & Analytical Geometry-I

Instructor: Dr. Preetom Nag

Associate Professor
Department of Mathematics & Physics
Office Room : SAC1028
Office Hour : 02:45 PM – 04:15 PM (S, M, R)

Course Assessment: Spring 2024

Category Weight
Attendance 10%

Assignments (Minimum 2) 10%

Quizzes (Best 2 of 3) 20%

Mid-Term 25%
Final Exam 35%

Lesson 01: Introduction to Differential

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Equations
 Functions, New Functions from Old Function,
Families of Functions
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis

Definition. If a variable 𝑦 depends on a variable 𝑥 in such a way that each value of 𝑥

determines exactly one value of 𝑦, then we say that y is a function of x.

𝑥 : independent variable (or argument) of 𝑓

𝑦 : dependent variable of 𝑓

Example,
(a) The circumference 𝐶 of a circle is a function of its radius 𝑟,
𝐶 𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟

(b) The gravitational force 𝐹 of attraction between two bodies of constant masses
(𝑚1 , 𝑚2 ) in the Universe is inversely proportional to the square of the distance 𝑟
between the bodies,
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹 𝑟 =𝐺
𝑟2

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Definition. A function 𝑓 is a rule that associates a unique output with each input. If the
input is denoted by 𝑥, then the output is denoted by 𝑓 (𝑥) (read “𝑓 of 𝑥”).

Input Output Functional relationship between input and output

2
𝒙 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2 𝒚
𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥)
14
0 𝑦 = 14 = 𝑓 2
2
1 𝑦=2=𝑓 0
5
2 𝑦=5=𝑓 1
29
3 𝑦 = 29 = 𝑓(3)

Domain of 𝑓 Range of 𝑓

Domain of 𝑓: the set of all allowable inputs (𝑥-values)

Range of 𝑓: the set of outputs (𝑦-values) that result when 𝑥 varies over the domain

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Natural domain : The domain consists of all real numbers for which a real valued
function of a real variable yields a real value, if no domain is stated explicitly.
Example: Find the natural domain of

Solution (a). Natural domain is the set of all real numbers, ℝ = (−∞, ∞)
Solution (b). Natural domain is the set of all real numbers except 𝑥 = 1, 3
i.e., 𝑥 ∈ ℝ: 𝑥 ≠ 1,3 = −∞, 1 ∪ 1,3 ∪ (3, ∞)
Solution (c). Natural domain is the set of all real numbers except odd integer
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
multiple of , i.e., 𝑥 ∈ ℝ: 𝑥 ≠ ± , ±3 , ±5 , … , …
2 2 2 2

Solution (d). Natural domain is the set of all real numbers such that
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 3 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ≤ 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 3
i.e., 𝑥 ∈ ℝ: 𝑥 ≤ 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 3 = −∞, 2 ∪ [3, ∞)
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❑ Graphs of Functions, finding its domain and range

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❑ Graphs of Functions, finding its domain and range

Example: Find the domain and range of
𝑥+1 𝑥 2 −4
𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 =2+ 𝑥−1 𝑏 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−1 𝑥−2
𝑥−1+2 2
Solution (a). Domain 𝑓 𝑥 = [1, ∞) Solution (b). 𝑦 = =1+
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
Range 𝑓 𝑥 = [2, ∞) Domain 𝑓 𝑥 = ℝ − {1}
Range 𝑓 𝑥 = ℝ − {1}

𝑦=1

𝑥=1
Solution (c).
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦= = 𝑥 + 2 where 𝑥 ≠ 2
(𝑥 − 2)
Domain 𝑓 𝑥 = ℝ − {2}
Range 𝑓 𝑥 = ℝ − {4}

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❑Exercise Set 0.1 H.W.

Find the natural domain and determine the range of each function.

➢ Use the following graphical utility to confirm your desired graphs:

https://www.desmos.com/calculator

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❑ New Functions from Old Functions

Example: Find the formulas and domain for the functions
𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔, 𝑓𝑔, 𝑓/𝑔, 7𝑓
where 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3

Solution. The formulas of the new functions are

Find the natural domain of the above new functions?

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❑ Translations

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❑ Translations
Examples: (a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3 (b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 (c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5
(a) (b)

(c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 − 2 2 +1

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❑ Reflections

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❑ Reflections
3 3 3
Examples: (a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 (b) 𝑦 = −𝑥 (c) 𝑦 = 2−𝑥

(a) (b) (c)

Examples: (a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 (b) 𝑦 = − 𝑥 − 2 (c) 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 − 2

(a) (b) (c)

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❑ Stretching and Compressing

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❑ Even and Odd Functions

Even function : A function 𝑓 is said to be an even function if 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
2
e.g., 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 4 , 𝑥 6 , cos 𝑥 , sin 𝑥 2 , 𝑒 𝑥 etc.
Odd function : A function 𝑓 is said to be an odd function if 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)
e.g., 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 5 , 𝑥 7 , sin 𝑥 etc.

Graph of an even function since Graph of an odd function since

𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)
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❑Exercise Set 0.2 H.W.

Sketch the graph of the equation by translating, reflecting, compressing, and stretching principle:

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❑ Families of Functions

✓ Families of 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃, e.g., 𝒚 = 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏

✓ Families of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒏 , e.g., 𝒚 = 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 , 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟓

✓ Families of 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝒏 , e.g., 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟑 , 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟒 , 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟓

✓ Polynomials, e.g., 𝒚 = 𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕

✓ Families of 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑩𝒙 − 𝑪) and 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑩𝒙 − 𝑪),

e.g., 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒙 , 𝒚 = −𝟐 cos 𝜋𝑥

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❑ Families of Functions
✓ Families of 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃, e.g., 𝒚 = 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏

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❑ Families of Functions
✓ Families of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒏 , e.g., 𝒚 = 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 , 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟓

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❑ Families of Functions
✓ Families of 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝒏 , e.g.,𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟏 , 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟑 , 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟒 , 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟓

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❑ Families of Functions
✓ Polynomials, e.g., 𝒚 = 𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕

𝒚 = 𝟖𝒙𝟒 − 𝟗𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟓 + 𝒙𝟑

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❑ Families of Functions

✓ Families of 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑩𝒙 − 𝑪) and 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑩𝒙 − 𝑪),

e.g., 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 , 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙

2𝜋
𝐴 : amplitude 𝑎𝑛𝑑 : period
𝐵

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❑Exercise Set 0.3 H.W.

Sketch the graph of the following equations for 𝑛 = 1, 3, and 5 in one coordinate system
and for 𝑛 = 2, 4, and 6 in another coordinate system.

15. (a) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 for 𝑎 = ±1, ±2, and ± 3 in a single coordinate system.
(b) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑏 for 𝑏 = ±1, ±2, and ± 3 in a single coordinate system
(c) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏 for 𝑎 = ±1, ±2, and 𝑏 = ±1, ±2 in a single
coordinate system.

16. (a) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 for 𝑎 = ±1, ±2, and ± 3 in a single coordinate system.
(b) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑏 for 𝑏 = ±1, ±2, and ± 3 in a single coordinate system
(c) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 for 𝑎 = ±1, ±2, and 𝑏 = ±1, ±2 in a single
coordinate system.
Find the amplitude and period, and sketch at least two periods of the graph by hand:
𝑥
35. (a) 𝑦 = 3 sin 4𝑥 (b) 𝑦 = −2 cos 𝜋𝑥 (c) 𝑦 = 2 + cos
2

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