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TARLAC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL - ANNEX

San Miguel, Tarlac City

MATHEMATICS 7
Quarter 3

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Learning Competencies: (MELC Q3 Wk1)
▪ Represents point, line and plane using concrete and pictorial models.
▪ Illustrates subsets of a line
▪ Classifies the different kinds of angles

Undefined Terms: POINT, LINE and PLANE

In geometry, formal definitions are formed using other defined words or terms. There are, however, three
words in geometry that are not formally defined. These words are point, line, and plane, and are referred to as the
“three undefined terms of geometry”.
In Euclidean Geometry, the geometric terms point, line, and plane are all undefined terms and are purely
mental concepts or ideas. However, we can use concrete objects around us to represent these ideas. Thus, these
undefined terms can only be described.
Term Description Figure Notation
A point indicates a location (or position) in space
It is usually represented by a dot
A point has no dimension (actual size)
POINT •A point A
It has no length, no width and no height (thickness)
A point is usually named with a capital letter

A line is a set of points arranged in a row

A line is extended endlessly in both directions
A line is drawn with arrowheads on both ends
It is one dimensional figure
l Line l
LINE Two points determine a line that is two distinct points are contained by and
exactly one line. A B ⃡𝐴𝐵
(read as line AB)
A line is named by a single lowercase script letter, or by any two (or
more) points which lie on the line

A plane has two dimensions

A plane forms a flat surface extending indefinitely in all directions.
A plane has infinite length, infinite width and zero height (thickness)
A plane is drawn as four-sided figure resembling a tabletop or m Plane m or
PLANE •B
parallelogram. Plane ABC
A plane is named by a single letter (plane m) or by three coplanar, but •A •C
non-collinear, points (plane ABC)

Examples:
These are some of the objects around us that could represent a point or line or plane.

Objects that could represent a point Objects that could represent a line Objects that could represent a plane
Corner of a table Electric wire Wall
Tip of a needle Meter stick Paper
Stars in the sky Strand of hair Blackboard

OTHER TERMS IN GEOMETRY

The three undefined terms in Plane Geometry are point, line and plane. Relationships between the above objects are
defined and described in the following:

Geometric Terms Illustrations

A B C
Collinear points are points on the same line. • • •
Points A, B and C are collinear points
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 d A B
Coplanar points/lines are points/lines on the same plane.
line d and line AB are coplanar lines
points A and B are coplanar points
x
Intersecting lines are two distinct lines with a common point. y
line x and line y are intersecting lines
B•
•A D•
Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not meet.
•C
⃡ ∥ 𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝐵 ⃡ read as “line AB is parallel to line CD”

SUBSETS OF A LINE

Subset of A Line Illustration Notation

LINE SEGMENT is a subset of a line consisting of two points (called endpoints) ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑩 𝒐𝒓 ̅̅̅̅
𝑩𝑨
and all other points between them. Its length can be measured. It is usually A B (read as line
named by its two endpoints with a bar above them. • • segment AB or
line segment BA)
RAY is a subset of a line with one endpoint and all other points on one side of
the endpoint. Since it extends in one direction infinitely, it cannot be X Y 𝑋𝑌
(read as ray XY)
measured. It is named by two points, with the endpoint written first.

ANGLES

An angle is a union of two non-collinear rays with common endpoint. The two non-collinear rays are the sides of the
angle while the common endpoint is the vertex. It is denoted by a symbol ∠.

sides

vertex

Ways of Naming Angles Illustration

1. By using three letters, the middle letter represents the vertex of the M
angle and the other letters correspond to the points on the sides of
the angle. N
P
Angle MNP or ∠𝑴𝑵𝑷
Or the reverse ∠𝑷𝑵𝑴

2. A single letter representing the vertex may also be used to name an

angle.
B
Angle B or ∠𝑩

3. By using a small letter or a numeral.

1 n
Angle 1 and Angle n
Or ∠𝟏 and ∠𝒏

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MEASURES OF ANGLES
The measure of an angle refers to the opening made from one side of the angle to the other. An arrow from
one side of the angle to the other usually denotes the measure desired.
A unit for measuring angles is the degree (°). In measuring
angles, one may use a protractor. To use the protractor, place the
center point on the vertex of the angle to be measured. Line up the mark
labeled 0 on either scale with one side of the angle. Then read the scale
where it falls on the other side of the angle. The figure at the right, the
measure of angle ABC is 30 degrees or 30°. As a matter of convention,
we write this as 𝒎∠𝑨𝑩𝑪 = 𝟑𝟎°. B C

KINDS OF ANGLES

Classification Definition Illustration

1. Acute Angle An acute angle is an angle whose measure is greater than 0° but less
than 90°.
40°

2. Right Angle A right angle is an angle whose measure is exactly 90°.

90°

3. Obtuse Angle An obtuse angle is an angle whose measure is greater than 90° but
less than 180°.
140°

Learning Competencies: (MELC Q3 Wk2)

▪ Illustrates, identifies, and defines pairs of angles: complementary angles, supplementary angles, congruent
angles, vertical angles, adjacent angles and linear pairs;
▪ Derives relationships of geometric figures using measurements supplementary angles, complementary angles,
and congruent angles;
▪ Illustrates, identifies, and defines parallel lines and perpendicular lines.

ANGLE PAIRS

Angle Pairs Illustrations

B 30°
Complementary angles are two angles whose sum of measures is 90°.
A
∠𝑨 and ∠𝑩 are complementary angles
since ∠𝑨 + ∠𝑩 = 𝟗𝟎°

30° 150°
Supplementary angles are two angles whose sum of measures is 180°. C D
∠𝑪 and ∠𝑫 are supplementary angles
since ∠𝑪 + ∠𝑫 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

Congruent angles are two angles whose measures are equal. The 30° C B 30°

symbol for congruence is ≅. ∠𝑪 ≅ ∠𝑩

(read as angle C is congruent to angle B)
since their measures are equal

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4 2
Vertical angles are two angles whose sides form two intersecting lines. 3
Vertical angles are congruent.
∠𝟏 and ∠𝟑 are vertical angles
∠𝟐 and ∠𝟒 are vertical angles
A C
Adjacent angles are two coplanar angles that have common vertex and
a common side but have no interior points in common. B D
∠𝑨𝑩𝑪 and ∠𝑪𝑩𝑫 are adjacent angles

Linear pair are two adjacent supplementary angles whose exterior 1 2

sides are opposite rays. ∠𝟏 and ∠𝟐 are linear pair
∠𝟏 and ∠𝟐 are supplementary

PARALLEL and PERPENDICULAR LINES

PARALLEL LINES are coplanar lines that do not intersect. The symbol for 𝓂
𝒶
perpendicular is ∥. To check whether two lines are parallel, they must be
equidistant to each other.
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝓂 ∥ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝒶
read as “line m is parallel to line a”

𝓉
PERPENDICULAR LINES are lines that intersect at right angles. The symbol for
𝒽
perpendicular is ⊥. When the intersection of segments and rays form right
angles, then they are considered perpendicular.
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝓉 ⊥ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝒽
read as “line t is perpendicular to line h”

Learning Competencies: (MELC Q3 Wk3)

▪ Derives relationships among angles formed by parallel lines cut by a transversal using measurement and by inductive
reasoning.

ANGLES FORMED BY PARALLEL LINES CUT BY A TRANSVERSAL

𝓉 Exterior
𝓂 1 2
A line that intersects two or more lines at different points 3 4
is called a transversal. Interior
𝓃 5 6
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the 7 8
following pairs of angles are formed. Exterior

• Corresponding Angles
➢ The corresponding angles are two angles, one Line 𝓽 is the transversal of parallel lines 𝓶 and 𝓷.
interior and the other exterior, on the same side of
the transversal. Corresponding angles:
➢ Corresponding angles are congruent. • ∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠5
• ∠2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠6
• ∠3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠7
• ∠4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠8

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• Alternate Interior Angles Alternate interior angles:
➢ The alternate interior angles are two interior angles • ∠3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠6
that lie on opposite sides of the transversal. • ∠4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠5
➢ Alternate interior angles are congruent.

• Alternate Exterior Angles

➢ The alternate exterior angles are two exterior Alternate exterior angles:
angles that lie on opposite sides of the transversal. • ∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠8
➢ Alternate exterior angles are congruent. • ∠2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠7

• Same Side Interior Angles

➢ Same side interior angles are two interior angles on Same side interior angles:
the same side of the transversal. • ∠3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠5
➢ Same side interior angles are supplementary. • ∠4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠6

• Same Side Exterior Angles

➢ Same side exterior angles are two exterior angles on Same side exterior angles:
• ∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠7
the same side of the transversal.
• ∠2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠8
➢ Same side exterior angles are supplementary.

Example:
Find the measures of the angles marked with letters given the measure of angle A (𝒎∠𝑨 = 𝟔𝟎°).
Answers:
𝒶 ∠𝑨 ≅ ∠𝑬 since ∠𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐸 are corresponding angles.
𝑚∠𝐸 = 60°
𝓇 𝒎∠𝑨 = 𝟔𝟎° B 𝑚∠𝐷 = 60° ∠𝑬 ≅ ∠𝑫 since ∠𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐷 are alternate interior angles.
C D 𝑚∠𝐶 = 120° ∠𝑬 + ∠𝑫 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° since ∠𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐶 are same side interior angles.
𝑚∠𝐹 = 120° ∠𝑪 ≅ ∠𝑭 since ∠𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐹 are alternate interior angles.
𝓈 E F 𝑚∠𝐵 = 120° ∠𝑭 ≅ ∠𝑩 since ∠𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐵 are corresponding angles.
G H 𝑚∠𝐺 = 120° ∠𝑨 + ∠𝑮 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° since ∠𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐺 are same side exterior angles.
𝑚∠𝐻 = 60° ∠𝑨 ≅ ∠𝑯 since ∠𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐻 are alternate exterior angles.

Line 𝓪 is the transversal of lines 𝓻 and 𝓼

Learning Competencies: (MELC Q3 Wk5, Wk6 and Wk10)

▪ Illustrates polygons: (a) convexity; (b) angles; and (c) sides;
▪ Derives inductively the relationship of exterior and interior angles of a convex polygon.
▪ Solves problems involving sides and angles of a polygon

POLYGONS

Definition of Polygon
The word “polygon” comes from the Greek words “poly”, which means “many”, and “gon”, which means
“angles”.
A polygon is a union of non-collinear segments, the sides, on a plane that meet at their endpoints, the vertices,
so that each endpoint (vertex) is contained by exactly two segments (sides).
Polygons are named by writing their consecutive vertices in order, such as ABCDE or AEDCB or CDEAB or CBAED
for the figure below:
B

A C

E D

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Identifying Polygons

Parts of a Polygon

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RELATIONSHIPS OF ANGLES IN CONVEX POLYGON
❖ The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a convex polygon (either regular or irregular) with 𝒏 sides
is (𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎°.

Example: Determine the sum of interior angles of a pentagon.

Solution:
Since a pentagon has 5 sides, 𝑛 = 5
(𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎° → (𝟓 − 𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎° (by substitution)
(𝟑)𝟏𝟖𝟎° = 𝟓𝟒𝟎° (simplify then multiply)

A C

E D
Sum of interior angles:
∠𝐴 + ∠𝐵 + ∠𝐶 + ∠𝐷 + ∠𝐸 = 540°

(𝒏−𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎°
❖ The measure of each interior angle of a regular polygon with 𝒏 sides is .
𝒏

Example: What is the measure of each interior angle of a regular pentagon?

Solution:
Since a pentagon has 5 sides, 𝑛 = 5
(𝒏−𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎° (𝟓−𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎°
→ (by substitution)
𝒏 𝟓
(𝟑)𝟏𝟖𝟎°
(simplify)
𝟓
𝟓𝟒𝟎°
= 𝟏𝟎𝟖° (multiply then divide)
𝟓

B ∠𝐴 = 108°
∠𝐵 = 108°
A C
∠𝐶 = 108°
∠𝐷 = 108°
E D
∠𝐸 = 108°

❖ The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of any polygon is 𝟑𝟔𝟎°. Sum of exterior angles:
∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 + ∠5 = 360°
❖ The measure of each exterior angle of a regular polygon with 𝒏 sides
𝟑𝟔𝟎°
is .
𝒏
∠1 = 72°
Example: What is the measure of each exterior angle of a pentagon? ∠2 = 72°
Solution: ∠3 = 72°
Since a pentagon has 5 sides, 𝑛 = 5 ∠4 = 72°
𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝟑𝟔𝟎° ∠5 = 72°
→ (by substitution)
𝒏 𝟓
𝟑𝟔𝟎°
= 𝟕𝟐° (simplify)
𝟓

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Learning Competencies: (MELC Q3 Wk7)
▪ Illustrates a circle and the terms related to it: radius, diameter chord, center, arc, central angle, and inscribed angle

Things to Remember

CIRCLES AND RELATED TERMS

Definition of Circle
A circle is a set of points on a plane with a fixed distance from a given point on that
plane, called center.

You name a circle by its center. The circle on the right has point A as its center,
therefore it is called circle A.

Terms Related
Definition Illustrations
to Circle

Radius A radius of a circle is any segment joining the

center to any point on the circle.

Diameter A diameter of a circle is any chord that passes

through the center of the circle.

The length of a diameter is twice the radius.

Line segment AB is a radius of circle A

Chord A chord is any segment whose endpoints lie on the
Line segment CD is a diameter of circle A
circle.
Line segment CB is a chord of circle A

Tangent Tangent is a line that touches the circle at exactly

one point called the point of tangency.

𝔁
point of tangency

Line 𝔁 is the tangent and point E is the

point of tangency.

Secant Secant is a line that intersects the circle at two

points.

𝒚
Line 𝒚 is the secant

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 Arc An arc of a circle is two points on the circle (called
endpoints of the arc) and the unbroken part of the
circle.

There are three types of arcs: semicircle, minor

arc, and major arc.

Semicircle A semicircle is half a circle. It is often named using

three capital letters to avoid confusion on which FGE (read as arc FGE) is a semicircle.
semi-circle is being referred to.

Minor Arc If an arc is smaller than a semicircle, it is a minor

arc. It is denoted using two capital letters.

Major Arc If an arc is larger than a semicircle, it is a major arc.

It is denoted using three capital letters.

LB (read as arc LB) is a minor arc

while LMB (read as arc LMB) is a major arc

Central Angle A central angle is an angle whose vertex is at the

center of the circle and whose sides are radii of the
circle.

The measure of a central angle is equal to the

measure of the intercepted arc.
∠𝑩𝑨𝑪 is a central angle.

If the measure of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 is 50°,

then the measure of BC is also 50°

Inscribed Angle An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex lies on

the circle and whose sides intersect the circle in
two other points.

The measure of an inscribed angle is half of the

measure of the intercepted arc.
∠𝑩𝑪𝑫 is an inscribed angle.

If the measure of BD is 60°,

then the measure of ∠𝐵𝐶𝐷 is 30°.

Intercepted Arc An intercepted arc is the arc that lies in the interior
of an inscribed or central angle and has endpoints
on the circle.

BD is the intercepted arc

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