SPEC-2 Compressed Merged

BASIC CONCEPTS
IN COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
ASPECN2: COMMUNITY PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT
AR. ANGELUS MARIA P. SALES
Before starting with the main lecture, ask the class what comes to their mind when they
hear the word community development.
MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 1 of 21

ASPECN2: COMMUNITY PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT
”IT IS TIME FOR US TO

GO TO THE PEOPLE
RATHER THAN ASK
THE PEOPLE,
ESPECIALLY THE POOR,
TO COME TO US”
This is the slogan that has been the guiding motto of the organization that I worked for
since 2005.

WHAT IS
COMMUNITY?
Let us breakdown the concepts of community development by beginning with the

definition of community.
Ask the class again, what is their understanding of community?

poor, disempowered &
shared livelihoods
COMMUNITY marginalized
shared problems & issues shared

resources shared values
interdependence
shared shared norms
common identity/ sense of
space
belonging
shared interest

COMMUNITY
group of people living together with a set of
values and norms that govern the lives and
relationships of its constituents
(GEOGRAPHIC COMMUNITIES)
can also be a group of people having shared
experiences, issues, interests, needs, and
aspirations but not necessarily living together
in one locality (SECTORAL COMMUNITIES)
explain in Tagalog

WHAT IS
DEVELOPMENT?
Now, let's proceed to development.
What is your understanding of development?
In Tagalog, kaunlaran.

DEVELOPMENT
VISION
Historical Process Deliberate Efforts
of Change for Improvement

DEVELOPMENT
the process of positive change not just in
the physical aspect but as well as economic,
socio-cultural, and environmental

SOME THOUGHTS TO PONDER ON...
WHAT SHAPES YOUR

PERSPECTIVE OF
DEVELOPMENT?
WHOSE PERSPECTIVE
SHAPES DEVELOPMENT
IN COMMUNITIES?
What shapes your perspective of development?
Ano ang humuhubog sa perspektibo mo ng kaunlaran?
Whose perspective shapes development in communities?
Kaninong perspektibo ang masusunod sa paghubog ng kaunlaran sa komunidad?

WHAT IS
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT?
Having tackled the definition of community and the meaning of development, what does
community development mean?

COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
“A process of transforming the marginalized
communities so that they may collectively
act on their situations and on external forces
that undermine and perpetuate the
oppressive conditions.” (Luna, 2009)
The main goal is social transformation and
people’s empowerment
Read definition. Given the definition with the keywords transforming marginalized
communities and collectively act, the main goal of community development is social
transformation and people’s empowerment. When you do your outreach activities, those
are considered community projects and activities but should not be categorically branded
as community development.
Community development is a process therefore it takes time and has several components
and one of its component to achieve its goal is active community participation.

WHAT IS
COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION?
Having mentioned community participation as key component of community

development. What is community participation?

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
The engagement of
communities in decisions
about things that affect their
lives
Community participation is
not the same as consultation
Communities play an active
part and have a significant
degree of power and
influence
LEVELS OF PARTICIPATION IN A PROJECT

Nick Wates, “The Community Planning
Handbook”, (London, Earthscan, 2006), p.10
It is basically the engagement of communities in decisions about things that affect their
lives. Community participation is not the same as consultation. For community
participation to happen, communities must play an active part and have a significant
degree of power and influence.
Let’s look at this table which was taken from the Community Planning Handbook by Nick
Wates. This table outlines the levels of community involvement through the various
stages of a project. At the lowest level of participation is information wherein all actions
are done by the authorities and the community is only informed throughout the project
stages. The optimum degree of participation that we want to achieve is self-help wherein
the community is in control of the entire project from its early stages until it is
implemented and maintained. This is usually achieved when the community has a strong
organization and can manage their own project.
Recognizing the various levels/degree of participation:

Information
Consultation: feedbacking
Partnership: higher degree of influence
Self-help: highest degree; usually community has strong organization, able to control
various stages of the project
Most community planning operates in the

shaded areas. Any party may initiate action but the crucial ingredient is
joint planning and design, shown in the dark square. Implementation and
maintenance will either be carried out jointly or by the authorities after

consulting the community.

TOWARDS A PEOPLE-CENTERED DEVELOPMENT
Vibrant self-propelling Self-awareness and

Full human capacities
groups of the marginalized critical consciousness
Accountable and
Secure and sustainable
transparent political
livelihood systems
system
We advocate for more community participation in community development because our

ultimate goal is towards a people-centered development

WHAT IS
PARTICIPATORY
COMMUNITY PLANNING
& DESIGN?
Given the definition of community participation, what then is participatory community

planning and design?

PARTICIPATORY COMMUNITY
PLANNING & DESIGN
Approach that actively involves
community members in the
planning and design process to help
ensure that as its end users, the
designed product meets their needs
and is usable
This is achieved by making sure that:
Plan or design ideas are drawn out from the
community
Community makes informed decisions and
build consensus
Use of formal and informal ways for people
to have meaningful participation or input to
the plan or design
It is an approach that actively involves community members in the planning and design
process to help ensure that as its end users, the designed product meets their needs and
is usable
And this is achieved by making sure that:

HOW: Plan or design ideas are drawn out from the community
HOW: Community makes informed decisions and build consensus; and as technical
professionals or designers
HOW: We use formal & informal ways for people to have meaningful participation or input
to the plan/design

WHY APPLY A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH?

Informed participation gives people
access to technical or specialized
knowledge that can lead to better
decisions by communities
More appropriate solutions and
effective use of resources
Participation has the potential to

spark community activation, foster
collective ownership and shared
responsibility
Enhance social cohesion and promote
sustainability of project
Having established the definitions, why is it then important to apply the participatory
approach in our design process?
For one, informed participation gives people access to technical or specialized knowledge
that can lead to better decisions by communities. In the case of architecture and planning,
it results to more appropriate solutions and effective use of resources
Participation has the potential to spark community activation, foster collective ownership
and shared responsibility. Communities have a sense of ownership for the project which is
more likely to ensure the actualization of the project to their satisfaction and promote
sustainability of the project

WHY APPLY A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH?

Local people’s participation can bring
additional resources to a project and
at the same time give opportunities
for people to develop skills and
networks
Empowerment and added economic
value
Collaboration between local people

and professionals improves the
quality of planning and design
Greater insight from community
definitions of needs, problems, and
solutions
Local people’s participation can bring additional resources to a project and at the same
time give opportunities for people to develop skills and networks which leads to
empowerment and added economic value
Collaboration between local people and professionals improves the quality of planning
and design because there is greater insight from indigenous knowledge of the community
with respect to their needs, problems, and possible solutions

REFERENCES
Vera, A. (2022). Community-based Development. [YouTube video].
Matabang, G. (2019, February 9). Participatory community

planning and design [Presentation]. In TAO Lecture Series:
Participatory Approaches in Community and Shelter Design and
Construction. Quezon City, Philippines: TAO-Pilipinas.
Luna, E. (2009). Community Development: a Practice and a

Discipline. In Community Development Praxis in Philippine
Setting. Quezon City, Philippines: UP College of Social Work and
Community Development.
Wates, N. (2006). The Community Planning Handbook. London:

Earthscan.
Photos used are from TAO-Pilipinas, Inc.

THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING
NOW, LET'S DISCUSS...

SITUATIONAL
BACKGROUND
PREPARED BY AR. ANGELUS MARIA P. SALES APRIL 2024

GLOBAL
SITUATION
DATA TAKEN FROM UN SDG REPORT 2022

LOCAL
SITUATION
DATA TAKEN FROM WORLD RISK INDEX 2023 REPORT, NEDA, AND DHSUD
DATA TAKEN FROM WORLD RISK INDEX 2023 REPORT

HOUSES DAMAGED DUE TO

DISASTER
500,000 DWELLINGS
FROM 2016-2021
355,070 PEOPLE LOST THEIR HOMES

IN 2020
SOURCE: PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2023-2028 (NEDA)

HOUSING BACKLOG
6.8 MILLION
FROM 2017-2022
ABOUT 66% OF THE 1.6 MILLION

DIRECT HOUSING ASSISTANCE
TARGET WAS MET
BETWEEN 2017-2022

NUMBER OF INFORMAL
SETTLER FAMILIES
3.7 MILLION
AS OF 2021
500,000
LIVING IN METRO MANILA
ONLY 96,269 SOCIALIZED HOUSING

UNITS WERE APPROVED OR
DEMANDED
BETWEEN 2017-2020

NATIONAL BUDGET
ALLOCATION FOR
HOUSING SECTOR
ONLY 0.10% OF NATIONAL BUDGET
FOR 2023 GAA
1 MILLION HOUSING UNIT PER YEAR

MARCOS ADMINISTRATION TARGET
SOURCE: DSHUD, 2023 DURING HABITAT FOR HUMANITY HOUSING SYMPOSIUM

SO WHY ALL THE

DATA?
SOME THOUGHTS TO PONDER ON

REFERENCES
UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS REPORT 2022.
WORLD RISK INDEX REPORT 2023.
NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
(NEDA). 2023. PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2023-2028.
PASIG CITY. NEDA.
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND URBAN
DEVELOPMENT PRESENTATION AT HABITAT FOR HUMANITY
HOUSING SYMPOSIUM. 2023.
PHOTOS USED IN THE BACKGROUND FROM TAO-PILIPINAS
ROLE OF
TECHNICAL
PROFESSIONALS
IN COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT WORK
AR. ANGELUS MARIA P. SALES
ARCHITECTS
ENGINEERS
WHO ARE THE

TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNERS
PROFESSIONALS?
SCIENTISTS
OTHER ALLIED
PROFESSIONALS
CASE EXAMPLES
TAO-PILIPINAS
stands for Technical Assistance Organization
is a women-led, non-stock, non-profit, non-

government organization that assists
urban and rural poor communities in the
physical planning, development,
and management of their communities. It
was started in 2001 by a multidisciplinary
group of individuals who wanted to have a
socially responsive professional practice.
PPVHOA HIGH DENSITY

HOUSING: SITE PLANNING,
BUILDING & HOUSE UNIT DESIGN
LOCATION:
Santa Mesa, Manila
ACTIVITY:
Site Planning & House Design Workshop
Context & background

Stakeholders
Activity objectives
Participatory process
Tools
Output
Use of output
PPVHOA HIGH DENSITY HOUSING:

SITE PLANNING, BUILDING & HOUSE
UNIT DESIGN
PPVHOA HIGH DENSITY HOUSING: SITE PLANNING,

PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS:
People's Planville HOA
COM (Community Organizers
Multiversity)
FDUP (Foundation for the
Development of the Urban Poor)
TAO-Pilipinas
Social Housing Finance
Corporation
Engineering consultants

ACTIVITY OBJECTIVES:
Pre-workshop capacity building activities
Visit to the housing site
Orientation workshop on planning
standards and design considerations
Visit to existing high-density housing
projects

Workshop on Planning and Design for High-
Density Housing:
Serve as a community consultation to
create the technical plans for site
development and building design
Guide the community to agree on a
design scheme (site and building) that
will encompass the needs, desires, and
capacity to pay (amortization)

Workshop on Planning and Design for High-
Density Housing:
Extend the knowledge necessary for
the community to understand the
processes needed to create plans and
designs and to help them make
informed decisions regarding the
housing project

PARTICIPATORY PROCESS
Planning and design workshop:
Review of BP 220 standards and

comparison of visited housing projects
Clustering concepts in high-density
housing
Gendered spatial considerations in
high-density housing
Discussion on affordability levels of the
community and loanable amounts
from SHFC
Discussion on cost comparison for
building construction and site
development

Understanding technical drawings

Site analysis
Site planning & building design/layout (model-making)
Residential unit design/layout activity (model-making)

Criteria for evaluation of preliminary

scheme selection
Preliminary scheme selection
Validation workshop

TOOL USED:
Materials for lecture inputs (ppt and

handouts in Filipino)
Posters on Batas Pambansa 220
standards
Design toolkits for workshop groups:
2D site planning & building layout
toolkit (1:200m)
3D house unit toolkit (1:30m)

TOOL USED:
Guide questions for groups

Printed copy of digitized schemes for
validation

OUTPUT AND USE OF OUTPUT:
High density housing features agreed
on by the community:
5-storey building
2 commercial units
1 multipurpose hall
Use of rainwater harvesting system
Use of solar PV system for communal
spaces
Use of SRC panels for walls

ROLE OF TECHNICAL PROFESSIONALS
WHAT ARE THE

LESSONS & CHALLENGES & ADVANTAGES
INSIGHTS
ROLE OF
TECHNICAL PROFESSIONALS
The technical professional as facilitator of
community participation in the planning &
design process
Shift from the traditional role as the

creator/author/provider to that of enabler to
accommodate community participation
ROLE OF
TECHNICAL PROFESSIONALS
Learning important skills set such as:
Learning to “design with” instead of “design for”

people
Creating the mechanisms to extract creativity or
design input from the community people
Translating or interpreting the design input from
the community into a feasible design solution (that
reflects the community’s aspirations, ideals or
values)
Communicating technical knowledge to non-
technical people
Respect, empathy, patience, and perseverance
THE
CHALLENGES
Commitment from key stakeholders
Resources to obtain accurate data,
develop accessible information and tools
for capacity building
Time for community organizing, building
consensus, and dealing with
disagreements
Creativity and skilled facilitation to
ensure people stay engaged and
contribute
Accommodate cultural and language
needs enabling people to provide quality
input and usable feedback
THE
ADVANTAGES
Results of workshops give evidence that the
plans communities help create are viable
Creates community ownership of the design
Helps the community understand design
options and project trade-offs
Can enhance the level of trust in local
governments willing to accept community
input
Knowledge transfer – gives people access to
info/tools that empower them to convey
information, develop their own ideas and
evaluate proposals from others
THANK YOU
This presentation is an excerpt from the presentation
given by TAO-Pilipinas for UAP New Manila-Centris
chapter GMM last September 2023. Photos provided in the
case examples are from TAO-Pilipinas.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Community
Mapping
OUTLINE OF
PRESENTATION
Definition of Basic Concepts
Importance of Community Mapping
Tools Used for Community Mapping

DEFINITION OF
Basic
Concepts
MAPS
A map is a symbolic
representation of selected
characteristics of a place,
usually drawn on a flat
surface.
(National Geographic
Society)
MAPS
A map is not an objective
depiction of reality. It is a
symbolic interpretation of
place and highlights the
relationships between
elements in space, either
perceived or actual. It reflects
choices, biases, and agendas
of the mapmaker.
(Axis Maps)
MAPS
A map does not and cannot
represent everything in the
place. Things must be omitted,
simplified, etc. for the map to
make sense. This is how a map
achieves clarity and usefulness:
it strips away details of the world
so that the map’s purpose shines
through. (Axis Maps)
TYPES OF MAPS
Reference Map. Emphasize the
location of a spatial phenomena
such as countries, cities, rivers,
etc. Examples are street maps,
topographic maps, or tourist
maps. (Axis Maps)
TYPES OF MAPS
Thematic Map. Emphasize the
spatial pattern of geographic
attributes or statistics about
places and relationships
between places. A reference
map might show bank locations,
while a thematic maps shows
average income in an area. It’s
the difference between mapping
places and mapping data.
(Axis Maps)
MAPPING
The act of making or drawing maps. The
technical term is cartography. It is the art
and science of graphically representing a
geographical area, usually on a flat
surface. (Britannica)
BASIC MAP ELEMENTS
1. Title
2. North Direction
3. Scale
4. Map Projection (Coordinate system used)
5. Legend
6. Sources of Data (Citation)
7. Dates (Production, Survey)
8. Inset Maps
9. Grid Coordinate
10. Data Frame
BASIC MAP ELEMENTS
WATCH THIS!
https://youtu.be/kIID5FDi2JQ
GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM
A virtual representation of the real
world and its infrastructures
A map with database behind it
Which is
queried to support on-going
operations
summarized to support decision
making and policy formulation
analyzed to support scientific inquiry
WHAT IS
COMMUNITY
MAPPING?
COMMUNITY
MAPPING
Community mapping is a process for
people to come together and
understand, by working together, what
their possibilities are for building a
better community (Community
Architects Network)
COMMUNITY
MAPPING
In the context of community
mapping, mapping becomes a tool
for building a community's
understanding of where they live
(Community Architects Network)
COMMUNITY
MAPPING
Community mapping is a
participatory process that
empowers community to depict
their situation in a visual
representation
IMPORTANCE OF
Community
Mapping
WHY ARE MAPS
IMPORTANT?
"A map for us is like an x-ray for a doctor.
For us, who are development workers, if
we do not know what exists in any
settlement or any city, then there is a fear
that we might do something which the
government has already done."
~ PERWEEN RAHMAN (1957-2013),

PAKISTANI COMMUNITY ARCHITECT
AND SOCIAL ACTIVIST
WHY DO COMMUNITY
MAPPING
To survey and understand the community
together
To help all community members to identify

and analyze various matters
To gather information into a simple database

and a map
TOOLS USED FOR
Community
Mapping
BASIC TOOLS IN
COMMUNITY MAPPING
The following are some of the basic tools:

Basic survey form
Basic map or old pictures as references
Plastic cover or tracing paper
Graphing paper
Pens and markers
Measuring tools such as meter tape
Camera
ADVANCED TOOLS IN
COMMUNITY MAPPING
The following are some of the advanced tools used in

community mapping:
handheld GPS device
cellphone with GPS tracking app
Google Earth
Open Street Maps
Kobo Collect Toolbox
QGIS
EXAMPLES OF
Community
Map
STRUCTURES MAP OF
A HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION
DIGITIZED VERSION OF THE
STRUCTURES MAP
HAZARDS MAP OVERLAID ON
UTILITIES AND RESOURCES MAP
THE END
Thank you for listening! For

questions, you can email us at
yp@tao-pilipinas.org
REFERENCES
"What is a Map?", Axis Maps https://www.axismaps.com/guide/what-is-
a-map Date accessed: 31 March 2022
"Map", National Geographic Society
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/map/#:~:text=12th%2
0Grade-,A%20map%20is%20a%20symbolic%20representation%20of%20
selected%20characteristics%20of,features%2C%20and%20distances%2
0between%20places. Date accessed: 31 March 2022
"Cartography", Encyclopaedia Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/cartography Date Accessed: 31
March 2022.
"Community Mapping". Community Architects Network
http://communityarchitectsnetwork.info/upload/opensources/publicati
ons/file_14062013021618.pdf Date Accessed: 31 March 2022

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BASIC CONCEPTS

AR. ANGELUS MARIA P. SALES

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 1 of 21

”IT IS TIME FOR US TO

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 2 of 21

Let us breakdown the concepts of community development by beginning with the

Ask the class again, what is their understanding of community?

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 3 of 21

shared problems & issues shared

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 4 of 21

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 5 of 21

Now, let's proceed to development.

What is your understanding of development?

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 6 of 21

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 7 of 21

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 8 of 21

WHAT SHAPES YOUR

What shapes your perspective of development?

Ano ang humuhubog sa perspektibo mo ng kaunlaran?

Whose perspective shapes development in communities?

Kaninong perspektibo ang masusunod sa paghubog ng kaunlaran sa komunidad?

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 9 of 21

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 10 of 21

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 11 of 21

Having mentioned community participation as key component of community

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 12 of 21

LEVELS OF PARTICIPATION IN A PROJECT

Recognizing the various levels/degree of participation:

Most community planning operates in the

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 13 of 21

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 14 of 21

TOWARDS A PEOPLE-CENTERED DEVELOPMENT

Vibrant self-propelling Self-awareness and

We advocate for more community participation in community development because our

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 15 of 21

Given the definition of community participation, what then is participatory community

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 16 of 21

And this is achieved by making sure that:

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 17 of 21

WHY APPLY A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH?

Participation has the potential to

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 18 of 21

WHY APPLY A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH?

Collaboration between local people

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 19 of 21

Matabang, G. (2019, February 9). Participatory community

Luna, E. (2009). Community Development: a Practice and a

Wates, N. (2006). The Community Planning Handbook. London:

Photos used are from TAO-Pilipinas, Inc.

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 20 of 21

NOW, LET'S DISCUSS...

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Page 21 of 21

PREPARED BY AR. ANGELUS MARIA P. SALES APRIL 2024

DATA TAKEN FROM UN SDG REPORT 2022

DATA TAKEN FROM WORLD RISK INDEX 2023 REPORT

HOUSES DAMAGED DUE TO

355,070 PEOPLE LOST THEIR HOMES

SOURCE: PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2023-2028 (NEDA)

ABOUT 66% OF THE 1.6 MILLION

SOURCE: PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2023-2028 (NEDA)

ONLY 96,269 SOCIALIZED HOUSING

SOURCE: PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2023-2028 (NEDA)

1 MILLION HOUSING UNIT PER YEAR

SOURCE: DSHUD, 2023 DURING HABITAT FOR HUMANITY HOUSING SYMPOSIUM