Fluid Mechanics – II

External Flow

Maj Muhammad Ali Khan

 Learning Objectives

▪ Internal vs External flow

▪ Drag and Lift forces
 Internal vs External Flow

 A fluid flow is classified as being internal or external,

depending on whether the fluid is forced to flow in a
confined channel or over a surface
 The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such as a
plate, a wire, or a pipe is external flow
 The flow in a pipe or duct is internal flow if the fluid is
completely bounded by solid surfaces
 Water flow in a pipe is internal flow, and airflow over a
ball or over an exposed pipe during a windy day is
external
 The flow of liquids in a duct is called open-channel flow if
the duct is only partially filled with the liquid and there is
a free surface
Internal vs External Flow
 Wake

Breakwater
 External Flow around Immersed Bodies
▪ Any body of any shape when immersed in a fluid stream will
experience forces and moments from the flow.
▪ If the body has arbitrary shape and orientation, the flow will
exert forces and moments about all three coordinate axes.
▪ It is customary to choose one axis parallel to the free stream
and positive downstream.
▪ The force on the body along this axis is called drag, and the
moment of force about that axis the rolling moment.
▪ The drag is essentially a flow loss and must be overcome if
the body is to move against the stream.
 External Flow around Immersed Bodies

▪ A second and very important force is perpendicular to the

drag and usually performs a useful job, such as bearing the
weight of the body. It is called the lift.
▪ The moment of the lift axis is called yaw.
▪ The third component, neither a loss nor a gain, is the side
force, and about this axis is the pitching moment.
 External Flow around Immersed Bodies

▪ When the body has symmetry about the lift-drag axis,

e.g., airplanes, ships, and cars moving directly into a
stream, the side force, yaw, and roll vanish, and the
problem reduces to a two-dimensional case: two forces,
lift and drag, and one moment, pitch.
 Drag & Lift
▪ When any body moves through a fluid, an interaction between
the body and the fluid occurs; this effect can be given in terms of
the forces at the fluid–body interface.
▪ These forces can be described in terms of the stresses—wall
shear stresses on the body, due to viscous effects and normal
stresses due to the pressure, p.
▪ The resultant force in the direction of the upstream velocity is
termed the drag, d, and the resultant force normal to the
upstream velocity is termed the lift.
 Drag & Lift
Pressure & Shear Forces
Example
Solution
 Bernoulli Equation
𝑷 𝒗𝟐
+ + 𝒛 ± 𝒉𝒑 = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝜸 𝟐𝒈
Pressure Force Viscous Force

Inertial Force Gravitational Force

 Drag & Lift Coefficient

𝐏 𝒍 𝒗𝟐
= 𝒉𝑳 = 𝒇
𝛄 𝑫 𝟐𝒈
𝑷 𝒍 𝒗𝟐
=𝒇
𝝆𝐠 𝑫 𝟐𝒈
𝑷 𝒍
𝟐
=𝒇
𝒗 𝑫
𝝆
𝟐
Euler Number
 Drag & Lift Coefficient

𝑷 𝒑
𝒗𝟐
= 𝒗𝟐
= 𝐂𝐃 𝐨𝐫 𝐂𝐋
𝝆 𝝆 𝑨
𝟐 𝟐

▪ A is taken to be frontal area & at times A is taken to be the planform area

▪ Characteristic area which is used in the definition of the lift and drag
coefficients must be clearly stated
Drag Coefficient for a Flat Plat
Drag Coefficient
Drag Coefficient