BoA Bramat 2024

Book of Abstracts
Brașov - ROMANIA
March 13 - 16, 2024
Brașov - ROMANIA
March 13 - 16, 2024
BOOK OF
ABSTRACTS
Conference’s Partners:
Namicon, Sartorom, Struers, AMS 2000, Global Source, Nanoteam, Standard Service
Organized by
Materials Science and Engineering Faculty
Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
and
Technical Sciences Academy of Romania – ASTR
Romanian Foundry Technical Association – ATTR
Romanian Welding Society - ASR
Conference Steering Committee
Alexandru PASCU, Conference Chairman
Vice-Dean of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
Daniel MUNTEANU, Conference Vice-Chairman
Vice-Rector of Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
Ioan Vasile ABRUDAN
Rector of Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
Mircea Horia ȚIEREAN
President of the Senate of Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
Maria DINESCU
National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiations Physics, Bucharest, Romania
Andreea GATTO
University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Italy
Teodor MACHEDON-PISU
Dean of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
Cornel SAMOILA
Technical Sciences Academy of Romania; Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
Filipe VAZ
Minho University, Braga, Portugal
Nachum FINGER
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
Conference Local Organizing Conference Sections

Committee
Liana Sanda BALTEȘ I. Metallic materials and
Tibor BEDŐ composites
Ioana BORŞAN II. Functional materials and
Daniel CRISTEA nanotechnology
Cătălin CROITORU
III. Energy and environmental
Bogdan Marian DUMAN
materials
Camelia GABOR
Iuliana GHEORGHIȚĂ IV. Engineering applications
Mihai Alexandru LUCA
Ioan MILOȘAN
Edit Roxana MOLDOVAN Hall B = room U I 6
Arthur OLAH Hall C = room U I 3
Mihai Alin POP
Ioana POPESCU
Simona Corina RADU
Ionuț Claudiu ROATĂ
Elena Manuela STANCIU
Maria STOICĂNESCU
Ionuț UNCU
International Advisory Committee
Andreas ANAYIOTOS, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus

Iulian ANTONIAC, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest,
Romania
Denise BEITELSCHMIDT, ZwickRoell GmbH & Co KG, Germany
Mariana CALIN, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Germany
C. Barry CARTER, University of Connecticut, USA
Denis CHAUMONT, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
Ionel CHICINAS, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Eugen CICALA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
Valentin CRACIUN, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiations Physics, Bucharest,
Romania
Luis CUNHA, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
Yaniv GELBSTEIN, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
Rodica Mariana ION, INCDCP – ICECHIM Bucharest; Valahia University, Targoviste, Romania
Luca IULIANO, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Joseph KOST, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
Afina LUPULESCU, ASM International, USA
Florin MICULESCU, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Romania
Julia Claudia MIRZA-ROSCA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Strul MOISA, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
Cacilda MOURA, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
Corneliu MUNTEANU, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iași, Romania
José Luis OCAÑA MORENO, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Peter REM, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Henrik RUDOLPH, Editor-in-Chief, Applied Surface Science - Elsevier
Eleonora SANTECCHIA, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
Elena SCUTELNICU, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Romania
Hassan SHIRVANI, Anglia Ruskin University, United Kingdom
Doru M. STEFANESCU, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
Gabriela STRNAD, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and
Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
Michael W. TAUSCH, University of Wuppertal, Institute of Polymer Technology, Germany
Petrica VIZUREANU, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iași, Romania
Ionelia VOICULESCU, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest,
Romania
Rodica WENKERT, Soroka University Medical Centre, Beer-Sheva, Israel
Yuhou WU, Shenyang Jianzhu University, China
Conference Venue
Brașov is situated in the central part of the country being considered the second most important town
in Romania. Located 160 km from Bucharest (Romania's capital), Brașov is surrounded by the
Carpathian Mountains, being in the middle of the country at the crossroads of the Eastern Carpathian
and the Southern Carpathians. Across the mountains to the South and East there are Wallachia and
Moldavia, to the West the Banat region and to the North the rolling hills of Northern Transylvania.
The 13th International Conference of Materials Science and Engineering – BraMat 2024, will be held at
Sergiu T. Chiriacescu Aula, 41A Iuliu Maniu Str., Brașov, ROMANIA.
CONTENT
PLENARY LECTURES ................................................................................................. i
SECTION I – Metallic materials and composites.....................................................6
SECTION II – Functional materials and nanotechnology ......................................26
SECTION III – Energy and environmental materials .............................................61
SECTION IV – Engineering applications ................................................................83
Index of authors .................................................................................................123

Program (Outline)
Wednesday, 13.03.2024
18.00: Registration (Hall H)
19.00: Welcome cocktail (Hall H)
Thursday, 14.03.2024
8.30: Registration (Hall H)
9.00: Opening ceremony (Main Hall A)
9.30: Plenary lectures 1 (Main Hall A)
11.00: Coffee break (Hall H)
12.30: Lunch (Hall H)
14.00: Oral presentations 1 (Hall B)
14.00: Oral presentations 2 (Hall C)
16.15 – 18.00: Poster presentations 1 (Hall G)
9.30 – 18.00: Companies exhibitions (Hall G)
18.00: Musical moment (Main Hall A)
19.00: Cocktail (Hall H)
Friday, 15.03.2024
13.30: Lunch (Hall H)
14.30: Workshop on Smart Healthcare Engineering (Hall C)
14.30 – 16.00: Poster presentations 2 (Hall G)
10.00 – 16.00: Companies exhibitions (Hall G)
19.00: Gala dinner (ARO PALACE HOTEL - night bar)
Saturday, 16.03.2024
Sightseeing program: Brasov city and Bran castle
BRAMAT 2024
13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Transilvania University of Brasov - Romania
PLENARY LECTURES
P.01. Ultrasound for targeted and selective cancer therapies

J. KOST, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, ISRAEL
P.02. Multilevel assessment of stent-induced inflammation in the vascular

tissue and pharmacokinetic modeling to assess toxicity
A. ANAYIOTOS, Cyprus University of Technology, CYPRUS
P.03. Nanoarchitectured thin films with tailored responses

F. VAZ, Minho University, PORTUGAL; Transilvania University of Brasov,
ROMANIA
P.04. Solution deposited thin films and chemical epitaxy: a status report
Y. GOLAN, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, ISRAEL
P.05. Exploring the use of AI tools for scientific publication: Advantages,

disadvantages, and authorship
H. RUDOLPH, Applied Surface Science (Elsevier), The NETHERLANDS
P.06. Exciting and promising new class of materials for the future: High
Entropy Alloys
J.C. MIRZA-ROSCA, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University, Las Palmas, SPAIN;
Transilvania University of Brasov,
ROMANIA
P.07. Microfluidic systems in medical applications

C. POPA, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA
P.08. Materials circularity for cultural heritage buildings restoration with

reduced environmental impacts
R.M. ION, INCDCP – ICECHIM Bucharest; Valahia University, Targoviste,
ROMANIA
i
BRAMAT 2024
SECTION I
Metallic materials and composites
Chairpersons:
Ioana POPESCU, Transilvania University of Brasov, ROMANIA

Petrică VIZUREANU, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi; Technical
Sciences Academy of Romania, ROMANIA
6
BRAMAT 2024
I.O.01
EIS STUDY OF HEA DOPED B4C CERAMIC IN ARTIFICIAL SEA WATER
Alberto Daniel Rico-Cano1, Julia Claudia Mirza-Rosca1,2, Burak Cagri Ocak3, Gultekin Goller3
1
Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran canaria, Dpto. de Ingeniería Mecánica, Campus Universitario Tafira,
35017, Las Palmas de gran Canaria, Spain, e-mail: alberto.rico101@alu.ulpgc.es
2
Transilvania University of Brasov, Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Brasov, Romania
3
Istanbul Technical University, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, 34469, Maslak,
Istanbul, Turkey
Keywords: Ceramic, HEA, EIS, corrosion
Abstract: Evaluating a new material's corrosion behavior is a crucial step in its development, since it
allows us to determine the material's whole range of possible applications. Therefore, we decided to
proceed with different electrochemical test in artificial sea water, obtaining information about
corrosion resistance, corrosion rate and
corrosion potential. The surface taken in
analysis is a new type of material, boron
carbide doped with a 3% of High-Entropy
Alloy (HEA) CoCrFeNiMo, with promising
mechanical properties [1]. The doping of
B4C ceramic with CoCrFeMoNi high
entropy alloy led to a more compact
microstructure in comparison to the solid
B4C material, inhibits grain expansion
and results in a finer grain structure. The
doped sample has shown a promising
high resistance to corrosion in artificial
Fig. 1. Linear polarization Rate of doped B4C sample. sea water. By electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy [2-3], it was demonstrated
that the chemical process which takes place at immersion of the doped sample in artificial sea water
has two steps with an important diffusional component, ending with the creation of a passive film as
shown in Fig. 1.
Selective references:
1.B. C. Ocak and G. Goller, Investigation the effect of FeNiCoCrMo HEA addition on properties of B4C ceramic
prepared by spark plasma sintering, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 41(13), Oct. 2021, p. 6290-6301.
2. J. Cabrera-Peña, S.J. Brito-Garcia, J.C. Mirza-Rosca, G.M. Callico, Electrical Equivalent Circuit Model Prediction
of High-Entropy Alloy Behavior in Aggressive Media, Metals (Basel). 13 (2023) 1204.
3. S.J. Brito-Garcia, J.C. Mirza-Rosca, C. Jimenez-Marcos, I. Voiculescu, Impact of Ti Doping on the
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CoCrFeMoNi High-Entropy Alloy, Metals (Basel). 13 (2023) 854.
Acknowledgements: I hereby acknowledge the project SHENG: 2023-1-RO 01- KA220- HED-
000159985, for allowing me to participate in this project.
7
BRAMAT 2024
I.O.02
GEOMETRY OF THERMAL EXCHANGE IN HEATING FURNACES

FOR PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF STEEL
Dan Constantinescu
University Politehnica of Bucharest; SNSIM – National Society for Environment Science and Engineering,
Romania, e-mail: dconstantinescu@ecomet.pub.ro; danco@ines.ro
Keywords: thermal exchange, heating furnaces
Abstract: In the present paper, by “geometry of thermal exchange in heating furnaces” it will be
understood the thermal techniques modelling, applied to the heating of steel billets in a large scale,
in view of processing by forming. These technologies are correlated with the particularities of the
thermal aggregates, having as main objective the reducing of energy consumptions and the
optimizing of the aggregate design. When heating the steel billets in view of processing by forming,
the duration and the quality of heating are influenced by the modality that the billets are receiving
the thermal flow. The reception of the thermal flow depends on the heated surface exposed to the
thermal radiation in compliance with their position on the hearth of the heating aggregate. The
present paper intends to establish some parameters in view of optimizing the heating process. A
basic point of the work is also the determination of some components of a mathematical model for
the proposed heating technology. The authors have in view the complexity of the technical
evolutions of the furnaces.
8
BRAMAT 2024
I.O.03
ANTIMICROBIAL MATERIALS WITH PRINTABLE FEATURES FOR THE FABRICATION OF

IMPLANTABLE DEVICES
Aura – Cătălina Mocanu1, Florin Miculescu1, Ștefan Ioan Voicu2,3, Mădălina Andreea
Pandele2,3, Sorina Dondea1, Ștefan Alexandru Lăptoiu1
1
National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Department of Metallic Materials
Science, Physical Metallurgy, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042, District 6, Bucharest, Romania, e-mail:
mcn_aura@hotmail.com
2
National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Department of Analytical Chemistry
and Environmental Engineering, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., Polizu campus, 011061, District 1, Bucharest, Romania;
3
National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Advanced Polymer Materials Group, 1-
7 Gh. Polizu Str., Polizu campus, 011061, District 1, Bucharest, Romania;
Keywords: printable composite materials, antimicrobial features, biomedical applications
Abstract: Dedicated studies for the manufacturing of implantable devices with patient-customized
characteristics have impacted the targeted field in recent decades for the incorporation of antibiotics
(ATB) into their composition in order to reduce the implantation-risk-associated [1]. Due to the
constant evolution of composite (bio)materials, this study targeted the development of composite
filaments with printable features with/-out antimicrobial properties [2]. The selected reinforcement
materials, namely micrometric biogenic hydroxyapatite (BHA, particles <40 μm) and micrometric
graphene nanoplatelets (GnP, grade M) [3], were homogenized with/-out ATB into the polylactic acid
(PLA) matrix by mechanical and thermal means at modulated ratios. The obtained mixtures were
converted into granules and used as feedstock for the extrusion of composite filaments with Φ=1.75
mm in diameter. Through a complex investigation program launched for the identification and
elimination of inefficient and incompatible modulated ratios for the bone reconstruction
applications, the optimal technological parameters were delineated as follows: (i) the dispersion
degree of all incorporated materials into the polymeric matrix, (ii) the influence of the reinforcement
materials with/-out ATB on the surface features and on the overall mechanical behaviour of the
composite filaments, in view of future 3D printing scaffolds with synergistic traits.
1. Ballard, D.H., et al., Antibiotics in 3D-printed implants, instruments and materials: Benefits, challenges and
future directions. Journal of 3D printing in medicine, 3, 2, 2019, p. 83-93.
2. Mocanu, A.-C., et al., Influence of Ceramic Particles Size and Ratio on Surface—Volume Features of the
Naturally Derived HA-Reinforced Filaments for Biomedical Applications. Journal of Functional Biomaterials,
13, 4, 2022, p. 199.
3. Mocanu, A.-C., et al., Selection Route of Precursor Materials in 3D Printing Composite Filament Development
for Biomedical Applications. Materials, 16, 6, 2023, p. 2359.
Acknowledgements: "This work was supported by a grant from the National Program for Research of
the National Association of Technical Universities - GNAC ARUT 2023".
9
BRAMAT 2024
I.O.04
Mg BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS - PRESENT STUDIES AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

IN TERMS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS
Istrate Bogdan1, Munteanu Corneliu1,2*
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 63 D Mangeron Blvd,
700050 Iasi, Romania
2
Technical Science Academy Romania, 26 Dacia Blvd, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
*Corresponding author: corneliu.munteanu@academic.tuiasi.ro
Keywords: biodegradable alloys, microstructural analysis, mechanical properties, biocompatibility
Abstract: Magnesium alloys have great potential as biodegradable metals (BMs) for their favorable
biocompatibility and rapid degradation. Previous research in the field of metallic biomaterials and
orthopedic implants has shown that biodegradable magnesium alloys are the most suitable materials
for implants in the ankle, foot, hand, and wrist. Zinc (Zn) is an essential metallic element that may be
mixed with magnesium at a rather high concentration of 6.2 %wt. As reported, the ultimate tensile
strength and elongation of as-cast Mg–Zn alloys increased sharply with increasing Zn contents up to 4
wt.%. Calcium (Ca) is a very prevalent mineral in human bones and is essential for the formation of
bones in human bodies. Furthermore, it plays a crucial role in cellular chemical signaling. The Mg–Ca
alloy consists of two distinct phases, namely a-Mg and Mg2Ca. The presence of an intermetallic
phase, namely Mg2Ca, enhances the structural properties of the Mg alloy by refining its
microstructure and increasing its strength. When Zn, RE, Y, and Th are combined with Al or Mn in
alloys, it is not possible to mix these elements because they form stable compounds with Zr.
Magnesium is often alloyed with rare earth (RE) elements, particularly yttrium (Y), to enhance its
resistance to deformation under constant stress and its strength at high temperatures. Yttrium (Y)
has exceptional solubility, allowing it to dissolve, create solid solutions, and precipitate at grain
boundaries. Manganese (Mn) enhances the formation of small-scale structures and stimulates the
growth of plants during the early stages of solidification, leading to enhanced mechanical
characteristics. Gadolinium (Gd) enhances alloy strength while diminishing ductility.
The objective of this research is to examine the characteristics related to the microscopic structure,
tribological properties, resistance to corrosion, and biocompatibility for different types of Mg-based
alloys. Additionally, the study aims to determine the impact of the elements used in alloying on the
development of new systems.
[1] Antoniac, I.; Miculescu, M.; Manescu, V.; Stere, A.; Quan, P.H.; Paltanea, G.; Robu, A.; Earar, K. Magnesium-
Based Alloys Used in Orthopedic Surgery. Materials 2022, 15 (3), 1148.
[2] Istrate B., Munteanu C., Antoniac I.-V., Lupescu Ș.-C., Current Research Studies of Mg–Ca–Zn Biodegradable
Alloys Used as Orthopedic Implants—Review, Crystals, 2022, 12 (10), 1468.
[3] Istrate B., Munteanu C., Baltatu M.S., Cimpoesu R., Ioanid N., Microstructural and Electrochemical Influence
of Zn in MgCaZn Biodegradable Alloys. Materials, 2023, 16 (6), 2487.]
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant of the Ministry of Research, Innovation and
Digitization, CNCS - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-0702, within PNCDI III.
10
BRAMAT 2024
I.O.05
CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME RHENIUM INCONEL SUPERALLOYS MADE IN A VACUUM

INDUCTION FURNACE AND CAST IN ARGON ATMOSPHERE
Andrei Constantin Berbecaru, George Coman, Sorin Ciucă, Ioana Arina Gherghescu,
Ecaterina Matei, Mirela Sohaciu, Andra Predescu, Andrei Grecu, Cristian Predescu
National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042,
Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: george.coman@upb.ro
Keywords: Inconel, superalloys, rhenium
Abstract: The paper presents the particularities of the elaboration in the vacuum induction furnace
and the argon atmosphere of three brands of Inconel superalloy. To carry out the experimental
research, 3 types of Inconel superalloys were developed, with variable rhenium content, which were
tested to determine the hardness and structurally characterized after casting by optical and scanning
electron microscopy.
1. Tresa M. Pollock, Sammy Tin, “Nickel-Based Superalloys for Advanced Turbine Engines: Chemistry,
Microstructure, and Properties”, Journal of Propulsion and Power, vol. 22, no.2, pp. 361-374).
2. D. Locq, P. Caron, „On some advanced nickel-based superalloys for disk applications”. Aerospace Lab, 2011,
no. 3, p. 1-9.
3. X. Wang, K. Chou, „Residual stress in metal parts produced by powder-bed additive manufacturing
processes”, Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive
Manufacturing Conference, Austin, Texas, August 10–12, 2015, pp. 1463-1474.
Acknowledgements: "This work was supported by a grant from the National Program for Research of
the National Association of Technical Universities - GNAC ARUT 2023"
11
BRAMAT 2024
I.PO.01
IN SITU FABRICATION OF NPC/RGO COMPOSITE BY DEALLOYING AND MICROWAVE-

ASSISTED HYDROTHERMAL METHOD
Sebastian Ambruș1, Petru Hididiș1, Cosmin Codrean1, Iosif Hulka1, Corina Orha2, Bandas
Cornelia2, Carmen Lazau2, Mircea Nicolaescu.2
1
Politehnica University of Timisoara, Department of Materials and Fabrication Engineering, 2 P-ta Victoriei,
Timisoara, 300006, Romania
2
National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 144 Paunescu
Podeanu Street, Timisoara, 300569, Romania
e-mail: Sebastian.ambrus@upt.ro
Keywords: nanoporous copper (NPC), reduced graphene oxide(rGO), dealloying, composite
Abstract:
Dealloying amorphous ribbons is a straightforward method for obtaining nanoporous copper with
improved properties due to its large surface area [1]. The choice of disorderly amorphous ribbons,
free from defects and grain boundaries, ensures uniformity in the nanoporous structures[2].
Successful NPC synthesis has been demonstrated using CuZrAl amorphous ribbons in a previous
study [3]. showcasing the method's versatility for specific alloy compositions. Within this study, the
development of a nanoporous copper (NPC) / reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite holds
promise for advancements in the broader field of electrochemistry and energy storage. The
integration of rGO with NPC improves electrical conductivity and streamlines the process of electron
transfer. This composite exhibits considerable potential in electrochemical catalysis application, due
to the combined catalytic activity of NPC and the chemical reactivity of rGO. The expanded active
surface area further enhances overall performance, opening avenues for innovative applications
across various advanced electrochemical materials. Efficient one-step deposition and reduction of
graphene oxide (GO) to form an NPC/rGO composite using the microwave-assisted hydrothermal
(MW) method is a technologically advantageous approach. The advantage of MW method is related
to several aspects: microwave energy accelerates the processes ensuring higher efficiency, time
saving, and precise temperature control[4]. The method enhances NPC/rGO interaction, leading to
an efficient interface between the materials. To confirm the formation of the composite, X-ray
diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are employed for structural and
morphological characterization of the structures. Additionally, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-
VIS) was used to characterize the optical and semiconductive properties of materials.
1. I. McCue, E. Benn, B. Gaskey, J. Erlebacher, Dealloying and Dealloyed Materials. Annual Review of Materials
Research, (July 2016), 46(1): p. 263-286.
2. Ev. Vassileva, L. Mihaylov, L. Lyubenova, T. Spassov, F. Scaglione, P. Rizzi, Porous metallic structures by
dealloying amorphous alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, (October 2023), 969: p. 172417.
3. M. Nicolaescu, P. Hididiș, C. Codrean, I. Hulka, M. Vajda, C. Orha, C. Bandas, C. Lazau, V. A. Șerban Synthesis
of nanoporous copper by dealloying CuZrAl and CuZrAlAg amorphous ribbons in acidic solution. Materials
Today: Proceedings, (January, 2023), 72: p. 565-571.
12
BRAMAT 2024
4. C. Lazau, M. Nicolaescu, C. Orha, A. Pop, S. Căprărescu, C. Bandas, In Situ Deposition of Reduced Graphene
Oxide on Ti Foil by a Facile, Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Method. Coatings, (November 2022), 12(12): p.
1805.
Digitization, CNCS - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-0963, within PNCDI III, with
contract number TE13/2022 (DD-CyT), partially project code PN 23 27 01 02 INOMAT, 23-27
29N/2023.
13
BRAMAT 2024
I.PO.02
ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR AND INTERFACIAL CONTACT RESISTANCE OF NiCr/Ti

COATINGS
Diana Nicoleta Avram1, Nicolae Vaszilcsin2, Andrea Kellenberger1, Mircea Laurentiu Dan1,
Iosif Hulka2, Nataliia Rudenko3, Alexandru Pascu4, Elena Manuela Stanciu4
1
Politehnica University Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Blvd. Vasile
Pârvan, Nr. 6, 300223, Timişoara, Romania, e-mail: avram.diana.nicoleta@gmail.com
2
Politehnica University Timişoara, Research Institute for Renewable Energies, G. Muzicescu 138, 300774
Timişoara, Romania
3
Politehnica University Timisoara, Innovation and Technology Transfer Center, G. Muzicescu 138, 300774
Timişoara, Romania
4
Transilvania University of Brasov, Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Blvd. Eroilor, 29, 500036
Brasov, Romania
Keywords: laser cladding, coatings, corrosion, interfacial contact resistance
Abstract: In our work, NiCr/Ti coatings with various Ti additions have been manufactured by laser
cladding on low carbon steel to improve its corrosion resistance with potential applications in Proton
Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC). The microstructure and the corrosion resistance in 3,5%
NaCl electrolyte were characterized. Besides,
to evaluate the conductivity of NiCr/Ti
coatings, the interfacial contact resistance
(ICR) was measured versus the compaction
force according to the technique presented in
the literature [1]. The measurement consisted
of applying 1A direct current between two
gold-coated copper plates with a compaction
force which varied from 50 to 1500 N,
corresponding to a compaction pressure of
approximately 16 to 500 N cm-2. ICR values
were calculated (Fig. 1) from an electrical
equivalent circuit of resistors connected in
Fig. 1. ICR of NiCr/Ti coatings series, each resistor corresponding to a
contact interface. The EIS and polarization
curves indicate that the Ti addition significantly enhances the corrosion resistance with increasing Ti
content but on the other hand it was observed that ICR increases with increasing titanium addition
due to the formation of a passive oxide film on the surface of coatings.
1. A. Kellenberger, N. Vaszilcsin, D. Duca, M. L. Dan, N. Duteanu, S. Stiber, T. Morawietz, I. Biswas, S. A. Ansar,
P. Gazdzicki, F. J. Wirkert, J. Roth, U. Rost, M. Brodmann, A. S. Gago, K. A. Friedrich, Towards Replacing
Titanium with Copper in the Bipolar Plates for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis, Materials, 15,
2022.
14
BRAMAT 2024
I.PO.03
WETTABILITY CHARACTERIZATION OF MDF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

USED FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
Băilă Diana1*, Łabudzki Remigiusz2, Fodchuk Igor3, Bonilla Myrian4
1*
National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Blv. Splaiul Indepenedentei, no. 313,
sector 6, 060042, Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: baila_d@yahoo.com
2
Poznan University of Technology, plac Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 5, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
3
Chernivtsi National University Yuriy Fedkovych, Kotsyubynskyi str 2, 58012, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
4
Edibon International S.A., Calle Julio Cervera 10, 28935, Mostoles, Spain
Keywords: MDF composite material, moisture, thermostat enclosure, microscopic structure,

industrial products.
Abstract: The growing concern for the environment, in relation to the need for more versatile
polymer-based materials, has led to a high interest in research into polymer composites filled with
natural-organic fillers, which come from renewable sources. MDF is a high grade, composite material
and it is made from recycled wood fibers and
resin, and it is less expensive This composite
material is dried and pressed to produce
dense, stable sheets and because of this
process, MDF does not warp or crack like
wood.
And since MDF is made from small particles,
it doesn’t have noticeable grain patterns,
showed by electronic microscopy. This will
result in a smoother finish for the industrial
Fig. 1. Comparison of drying behaviour of the two product. In general, wood contracts or
composite materials CP5-1 and MDF.12 expands when it is exposed to changing heat
and humidity and can appear some cracks on
the industrial products. In this paper were realized water absorption tests on the MDF samples, in
function of different temperature and humidity levels. The water absorption content for each piece
of MDF composite material is represented as a percentage of the weight of the water and oven-dry
weight. The humidity absorption depends on the composite material type, their structure, and it
depends on the environment in which the product is used.
The quality and moisture resistance of a composite material is extremely important for the durability
and degradation degree of an industrial product.
Selective references [10 p, bold]:

1. Leman, Z., Sapuan, S.M., Saifol, A.M., Maleque, M.A., Ahmad, M. (2008), Moisture absorption behavior of
sugar palm fiber reinforced epoxy composites, Materials&Design 29(8), 1666-1670.
Acknowledgements: This work was funded by the Erasmus+ Programme Key Action 2 Cooperation
Partnerships for Higher Education (KA220-HED), project number 2023-1-RO01-KA220-HED-
000155412, with the title “European Network for Additive Manufacturing in Industrial Design for
Ukrainian Context” – AMAZE, contract nb. 3512/27.10.2023.
15
BRAMAT 2024
I.PO.04
FABRICATION OF TITANIUM/TITANIUM DIOXIDE/REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE ELECTRODE

BY A FACILE SPIN-COATING METHOD FOR THE ELECTROOXIDATION PROCESS OF
DOXORUBICIN
Cornelia Bandas1*, Mina-Ionela Morariu (Popescu)1,2, Mircea Nicolaescu1, Corina Orha1,

Aniela Pop2, Narcis Duteanu2, Carmen Lazau1
1
Department of Condensed Matter, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and
Condensed Matter Timisoara, Dr. A.P. Podeanu no.144, 300569, Timisoara Romania;
e-mail: cornelia.bandas@gmail.com
2
Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering of Inorganic Compounds and Environment,”Politehnica”
University of Timisoara, P-ta Victoriei no.2, 300006, Timisoara, Romania
Keywords: titanium dioxide, reduced graphene oxide, doxorubicin, electrooxidation
Abstract: Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline antibiotic used frequently to treat cancer via DNA
intercalation [1]. Electrooxidation processes are an alternative to the conventional
water/wastewater treatment and can be easily integrated within and improve the current treatment
technologies, the anode material being the responsible for the process efficiency [2, 3]. Lately, metal
oxide-reduced graphene oxide (MO-rGO) composite has its utility as an ideal candidate for
electrochemical sensing, by seeking advantage from its increased electron transfer rate, better
stability, selectivity and sensitivity, obtained by incorporating excellent properties of graphene into
the metal oxide [4].
In this work, a hybrid electrode consisting of reduced graphene oxide deposited onto a corroded Ti
foil, named Ti/TiO2/rGO electrode, was synthesized by the spin-coating technique and tested in the
advanced electrooxidation process of the cytostatic pharmaceutical doxorubicin (DOX), an emerging
water pollutant. The Ti/TiO2/rGO electrode was characterized morpho-structurally (XRD, UV-VIS,
SEM) and electrochemically and tested in the advanced electrooxidation of DOX from water.
1. C. Orha, Advanced electrodegradation of doxorubicin in water using a 3-D Ti/SnO2 Anode. Water 14, 2022,
821.
2. E.M. Siedlecka, Cytostatic drug removal using electrochemical oxidation with BDD electrode: Degradation
pathway and toxicity. Water Res. 144, 2018, p. 235–245.
3. L.F. Garcia, Effective degradation of the antineoplastic doxorubicin by electrochemical oxidation on boron
doped diamond. J. Electroanal. Chem. 870, 2020, p. 114252.
4. T. Joseph, A facile electrochemical sensor based on titanium oxide (TiO2)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO)
nano composite modified carbon paste electrode for sensitive detection of EPN, Materials Today: Proceedings.
40, 2021, p. 606-609.
Digitization, CNCS - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-0963, within PNCDI III, with
contract number TE13/2022 (DD-CyT), partially project code PN 23 27 01 02 INOMAT, 23-27
29N/2023.
16
BRAMAT 2024
I.PO.05
INFLUENCE OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON ABRASION RESISTANCE OF

FeNiCrSiB-WC+TiC DEPOSITIONS OBTAINED BY ARC SPRAYING PROCESS
E. Levarda1, C.D. Cîrlan1, V. Paleu2, St. L. Toma1*
1
“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Materials Engineering and Industrial Safety Department, No.
67 Prof. D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania, e-mai: stltoma@gmail.com
2
“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and
Robotics, No 63 Prof. D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania
Keywords: arc spraying process, abrasion resistance
Abstract: The surface of some low-alloy steel samples was covered by thermal spraying in electric arc
with a composite layer using a wire core containing FeNiCrSiB – WC+TiC, in order to obtain a resistant
layer to abrasion-wear, [1,2]. The deposits were made with a spraying system. During the deposition
process, the current intensity and the compressed air pressure varied on three levels, the rest of the
parameters being kept constant. In order to study the mode of incorporation of the WC and TiC
particles into the Fe matrix, in each case metallographic investigations were performed both in the
layer and at the carbide/metal matrix interface, [3]. Microstructural characteristics were highlighted
by SEM, micro-hardness (HV) and X-ray diffraction analyses. The dry sliding tribological behavior of
the coatings was evaluated via ball-on-disk tests. The tests were performed at room temperature as
well as at 400 °C, with a sliding speed of 0.1 m/s, a sliding distance of 5000 m and a normal force of
10 N. The wear rates of the coatings were measured separately, and friction coefficients were
recorded during each test.
The studies performed have demonstrated that, by increasing the intensity of the electric
current and respectively the arc temperature, the deposition porosity decreases by 8%, the HV
micro-hardness on the carbide/metal matrix interface increases by 18.6% and the weight losses of
the test samples under wear tested, decrease by 11.2%. The increasing compressed air pressure
allows the reduces of the deposition porosity by up to 14.5%, the increases of the micro-hardness of
the HV layer by 11% and the reduces weight loss by 21.2% of the samples worn tested. The
deposition of WC and TiC in the Fe matrix - made by thermal arc spraying, can be considered as
convenient solutions for obtaining abrasive wear resistant surfaces.
1. P. Sheppard and H. Koiprasert, Effect of W Dissolution in NiCrBSi–WC and NiBSi–WC Arc Sprayed Coatings on
Wear Behaviors, Wear, 2014, 317(1-2), p 194-200.
2. P. Niranatlumpong and H. Koiprasert, Phase Transformation of NiCrBSi–WC and NiBSi–WC Arc Sprayed
Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2011, 206(2-3), p 440-445.
3. W. Tillmann, D. Stangier, L. Hagen, P. Schroder, and M. Krabiell, Influence of the WC Grain Size on the
Properties of PVD/HVOF Duplex Coatings, Surf. Coat. Techno.l. 2017, 328, p 326–334.
17
BRAMAT 2024
I.PO.06
Fe35Co20Ni20Si10Mo8Cu7 SOFT MAGNETIC HIGH ENTROPY ALLOYS

OBTAINED BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING
E. Karaçay, T.F. Marinca, F. Popa, B.V. Neamţu, C.V. Prică, I. Chicinaş*
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Materials Science and Engineering Department, 103-105 Muncii Ave.,
Romania, e-mail: ionel.chicinas@stm.utcluj.ro
Keywords: high entropy alloys, soft magnetic materials, mechanical alloying, X-ray diffraction,
SEM+EDX
Abstract: High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) are alloy systems with five or more basic elements, each with an
atomic concentration between 5% and 35% [1,2]. The Fe35Co20Ni20Si10Mo8Cu7 (at.%) soft magnetic
HEAs were obtained by mechanical alloying (MA) using a Fritsch Pulverisette 6 planetary ball mill. As
raw materials were used Fe, Co, Ni, Si, Mo and Cu elemental powders. The MA experiments were
conducted in a hardened stainless-steel vial under argon atmosphere. The BPR was 10:1. Milling time
was 1h, 2h, 4h, 8h, 12h, 16h, 20h, 24h, 28h, 32h. The alloy formation evolution was checked by X-ray
diffraction (XRD), using an INEL 3000
diffractometer and working with Co radiation
(wavelength - 1.7903 Å). The X-ray diffraction
patterns were recorded in angular range of 2θ=
20–110°. The evolution of XRD patterns versus
milling time is shown in Figure 1. The Bragg
peaks of Co, Ni, Si and Cu were vanished
gradually up to 12 hours of milling. The
Fe35Co20Ni20Si10Mo8Cu7 alloy is now completely
formed even after 32 hours of milling. The
milled powders contain 2 solid solutions, one
based on Fe and the other one based on Mo.
The milling up to 72 hours is in progress. The
mechanically alloyed powders are in
Figure 1. XRD patterns of the starting sample
nanocrystalline state. The particles morphology
(noted SS) and of the Fe35Co20Ni20Si10Mo8Cu7
and the chemical homogeneity were studied by
milled samples up to 28 h. For clarity, the XRD
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray
patterns have been shifted vertically.
microanalysis (EDX). The Fe35Co20Ni20Si10Mo8Cu7
mechanical alloyed powders will be compacted by spark plasma sintering in order to study the soft
magnetic properties in DC and AC regimes.
1. Dongyue Li a, Peter K. Liawb , Lu Xiea , Yong Zhangc , Wenrui Wanga, Advanced high-entropy alloys breaking
the property limits of current materials, J. Mater. Sci. & Techn. 186, July 2024, p. 219-230
2. J. M. Torralba, P. Alvaredo & Andrea García-Junceda, High-entropy alloys fabricated via powder metallurgy. A
critical review, Powder Metallurgy, 62, 2019, p. 84-114
18
BRAMAT 2024
I.PO.07
INFLUENCE OF DEPOSITION PARAMETERS ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND CORROSION

RESISTANCE OF CO-BASED COATINGS MANUFACTURED BY LASER CLADDING
Iosif Hulka1, Mircea Laurentiu Dan2, Diana Nicoleta Avram2, Ion Dragos Utu3, Viorel
Ungureanu4, Elena Manuela Stanciu5, Alexandru Pascu5
1
Research Institute for Renewable Energy, Politehnica University Timisoara, 138 Gavril Musicescu Street,
300774, Timisoara, Romania
2
Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timișoara, Piața
Victoriei, No. 2, 300006 Timișoara, Romania
3
Department of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Politehnica University Timișoara, Piața Victoriei, No.
2, 300006 Timișoara, Romania
4
Department of Steel Structures and Structural Mechanics, Politehnica University Timișoara, Piața Victoriei, No.
5
Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, Eroilor Blvd., 29, 500036
Brasov, Romania
Correspondence: iosif.hulka@upt.ro
Keywords: laser cladding, corrosion, protective coatings
Abstract: Composite coatings are typically applied to the surface of low carbon steel using various
deposition techniques to increase its resistance to corrosion. Laser cladding is a surface modification
technique that offers many advantages in producing such protective coatings. Some advantages
include process flexibility, heat control, choice of materials that can be deposited etc., leading to
defect-free coatings with a fine microstructure and improved characteristics. Thus, in the present
work, Co-based coatings were produced by laser cladding by varying the deposition parameters with
respect to the laser power. To avoid internal crack growth and failure within the Co-based coatings
that might occur because of the excessive temperature gradient between the applied coatings and
the low carbon substrate, a Ni-Cr buffer layer was used. In previous research, it has been shown that
the presence of the buffer layer reduces the overall susceptibility of the top coating to cracking by
decreasing internal stresses and guaranteeing a more uniform heat distribution [1]. Varying the laser
power in the range of 650-950W had a detrimental effect on the microstructural evolution and
corrosion resistance of the Co-based coatings. The experimental results indicated that the dendritic
structures and secondary phases within the coatings have changed significantly with increasing laser
power. Generally, the dendritic microstructure consisted of carbides and secondary phases
embedded in a CoCr-rich matrix. Additionally, an increase in carbide content was observed in the
coatings with increasing laser power, which significantly influenced the corrosion behavior of the
coatings tested in artificial sea water (ASTM D1141-98).
1. E. M. Stanciu, A. Pascu, M. H. Tierean, I. Voiculescu, I. C. Roata, C. Croitoru, I. Hulka, Dual Coating Laser
Cladding of NiCrBSi and Inconel 718, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 31, p. 1556–1564, 2016.
Acknowledgements:
This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation, CCCDI-
UEFISCDI, project no. PN-III-P2-2.1-PTE-2021-0237-Wellformed-Frames.
19
BRAMAT 2024
I.PO.08
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE OBTAINING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HARDOX

HIGH STRENGTH STEELS
Adrian-Emanuel Onici1, Radu Ștefănoiu1, Victor Geantă1, Ionelia Voiculescu2
1
National University for Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Materials Science and Engineering
Faculty, Splaiul Independentei, no. 313, 060042, Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: onici.adrian@yahoo.ro
2
National University for Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Industrial Engineering and Robotics
Faculty, Splaiul Independentei, no. 313,060042, Bucharest, Romania
Keywords: wear resistance, hardness, microstructure, Hardox steel
Abstract: The steels known as "HARDOX" are characterized by high wear and corrosion resistance
values, as the brand name suggests. That's why they are used for the manufacture of components
that are heavily stressed during contact wear (excavator buckets or teeth, smoothing blades, mining
excavation elements, barges, mixers,
crushing hammers, concrete mixers, etc.)
[1,2]. The paper presents some data
regarding the obtaining and
characterization of an experimental
Hardox steel, whose chemical
composition was modified compared to
the commercial brand by adding more B
and Mo. Using the vacuum arc melting
plant (VAR MRF-ABJ 900 from ERAMET
laboratory, Faculty SIM from UNSTPB), 5
batches of modified HARDOX 450 steels
were obtained, which were then
Fig. 1. Microstructure of experimental Hardox as-cast mechanical and microstructural tested.
steel The average hardness values for the
experimental steel bars were between 462HV and 514 HV, above the values of the commercial brand
(420 - 480 HV), although these steels did not benefit from the beneficial effect of strengthening
through thermo-mechanical treatments. The microstructure of the as-cast experimental steels is
dendritically, mainly contains martensite, bainite and untransformed austenite (fig. 1). After
performing the combined heat treatments (quenching and tempering), the microstructure becomes
acicular, and the hardness values increase to 540 HV.
1. Konat L., Zemlik M., Jasinski R., Grygier D. Austenite grain growth analysis in a welded joint of high-strength
martensitic abrasion-resistant steel Hardox 450. Materials, 2021;14:2850. doi: 10.3390/ma14112850.
2. D. Arsić, M. Djordjević, J. Zivković, A. Sedmak, S. Aleksandrović, V. Lazić, D. Rakić, Experimental-Numerical
Study of Tensile Strength of the High-Strength Steel S690QL at Elevated Temperatures, Strength of Materials, 48
(5) (2016) 687-695.
20
BRAMAT 2024
I.PO.09
INVAR/GRAPHENE OXIDE TYPE COMPOSITES OBTAINED BY SPARK PLASMA SINTERING
Călin-Virgiliu Prica1, Niculina Argentina Sechel1, Traian Florin Marinca1, Florin Popa1, Violeta
Popescu1, Doina Prodan2, Ionel Chicinaș1
1
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Material Science and Engineering Department, 130-105 Muncii Ave,
400641, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
2
" Raluca Ripan " Institute for Research in Chemistry, 30 Fantanele street, 400294, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
e-mail: calin.prica@stm.utcluj.ro
Keywords: Invar, graphene oxide, low coefficient of thermal expansion
Abstract: The composite materials are used on an increasingly large scale in top fields, such as the
automotive, aerospace, and nuclear industries, due to the combination of the specific properties of
the composite components. Invar/GO (graphene oxide) nanocrystalline composite compacts were
successfully obtained by spark plasma
sintering from mechanical milled
composite powders. It is known that GO
has a low coefficient of thermal expansion
(CTE) (negative along certain directions),
low density, but has good mechanical
properties [1]. The influence graphene
oxide (GO) on sintering, coefficient of
thermal expansion (CTE), and hardness
has been investigated. The hardness of
Invar/GO composite compacts sintered at
900 oC is approximately 3 times higher
compared to the hardness of the
composite sintered at 700 oC. Also, the
l versus temperature variation
CTE value of the Invar/GO composite is
0.657 x 10-6 (°C-1) in the temperature range between 20-100 °C. By comparation, the CTE of Invar36
obtained at the same conditions is 0.6 x 10-6 (°C-1) below the Curie temperature and its hardness is
about 28 HRB [2, 3].
1. Ramil T. Murzaev, Karina A. Krylova and Julia A. Baimova, Thermal Expansion and Thermal Conductivity of
Ni/Graphene Composite: Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Materials 2023, 16, P. 3747.
2. Prica C.V., Neamtu B.V., Popa F., Marinca T.F., Sechel N., Chicinas I., Invar-type nanocrystalline compacts
obtained by spark plasma sintering from mechanically alloyed powders, J Mater Sci. 2018, 53, 3735–3743.
3. Călin-Virgiliu Prica, Traian Florin Marinca, Bogdan Viorel Neamțu, Argentina Niculina Sechel, Florin Popa,
Elekes Marton Jozsa și Ionel Chicinaș, Invar/WC Composite Compacts Obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering from
Mechanically Alloyed Powders, Materials 2022, 15, p. 6714.
21
BRAMAT 2024
I.PO.10
THE DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL PIPES E.N. 1.4462 IN ORBITAL WELDING
Narcis Sfinteș, Teodor Machedon Pisu, Ionuț Claudiu Roată
Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, Eroilor Blvd., 29,
500036 Brasov, Romania, e-mail: narcis.sfintes@unitbv.ro
Keywords: stainless steel, orbital welding
Abstract: The material chosen for the tests is E.N.1.4462, a two-phase Cr-Mo-Ni alloy stainless steel,
both austenitic and ferritic, with a structure of ferrite and austenite mixed approximately 1:1. We
used a pipe with a diameter of 26.9 mm and a material thickness of 2 mm. This is the most widely
used grade of duplex stainless steel and is characterized by a high yield strength, double that of
standard austenitic. Duplex steels are based on the mixed microstructure of austenite with ferrite,
and this means that a thinner section of duplex stainless steel can satisfy the same requirements as a
section of austenitic stainless steel. Pipe components manufactured from duplex E.N.1.4462 have
good fatigue strength as well as outstanding resistance to stress corrosion cracking, crevice, spalling
and general corrosion in severe environments. We chose this material to implement its use in the
food industry through the single pass orbital welding (GTAW) process. We used a welding head from
the manufacturer Orbital Services. The electrode used was wolfram thorium, which was sharpened
at 45°, to have a better penetration of the base material. We chose this process as the ideal solution
for welding in the food industry. The welding gas used was Argon 4.8, and as a protective gas Helium
4.6 was used to protect the welding pool, increase the welding speed, and improve the productivity
of the welding process. Helium has high ionization capacity and extraordinarily high thermal
conductivity.
The welding parameters were set I=73A, U=23V, VS=1.57 min. to have the penetration of the base
material used. The weld bead came out in accordance with all the quadrants of the pipe, even if each
quadrant had different parameters by 15%. No cracks appear during the visual examination of the
welding seam. This technology has great potential due to both the basic material used and the
efficiency of the mechanized orbital welding process. The implementation of this process in industrial
practice, especially when welding duplex steels, requires a series of additional studies.
22
BRAMAT 2024
I.PO.11
CHANGING OF THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAE1006

STEEL WIRES BY ”HOT-DIP” THERMAL GALVANIZING
Marius Tintelecan 1, Ioana Monica Sas-Boca 2, Dana-Adriana Iluțiu-Varvara 3, Dan Mirela 4,

Oscar Rodriguez-Alabanda 5 and Gustavo Aristides Santana Martínez 6
1
Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28
Memorandumului Street, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania ,e-mail: marius.tintelecan@ipm.utcluj.ro
2
Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28
Memorandumului Street, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania,
3
Faculty of Plant Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114
Cluj-Napoca, Romania
4
Wire Industry, Campia Turzii, Romania
5
University of Córdoba, Edificio Paraninfo, Primera Planta. Campus de Rabanales.ES- 14071, Córdoba, Spain
6
Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Itajubá-UNIFEI, Itajubá 37500‑903, Brazil
Keywords: mechanical characteristics, evolution, steel wires, ”Hot Dip”galvazing
Abstract: The corrosion resistance properties of a steel wire can be achieved in many ways. One of
the cheapest ways involves its thermal galvanization (procedure found in the specialized literature
under the name: Hot Dip [1]. Until now, no work has been developed that quantifies with exact
numerical values, the mechanical characteristics of steel wires at different processing stages in their
hot-dip galvanizing process. The present paper builds this evolution of the mechanical characteristics
of steel wires, clearly specifying at
which point in the technological
Rolled wire Ø 6.00 mm process the sample was taken.
Point 1 of taking the
Before the actual galvanizing, the
samples
Drawing SAE1006 steel wire wire goes through an in-line
to the specified diameter annealing thermal treatment, in a
Point 2 of taking the dynamic regime [2]. All
samples mechanical characteristics have
Dynamic annealing of been determined according to the
SAE1006 steel wires appropriate standards in force.
Point 3 of taking the For the credible construction of
samples this evolution, 5 wire diameters
Hot-Dip galvanizing of from each technological stage
SAE1006 steel wires
Technological flow of were analyzed: Ø 4.0 mm, Ø 3.0
thermal galvanizing of mm, Ø 2.2 mm, Ø 2.0 mm and Ø
Point 4 of taking the 1.8 mm, each numerical value of a
steel wires samples specified characteristic being the
average of five its values. The
tensile strength, constriction of
these wires, their elongation, the
number of bends and the number
23
BRAMAT 2024
of twists were analyzed. In fact, the evolution of each mechanical characteristic (of the 5 specified
previously) will be conclusive, depending on the total reduction applied (calculated from the initial
size: Ø 6.0 mm).
Thus, each wire diameter has a corresponding total reduction applied: Ø 4.0 mm – 55.6 %, Ø 3.0 mm
– 75%, Ø 2.2 mm – 86.6%, Ø 2.0 mm – 88.9% and Ø 1.8 mm – 91.0% [1,3].
1. N.R. Wright,Wire Technology. Process Engineering and Metallurgy, ed. Elsevier, ISBN: 978-0-12-382092-1,
UK, 2011
2. M. Tintelecan, D.A. Iluțiu-Varvara, I.M. Sas-Boca, C. Aciu, The Behavior of a Zn-Al Anticorrosive Coating in
the Wiredrawing Process, ed. MDPI , Materials, volume 15, issue 18, 2022, page 6190
3. J.K. Hwang, Fracture behavior of twinning-induced plasticity steel during wire drawing, Journal of Materials
Research and Technology, Volume 9(3), 2020, pages 4527-4537
Acknowledgements: Special thanks to Ms. Eng. Dan Mirela who favored the achievement of a large
volume of determinations of the mechanical characteristics of steel wires.
24
BRAMAT 2024
I.PO.12
DESIGN, MANUFACTURING, MICROSTRUCTURE AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF BRAZED

Co-BASED COMPOSITE COATINGS REINFORCED WITH WC PARTICLES
Iasmina Anghel (Petculescu)1, Ion-Dragos Utu1, Iosif Hulka2, Gabriela Marginean3
1
Department of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Politehnica University Timișoara, Piața Victoriei, No.
2
Research Institute for Renewable Energy, Politehnica University Timisoara, 138 Gavril Musicescu Street,
300774, Timisoara, Romania
3
Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences Gelsenkirchen Bocholt
Recklinghausen, Neidenburgerstr. 43, 45897 Gelsenkirchen,
Correspondence: dragos.utu@upt.ro
Keywords: brazing, corrosion, wear, protective coatings
Abstract: Brazing is a joining process that involves melting a filler metal and flowing it into the joint
between two closely fitting parts. While brazing is primarily used for joining metals, it can also be
adapted for certain coating deposition applications. The present study investigates the
microstructure and surface properties in terms of corrosion and wear resistance of WC-CoCr-Ni
reinforced Co-based composite coatings deposited onto the surface of AISI 904L stainless-steel by
vacuum brazing method.
The primary objective of this experimental work was to evaluate the influence of WC based particles
addition onto the microstructure and properties of the brazed Co composite coating. The focus was
on enhancing the sliding wear resistance of the coating while their corrosion resistance in chloride
media is not negatively affected. The morphology and microstructure of the composite coatings was
investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and phases identification was made using X-ray
diffraction (XRD) technique. The microstructural analysis revealed in the coating the presence of
intermetallic compounds and carbides which increase the hardness of the material. The sliding wear
resistance was assessed by pin on disk method and the corrosion properties were determined by
electrochemical measurements.
The results obtained showed that as the ratio of WC particles in the Co-based composite coating
increased, the mechanical properties were enhanced, the alloy became harder and the tribological
properties were improved. The electrochemical tests assessment revealed no significant alterations
of the manufactured composite in comparison with the Co-based alloys. In all cases the corrosion
behaviour was better than that of the stainless-steel substrate.
25
BRAMAT 2024
SECTION II
Functional materials and nanotechnology
Chairpersons:
Cătălin CROITORU, Transilvania University of Brasov, ROMANIA

Camelia GABOR, Transilvania University of Brasov, ROMANIA
Florin MICULESCU, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA
Bucharest, ROMANIA
Ion-Dragoș UȚU, Politehnica University of Timisoara, ROMANIA
26
BRAMAT 2024
II.K.01
METALLIC BIOMATERIALS FOR ORTHOPEDIC APPLICATIONS: FROM IMPLANT FAILURE

ANALYSIS TO BIODEGRADABLE METALLIC ALLOYS
Iulian Antoniac, Iuliana Corneschi, Aurora Antoniac, Alina Robu
Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica
Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania;
e-mail: antoniac.iulian@gmail.com
Keywords: biomaterials, alloys, implant, orthopedic, failure analysis, microscopy.
Abstract: Biomaterials offer the surgeon a powerful set of clinical tools for patient treatment and are
found in virtually every instrument, device, implant, or piece of equipment in the operating room. Material
science has been described as part of a health care system that will be driven by clinical need, with the
ultimate goal of being able to restore or replace functions in part of a failed organism through the use of
biomaterial science. A significant number of materials including metals, ceramics, polymers, composites,
and some nanomaterials exist and are used in medicine for current and potential orthopaedic applications.
Experimental. Metallic biomaterials are engineered systems designed to provide internal support to
biological tissues and they are being used largely in orthopedic surgery for joint prosthesis and trauma
implants. Higher biomaterial usage is associated with an increased incidence of implant-related
complications due to poor implant integration, inflammation, mechanical instability, necrosis and
infections, and associated prolonged patient care, pain and loss of function. In this paper, we will briefly
explore major representatives of metallic biomaterials, into the terms of microstructure-properties-bio
functionality relationship. Also, will be discussed the existing and emerging strategies for surface
modification based on literature survey and different research results obtained using various
characterization and testing methods.
Results and Discussion. New trends in metallic biomaterials, surface modification, and characterization
techniques will be reviewed and discussed with particular reference to their relevance in biomaterials-
tissue interactions phenomena. Experimental results obtained by characterization methods like SEM, EDS,
TEM, XRD, together with corrosion evaluation for different metallic biomaterials will be shown. In
consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of biodegradable metals, some innovative systems like
magnesium/titanium (Mg/Ti) hybrid fixation system for long bone fracture fixation or
magnesium/hydroxyapatite systems for bone substitutes could be developed. Current knowledge of
biomaterials focusing on design and surface help us to understand which implant surfaces have more
predictable clinical outcomes. The clinicians at the interface of biomaterial applications and patient care
have the ability to drive that development and innovation, taking a critical view of the currently available
medical devices and defining future needs in clinical practice.
Conclusions. In conclusion, future research and studies on some promising metallic biomaterials are
essential in terms of biocompatibility, structure and properties in order to make them clinically viable.
Selective references
1. Antoniac I; editor; Biologically responsive biomaterials for tissue engineering, Series: Springer Series in
Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1, Ed. Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-1-4614-4327-8.
2. Antoniac I; editor; Handbook of Bioceramics and Biocomposites, Vol. 1-2, Springer International Publishing, 2016,
ISBN: 978-3-319-12459-9.
27
BRAMAT 2024
II.O.01
NEUROMOTOR REHABILITATION THROUGH ADVANCED THIN FILM DRY ELECTRODE

BIOFEEDBACK SYSTEMS
Claudia Lopes1,2, Armando Ferreira1,2, Daniel Carvalho1, Nelson Azevedo1, Filipe Vaz1,2,3
1
Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
2
LaPMET—Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, 4710-057
Braga, Portugal, e-mail: claudialopes@fisica.uminho.pt
3
Dept. of Material Science, Transilvania University, Brasov, Romania
Keywords: Thin Films, Dry Electrodes, Neuro-rehabilitation Device, Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract: Dry-electrodes based on thin films are being designed to integrate a novel neuro-
rehabilitation device, aiming to support the therapy of
spinal cord injury (SCI), by combining
electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG),
and functional electrical stimulation (FES), Fig. 1. The
closed-loop biofeedback system can be applied to clinical
and home environments, providing personalised muscle
stimulation and somatosensory feedback, thereby
strengthening neuro-motor rehabilitation and targeted
therapy supporting cerebrospinal plasticity.
The biocompatible electrodes based on intermetallic Ti thin
films are prepared by magnetron sputtering, with tailored
electromechanical and electrochemical properties. For that
Fig. 1 Neuromuscular Rehabilitation, different compositions, structures and morphological
combining EEG, EMG, FES features are explored.
The thin films are designed at the nanoscale and deposited
on biodegradable, and flexible polymeric materials [1]–[3]. The flexible sensors are accurate enough
to perform multiple functions (EEG + EMG + FES) when controlled by ML algorithms [2], [4].
1. C. Lopes et al., “Me-Doped Ti–Me Intermetallic Thin Films Used for Dry Biopotential Electrodes: A
Comparative Case Study,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 23, p. 8143, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.3390/s21238143.
2. M. S. Rodrigues et al., “Dry Electrodes for Surface Electromyography Based on Architectured Titanium Thin
Films,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 9, p. 2135, May 2020, doi: 10.3390/ma13092135.
3. D. Carvalho et al., “Enhancing the Longevity and Functionality of Ti-Ag Dry Electrodes for Remote Biomedical
Applications: A Comprehensive Study,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 19, p. 8321, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23198321.
4. P. Fiedler et al., “Novel Multipin Electrode Cap System for Dry Electroencephalography,” Brain Topogr., vol.
28, no. 5, pp. 647–656, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s10548-015-0435-5.
Acknowledgements: We hereby acknowledge the strategic funding project UIDB/04650/2020 and the
Eurostars project 3431 NeMoRehab.
28
BRAMAT 2024
II.O.02
AN INTRODUCTION TO PRINTED SYNTHETIC CRANIAL BONE MATERIALS AND THEIR

PROPERTIES
Tomas Drazan1, Jaroslav Hruby2, Michaela Krchova3, Zdenek Joska1
3
University of Defence, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kounicova 65, 66210, Brno, Czech Republic
e-mail: tomas.drazan@unob.cz
2
Brno University of Technology, Institute of Forensic Engineering, Purkynova 464., 61200, Brno, Czech Republic,
3
Masary University, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
Keywords: bone, plastics, printing, mechanical properties
Abstract: Biomechanical testing and simulation are critical in many medical and forensic engineering
fields. Regarding the difficulty of using real cadavers or bones based on medical ethics policy mainly
valid in Europe and developed countries, synthetic materials usage significantly replaces natural
bone or biological material. Synthetic
bone materials can be commercially
developed or printed on a 3D printer
from a specific plastic material with a
complex structure reflecting the bone's
inner structure (porosity). The challenge
of using synthetic materials stands on the
knowledge of the universal bone material
structure since each human may have a
different bone structure and thickness
reflecting human health condition and
specific body anatomy. The main scope is
Fig. 1. Synbone Material Tensile Test to experimentally perform a primary
material characteristic study on
commercial synthetic bone material Synbone and printed equivalents for skull cranial bone fracture
testing according to standardized testing methods for plastic materials. The basic experimental
methods used are 3-point Bending Tests according to ISO standards, Shore Tests, and Compression
Tests with dry samples according to ISO and ASTM standards. The obtained data are partly compared
with experimental tests performed with a realistic skull cranial bone material [1] done in the past,
mainly focused compression and tensile tests of small cranial bone samples taken from real cadavers.
The analyzed data can be used for experimental skull fracture investigation and Finite Element (FEM)
computer simulations.
1. McElhaney JH, Fogle JL, Melvin JW, Haynes RR, Roberts VL, Alem NM. Mechanical properties on cranial
bone. J Biomech. 1970 Oct;3(5):495-511. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(70)90059-x. PMID: 5000416.
Acknowledgments: We hereby acknowledge Prof. Miroslav Hirt's help from Masaryk University's
Department of Forensic Medicine.
29
BRAMAT 2024
II.O.03
HIGH ENTROPY LEAD-FREE PEROVSKITE POWDERS AND RELATED CERAMICS
Vasile-Adrian Surdu1, Mariana-Andreea Marinică1, Roxana-Elena Pătru2, Ovidiu Oprea3,

Adrian Ionuț Nicoară1, Bogdan Ștefan Vasile4, Roxana Doina Trușcă4, Adelina Carmen
Ianculescu1
1
Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest,
Gheorghe Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: adrian.surdu@upb.ro
2
National Institute for Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, Magurele 077125, Romania
3
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering
and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Gheorghe Polizu 1-7,
011061 Bucharest, Romania
4
National Centre for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica
Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Keywords: high entropy ceramics; perovskite; relaxor; Pechini method; Bi0.2K0.2Ba0.2Ca0.2Sr0.2TiO3
Abstract: The concept of high-entropy ceramics has recently attracted the scientific community’s
attention for designing novel compositions with unexpected properties caused by a random
distribution of species in crystalline structures. This study explores a novel lead-free A-site high-
entropy ABO3 perovskite oxide with an atomic-size difference δ(RA) < 25% and a tolerance factor, t, of
1 – 1.1, chosen to ensure the stability of the perovskite structure and to encourage a morphotropic
phase transition from tetragonal to cubic phase. The oxide powders were processed by a modified
Pechini method to produce a consistent particle size distribution with a homogeneous distribution of
elements in the particles. Ceramics were processed by conventional sintering method and were
analysed from structure, microstructure, and electrical behaviour point of view. The detailed
characterization showed particles with a size of 16 – 18 nm, composed of orthorhombic, tetragonal
and cubic perovskite phases. Processing of ceramics at temperatures between 900°C and 1000°C
leads to obtaining a mixture of tetragonal and cubic polymorphs with grain sizes of 35 to 50 nm,
depending on the processing parameters. The measured dielectric properties depict a ferroelectric-
relaxor crossover with diffuse low-permittivity maxima dependent on the microstructure, especially
on the grain size and apparent density. The thermally stable dielectric response, with low values of
permittivity and dielectric losses over a large temperature range, suggests that tailoring the
microstructure by suitable synthesis procedures in lead-free high entropy ceramics strongly
influences their electrical behaviour, contributing to an enlargement of their use in electronic
applications.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant of Ministry of Research, Innovation and
Digitization, CNCS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1.1-PD-2021-0625, within PNCDI III
30
BRAMAT 2024
II.O.04
IMPROVING MECHANICAL WEAR RESISTANCE IN SOFT MATERIALS SUCH AS CORK AND

RUBBER: THE ROLE OF PVD THIN FILMS
B. Tiss1, D. Martínez-Martínez1,2, C. Mansilla3, L. Cunha1
1
Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-082
Braga, Portugal, e-mail: btiss@fisica.uminho.pt
2
Department of Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 28
avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
3
CTECHnano Coatings Technologies S.L., Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
Keywords: Cork, Rubber, Magnetron sputtering, oxide thin films, Wear protection
Abstract: This study investigates the efficacy of thin films, specifically titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc
oxide (ZnO), produced through magnetron sputtering, in protecting cork and rubber materials from
mechanical wear. To assess mechanical wear protection, a reciprocating test was employed on
coated and uncoated cork and rubber samples. Remarkably, ZnO thin films exhibited superior
durability, showcasing resilience against mechanical wear compared to TiO2. The observed
performance difference is attributed to the enhanced flexibility of ZnO, which effectively absorbed
and dissipated the mechanical stresses during the testing while the worst performance of TiO2 is
attributed to the higher brittleness of TiO2, which is
susceptible to fracture under the pressure exerted during
wear tests, increasing the friction and causing damaging to
the substrates.
The study sheds light on the critical role of film flexibility in
mechanical wear resistance, offering insights into the
limitations of brittle films in applications requiring robust
protection of soft materials against wear-induced
degradation. The findings contribute valuable information
for the development of coatings aimed at extending the
lifespan of cork and rubber materials to mechanical stresses.
The adhesion of a thin film to a complex soft substrate can also be challenging. The adhesion was
tested using a tensile test machine [1].
In conclusion, this research addresses the specific challenges posed by mechanical wear on cork and
rubber surfaces and highlights the advantages of ZnO relatively to TiO2 thin films.
1. D. Martínez-Martínez, B. Tiss, L.N. Glanzmann, D.J. Wolthuizen, L. Cunha, C. Mansilla, J.Th.M. De Hosson,
Protective films on complex substrates of thermoplastic and cellular elastomers: Prospective applications to
rubber, nylon and cork. Surface & Coatings Technology, 442, (March 2022),128405
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and
Technology (FCT) in the framework of the Strategic Funding UIDB/04650/2020. Special thanks to
Prof. José Gomes, Dr. Sérgio Carvalho and Dr. Cristiano Abreu (Mechanical Engineering Department)
for the contribution in wear tests.
31
BRAMAT 2024
II.O.05
ENHANCING UV PROTECTION OF CORK AND RUBBER BY THIN FILMS VIA MAGNETRON

SPUTTERING AND ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION
B. Tiss1, D. Martínez-Martínez1,2, C. Mansilla3, L. Cunha1
1
Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-082
Braga, Portugal, e-mail: lcunha@fisica.uminho.pt
2
Department of Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 28
avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
3
CTECHnano Coatings Technologies S.L., Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
Keywords: Cork, Rubber, Magnetron sputtering, oxide thin films, UV protection
Abstract: This study investigates the effectiveness of thin films, specifically TiO2 and ZnO, produced
by magnetron sputtering and atomic layer deposition, in protecting cork and rubber from UV aging.
This work delves into the comparative performance of both thin films. To evaluate UV protection,
optical spectroscopy was employed to measure the color difference before and after subjecting
samples to sun simulator lamps. The results reveal a significant improvement in UV resistance when
coated with ZnO thin films, as indicated by significantly lower color change post-exposure. This
efficacy of ZnO revealed to be higher than the one of TiO2 in shielding cork and rubber from the
detrimental effects of UV radiation. Furthermore, a
comprehensive study of material degradation was
conducted using Fourrier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR). The infrared spectroscopic analysis
provides valuable insights into the structural changes
occurring in the materials over the course of exposure.
This dual-spectroscopic approach allows for a thorough
assessment of the protective capabilities of the thin
films, shedding light on their ability to mitigate UV-
induced aging.
In conclusion, this research contributes to the field of
Materials Science and Technology by elucidating the
potential of ZnO thin films, deposited through magnetron sputtering and atomic layer deposition, as
a robust solution for enhancing UV protection in cork and rubber. The findings offer valuable
guidance for the development of UV-resistant coatings, with implications for diverse applications
ranging from indoor and outdoor furniture, to aerospace industry components [1].
1. D. Martínez-Martínez, B. Tiss, L.N. Glanzmann, D.J. Wolthuizen, L. Cunha, C. Mansilla, J.Th.M. De Hosson,
Protective films on complex substrates of thermoplastic and cellular elastomers: Prospective applications to
rubber, nylon and cork. Surface & Coatings Technology, 442, (March 2022),128405
Technology (FCT) in the framework of the Strategic Funding UIDB/04650/2020. Special thanks to Dr.
Luis Vieira (CF-UM-UP), Sofia Marinho and Carlos Carneiro (BOSCH – Portugal) for the FTIR results.
32
BRAMAT 2024
II.O.06
STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE WEAR RESISTANCE OF

DIAMOND FILMS PREPARED ON ZIRCONIA SUBSTRATES
Tongxiang Zheng1, Lixiu Zhang1, Yuhou Wu1,2, Feng Lu1, Xu Bai3, He Wang1,2, Guangyu Yan1,
He Lu1
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang, 110168, China,
e-mail: ztx970531@stu.sjzu.edu.cn
2
National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of NC Machining Equipment and Technology of High-Grade Stone,
Shenyang, 110168, China
3
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
Keywords: zirconia, transition layer, diamond film, orthogonal experimental methods, process
optimization
Abstract: To improve the wear resistance of zirconia bearings in harsh working conditions, such as
vacuum and the inability to use lubricating oil, diamond films were applied onto zirconia substrates,
and their friction and wear properties were studied. To reduce the internal stress between the
zirconia substrate and the diamond film, a transition layer was first created on the zirconia substrate
using radio frequency magnetron sputtering technology, followed by the deposition of a diamond
film using hot filament chemical vapor deposition. Using orthogonal experimental methods, the
impact of transition layer type, substrate temperature, methane concentration, and substrate
roughness on the wear resistance of the diamond film was investigated. The results revealed that the
diamond film prepared on a tungsten-molybdenum alloy transition layer exhibited the highest
quality, with the substrate temperature, methane concentration, and substrate roughness
significantly affecting the quality of the diamond film. Specifically, a substrate temperature of 850°C,
methane concentration of 4.5%, and substrate roughness of 0.6μm resulted in the lowest friction
coefficient and wear rate, indicating the best wear resistance. These findings provide a basis for the
potential application of diamond films to improve the wear resistance of zirconia bearings in harsh
working conditions, such as vacuum and the inability to use lubricating oil.
33
BRAMAT 2024
II.O.07
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF SELF-SENSING TEXTILE REINFORCED COMPOSITES

FOR IN-SITU STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING
Sudhanshu Singh, Zunjarrao Kamble
Department of Textile Technology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab
144008, India, e-mail: sudhanshus.tt.21@nitj.ac.in
Keywords: structural health monitoring, reduced graphene oxide, piezo-resistive sensor, Glass fiber,
Strain measurement
Abstract: In the automotive, civil engineering, aviation, and other industries, advanced engineered
materials like glass fabric-reinforced composites (GFRC) are extensively used. In contrast to metals,
the anisotropic structure of composites makes it challenging to predict damage and failure under
real-time stresses [1]. This study uses
GFRC to show structural health
monitoring (SHM) utilizing a glass fabric
piezo-resistive sensor coated with
reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The
sensor has been integrated into the GFRC
composite to monitor changes in the
fractional change in electrical resistance
(FCR) under flexural strain. Three-point
bending was used to test the piezo-
resistive performance of the developed
composite specimens. The influence of
sensor width and relative positions in the
thickness direction within the sample on
strain and damage detection was
evaluated. Fig. 1 shows the process of
structural health monitoring sensor
Fig. 1. Process of SHM sensor preparation and preparation and performance
performance measurement [2] measurement [2]. The test findings
demonstrated that these factors
were related to the piezo-resistance of
the developed sensor. This study concluded that the developed piezo-resistive sensor has the
potential to be used as a strain and damage detection mechanism for GFRC structures for disparate
applications.
1. Y. Zhao et al., In-situ structural health self-monitoring and diagnosing of glass fiber reinforced plastics with
embedded nickel coated carbon fiber, Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 228, no. July 2021, p. 109440.
2. S. Singh, Z. Kamble, and G. Neje, Electro-mechanical behavior of self-sensing textile-reinforced composites for
in situ structural health monitoring, J. Reinforced Plastics & Composites, vol. 0, Sep. 2023, p. 1-9.
34
BRAMAT 2024
II.O.08
PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON THE OBTAINING OF CERAMIC LAYERS THROUGH

APS FROM YSZ (38% YTTRIA) POWDERS
Ionuț Adomniței1, Corneliu Munteanu2, Bogdan Istrate2, Mihai Axinte1, Marian Luțcanu1,
Gheorghe Bădărău1, Magdalena Gabriela Hutanu1, Ana-Maria Roman1, Daniela Lucia Chicet1,
Marcelin Benchea2, Sorin Moga3, Nicanor Cimpoesu1
1
ʺGheorghe Asachiʺ Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 67 D. Mangeron Blvd.,
700050, Iasi, Romania, e-mail: ana-maria.roman@academic.tuiasi.ro
2
ʺGheorghe Asachiʺ Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Mechanics, 43. Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania
3
National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest - Regional Research Center - Development for
products, processes and innovative materials for the automotive industry (CRC&D-Auto), Targu din Vale, no. 1,
110040 Pitesti, Romania
Keywords: YSZ, ceramic layers, thermal barrier, SEM, OM, EDS
Abstract: Ceramic coatings are considered a suitable solution for a multitude of applications
using usual metallic materials but where working conditions have become more difficult in
terms of working temperature or mechanical stresses. For these materials a cheaper and
easier solution is to coat them with a protective layer of ceramic oxides rather than replacing
them altogether with a new piece of a more expensive material.
Plasma jet spraying of ceramic coatings by means of a robotic arm is easy to perform and has
many advantages related to the time to obtain the coatings, their price, the versatility of the
technique to cover complex geometric surfaces and the final properties of the obtained
coatings. In this paper are presented some preliminary experimental results about the
obtaining of ceramic layers by sputtering on metallic substrate using some oxide powders
known for their excellent characteristics but in this case with a different concentration
(38%YSZ) from the classical recipe (7%YSZ). For the structural and chemical characterization
of the obtained layers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM, SE detector) and X-ray dispersive
spectroscopy (EDS) together with X-ray diffraction of the obtained layers (XRD) were used.
The study started with morphological and chemical analysis of the ceramic powders as well
as those used for a bond coat layer for the ceramic layer (the layer is composed of Ni and Al
oxides). The experimental results showed a homogeneous layer made after 5 successive
passes with a very good adhesion to the metallic substrate.
1. M. Lutcanu, R. Cimpoesu, M. Abrudeanu, C. Munteanu, S.G. Moga, M. Coteata, G. Zegan, M. Benchea, N.
Cimpoesu and A.M. Murariu, Mechanical Properties and Thermal Shock Behavior of Al2O3-YSZ Ceramic Layers
Obtained by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying, Crystals 2023, 13(4), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13040614
2. Afrasiabi A., Saremi M., Kobayashi A., A comparative study on hot corrosion resistance of three types of
thermal barrier coatings: YSZ, YSZ+Al2O3 and YSZ/Al2O3, 2008, Mat. Sci. Eng. A, 478, 264–269.
3. Cheng W., Liu Y., Wang W., Zhao X., Peng D., Interface detection from laser drilling of air plasma-sprayed
thermal barrier coatings by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, 2021, Optics and Lasers in Engineering,
137, 106351.
35
BRAMAT 2024
II.O.09
CONJUGATED POLYMERS DERIVED FROM TRIPHENYLAMINE-BASED STAR-SHAPED

OLIGOMERS: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, POROSITY, AND NITROAROMATIC
DERIVATIVES DETECTION
Loredana Văcăreanu, Andra-Ionela Gavril, Andra-Elena Bejan
"Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Electroactive Polymers and Plasmochemistry Laboratory,
Gr. Ghica Voda Alley 41A, Iasi - 700487, Romania, e-mail: sloredana@icmpp.ro
Keywords: triphenylamine-based building blocks, nitroaromatic derivatives
Abstract: Conjugated polymers derived from branched oligomers exhibit versatility in various
applications, particularly in sensing technologies [1,2]. Through covalent connection of π-conjugated
rigid subunits containing additional functionality, typically three-dimensional networks of conjugated
porous polymers (CPPs) can be construct with high surface areas, providing thus many opportunities
for electron and ion transmission, a distinguishing feature that separates CPPs from the linear
polymers. However, their insolubility and amorphous nature present considerable challenges in
designing, characterizing, and enhancing the properties of these. This study explores the synthesis
and comprehensive characterization of hyperbranched polymers, derived from triphenylamine-based
star-shaped oligomers having various π-spacers between TPA. Their structural, optical, and
morphological properties were thoroughly investigated, revealing that the structural complexities of
these polymers, inherited from the initial oligomers' design, significantly influenced their
morphological features. Using advanced techniques such as SEM imaging, the presence of ordered
polymer chains and voids in the material structure was identified, while a more detailed analysis of
porosity indicated different BET surface areas, with a notable correlation observed between
structural stiffness and porosity of the resulting polymer. Furthermore, the sensing potential of these
polymers was explored concerning two nitroaromatic derivatives, as a result the emission intensity
was significantly quenched in the presence of the analytes. In conclusion, this study brings significant
contribution regarding the design of conjugated hyperbranched polymers, their structural influence
on porosity and their application in sensing technologies. The multifaceted characterization and
sensing capabilities of these polymers underscore their promising role in environmental monitoring
and sensing methodologies.
1. W. Dong, Z. Ma, Q. Duan, T. Fei, Crosslinked fluorescent conjugated polymer nanoparticles for high
performance explosive sensing in aqueous media, Dyes and Pigments,159, (2018), 128-134.
2. X Wu., H Li., B. Xu, H. Tong, L. Wang, Solution-dispersed porous hyperbranched conjugated polymer
nanoparticles for fluorescent sensing of TNT with enhanced sensitivity, Polym. Chem., 5, (2014), 4521–4525.
Digitization, CNCS - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-1068, within PNCDI III.
36
BRAMAT 2024
II.O.10
ELECTRICAL AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF LAYERED OXYHALIDES
Adrian Radoń1, Agnieszka Ciuraszkiewicz1, Łukasz Hawełek1, Dariusz Łukowiec2 and Patryk
Włodarczyk1
1
Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Sowinskiego 5 St., 44-100, Gliwice, Poland, e-
mail: adrian.radon@imn.lukasiewicz.gov.pl
2
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Konarskiego 18A St., 44-100, Gliwice,
Poland
Keywords: bismuth oxychloride, dielectric spectroscopy, permittivity, ionic conductivity, battery
Abstract: Layered oxyhalides constitute a diverse category of materials extensively synthesized and
investigated in recent years. Many of these compounds have undergone testing as high-yielding
photocatalysts [1], anodes [2], and capacitors [3]. In these applications, insights into the motion of
charge carriers enhance our understanding of the interaction mechanisms between layered
oxyhalides and molecules and electromagnetic radiation.
This knowledge facilitates precise control over material
properties during the synthesis process. Additionally,
understanding the impact of morphology and chemical
composition on charge carrier transport enables the
selection of materials for specific applications, guided by
an understanding of their dielectric properties.
Accordingly, this study presents synthesis methods for
layered bismuth oxyhalides with different morphologies
and functional properties. Changes in properties and
structure were described using X-ray diffractometry,
transmission electron microscopy, dielectric
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
layered oxyhalides application fields The findings demonstrate that the control over
morphology and chemical composition during synthesis
allows controlling the electrical conductivity and dielectric properties, mainly by changes in ions'
mobility and structure rebuilding due to the interaction between oxyhalides and physical factors.
1. Xiong J, Song P, Di J, Li H. Bismuth-rich bismuth oxyhalides: A new opportunity to trigger high-efficiency
photocatalysis. J Mater Chem A., 8 (2020) p. 21434-21454
2. Li W, et al. Bismuth oxychloride nanoflake assemblies as a new anode for potassium ion batteries. Chem
Commun., 55 (2019) p. 6507-6510
3. Coleman JN, et al. All-printed dielectric capacitors from high-permittivity, liquid-exfoliated BiOCl nanosheets.
ACS Appl Electron Mater., 2 (2020) p. 3233-3241
Acknowledgements: This research was funded in whole or in part by the National Science Centre,
Poland [grant number 2022/45/N/ST5/01118].
37
BRAMAT 2024
II.O.11
FROM CONCEPT TO REALITY: EXPLORING THE SYNTHESIS OF

VERSATILE HYPERBRANCHED POLYMERS WITH ProDOT MOIETIES
Andra-Ionela Gavril, Radu-Dan Rusu, Mariana-Dana Damaceanu
“Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Electroactive Polymers and
Plasmochemistry Department, Iasi, Romania, e-mail: andra.gavril@icmpp.ro
Keywords: ProDOT, fluorene, hyperbranched polymers, opto-electronic characteristics
Abstract: Conjugated polymers (CPs) belong to a well-established research direction in the field of
opto-electronics, with a large number of macromolecular frameworks, a broad range of features and
multiple application possibilities. Their main disadvantage comes from the narrow conformational
mobility and subsequent rigid-rod type structures, which make them susceptible to aggregation and
hamper solubility and processability. One pathway to solve this issue is to build tree-like, branched
structures with multi-dimensional topologies which preserve the desired electronic and
photophysical properties and even bring distinct ones. Such hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) are
materials with complex, three-dimensional structures that are expected to decrease the chances of
aggregation and improve solubility. [1]
This is also the case of the HBPs incorporating spirobifluorene (SBF), fluorene, and 3,4-
propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) reported in this work. They are envisaged as promising materials
in the field of optoelectronics due to a combination of unique structural characteristics and
advantageous properties coming from the individual building blocks, widely used in linear CPs. [2]
The design of these HBPs involves the controlled incorporation of various amounts of spirobifluorene
units as branching motifs and fluorene moieties as conjugation bridges, which impart high thermal
stability and opto-electronic characteristics, and also contribute to the prevention of close packing of
the final macromolecular structure. The inclusion of ProDOT renders improved redox activity and
electron-donating capabilities to the final 3D structure, and also grants high chemical stability and
improved solubility. [3] Their synthesis is based on the direct arylation of the starting materials
following optimized conditions, that involves the active protons of ProDOT and the bromide
substituted fluorene and spirobifluorene. Herein, their characteristics relevant for application as
electro-optical active materials are largely explored.
1. Zhang, Y., & Yu, W. Synthesis of Hyperbranched Polymers and Prospects for Application in Oilfield Chemistry.
Frontiers in Energy Research, May 2022, 10, 894096.
2. Li, C., & Bo, Z., Three-dimensional conjugated macromolecules as light-emitting materials. Polymer, 51(19),
Sept. 2010, p. 4273-4294.
3. Chiriac, A., Constantin, C.P., & Damaceanu, M.D. ProDOT-Based Polymers: From Energy Storage to Smart
Window Applications. Energies, 16(10), May 2023, 3999.
Digitization, CNCS - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-PCE-2021-1728 (contract no. 46/2022) within
PNCDI III.
38
BRAMAT 2024
II.O.12
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SILICA AEROGEL EMBEDDED THERMAL LINER FOR

EXTREME HEAT PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
Tathagata Das, Apurba Das, R Alagirusamy
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, New Delhi, India, 110016, e-
mail: tathagatadas55@gmail.com
Keywords: Silica aerogel, Sol gel process, Ambient pressure drying, Thermal liner, Protection time
Abstract: Aerogels are extremely porous materials having a porosity of 95–98%. They are a type of
colloid system where the solid is the dispersion and the air is the dispersed phase. Aerogels have the
lowest thermal conductivity of solids, ranging from 0.01 W/mK to 0.02 W/mK, and a high specific
surface area. Aerogels are perfect for
applications involving heat insulation
because of their qualities. However,
aerogels are brittle and cannot be
produced for complexly formed body
insulation. The aforementioned aerogel-
related issues might be resolved by fibre-
reinforced aerogel fabric. It seems that
aerogel fabrics with fibre reinforcement
have superior flexibility, drapability, and
Fig. 1. Silica aerogel embedded thermal liner durability. This work developed a silica
aerogel embedded meta-aramid
nonwoven fabric via gelation, silylation,
and atmospheric pressure drying route
and studied its characteristics. The
second degree burn time of the
developed silica aerogel embedded Meta
aramid nonwoven fabric was tested. Fig.
1 showed the SEM image of the tested
specimen. Compared to meta-aramid
nonwoven fabric without aerogel, meta-
aramid nonwoven fabric with aerogel has
Fig. 2. 2nd degree burn time of aerogel embedded a 50% longer second-degree burn time.
samples Fig. 2 displays the second degree burn
time curve for both meta-aramid
nonwoven fabric and meta-aramid nonwoven fabric impregnated with silica aerogel.
39
BRAMAT 2024
II.O.13
STUDY OF Fe50Mn35Sn15 HEUSLER COMPOUND FORMATION BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING
Florin Popa, Traian Florin Marinca, Bogdan Viorel Neamțu, Niculina Argentina Sechel, Ionel
Chicinaș
Materials Science and Engineering Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Avenue,
400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania, e-mail: florin.popa@stm.utcluj.ro
Keywords: Heusler, mechanical alloying, nanocrystalline
Abstract: The Heusler alloys are a complex alloy family with many interesting and diverse properties,
arising from their complex structure, Fm-3m, with the L21 order and chemical formula X2YZ.
Although the Heusler alloys are usually obtained by casting, in this study we choose to study the
formation of the offstoichiometric
0h MA 4h MA 20h MA
Fe50Mn35Sn15 (at. %) Heusler alloy by
mechanical alloying. The milling was
conducted in high purity argon gas up to
30h and the desired phase was obtained
after 15 h of milling, having B2,
disordered structure. The structure is
different from the usually obtained
structure for cast samples, which is an
FCC ordered L21 structure [1]. The
obtained B2 phase is stable up to 20 h of
milling. If the milling is further conducted,
Fig. 1. Scanning electron images and elemental a decomposition of the alloy is noticed
distribution maps for Fe at various milling times. after 30 h of milling. The new emerged
phases are FeSn2 and a rich Mn phase,
reported also in [2]. When obtained (after 15 h), the Fe50Mn35Sn15 alloy has a mean grain size of
about 7 nm and increases up to 9 nm for 20 h of milling. The slight increase of the mean crystallite
size could be a sign of phase shift in the sample. Using this information, the particle size distribution
was studied versus milling time. As the milling starts, the particle size is shifted towards low values
and before compound formation the particle size reaches a narrow distribution (10 h). When the
compound is forming (20h), low size particles merges. For larger milling times (30h) where phase
decomposition occurs, a bimodal distribution was recorded. The particle size distribution was
sustained by scanning electron microscopy images, that pictures particles size reduction. The
compound formation was proved also by elemental distribution maps (EDX analysis), that shows
elemental powders homogenization toward 20 – 30 h of milling, as illustrated in fig. 1.
1. S. Idrissi, S. Ziti, H. Labrim, L. Bahmad Half‑metallicity and magnetism in the full Heusler alloy Fe2MnSn with
L21 and XA stability ordering phases Journal of Low Temperature Physics 202 (2021) 343–359.
2. N. I. Kourov, V. V. Marchenkov, A. V. Korolev, L. A. Stashkova, S. M. Emel’yanova, H. W. Weber, Specific
features of the properties of half-metallic ferromagnetic Heusler alloys Fe2MnAl, Fe2MnSi, and Co2MnAl,
Physics of the Solid State 57 (2015) 700 - 708.
40
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.01
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HIGH ENTROPY ALLOYS MoNbTaTiZr AND FeMoTaTiZr
Miguel López Ríos1, Santiago José Brito García1, Julia Claudia Mirza Rosca1,2, Ionelia
Voiculescu3
1
University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Mech. Eng. Dept., Mechanical Engineering Department, Campus
Universitario de Tafira, Edif.Ingenieria, 35017, Gran Canaria, Spain, e-mail: julia.mirza@ulpgc.es
2
Transilvania University of Brasov, Materials Engineering and Welding Department, 29 Eroilor Blvd.,
500036, Brasov, Romania
3
Politehnica University of Bucharest, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, Splaiul Independentei 313,
Keywords: high-entropy alloy, corrosion, electrochemical spectroscopy impedance
Abstract: High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are a class of materials that have gained significant attention in
recent years due to their unique properties and potential applications in various industries. One such
promising HEA is the MoNbTaTiZr high-entropy alloy, which displays excellent corrosion resistance
and biocompatibility alongside good
mechanical properties. Mo-Nb-Ta-Ti-Zr
system, with low bio-toxicity for the
human body, is currently being tested
both for the manufacture of surgical
instruments and for orthopaedic
applications. Another promising high-
entropy alloy that has attracted
researchers for its potential applications
in various fields is FeMoTaTiZr.
Exchanging one of the elements may
result in important variation of properties
of a material. This work studies two
different samples of high-entropy alloys
Fig. 1. Metalographic structures of the samples MoNbTaTiZr (named NbHEA) and
FeMoTaTiZr (named FeHEA), both
produced at laboratory scale in an electric-arc remelting equipment, keeping similar atomic
percentage of the elements in both alloys. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and
energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques were used to characterize the microstructure
of the alloys (see Fig.1), showing the difference in composition inside the dendrite zones and the
interdendrite areas. Replacing Nb for Fe has a strong influence in the Mo presence inside the
dendrite. The corrosion properties of the synthesized alloys were evaluated under simulated
biological environment using potentiodynamic polarization method and electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS). FeHEA has a smaller corrosion rate in simulated body fluid than NbHEA but is
more susceptible to pitting corrosion than this.
Acknowledgements: We hereby acknowledge the project ERASMUS 2023-1-RO01-KA220-HED-

000159985: Smart Healthcare Engineering.
41
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.02
STUDY OF THE CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF Ti-Cu ELECTRODES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF

MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AND MUSCLE REHABILITATION
Ana Camarinha1, Alexandra Alves2, Filipe Vaz1,3,4 and Cláudia Lopes1,3
1
Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal, e-
mail: anabeatrizrc4@gmail.com
2
CMEMS-UMinho - Center of MicroElectroMechanical Systems, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
3
Braga, Portugal
4
Keywords: Ti-Cu thin films, Electromyography, Functional Electrical Stimulation, Corrosion
Abstract: With the global ageing population, the demand for innovative healthcare solutions for
rehabilitating motor disabilities among the elderly is on the rise. Traditional healthcare facility-based
rehabilitation is costly and time-
consuming, limiting access to
electrostimulation therapy for over 50%
of the 2.4 billion potential beneficiaries
[1]. Dry electrodes, designed for
extended use on sensitive skin [2], offer
promise for monitoring surface
electromyography and supporting
muscular rehabilitation at home [3,4].
However, a significant concern arises due
to the impact of sweat on these electrodes, represented in Fig. 1. This work analyzes the effects of
corrosion on Ti-Cu electrodes, based on thin films when exposed to artificial sweat. Corrosion
behaviour is assessed through open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results reveal that TiCu0.34 electrodes exhibit superior
corrosion resistance and improved electrical properties when exposed to artificial sweat compared
to traditional Ti electrodes.
1. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rehabilitation.
2. H. Kim, E. Kim, C. Choi, W.H. Yeo, Advances in Soft and Dry Electrodes for Wearable Health Monitoring
Devices, Micromachines, 13, April 2022, p. 1-34.
3. M. S. Rodrigues, P. Fiedler, N. Küchler, R. P. Domingues, C. Lopes, J. Borges, J. Haueisen, F. Vaz, Dry
electrodes for surface electromyography based on architectured titanium thin films, Materials, 13, May 2020, p.
1-16.
4. R. Conselheiro, C. Lopes, N. Azevedo, P. Leitao, C. Agulhari, H. Veloso, F. Vaz, J. Gonçalves, T. Franco, and L.
Sestrem, Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, ed. S. Omatu, R. Mehmood, P. Sitek, S. Cicerone,
and S. Rodrígues, L’Aquila, Italy, Springer, 2022, p. 111-120.
Acknowledgements: We hereby acknowledge the strategic funding project UIDB/04650/2020.
42
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.03
LIFESPAN AND PERFORMANCE OF Ti-Ag DRY ELECTRODES IN REMOTE BIOMEDICAL

APPLICATIONS
Daniel Carvalho1, Armando Ferreira1,2, Filipe Vaz1,2,3 and Cláudia Lopes1,2
1
e-mail: dani.fdcarvalho26@gmail.com
2
LaPMET—Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, 4710-
057 Braga, Portugal
3
Keywords: biopotential; dry electrodes; lifespan; Ti-Ag thin films; degradation
Abstract: The growth of the elderly population, and the increase in the incidence of lifestyle diseases
caused by sedentary lifestyles, demands constant monitoring of life activities. In this regard, remote
devices capable of biosignal acquisition became extremely relevant [1][2].
Dry electrodes come up as a comfortable and user-friendly technology, which can be easily
integrated into wearables, for long-term monitoring as well as electrical stimulation delivery [3].
However, there are some aspects regarding dry
electrodes' lifespan that must be considered,
namely the influence of external factors such as
temperature or sweat.
In this work the lifespan of Ti-Ag dry electrodes,
prepared by DC magnetron sputtering, using
flexible PTFE as substrates was evaluated. The
electrodes were immersed into a physiological
sweat solution, for different periods of time, and
Fig. 1. Experimental design of the their degradation behaviour was evaluated,
lifespan study according to Fig. 1. The results showed that
electrodes could still maintain their function after
24 h immersed in artificial sweat. Even after 7 days, electrodes prepared with low Ag contents (18.5
at. %) were still workable. However, for films prepared with Ag/Ti ratios above 0.23, the electrodes’
lifetime does not surpass 24 h.
1. D. Carvalho et al., “Enhancing the Longevity and Functionality of Ti-Ag Dry Electrodes for Remote Biomedical
Applications: A Comprehensive Study,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 19, p. 8321, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23198321.
2. C. Lopes et al., “Me-Doped Ti–Me Intermetallic Thin Films Used for Dry Biopotential Electrodes: A
Comparative Case Study,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 23, p. 8143, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.3390/s21238143.
3. C. Lopes, H. Veloso, M. Hayes, M. Cullinan, and F. Vaz, “Nanostructured (Ti,Cu)N dry electrodes for advanced
control of the neuromuscular activity,” IEEE Sens. J., vol. under revi, 2022, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2022.3232264.
43
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.04
ZnO-BASED THIN FILMS: A VERSATILE APPROACH TO MITIGATING MICROBIAL

TRANSMISSION ON COMMON SURFACES
Patrícia Pereira-Silva1,2, Joel Borges2, Filipe Vaz2, Paula Sampaio1
1
Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-
057 Braga, Portugal
2
Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-
058 Guimarães, Portugal, e-mail: fvaz@fisica.uminho.pt
Keywords: Antimicrobial coatings, Magnetron sputtering, ZnO thin films, Candida albicans.
Abstract: The insidious impact of common surfaces on the pathways of infectious disease
transmission is increasingly undeniable and alarming [1]. Microorganisms adhere and proliferate on
inanimate surfaces, such as tables, screens, and doorknobs. Ineffective and insufficient disinfection
of these surfaces makes them reservoirs of microbes, unleashing critical consequences on global
health and industrial sectors alike [2]. Thus, the development of antimicrobial coatings emerges as a
need to reduce the pathogens' transmission through surfaces [3,4].
In this work, ZnO thin films were produced by reactive magnetron sputtering with different chemical
(by adding doping elements, such as Ti and other metals), structural (modified crystalline structure),
and morphological (different thickness) features. Then, the antifungal activity of ZnO thin films was
evaluated by direct contact against the model pathogen, Candida albicans. Finally, to assess the
longevity of the produced thin films as common surface coatings, an extensive series of cleaning
events was conducted employing various widely used commercial detergents.
The findings indicate that ZnO-based coatings effectively retain their antifungal activity,
demonstrating a remarkable reduction of approximately 80% in fungal growth. Hence, these coatings
hold the potential for a wide range of applications for lowering microbial adhesion on surfaces,
thereby contributing to the mitigation of microbial infection transmission.
1. A. Jabłońska-Trypuć, Inanimate Surfaces as a Source of Hospital Infections Caused by Fungi, Bacteria and
Viruses with Particular Emphasis on SARS-CoV-2. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19, 2022.
2. B. Stephens, Microbial Exchange via Fomites and Implications for Human Health. Curr Pollut Rep, 5, 2019,
198–213.
3. A. Uneputty, Strategies Applied to Modify Structured and Smooth Surfaces: A Step Closer to Reduce Bacterial
Adhesion and Biofilm Formation. Colloid Interface Sci Commun, 46, 100560, 2022.
4. D. Costa, Effect of microstructural changes in the biological behavior of magnetron sputtered ZnO thin films,
Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A, 37, 011501, 2019.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and
Technology (FCT) in the framework of the Strategic Funding UIDB/04650/2020, “Contrato-Programa”
UIDB/04050/2020. Patrícia Pereira-Silva acknowledges FCT for her PhD scholarship 2020.08235.BD.
44
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.05
CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION RESISTANCE

OF ZnTi DEGRADABLE BIOMATERIALS
Alexandra-Tamara Sutic, Romeu Chelariu, Ramona Cimpoesu, Mihai Popa, Oana Rusu, Mihai-
Adrian Bernevig, Magdalena Gabriela Hutanu, Ana-Maria Roman, Nicanor Cimpoesu
Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 67 D. Mangeron
Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania, e-mail: ana-maria.roman@academic.tuiasi.ro
Keywords: ZnTi alloy, biodegradable Zn, corrosion rate
Abstract: Given their intermediate degradation rates, which range between those of Mg-based and
Fe-based biodegradable materials (BMs), Zn-based BMs are now regarded as a new class of BMs, and
important studies are required to establish their suitability for biomedical applications [1]. The
effects of the chemical composition and structural state of the ZnTi alloy on its corrosion behavior
and mechanical properties were investigated. Zn-based materials were explored, specifically pure
technical Zn and ZnTi alloys. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
dispersive energy X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) have been used to investigate
the microstructure and chemical composition of these BMs. The TiZn16 compound formed in the
experimental alloys [2] and its effect on corrosion resistance and mechanical properties were
studied. Immersion tests were performed to evaluate corrosion, and compression tests were
performed to assess its mechanical properties. The corrosion rate was determined by weighing the
samples before and after immersion and measuring the mass difference. Every 72 h, pH tests were
performed to assess pH fluctuation in salt solution (NaCl) impacted by the formation of chemical
compounds. The pH values were recorded minute by minute and confirmed the time frame of oxide
layer formation [3]. The chemical composition of the alloys and surface modifications following
immersion were investigated using a Bruker EDS detector. Corrosion compounds produced on the
surface and those found in the electrolyte solution were identified. The electrocorrosion resistance
of the alloys was studied using linear (LP) and cyclic (CP) potentiometry and open-circuit potential
(OPC) analysis. Electrochemical measurements were performed using a three-electrode cell.
Investigations have shown that the chemical composition and structural state of the alloy influence
both its corrosion behavior and mechanical properties.
1. C. Panaghie, R. Cimpoeșu, B. Istrate, N. Cimpoeșu, M.A. Bernevig, G. Zegan, A.M. Roman, R. Chelariu, A.
Sodor, New Zn3Mg-xY Alloys: Characteristics, Microstructural Evolution and Corrosion Behavior. Materials, 14,
2021, 2505.
2. K. Wang, X. Tong, J. Lin, A. Wei, Y. Li, M. Dargusch, C. Wen, Binary Zn–Ti alloys for orthopedic applications:
Corrosion and degradation behaviors, friction and wear performance, and cytotoxicity. Journal of Materials
Science & Technology, 74, 2021, p. 216–229.
3. G.K. Levy, J. Goldman, E. Aghion, The Prospects of Zinc as a Structural Material for Biodegradable Implants—
A Review Paper. Metals, 7, 2017, 402.
45
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.06
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON THE POLYSACCHARIDE-MODIFIED MAGNETITE

NANOPARTICLES – THE ROLE OF THE ORGANIC MODIFIERS AND SYNTHESIS METHOD ON
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Agnieszka Ciuraszkiewicz1,2, Adrian Radoń1, Łukasz Hawełek1, Tymon Warski1, Joanna

Wojewoda-Budka2 and Aleksandra Kolano-Burian1
1
Łukasiewicz Research Network — Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Gliwice, Poland,
e-mail: agnieszka.ciuraszkiewicz@imn.lukasiewicz.gov.pl
2
Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
Keywords: magnetite nanoparticle, drug delivery, polysaccharides, surface functionalization
Abstract: Polysaccharide-modified magnetite nanoparticles are an area of active research due to

their potential applications in targeted and controlled drug delivery. The organic modifiers and
synthesis methods play crucial roles in determining the functional properties of these nanoparticles
for drug delivery. One of the most important is surface functionalization. Organic modifiers like
polysaccharides (e.g., chitin, dextran) are often used to modify the surface of magnetite
nanoparticles. They can improve biocompatibility and stability and enable specific targeting by
conjugating ligands or drugs onto the nanoparticle surface [1]. Polysaccharides provide a
biocompatible environment, reducing potential toxicity and immune responses. They also enable
prolonged circulation in the bloodstream and can target specific cells or tissues due to their bioactive
properties. The choice of organic modifier can influence the release kinetics of drugs from the
nanoparticles. Some polysaccharides allow for sustained or triggered drug release, enhancing
therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects [2].
In our research, we created new magnetite base materials modified by polysaccharides like dextran,
starches, or chitin. This study describes the effects of changing modifiers and synthesis methods for
physiochemical properties Structural research was conducted using X-ray diffraction to determine
the phase composition and crystallite size, as well as scanning/transmission electron microscopy
studies that provided a closer examination of the structure and morphology of the composites.
UV-VIS spectroscopy was utilized to determine the extent of drug adsorption on the surface of ferrite
nanoparticles. Simultaneously, drug release studies demonstrated noticeable differences in
adsorption capacity based on modifiers' application. Subsequently, the proportion of the
polysaccharide layer in the material was determined using the thermogravimetric method.
Additionally, we assessed the magnetic hyperthermia effect of polysaccharide-modified magnetite
nanoparticles and compared it with unmodified magnetite.
1. A. Radoń, A. Drygała, Ł. Hawełek, D. Łukowiec, Structure and optical properties of Fe 3O4 nanoparticles
synthesized by co-precipitation method with different organic modifiers, Mater. Charact. 131 (2017) 148–156.
2. K. Mylkie, P. Nowak, P. Rybczynski, M. Ziegler-Borowska, Polymer-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles for
Protein Immobilization, Mater. 2021, Vol. 14, Page 248. 14 (2021) 248.
Acknowledgements: Research was carried out as a part of the "Implementation Doctorate" program
of the Ministry of Education and Science in Poland project No. DWD/7/0232/2023.
46
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.07
FUNCTIONAL LEATHER SURFACE BY NANOMATERIALS APPLICATION
Carmen Gaidau, Demetra Simion, Daniela Brechet, Cosmin Alexe, Maria Stanca,
Rodica Constantinescu
Research and Development National Institute for Textiles and Leather-Division Leather and Footwear Research
Institute, Leather Research Department, 93, Ion Minulescu Str., 031215, Bucharest, Romania,
e-mail: carmen.gaidau@icpi.ro
Keywords: nanocomposites; leather surface; self-cleaning properties; antimicrobial properties.
Abstract: Self-responsive surfaces under UV light exposure were made through the use of
nanomaterials based on titanium dioxide [1], meanwhile the last generation of nanocomposites
showed enhanced reactivity under Vis light [2,3]. Leather surfaces can be functionalized for self-
cleaning and antimicrobial smart properties
development. The improved durability and antimicrobial
protection self-generated by visible light exposure made
leather more ecological and protective against dirt and
microbial spreading. Leather durability through self-
cleaning properties represents a principle stipulated by
ecological labels and means that the leather articles will
have a longer life without the need for cleaning and the
use of organic solvents. Enhanced antimicrobial
properties can add a safer life and less economic loss due
Fig.1 Methylene blue degradation under Vis to disease spread and the use of nondurable
light on the leather surface covered with antimicrobials. The nanocomposites based on titanium
nanocomposite dioxide decorated with silver and iron and in another
version with iron, sulfur, and nitrogen showed self-
cleaning effects against methylene blue stains by 46-49.9% (Fig.1), and 27.4-38.9%, respectively,
when the leather surface was covered with them. Antimicrobial properties were enhanced from
93.48% in the case of control leather surfaces to 98.20-99.02%, in the case of surfaces covered with
nanocomposites.
Fig.1
1. B. Jalvo, M. Faraldos, A. Bahamonde, R.Rosal, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Self-Cleaning Surfaces
Functionalized by TiO2 Photocatalytic Nanoparticles against Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas Putida. J.
Hazard. Mater., 340, 2017, p.160–170.
2. F.Tariq, R.Hussain, Z. Noreen, A.Javed, A.Shah, A.Mahmood, M.Sajjad, H.Bokhari, S. Rahman, Enhanced
Antibacterial Activity of Visible Light Activated Sulfur-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles against Vibrio Cholerae. Mater.
Sci. Semicond. Process., 147, 2022, 106731.
3. Q. Fan, L. Wen, R. Dong, X. Hu, J. Ma, W. Zhang, X. Li, C. Gaidau, Visible light-driven highly efficient self-
cleaning coatings crafted on leather surface using double perovskite as the booster, Applied Surface Science
2023, 158108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2023.158108
Acknowledgements: We hereby acknowledge the project PN23260302_BIO-LEATHER, funded by the

Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation, and Digitalization.
47
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.08
INFLUENCE OF ALLOYING MICROELEMENTS ON TITANIUM ALLOYS FOR MEDICAL

APPLICATIONS
Ion Ghiculescu1, Petrică Vizureanu1,2, Mădălina-Simona Bălțatu1, Andrei-Victor Sandu1,3,4,

Manuela-Cristina Perju1, Iustinian Bălțatu5
1
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași, 700050 Iasi,
Romania
2
Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, Dacia Blvd 26, 030167 Bucharest, Romania;
3
Romanian Inventors Forum, Str. P. Movila 3, 700089 Iasi, Romania.
4
Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei St., Sect. 5, 050094, Bucharest, Romania;
5
Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Faculty of Engineering, Galati, Romania
e-mail: petrica.vizureanu@academic.tuiasi.ro
Keywords: Ti-based alloys, alloying elements, mechanical properties.
Abstract:
Titanium alloys are commonly used in medical applications, notably implants and devices, due to
their outstanding biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and mechanical qualities. This study looks
into the subtle effects of alloying microelements on titanium alloy performance, focusing on essential
elements including aluminum (Al), vanadium (V), and niobium (Nb). The study includes a thorough
examination of several alloying elements such as aluminum, vanadium, and niobium and their impact
on the mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility of the alloy. Furthermore, the
study assesses the impact of microelement variations on the structural stability of the alloy, as well
as the possible increase of specific qualities important for medical implants and devices. The findings
of this study are intended to provide significant insights into the design and optimization of titanium
alloys, hence stimulating advances in materials science for improved medical applications.
1.Spataru, M.C.; Cojocaru, F.D.; Sandu, A.V.; Solcan, C.; Duceac, I.A.; Baltatu, M.S.; Voiculescu, I.; Geanta, V.;
Vizureanu P. Assessment of the Effects of Si Addition to a New TiMoZrTa System, MATERIALS, 2021, 14 (24),
7610, DOI10.3390/ma14247610.
2. Jawed S.F.; Rabadia C.D.; Khan M.A.; Khan S.J. Effect of Alloying Elements on the Compressive Mechanical
Properties of Biomedical Titanium Alloys: A Systematic Review. ACS Omega. 2022, 7(34), 29526-29542. doi:
10.1021/acsomega.2c02096.
3. Song, Y.; Xu, D.S.; Yang, R.; Li, D.; Wu, W.T.; Z.X. Guo. Theoretical study of the effects of alloying elements on
the strength and modulus of β-type bio-titanium alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 1999, 260, 1–2,
269-274, Doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(98)00886-7.
4. Chen,L.-Y.;Cui,Y.-W.;Zhang,L.-C. Recent Development in Beta Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications.
Metals 2020, 10(9), 1139.
5. Callister,W.D. Fundamentals of materials science and engineering. Wiley:London, 2000.
48
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.09
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF Ti6Al4V AND Ti15Mo7Zr5Mn ALLOYS FOR ORTHOPEDIC

IMPLANT APPLICATIONS
Marius-Albert Mazilu1, Mădălina-Simona Bălțatu1, Dumitru-Doru Burduhos-Nergiș1,

Petrică Vizureanu1,2, Andrei-Victor Sandu1,3,4
1
Romania
2
3
4
e-mail: madalina-simona.baltatu@academic.tuiasi.ro
Keywords: Ti-based alloys, biomaterials, superior properties.
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive comparison between the widely used Ti6Al4V alloy
and the innovative Ti15Mo7Zr5Mn alloy in the context of orthopedic implants. Titanium alloys like
Ti6Al4V have been the benchmark in orthopedics due to their excellent biocompatibility, corrosion
resistance, and mechanical properties. The main objective is to evaluate and compare the properties
of Ti6Al4V and Ti15Mo7Zr5Mn alloys, focusing on their suitability for orthopedic implants. The study
delves into aspects such as biocompatibility, mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and cellular
viability. The Ti15Mo7Zr5Mn alloy demonstrates superior hardness and a higher modulus of elasticity
compared to Ti6Al4V. Corrosion resistance of Ti15Mo7Zr5Mn is notably higher in Ringer's solution
and Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) compared to Ti6Al4V. Biocompatibility tests indicate a higher cell
viability percentage for Ti15Mo7Zr5Mn. Ti15Mo7Zr5Mn shows a lower contact angle, suggesting
improved hydrophilicity which is beneficial for cellular interaction. The study highlights the potential
of Ti15Mo7Zr5Mn as a superior alternative to Ti6Al4V in orthopedic applications. Its enhanced
mechanical properties, superior corrosion resistance, and improved biocompatibility make it a
promising candidate for future orthopedic implants. Further in vivo studies are recommended to
validate these findings and explore the long-term performance of Ti15Mo7Zr5Mn implants.
1. Jimenez-Marcos, C.; Mirza-Rosca, J.C.; Baltatu, M.S.; Vizureanu, P. Experimental Research on New Developed
Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications. Bioengineering 2022, 9, 686.
2. Medvedev, A.E.; Molotnikov, A.; Lapovok, R.; Zeller, R.; Berner, S.; Habersetzer, P.; Dalla Torre, F.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-15Zr alloy used as dental implant material. J Mech Behav
Biomed Mater. 2016 Sep; 62:384-398.
3. Sandu, A.V.; Baltatu, M.S.; Nabialek, M.; Savin, A.; Vizureanu, P. Characterization and Mechanical Proprieties
of New TiMo Alloys Used for Medical Applications. Materials 2019, 12, 2973.
49
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.10
OVERVIEW ON Co-Cr ALLOYS USED IN MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Mihai Tofan1, Andrei Victor Sandu1,2,3, Madalina Simona Baltatu1, Dragos Cristian Achitei1,
Claudiu Vasile Ciubotaru1, Petrica Vizureanu1,4
1
Romania
2
3
4
e-mail: andrei-victor.sandu@academic.tuiasi.ro
Keywords: Co-Cr alloys, biomaterials, case studies, future trends.
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive overview of cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys and their
significant role in the field of medical applications. Co-Cr alloys are renowned for their exceptional
mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, making them indispensable in
medical device manufacturing. The paper contains information on Co-Cr alloys from their initial use
in dental implants to their advanced roles in orthopedic devices, delving into their metallurgical
composition, processing advancements, clinical implications, and future prospects in medical
applications. The paper provides a historical perspective on Co-Cr alloys, tracing their evolution from
early dental implants to contemporary applications in orthopedic implants like hip and knee
replacements. This overview highlights the latest advancements in processing techniques, including
casting and additive manufacturing, which have expanded the possibilities for complex device design
and customization. A significant portion of the paper is dedicated to the clinical implications of Co-Cr
alloys, examining their performance in various medical scenarios. We discuss the biological response
to Co-Cr implants, including aspects of biocompatibility, potential for allergic reactions, and long-
term stability in the human body. Case studies from orthopedic and cardiovascular applications
provide real-world insights into the efficacy and challenges of Co-Cr alloy-based devices. In the final
part, the article contains future trends and potential areas for research in the application of Co-Cr
alloys in medicine. This includes investigating alternative alloy compositions to enhance
biocompatibility and the integration of Co-Cr alloys with emerging technologies such as smart
implants and tissue engineering. This paper aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers and
practitioners in the fields of materials science and biomedical engineering, offering a thorough
understanding of the critical role of Co-Cr alloys in advancing medical technology.
1. Vizureanu, P., Minciună, M. G., Achiţei, D. C., Sandu, A. V., & Hussin, K. (2015). Mechanical Behaviour of
CoCrMo Alloy with Si Content. In Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vols. 754–755, pp. 1017–1022). Trans Tech
Publications, Ltd.
2. Paqué, P.N., Özcan, M. (2024). A Review on Biocompatibility of Dental Restorative and Reconstruction
Materials. Current Oral Health Reports. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40496-023-00358-9
3. Li, Huafang; Hao, Jiaqi; Liu, Xiwei. (2024). Research progress and perspective of metallic implant biomaterials
for craniomaxillofacial surgeries. Biomaterials Science. The Royal Society of Chemistry.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D2BM01414A
50
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.11
FUNCTIONALIZED ALBUMIN NANOPARTICLES CROSS-LINKED WITH OXIDIZED GELLAN FOR

TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY IN BRAIN TUMOR THERAPY
Camelia Elena Tincu (Iurciuc)1,2, Silvia Vasiliu3, Ștefania Racoviță3, Gabriela Vochița4, Daniela
Gherghel4, Leonard Ionuț Atanase5, Marcel Popa1,5,6, Lăcrămioara Ochiuz2
1
Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and
Protection of the Environment, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University, 73, Prof. dr. docent Dimitrie Mangeron
street, 700050 Iasi, Romania, e-mail: camelia_tincu83@yahoo.com
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and
Pharmacy, 16, University street, 700115, Iaşi, Romania
3
“Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, No. 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
4
NIRDBS - Institute of Biological Research Iasi, Department of Experimental and Applied Biology, Lascar Catargi
47, Iasi 700107, Romania
5
Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Apollonia" University of Iasi, 11, Pacurari street, 700511, Iași, Romania
6
Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
Keywords: functionalized albumin, drug delivery systems, blood-brain barrier overcoming,

biopolymer nanoparticles
Abstract: This work aims to develop a drug delivery nanosystem based on human serum albumin
(HSA) functionalized with low molecular weight protamine (LMWP) and cross-linked with aldehyde
groups from oxidized gellan (OG). The system co-encapsulates two antitumor drugs (curcumin-Cc
and temozolomide-TMZ) and could overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to treat brain tumors.
HSA was modified with LMWP, a peptide enhancing the brain diffusion of proteins. This approach
combines HSA for tumor targeting and LMWP for BBB overcoming [1]. LMWP, derived from salmon
protamine sulfate via thermolysin cleavage, was successfully linked to HSA at the Cys34 residue’s
free SH group, as confirmed by spectroscopic analysis (FT-IR and NMR).
An improved HSA self-assembly method was used to obtain the nanoparticles (NPs). β-
mercaptoethanol added to the HSA solution reduces disulfide bonds, exposing hydrophobic
domains for drug interaction and self-assembly into NPs [2]. NH2 groups from HSA were
crosslinked with aldehyde groups from OG to increase HSA-NP stability. Gellan was oxidized using
NaIO4, and FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of aldehyde groups. SEM
analyzed the morphology of the NPs, and their size determined by laser diffractometry was up to
200 nm. FT-IR spectroscopy demonstrates the Schiff base formation. The Cc immobilization
efficiency was higher than that of TMZ and decreased when the cross-linking degree increased.
The in vitro release kinetics were studied in two different pH environments at pH=7.4 and pH=4.
The HSA-NPs having TMZ and Cc immobilized determine the drug protection, increase
bioavailability, eliminate side effects, reduce tumor cell resistance to the drugs, and ensure a
controlled and sustained release at therapeutic doses. Cc and TMZ co-encapsulated in HSA-NPs
were tested for cytotoxicity evaluation on the C6 cell line, and the cell viability was reduced
compared with HSA-NPs only with TMZ encapsulated, proving the active molecules’ synergic
effect. Encapsulated CC maintained its antioxidant activity after exposure to UV light and was
protected by the polymer matrix.
51
BRAMAT 2024
1. T. Lin, P. Zhao, Y. Jiang, Y. Tang, H. Jin, Z. Pan, H. He, V.C. Yang, Y. Huang, ACS Nano, 2016, 10, 9999–10012.
2. Y. Fu, S. Yang, Y. Liu, J. Liu, Q. Wang, F. Li, X. Shang, Y. Teng, N. Guo, P. Yu, 2022, Macromol. Biosci., 2022,
22, 2100404.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by a grant of Ministry of Research, Innovation

and Digitization, Romania, CNCS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2021-0553, within
PNCDI III.
52
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.12
SUSTAINABLE COMPOSITE MATERIALS FROM CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTES
Mihaela Cosnita, Cristina Cazan
Transilvania Univ Brasov, Renewable Energy Syst & Recycling Res Ctr & Prod D, Mechatron & Environm Dept,
Brasov 500036, Romania, e-mail: mihaela.cosnita@unitbv.ro
Keywords: rubber waste, HDPE waste, PS waste, brick powder waste, construction and demolition
wastes
Abstract: İn the last decades, along with the development and the society modernization the building
construction field has became one of the main activity sectors with a continuous and extensie energy
and natural resources demands. The constructions field greatly impact the environment with over 25
% of the global greenhouse emissions.
The most sustainable solution that would
be adressed to these issues could be
recycling Construction and Demolition
wastes (wC&D), as such both the
materials and enery are recoered.
Therefore, the paper investigates the
development of novel composite
materials wC&D based on rubber, HDPE,
PS and brick powder, see Fig 1. The wC&D
composites with controlled properties
are obtained by compression molding
varying the technological and
compositional parameters. Considering
their prealent outdoor applications, the
Fig. 1. Aluminum
21 days water immersion test wasfoam [2] as a prerequisite of the outdoor application products. Two
applied
composite series were thermal processed at 200 0 C for a quarter of an hour, the former was
characterized as such and the second one being characterized after the water immersion test in
order to assess the water stability of the wC&D. composite systems. The structure and new chemical
bonds that occurred between components of the wC&D composite materials and their crystallinity
variation before and after water immersion were analysed by FTIR and XRD techniques. The
mechanical features, tensile strength, young moduli, compression and impact strength for both
series un-immersed and water immersed samples were registered. The experimental results outlined
the development of hybrid (organic - inorganic) physico-chemical interfaces which were highly
improved by increasing the brick and HDPE mass ratiot. The most water and mechanical-resistant
sample series were the 40 wt % HDPE and PS and 5% brick powder with young moduli of 34.44 MPa,
compressive strength of 146.51 MPa and impact strength of 36.05 kJ/m 2, results recorded after
water immersion test.
The paper outlined the good water stability of the w C&D composite systems opening new
sustainable paths for recycling the wastes coming from the construction field.
53
BRAMAT 2024
1. D. Miller, J.H. Doh, M. Mulvey. Concrete slab comparison and embodied energy optimisation for alternate
design and construction techniques. Construct. Build. Mater., 80 (2015) 329-338, doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.
2015.01.071
2. C.M. Grădinaru, A.A. Şerbănoiu, D.T. Babor, G.C. Sârbu, I.V. PetrescuMag, A.C. Grădinaru. When agricultural
waste transforms into an environmentally friendly material: the case of green concrete as an alternative to
natural resources depletion. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics, 32 (1) (2019) 77-93, doi:10.1007/s10806-019-09768-1
3. European Commision. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-
green-deal_en (accessed on 24 June 2022).
4. M. Kirgiz, Fresh and hardened properties of green binder concrete containing marble powder and brick
powder, Eur. J. Environ. Civ. En. 20 (2016) s64–s101.
5. K. Kartini, M.N. Rohaidah, Z.A. Zuranini, Performance of ground clay bricks as partial cement replacement in
grade 30 concrete, World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. 68 (2012) 362–365.
Acknowledgements: We hereby acknowledge the Romanian National Authority for Scientific

Research and Innovation. CCCDI-UEFISCDI. Project number PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2021-2071 within
PNCDI III, contract no 702PED/2022.
54
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.13
SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE NICKEL FERRITE

VIA SOLUTION COMBUSTION METHOD USING EDTA AND UREA AS FUEL
Roxana Alexandru, Radu Lazău, Robert Ianoș, Iulia Rus
Politehnica University of Timișoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, P-ța
Victoriei No. 2, Timișoara 300006, Romania, e-mail: roxana.alexandru@student.upt.ro
Keywords: combustion synthesis, nickel ferrite, EDTA, urea.
Abstract: Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) belongs to the large class of compounds called „inverse spinels”,
with the general formula X+2Y2+3O4 [1]. Due to their special properties, nickel ferrites are versatile
materials used in a wide range of applications [2]: biomedical, magnetic sensors, telecommunication
applications, SOFCs, water purification etc. There are many methods for preparation of nickel ferrite,
such as mechanical activation, sol-gel, co-precipitation, combustion, hydrothermal etc. [3].
The purpose of this research is to explore and compare two alternatives for obtaining nickel ferrite
via combustion synthesis, using two different fuels - EDTA (C10H16N2O8) and urea (CH4N2O), under
identical reaction conditions. In both syntheses a stoechiometrical fuel to oxidizer ratio was used to
obtain 10 g samples, starting from Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, Fe(NO3)3·9H2O as oxidizers and EDTA or urea as
fuel. The precursors mixture was thoroughly mixed and then heated at 500°C in a closed furnace to
ignite the combustion reaction. A great deal of gas was emitted, yielding a voluminous product. The
reaction evolved differently for the two fuels: when using EDTA, a smoldering process was noticed,
whilst when using urea, persistent incandescence was observed until the end of the reaction. DSC
and TG curves were recorded on the precursor mixtures, and these once again validated the highly
energetic character of the combustion synthesis: the DSC curves showed intense exothermic peaks
and the TG curves pointed out significant mass loss for both fuels’ cases. The XRD patterns of the
samples show NiAl2O4 is the single phase present, with a crystallite size of 13 nm in the case of using
urea as fuel, and 27 nm for using EDTA. Both samples show magnetic properties.
To conclude, these results show the effect of using different fuels when conducting combustion
syntheses of nickel ferrite, and the importance of the adequate fuel choice in terms of product
characteristics. The advantage of this method is that it does not require expensive precursors or
extensive and intricate treatment for preparation of nanocrystalline NiFe2O4.
[1] J.M. Hastings, L.M. Corliss, Neutron Diffraction Studies of Zinc Ferrite and Nickel Ferrite, Rev. Modern Phys.,
Vol. 25, No. 1 (01.1953), p. 114–119;
[2] G. Rana, P. Dhiman, A. Kumar, D.-V. N. Vo, G. Sharma, S. Sharma, M. Naushad, Recent advances on nickel
nano-ferrite: A review on processing techniques, properties and diverse applications, Chemical Engineering
Research and Design, Vol. 175, (2021), p. 182–208;
[3] S. Bindra Narang, K. Pubby, Nickel Spinel Ferrites: A review, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,
Vol. 519, No. 167163, (2021);
Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Alber Foundation for financially supporting a
part of this work and the participation at the BraMat 2024 conference.
55
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.14
NOVEL TiAg COATING, A CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OVERVIEW
Matteo Bertapelle1, Julia Claudia Mirza-Rosca2,3, Claudia Lopes4,5, Filipe Vaz3,4,5
1
University of Padova, Department of information engineering, Via VIII Febbraio, 2, 35122 Padova PD, Italia,
e-mail: matteo.bertapelle@studenti.unipd.it
2
Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran canaria, Dpto. de Ingeniería Mecánica, Campus Universitario Tafira,
35017, Las Palmas de gran Canaria, Spain
3
Transilvania University of Brasov, Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Brasov, Romania
4
University of Minho, Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
5
University of Minho, LaPMET - Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, 4710-057,
Braga, Portugal
Keywords: EIS, corrosion, sputtering, coating
Abstract: A fundamental aspect to consider when approaching a new surface is the evaluation of
their corrosion behavior, doing so helps us to identify the full spectrum of applications of this
surface. As biomaterial, we decided to proceed with corrosion analysis in simulated body fluids using
1 Ringer solution, obtaining information
0 regarding corrosion resistance, corrosion
-1 rate and corrosion potential (see Fig.1). A
new type of coating that is being
Log(I)/mA
-2
TiAgB111
-3 optimized for muscle biopotential
-4
TiAgB112 acquisition, Ti-Ag, was analyzed. This
-5
coating system is being optimized in
-6 TiAgB112-2
terms of surface finishing
-7
-0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 (roughness/porosity), which significantly
affects the signal to noise ratio and thus
Potential (V vs SCE)
the overall bioelectrode response. The
coatings are created via co-sputtering,
which produces functionalized surfaces
Fig. 1. Corrosion rate TiAg samples
with specific properties that meet
application needs, such as muscle activity
monitoring and stimulation [1]. The results show that changing the processing conditions, namely the
amount of silver in the coatings, results in a significant impact on the corrosion behavior that is
achieved, having as much as 4 times more resistance to corrosion just by changing the atomic ratio
(Ag/Ti) in the coatings.
1. Claudia Lopes, Hugo Veloso, Makenna Hayes, Michael Cullinan and Filipe Vaz, Nanostructured (Ti,Cu)N dry
electrodes for advanced control of the neuromuscular activity, IEEE Sensors Journal 23(4) (2023) 3629-3639.
Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2022.3232264.
Acknowledgements: I hereby acknowledge the project SHENG: 2023-1-RO 01- KA220- HED-
000159985, for allowing me to participate in this project.
56
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.15
IMPROVING THE SURFACE OF THE ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE AGAINST BIOFILM FORMATION
Iuliana Corneschi1, Lavinia Mărcuț2, Larisa Popescu1, Aurora Antoniac1, Veronica Paltanea1,
Alina Robu1, Aurel Mohan2
1
Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica
Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania;
e-mail: iulicorneschi07@gmail.com
2
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 P-ta 1 December Street, RO-410073 Oradea,
Romania
Keywords: endotracheal tube, biofilm, hydrophobic, antimicrobial
Abstract: The endotracheal tube (ETT) is a medical device widely used around the world, with a
crucial role in the treatment of respiratory conditions such as bronchitis and asthma, as well as in the
administration of general anaesthesia. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a significant increase in the
demand for cuffed ETT, raising concerns about infection risks. The plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
material used in the manufacture of ETTs tends to attract microorganisms from the surrounding
biological environment, and the migration of plasticizer from the polymer favors microbial growth,
promoting biofilm formation. This, in turn, contributes to the development of infections, causing
additional patient discomfort and increased costs [1].
Experimental. This study aims to improve the hydrophobic properties of selected samples from
commercial ETTs by surface fluorination through plasma treatment in SF6 discharge and physical
evaporation by magnetron sputtering from a PTFE target [2]. The experimental samples were
subjected to testing by various techniques including XPS, contact angle (CA), SEM + EDAX, as well as
antimicrobial property evaluations. The chemical composition of the samples was assessed based on
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The contact angle measurements were made using a Krüss
Drop Shape Analyzer, DSA-1000, which allows contact angle measurements with three liquids,
respectively water (W), diiodomethane (DIM), and ethylene glycol (EG).
Results and Discussion. After treatment, the SEM images highlight globular formations consisting of
elongated and irregular areas of different sizes appeared on the surface and their dispersion creates
the impression of an lusterless material. Determination of the contact angle showed an increase in
value and a more hydrophobic character of the surface when a fluoride coating is added to the
surface, which can be considered beneficial against biofilm formation.
Conclusions. The results obtained from the experimental samples analysis reveal the success of using
PTFE magnetron sputtering deposition combined with the SF6 gas in order to obtain a more
hydrophobic and glossy surfaces. These surface properties induce a better antimicrobial effect for
the endotracheal tubes (ETT). In conclusion, the surface treatment applied could induce a better
antimicrobial property to the endotracheal tubes (ETT) in clinical use.
Selective references
1. J. W. Costerton, Z. Lewandowski, D. E. Caldwell, D. R. Korber and H. M. Lappin-Scott, Microbial biofilms,
Annual review of microbiology, 49, 1995, p. 711–745.
2. E. Bormashenko, I. V. Legchenkova, S. Navon-Venezia, M. Frenkel and Y. Bormashenko, Investigation of the
Impact of Cold Plasma Treatment on the Chemical Composition and Wettability of Medical Grade
Polyvinylchloride, Appl. Sci., 11, 2021, p. 300.
57
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.16
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NI2+ AND LA3+ CO-DOPED CALCIUM ALUMINATES
Iulia Rus, Robert Ianoș, Radu Lazău, Ionela Moldovan, Elena Andrei, Roxana Alexandru
Politehnica University of Timișoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, P-ța
Victoriei No. 2, Timișoara 300006, Romania, e-mail: cristiana.iulia@yahoo.com
Keywords: combustion synthesis, color, calcium aluminates, thermal measurements
Abstract: Ca3Al2O6, CaAl2O4, CaAl4O7 and CaAl12O19 are part of the CaO-Al2O3 binary system [1] and
they are often used in various applications: Portland cement and aluminate cement manufacturing,
composites, phosphor materials, biomedical field [2,3]. Ca1-xAxAl12-xNixO19 (where A = La3+, Nd3+)
pigments with different blue shades were recently prepared by combustion synthesis [4,5].
This research aims to investigate the influence of Ni2+ and La3+ doping into different calcium
aluminate structures, assuming the coupled substitution: Al3+ + Ca2+ ↔ Ni2+ + La3+. 10 g of each
sample (with and without Ni2+ and La3+) were prepared by combustion synthesis starting from:
Al(NO3)3·9H2O, Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, La(NO3)3·6H2O, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O and fuel mixtures of CH4N2O and β-
C3H7NO2. All doped samples had the same doping level: equivalent of x = 0.1 apfu in Ca1-xLaxAl12-
xNixO19 (x = 0.1), Ca1-xLaxAl4-xNixO7 (x = 0.038), Ca1-xLaxAl2-xNixO4 (x = 0.022) and Ca3-xLaxAl2-xNixO6 (x =
0.028). Thermal analysis conducted on the precursor mixtures evidenced that combustion reactions
are very energic: the DSC curves showed 2 exothermic effects, accompanied by a significant mass
loss on the TG curves. These effects can be related to the combustion reaction of metal nitrates with
urea (165 °C) and β-alanine (280 °C), confirming the selectivity of metal nitrates for certain fuels.
Thermal imaging measurements indicated elevated temperatures during combustion reactions,
which increase from 1406 °C for Ca3Al2O6 to 1606 °C in the case of CaAl12O19, as the CaO/Al2O3 ratio
increases. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of the pure calcium aluminates and designed solid
solutions in all prepared samples. DRS and CIEL*a*b* measurements indicated an intense blue colour
in the case of Ca1-xLaxAl12-xNixO19 only. The other doped calcium aluminates exhibited different shades
of grey, which after annealing at 1300 °C for 1 hour turned into pale dull colours.
These results indicate that among all calcium aluminates, CaAl12O19, known as hibonite, is the only
one that allows the formation of intense blue colour as a result of doping with Ni2+ and La3+. The
particular crystalline structure of CaAl12O19 plays a key role in the formation of the blue colour.
1. D.A. Jerebtsov, G.G. Mikhailov, Phase diagram of CaO-Al2O3 system, Cer. Int. 27 25–28 (2001)
2. R.M. Parreira, T.L. Andradse, A.P. Luz, V.C. Pandolfelli, I.R. Oliveira, Calcium aluminate cement-based
compositions for biomaterial applications Cer. Int. 42 11732–11738 (2016)
3. H. Ju, W. Deng, B. Wanga, J. Liu, X. Tao, S. Xu, The structure and luminescence properties of green
Ca3Al2O6:Bi3+ phosphors, J. Alloys Compd. 516 153-156 (2012)
4. R. Ianoș. I. Rus, R. Lazău, C. Păcurariu, Near-infrared reflective Ni, La-doped hibonite pigments for cool blue
coatings, Cer. Int. 48 23 A 34428-34436 (2022)
5. I. Rus, R. Ianoș, R. Lazău, C. Păcurariu, I. Moldovan, A. Dabici, Near-infrared reflective coatings based on Ca1-
xNdxAl12-xNixO19 blue pigments, prepared by solution combustion synthesis, Cer. Int. (2023)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.12.288
58
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.17
THERMAL SPRAY DEPOSITION ON POLYMERIC MATERIALS – A REVIEW
Mădălin Farcaș1, Daniela-Lucia Chicet2, Mihai Axinte2, Bogdan Istrate1,

Corneliu Munteanu1,3
1
Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 61,
700050, Iasi, Romania
2
Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Blvd.
Mangeron, No. 41, 700050, Iasi, Romania, e-mail: daniela-lucia.chicet@academic.tuiasi.ro
3
Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, 26 Dacia Blvd, Bucharest, 030167, Romania
Keywords: thermal spray deposition, polymeric substrate, substrate temperature
Abstract: This study reviews the research contributions available in the literature on thermal spray
coating of polymer-based materials. One of the main challenges of thermal spraying on this type of
substrate is caused by the difficulty of controlling the substrate temperature during the deposition
process, as most polymers have low thermal conductivity and heat capacity and can degrade or
undergo significant changes in properties at elevated temperatures.
The analysis of different thermal spray deposition processes has shown that cold spray (CS), flame
spray (FS), electric arc (EA) and plasma spray (PS) have been used for coating polymeric materials in
studies available in the literature. Although these processes can expose polymeric substrates to high
thermal loads, which depend on the sputtering parameters and the base material, it has been shown
that successful deposition on polymeric materials can be achieved.
Improving the thermal and electrical conductivity of polymers has been the focus of research in most
of the studies to date on metal deposition on polymer substrates. On the other hand, it has been
shown that a combination of metal and polymer coating can produce a material system that can be
used for novel applications. Such applications discussed in literature papers have included the use of
the deposited coating as a heating element for de-icing, anti-fouling and structural damage detection
purposes. Overall, future research in these areas is needed to establish and test possible new
applications of metallic/ceramic coatings on polymer-based substrates.
1. A. S. Devaraj, A. McDonald, S. Chandra, Metallization of Porous Polyethylene Using a Wire-Arc Spray Process
for Heat Transfer Applications, J Therm Spray Tech (2021) 30:145–156
2. S. Devaraj, B. Anand, M. Gibbons, A. McDonald, and S. Chandra, Thermal Spray Deposition of Aluminum and
Zinc Coatings on Thermoplastics, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2020, 399, p 126114
3. C. Feng, M. Gibbons, and S. Chandra, Fabrication of Composite Heat Sinks Consisting of a Thin Metallic Skin
and a Polymer Core Using Wire-Arc Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Tech., 2019, 28, p 974–985.
4. H. Ashrafizadeh, P. Mertiny, and A. McDonald, Determination of Temperature Distribution within
Polyurethane Substrates during Deposition of Flame-Sprayed Aluminum-12Silicon Coatings using Green’s
Function Modeling and Experiments, Surf. Coat. Tech., 2014, 259, p 625–636.
59
BRAMAT 2024
II.PO.18
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS FROM RUBBER, HDPE, AND PP WASTE WITH

OUTDOOR APPLICATIONS
Cristina Cazan, Mihaela Cosnita
Transilvania University of Brasov, Product Design, Mechatronics and Environment Department, 29 Eroilor Blvd.,
500036, Brasov, Romania, e-mail: c.vladuta@unitbv.ro
Keywords: waste, rubber, HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene), PP (Polypropylene), composites with

outdoor applications
Abstract: As the construction industry grapples with the challenges of sustainability and waste
management, there is a growing interest in developing composite materials from construction and
demolition (C&D) wastes. This study explores the properties of such composite materials and
evaluates their suitability for outdoor applications.
The research focuses on the utilization of C&D wastes such as rubber, High-Density
Polyethylene (HDPE), and Polypropylene (PP), which are typically discarded in large quantities. These
wastes are processed and incorporated into composite materials, offering an alternative to
traditional construction materials. The composites were formed through thermal treatment in a
mold at temperatures ranging from 180-200°C for 15-30 minutes. Subsequently, the samples
underwent rigorous environmental testing, including immersion in water, temperature fluctuations,
and exposure to UV radiation, both in controlled laboratory simulations and real outdoor conditions.
Following a 21-day exposure period, the samples were subjected to testing and characterization, and
a comparative analysis of results was conducted among outdoor exposure, standard conditions, and
laboratory simulations. Various parameters, including mechanical strength, durability, weather
resistance, and environmental impact, were analyzed to assess the performance of these composites
in outdoor settings. The harsh environmental exposure induced significant micro- and
macromolecular transformations in the samples. Endurance tests revealed that the standard samples
obtained at T = 200°C, t = 15 min demonstrated superior tensile, compressive, and impact strength
compared to standard samples obtained at T = 180°C, t = 30 min, the first type of samples presenting
a crystallinity approximately 21.3% higher. Among the samples exposed to outdoor conditions, those
obtained at T = 200°C, t = 15 min displayed the highest mechanical resistance, with compressive
strength (Rc) at 101.71 MPa and impact resistance (Ei) at 39.66 kJ/m2. Additionally, samples exposed
to UV radiation exhibited enhanced tensile strength (Rt) 4.51 MPa.
The findings reveal promising properties of the sustainable composite materials derived from
C&D wastes, suggesting their potential for diverse outdoor applications such as landscaping, decking,
fencing, and façade building. Furthermore, the integration of these materials into construction
practices not only mitigates environmental burdens associated with waste disposal but also
contributes to the conservation of natural resources and reduction of carbon footprint in the built
environment.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant from the Romanian National Authority for
Scientific Research and Innovation. CCCDI-UEFISCDI. Project number PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2021-2071
within PNCDI III, contract no 702PED/2022.
60
BRAMAT 2024
SECTION III
Functional materials and nanotechnology
Chairpersons:
Daniel CRISTEA, Transilvania University of Brasov, ROMANIA

Corneliu MUNTEANU “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Technical
61
BRAMAT 2024
III.K.01
HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT IN STRUCTURAL MATERIALS; THEORY AND APPLICATIONS
Dan Eliezer
Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, ISRAEL, e-mail: deliezer@bgu.ac.il
Keywords: hydrogen embrittlement; residual stress
Abstract: This presentation reviews our recent contributions to the understanding of hydrogen
embrittlement and the role of hydrogen in different structural materials.
The development of a lifetime prediction methodology, for the failure of materials used for hydrogen
containment components, has significant importance to the planned hydrogen economy.
A variety of analysis methods were used in our research. Microstructure analysis was composed of
tensile loading and dynamic experiments, SEM & TEM, ToF-SIMS, and EDDI-synchrotron beamline.
The models of hydrogen-enhanced decohesion (HEDE) and hydrogen-enhanced local plasticity (HELP)
will be discussed in detail. Strength analysis was done by quasi-static. We suggest a model trapping
of hydrogen at microstructural defects.
We will review recent contributions to the understanding of mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement
and describe the role of hydrogen in different structural materials, with an emphasis on high-
strength steels, magnesium alloys, titanium alloys, duplex stainless and martensitic stainless steel.
The residual stress state in a material has an important role in the mechanism of hydrogen-induced
cracking. Hydrogen trapping state and desorption behavior in 3D printed materials designed using
additive manufacturing have been investigated. Comprehensive knowledge of hydrogen-trapping
interaction is necessary to decide whether or not a trap site influences safe service conditions.
This presentation assesses the hydrogen evolution and trapping parameters within the context of the
various microstructures of the studied alloys.
62
BRAMAT 2024
III.O.01
GREEN TECHNOLOGY FOR RECYCLING OF E-WASTE
Arevik Vardanyan, Narine Vardanyan, Nelli Abrahamyan, Anna Khachatryan, Zaruhi

Melkonyan
Scientific and Production Center “Armbiotechnology” of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Institute
of Microbiology, 14 Gyurjyan str., 0056, Yerevan, Armenia, e-mail: arevik.vardanyan@asnet.am
Keywords: electronic waste (e-waste), printed circuit boards (PCBs), Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,
bioleaching, redoxolysis
Abstract: The sharp increase in the number of electrical and electronic devices that are nearing the
end of their useful lives has made electronic waste a global concern (e-waste) [1]. Furthermore,
because e-waste is heterogeneous and contains a wide range of valuable metals in significant
quantities, it is necessary to develop a promising technology to reduce the environmental risks
associated with the careless disposal of e-waste and to recover metal components from waste
materials, thereby encouraging the management and reuse of e-waste. Various physico-chemical
techniques including hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy have been employed in the past for the
recovery of metals from e-waste. These methods haven't worked well, though, because of the high
operating expenses that come with using a lot of energy and chemicals, as well as substantial metal
loss and secondary byproduct release [2]. A green and sustainable method, bio-hydrometallurgy
(also called bioleaching) uses the metabolic processes of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and
archaea) for the solubilization of metals from low-grade ores, mineral concentrates, or e-waste
[1,3,4]. Biogenic Fe2(SO4)3 obtained using the original isolate Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 61
(KM819692) was used for the extraction of Cu, Ni, Al, and Zn from PCBs presented in our study. A
two-step bioleaching process was run at 40 °C and 600 rpm. The 48-hour experiment, with each
stage lasting 24 hours, was conducted at 10% of pulp density (PD), with pH 1 and 20 g/L Fe3+. The
obtained results indicate that two stages of bioleaching may be an effective method for leaching
non-ferrous metals from PCBs.
1. D. Dutta, R. Rautela, L.K.S. Gujjala, D. Kundu, P. Sharma, M. Tembhare, S. Kumar, P. Asholt, A review on
recovery processes of metals from E-waste: A green perspective. Science of The Total Environment Journal,
859(2), 2023, 160391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160391
2. A.I. Adetunji, P.J. Oberholster, M. Erasmus, Bioleaching of Metals from E-Waste Using Microorganisms: A
Review. Minerals 2023, 13, 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13060828
3. W. Wu, X. Liu, X. Zhang, M. Xhu, W. Tan, Bioleaching of copper from waste printed circuit boards by bacteria-
free cultural supernatant of iron-sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Bioresour. Bioprocess 2018, 5, 10.
4. A. Abdel Azim, R. Bellini, A. Vizzarro, I. Bassani, C.F. Piri, B. Menin, Highlighting the role of archaea in urban
mine waste exploitation and valorisation. Recycling 2023, 8, 20.
Acknowledgments: We acknowledge the Higher Education and Science Committee of Armenia for
(grant project No 21T-1F124) providing funding for this work.
63
BRAMAT 2024
III.O.02
EXPANDING PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS WITH CHALCOGENIDE-BASED THIN-FILM

SOLAR CELLS
Denis Chaumont, Charif Tamin
Equipe Nanoform, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB), Université de Bourgogne,

BP 47 870, 21078 Dijon, France, e-mail: denis.chaumont@u-bourgogne.fr
Keywords: solar cells, chalcogenide based, tandem application
Abstract: The photovoltaic cell market is 90% dominated by crystalline silicon. Today, the
photovoltaic conversion efficiency of this technology (26.7% for monocrystalline) is close to its
theoretical limit, the Shockley - Queisser (SQ) limit of 29%. There are many areas of photovoltaic
application not covered by this technology.
Thin-film solar cells offer a wealth of potential. These solar cells can be deposited on flexible,
lightweight substrates, making photovoltaic technology less costly. This opens up applications in
various sectors, such as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) (improving the aesthetics of semi-
transparent devices...), product-integrated photovoltaics (PIPV) and photovoltaics adapted to the
agricultural sector (Agrivoltaics) (contributing to better light harmonization, beneficial for plant
growth). They can also be used as superior cells in tandem cells when a wide-bandgap semiconductor
is used as absorber.
In our laboratory, we study and develop thin-film photovoltaic devices that are free of toxic or rare
elements, low in cost, fully recyclable and using a simple process (solution chemistry route) enabling
flexible design and production accessible to a wide range of countries. One of our research focuses
on the development of wide-bandgap bifacial superstrate solar cells of CZTS (1.5 eV) and Sb2S3 (1.7-
1.8 eV) types, suitable for new applications such as tandem cells. The efficiency of these
chalcogenide-based cells is still low (11% and 6% respectively) and largely optimizable.
In this work, we present, in part, our global approach (experimental and by modeling), consisting in
acting on various points to eliminate the fundamental and technological locks of this thin-film
technology:
- reversing the cell configuration to create semi-transparent systems,
- boosting the absorber layer (to achieve a large grain size and optimum carrier concentration)
- optimize band alignment at the interface between absorber and buffer layer (to optimize charge
separation)
- optimize the various buffer layers (cadmium-free), hole transport layers (to ensure efficient charge
extraction), electron transport layers, transparent back contacts…
1. C. Tamin, D. Chaumont, O. Heintz, A. Leray, M. Adnane, Improvement of hetero-interface engineering by
partial substitution of Zn in Cu2ZnSnS4-based solar cells, EPJ Photovolt, vol. 13, p. 24, 2022, doi:
10.1051/epjpv/2022022.
2. C. Tamin, Développement de matériaux absorbants de type Kesterite (Cu2ZnSnS4) pour application dans les
cellules solaires, PhD Thesis, 2021. [On line]. Available on : http://www.theses.fr/2021UBFCK035/document
64
BRAMAT 2024
III.O.03
INDUCED EFFECTS OF NANO-PATTERNED ANODE ON THE ELECTRICAL AND PHOTO-

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF PTB7-TH:ICBA (1:1, WT.%) HETEROJUNCTION
Tudor Șuteu 1, Vlad-Andrei Antohe 1,2, Ștefan Antohe 1, Ionel Stavarache 3, Maria Cristina
Bălășin 1, Gabriel Socol 4, Oana Rașoga 3, Sorina Iftimie 1
1
University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, 405 Atomistilor street, Bucharest-Magurele,
077125, Romania, e-mail: tudor.suteu2001@gmail.com
2
Universite Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institute of Condensed Matter and
Nanosciences (IMCN), Place Croix du Sud 1, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
3
National Institute of Material Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, 077125, Magurele, Romania
4
National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125,
Magurele, Romania
Keywords: photovoltaic structures, nano-imprinting lithography, photo-generated current, output

power
Abstract: This study delves into the fabrication and characterization of photovoltaic structures
utilizing PTB7:ICBA (1:1, wt.%) bulk-heterojunction deposited onto optical glass substrates via spin-
coating. Samples were divided, with some deposited on flat substrates and others on nano-patterned
substrates achieved through nano-imprinting lithography. The effects of employing a highly ordered
base were examined. Results demonstrated that utilizing a nano-patterned substrate reduced
recombination processes, with the ideality diode factor being twice as high for samples on flat
substrates. Additionally, nano-patterned devices exhibited significantly lower series and shunt
resistances, indicative of improved diode-like behavior. The photo-generated current in patterned
samples was nearly ten times higher, leading to enhanced output power. It is suggested that the
creation of multiple arranged percolation paths enhances charge carrier collection to electrodes,
thus improving overall photovoltaic performance.
Acknowledgements: This research was funded by the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation
and Digitalization, CNCS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-1691, contract no.
66/2021, within PNCD III.
65
BRAMAT 2024
III.O.04
EXAMINING PERSISTENT PHOSPHOR PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS IN A LABORATORY

ENVIRONMENT
Eren Cihan Karsu Asal
Manisa Celal Bayar University, Electric and Energy Department, Manisa, Turkiye, eren.karsu@cbu.edu.tr
Keywords: phosphor, lanthanides, thermoluminescence, photoluminescence
Abstract: Today, the structure of phosphorus materials is still mostly unknown and continues to be a
matter of great mystery. For this reason, scientists are devoting significant attention to solving this
riddle [1].
In this study, some experimental approaches to various features of phosphorus, such as the
tunneling effect of persistent phosphors [2], and the contribution of lanthanides to the host lattice
[3], are presented with my own several experimental data. These presented data contain low-
temperature thermoluminescence [4], [5], low-temperature photoluminescence emissions [6],
isothermal decay [7], [8], and anomalous fading [9], [10] studies.
1. L. Yang, G. Mindaugas and Q. Jianrong, Long Persistent Phosphors from Fundamentals to Applications,
Chemical Society Reviews, 8 (2016)
2. P.G. Konstantinidis, E.Tsoutsoumanos, G.S. Polymeris, G. Kitis, Discovering Excited States; An Innovative
Technique for The Study of Recombination Pathways, Radiation Physics and Chemistry,212 (2023)
3. P. Dorenbos, The Eu3+ Charge Transfer Energy and The Relation with The Band Gap of Compounds, Journal of
Luminescence, 111, 89 (2005)
4. A. Bos, Thermoluminescence as a Research Tool to Investigate Luminescence Mechanisms, Materials, 1357
(2017)
5. G. Kitis, A Simple Method to Record Thermoluminescence Glow-Curves Between 77 and 300 K, Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 637, 1 (2011)
6. J. J. v. Blaaderen, L. A. v. d. Brekel, K. W. Krämer, and P. Dorenbos, Scintillation and Optical Characterization
of CsCu2I3 Single Crystals from 10 to 400 K, Chemistry of Materials, (2023)
7. G. Kitis and V. Pagonis, Localized Transition Models in Luminescence: A Reappraisal, Nuclear Instruments and
Methods in Physics Research B (2018)
8. N. T. Kalyani, A. Jain and S. Dhoble Persistent Phosphors for Luminous Paints: a review, Journal of
Luminescence (2022)
9. A. Wintle, Anomalous Fading of Thermo-luminescence in Mineral Samples, Nature (1973)
10. R. Chen, Apparent Anomalous Fading of Thermoluminescence Associated with Competition with
Radiationless Transitions, Radiation Measurements (2000)
66
BRAMAT 2024
III.O.05
New application of zeolite materials as adsorbent of drug pollutants from wastewater
Cristina Ileana Covaliu-Mierlă 1,*, F. Pirvu 1,2, G. Paraschiv1, S.S. Biris1, O. Paunescu1
1
National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest,
Romania, e-mail: cristina_covaliu@yahoo.com
2
National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, 71-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei
Str., 060652, Bucharest, Romania
Keywords: ZSM-5, wastewater, drug pollutants
Abstract: Antibiotic contamination has emerged as a pressing global issue, posing significant risks to
the environment and human health. The use of antibiotics in healthcare facilities and pharmaceutical
manufacturing facilities contributes to this concern. Consequently, there is a growing need to
develop effective methods for removing antibiotics from wastewater, and adsorption has emerged
as one of the most promising techniques due to its efficiency and ability to perform consistently
across multiple cycles.
In a recent study, the quantitative determination of norfloxacin, a commonly used antibiotic from the
fluoroquinolone class, was conducted using an HPLC-FLD method. The study focused on the
adsorption of norfloxacin from aqueous solutions using synthetic zeolite. Optimal conditions for
removal were determined to be at a pH of 6, utilizing 0.1g of adsorbent material for every 1mg/L
concentration of pollutant.
The study investigated various factors such as concentration effects, pH levels of the antibiotic
solution, and contact time of the zeolite/antibiotic solution system. Both Langmuir and Freundlich
adsorption models were employed to evaluate the adsorption process. The Langmuir isotherm
model was found to accurately describe the adsorption of norfloxacin onto ZSM-5 zeolite, indicating
its effectiveness as an adsorbent for removing selected antibiotics from wastewater. Overall, this
research underscores the potential of natural zeolites as efficient adsorbents in addressing antibiotic
pollution in water treatment processes.
1. Branchet, P., Arpin-Pont, L., Piram, A., Boissery, P., Wong-Wah-Chung, P., Doumenq, P. (2021),
Pharmaceuticals in the marine environment: What are the present challenges in their monitoring?, Science of
The Total Environment., 766, 142644.
2. Magnér, J., Alsberg, T., Broman, D. (2009), Bag-SPE—a convenient extraction method for screening of
pharmaceutical residues in influent and effluent water from sewage treatment plants, Analytical and
bioanalytical chemistry., 395 (5), 1481–1489.
67
BRAMAT 2024
III.O.06
TiO2 nanomaterial application for removal detergent pollutants in wastewater treatment

plant technology
Cristina Ileana Covaliu-Mierlă 1,*, F. Pirvu 1,2, G. Paraschiv1

1
Romania, e-mail: cristina_covaliu@yahoo.com
2
National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, 71-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei
Str., 060652, Bucharest, Romania
Keywords: TiO2, photocatalysis , wastewater, detergent pollutants
Abstract: Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are key ingredients found in more than 200
disinfectants recommended by the U.S. EPA for combating the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These compounds,
including benzalkyl dimethyl ammonium compounds (BACs), alkyl trimethyl ammonium compounds,
and dialkyl dimethyl ammonium compounds, were already widely utilized worldwide prior to the
pandemic [1, 2].
Benzalkonium chloride, a prototypical quaternary ammonium compound, serves as a cationic
surfactant with antiseptic properties, commonly employed in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products
due to its effectiveness against bacteria and fungi. The potential degradation of benzalkonium
chloride was investigated using TiO2 nanomaterial as a photocatalyst, with degradation monitored
under UV lamp irradiation. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Diode Array Detector (HPLC–
DAD) was utilized for monitoring benzalkonium chloride concentrations.
The photocatalytic capability of TiO2 was assessed by studying the degradation of benzalkonium
chloride, alongside two other cationic surfactants, tetradecil dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
(C14-BAC) and hexadecil dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (C16-BAC), under UV exposure. The
TiO2 film demonstrated a high efficiency in degrading both C14-BAC (95.01%) and C16-BAC (97.66%)
within the specified experimental conditions.
1. K. Jardak, P. Drogui, R. Daghrir, Surfactants in aquatic and terrestrial environment: occurrence, behavior, and
treatment processes, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 2016, pp. 3195–3216
2. H. Sütterlin, R. Alexy, A. Coker, K. Kümmerer, Mixtures of quaternary ammonium compounds and anionic
organic compounds in the aquatic environment: Elimination and biodegradability in the closed bottle test
monitored by LC–MS/MS, Chemosphere, 72, 2008, pp. 479–484.
68
BRAMAT 2024
III.PO.01
STRUCTURAL, MAGNETIC, AND THERMOMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF CO2FEAL/(W,TI) THIN

FILMS: THE ROLE OF NON-FERROMAGNETIC METAL THICKNESS
Giorgia Siqueira1, Cláudia Lopes1,2, Marcio Correa1,3, Filipe Vaz1,2,4, and Armando Ferreira1,2
[
1
Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710057, Portugal,
e-mail: giorgia_siwueira@icloud.com
2
LaPMET - Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, 4710-057,
Portugal
3
Physics Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900 Natal, RN, Brazil.
4
Material Science Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., Brasov, 500036, Romania
Keywords: Spintronic devices, Thermoelectric generation, Anomalous Nernst effect (ANE),

Antiferromagnetic exchange coupling, Magnetization behaviour
[space, 12p, left, single space, 0 indent]
Abstract: This study focuses on exploring the impact of non-magnetic (NM) cap layer thickness on
the thermoelectric properties of Co2FeAl/NM (NM = W, Ti) heterostructures, specifically on the
analysis of the Anomalous Nernst Effect (ANE) and/or Longitudinal Spin Seebeck Effect (LSSE). The
choice of NM cap layers, W and Ti, is
motivated by their influence on the
heterostructure's protection, hardness,
and electrical properties. The
experimental results demonstrate that the
Co2FeAl films consistently exhibit ANE
voltages, regardless of the presence of
Co2FeAl/NM materials. Notably, the
Co2FeAl/W and Co2FeAl/Ti
Figure 1 - A diagram illustrating the setup for observing
heterostructures display enhanced ANE
the Anomalous Nernst Effect (ANE). The external
voltages compared to pure Co2FeAl
magnetic field is represented as and the measured
samples (at ΔT = 22 K, VANE ≈ 12 μV, 15
thermomagnetic voltage as VANE+LSSE.
μV, and 17 μV, respectively). These
findings provide valuable insights into the
characteristics of Co2FeAl-based materials and their potential applications in spintronic devices.
Moreover, this study goes beyond thermomagnetic characterization by demonstrating a prototype in
which the produced heterostructure works as a temperature sensor element.
[space, 12p, left, single space, 0 indent]
Technology (FCT) in the framework of the Strategic Funding UIDB/04650/2020, UID/QUI/00686/2020
and by the ERDF through the COMPETE2020-Programa Operacional Competitividade e
Internacionalização (POCI). Marcio A. Correa gratefully acknowledges the CAPES (8887.573100/2020-
00). MAC acknowledges the support of the INCT of Spintronics and Advanced Magnetic
Nanostructures (INCT-SpinNanoMag), CNPq 406836/2022-1
69
BRAMAT 2024
III.PO.02
ECO-FRIENDLY MAGNETIC-CARBON-BASED COMPOSITES FOR THE REMOVAL OF

EMERGING PHARMACEUTICAL POLLUTANTS FROM WATER
Anca Andreea Șăulean1,*, Ecaterina Matei1, Maria Râpă1, Andra Mihaela Predescu1, Cristian
Predescu1, George Coman1, Andrei-Constantin Berbecaru1, Anamaria Ordace2, Grigore Vlad2,
Dumitru Vâju2
1
National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Faculty of Materials Sciences and
Engineering, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042, Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: anca.turcanu@upb.ro
2
ICPE Bistrița, 7 Parcului Street, 420035 Bistrița, Romania
Keywords: magnetite, emerging pollutants, adsorbents
Abstract: Water pollution is one of the most concerning problems the world is facing today. Due to
the industrial revolution, population growth, and resource exploitation, different types of pollutants
have been found in water sources, including emerging pollutants like pharmaceuticals, personal care
products, pesticides, and others [1]. Among other uses, sustainable carbon-based porous materials
offer an effective and green method of removing contaminants from water. Their capacity to adsorb
both organic [2] and inorganic compounds [3] has been documented in a number of investigations.
The main objective of this research was to develop and characterize eco-friendly magnetic-carbon-
based composites to remove some emerging pharmaceutical pollutants from water samples. The
materials used in this study were prepared using a hydrochar obtained from biomass waste via a
hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process, which was further combined with magnetite via a co-
precipitation method, and gelatinized starch to form extrudates.
The composition, structural, and morphological properties of the eco-friendly composites were
investigated using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The quantitative
batch experiments to determine the removal efficiency for methylene blue were performed using
UV-Vis spectroscopy.
1. M. Gavrilescu; K. Demnerova; J. Aamand; S. Agathoss; F. Fava. Emerging pollutants in the environment:
present and future challenges in biomonitoring, ecological risks and bioremediation. New Biotechnology 2015,
32, pp. 147-156.
2. M.A. Islam, I.A.W. Tan, A. Benhouria, M. Asif, B.H. Hameed, Mesoporous and adsorptive properties of palm
date seed activated carbon prepared via sequential hydrothermal carbonization and sodium hydroxide
activation., Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 270, 2015, pp.187-195.
3. X. Hong, C. Fang, K.S. Hui, K.N. Hui, H. Zhuang, W. Liu, S. Shan, Influence of interfering anions on Cu2+ and Zn2+
ions removal on chestnut outer shell-derived hydrochars in aqueous solution., Rsc Advances, vol. 7, 2017, pp.
51199-51205.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant from the Romanian Education Ministry,
UEFISCDI, project number 86PTE/2022, “Advanced technology for purging industrial wastewaters by
using environmentally friendly products, in the context of climate changes” (CHITOMAG), within
PNCDI III.
70
BRAMAT 2024
III.PO.03
THE INFLUENCE OF PARAFFIN OIL CONTENT ON THE PROPERTIES OF STYRENE BUTADIENE

STYRENE COMPOSITES WITH CHLORELLA VULGARIS BIOMASS
Marius Bumbac1, Cristina Mihaela Nicolescu2, *, Traian Zaharescu2,3, Cosmin Stefan

Gherghinoiu2, Costel Bumbac4, Elena Manea4, Bogdan Catalin Serban5, Octavian Buiu5
1
Valahia University of Targoviste, Faculty of Science and Arts, 130004, 13 Aleea Sinaia, Targoviste,Romania
2
Valahia University of Targoviste, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Science and Technology, 130004, 13
Aleea Sinaia, Targoviste, Romani, * E-mail: cristina.nicolescu@valahia.ro
3
National Institute for Electrical Engineering, Advanced Research (INCDIE ICPE CA), 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138
Bucharest, Romania
4
National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, 57-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei,
District 6, 060652 Bucharest, Romania.
5
IMT Bucharest, National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 126A Erou Iancu
Nicolae, 077190 Voluntari, Romania
Keywords: paraffin oil, styrene butadiene styrene, microalgae biomass, polymer composites
Abstract: Paraffin oil can act as a processing aid during the manufacturing of polymer products. It can
improve the flow properties of the polymer melt, making it easier to process the polymer composite
obtained. Moreover, adding paraffin oil to a polymer matrix can provide several benefits, depending
on the specific application and requirements. The addition of paraffin oil can enhance the flexibility
and toughness of certain polymers, and it can impart flexibility to the polymer, reducing its overall
brittleness and improving its performance in cold environments. Furthermore, for processes like
extrusion, adding paraffin oil can help in achieving smoother extrudates. This is crucial for
maintaining the integrity and quality of the final product. Paraffin oil can act, also, as a lubricant
within the polymer matrix, reducing friction between polymer chains. The blending of styrene-
butadiene-styrene (SBS) with microalgae biomass, along with the addition of paraffin oil is a useful
method to improve the properties of polymer composites and to increase the microalgae content in
the polymer matrix [1]. Microalgae biomass, rich in proteins and fibers, can reinforce the polymer
matrix, enhancing its strength and stiffness, and improving biodegradability, and thermal stability.
The study presents the effect of adding paraffin oil up to 30 % (w/w) in SBS composites with Chlorella
vulgaris biomass (10 %, w/w). FTIR, Raman, and DSC analyses were performed to understand the
impact of these additives on the final properties of the material for structural changes and the final
properties of the material.
1. Bumbac, Marius, Cristina Mihaela Nicolescu, Radu Lucian Olteanu, Stefan Cosmin Gherghinoiu, Costel
Bumbac, Olga Tiron, Elena Elisabeta Manea et al., Polymers 15, no. 6 (2023): 1357.
Acknowledgements: The research leading to these results has received funding from the NO grants
of 2014–2021, under project contract no. 27/2020, and from the project titled “Excellence and
Performance to increase the RDI Institutional Capacity (Pro Excellence)”, financed by the Romanian
Ministry of Research, Innovation, and Digitization under contract no. 43 PFE/30 December 2021.
71
BRAMAT 2024
III.PO.04
PLASTIC MARINE DEBRIS AS A WORLWIDE ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE
Maria Râpă1, Ecaterina Matei1, Elfrida Mihaela Cârstea2, Nela Slavu3, Alexandra Gabriela
Dincă1, Cristian Predescu1
1
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA
Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: maria.rapa@upb.ro
2
National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, Atomistilor 409, 077125, Magurele, Romania
3
Faculty of Power Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest,
Bucharest, Romania
Keywords: plastic debris, pollutant, seawater, ocean, microplastics, nanoplastics, environmental

impact, circular economy
Abstract: Large-scale production and inadequate disposal of plastic contribute to its accumulation in
aquatic system as marine debris. Of the approximately 300 million tons of plastic generated annually
[1], an estimated 13 million tons end up in rivers and oceans [2]. Due to environmental factors,
plastic litter in aquatic ecosystem and coastal areas is
continuously fragmented into plastic particles with
dimensions less than 5 mm and 100 nm, referred to as
microplastics and nanoplastics, respectively. These
ubiquitous plastic pollutants can adsorb other toxic
chemicals on their surfaces, posing serious threats to
marine life and, consequently, to human health. The aim
of this paper is to identify effective solutions to
transform this environmental challenge into economic
opportunities. The circularity of plastic marine debris,
Fig.1. Plastic marine debris converting it into added-value products, combined with
global measures established by regulators and
policymakers, could significantly reduce the environmental impact of plastic in marine ecosystems.
1. C.L. Popa, S.I. Dontu, D. Savastru, E.M. Carstea, Role of Citizen Scientists in Environmental Plastic Litter
Research-A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 14, 2022, 13265, p.1.
2. M. Ilyas, W. Ahmad, H. Khan, S. Yousaf, K. Khan, S. Nazir, Plastic waste as a significant threat to
environment—A systematic literature review. Rev. Environ. Health 33, 2018, p. 383–406.
Acknowledgements: This research was supported by EU Horizon 2020, GA no. 101000612, Project
InNoPlastic (https://www.innoplastic.eu/) under the call CE-FNR-09-2020.
72
BRAMAT 2024
III.PO.05
STRUCTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMERS ON POLYMER

COMPOSITES PROPERTIES WITH ARTHROSPIRA PLATENSIS BIOMASS
Cristina Mihaela Nicolescu1, Marius Bumbac2,*, Traian Zaharescu1,3, Cosmin Stefan

Gherghinoiu1, Costel Bumbac4, Elena Elisabeta Manea4, Ion Valentin Gurgu1, Bogdan Catalin
Serban5, Octavian Buiu5
1
Valahia University of Targoviste, ICSTM, 130004, 13 Aleea Sinaia, Targoviste, Romania,
2
Valahia University of Targoviste, Faculty of Science and Arts, 130004, 13 Aleea Sinaia, Targoviste,Romania,
*E-mail: marius.bumbac@valahia.ro
3
National Institute for Electrical Engineering, Advanced Research, 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
4
5
Keywords: styrene block copolymers, microalgae biomass, Arthrospira platensis, polymer composites
Abstract: The behavior of styrene block copolymers, such as styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS), styrene-
butadiene-styrene (SBS), and styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS), when mixed with
microalgae biomass can be influenced by various factors, including the specific properties of the
copolymers and the nature of the microalgae biomass. The compatibility between block copolymers
and microalgae biomass can depend on the chemical structure of the copolymer [1]. SBS, with higher
butadiene content, exhibit different interactions compared to SIS or SEBS. Moreover, the ability of
the copolymer to adhere to the microalgae biomass may affect the formation of stable blends or
composites. Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is a cyanobacterium known for its rich nutritional
content. The exact composition can vary based on factors such as cultivation conditions and
processing methods, but the main constituents of spirulina biomass are proteins (60-70% of its dry
weight), carbohydrates, (including complex polysaccharides), lipids (relatively low content compared
to other microalgae), and pigments. The study presents polymer composites with styrene block
copolymers with microalgae biomass (0, 5, and 10% mass ratio) prepared by extrusion of the
components. The influence of the different molecular fragments that contain different hydrocarbon
backbones may be identified due to the differences in FTIR, Raman spectra, and the DSC curves. The
comparative evaluation is taken into consideration for the industrial use of spirulina biomass as a
filler for elastomers based on styrene block copolymers.
1. Bumbac, Marius, Cristina Mihaela Nicolescu, Radu Lucian Olteanu, Stefan Cosmin Gherghinoiu, Costel
Bumbac, Olga Tiron, Elena Elisabeta Manea et al., Polymers 15, no. 6 (2023): 1357.
73
BRAMAT 2024
III.PO.06
INFLUENCE OF STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMERS STRUCTURE ON PROPERTIES OF

COMPOSITES WITH CHLORELLA VULGARIS BIOMASS
Marius Bumbac1, Cristina Mihaela Nicolescu2,*,Traian Zaharescu2,3, Cosmin Stefan

1
Valahia University of Targoviste, Faculty of Science and Arts, 130004, 13 Aleea Sinaia, Targoviste,Romania
2
Valahia University of Targoviste, ICSTM, 130004, 13 Aleea Sinaia, Targoviste, Romania,
*E-mail: cristina.nicolescu@valahia.ro
3
4
5
Keywords: styrene block copolymers, microalgae biomass, Chlorella vulgaris, polymer composites
Abstract: Incorporating Chlorella vulgaris biomass into styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS), styrene-

butadiene-styrene (SBS), and styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS) block copolymers can
introduce unique properties to the resulting materials [1]. Chlorella vulgaris is a type of microalgae
that has been explored for its potential in various applications, including as a bio filler or
reinforcement in polymer composites. Chlorella vulgaris biomass can act as a filler, potentially
reinforcing the polymer matrix. The specific mechanical properties (such as tensile strength,
modulus, and impact resistance) may be influenced by the type and amount of biomass incorporated
and the structure of the base polymer matrix. Furthermore, Chlorella vulgaris is a renewable
resource, and incorporating it into block copolymers may contribute to the overall sustainability of
the material. The resulting composite may exhibit enhanced biodegradability compared to traditional
polymers. The decomposition temperature, heat resistance, and other thermal characteristics may
vary depending on the interaction between the biomass and the polymer matrix. Chlorella vulgaris is
a biological material, and its incorporation could potentially enhance the biocompatibility of the
resulting material. Surface properties, such as wettability and adhesion, may be influenced by the
presence of biomass.
The study presents the influence of the structure of polystyrene block copolymers here on the
behavior of composites with Chlorella vulgaris biomass added in mass percentages of 5 and 10%.
1. Traian Zaharescu, Cristina Mihaela Nicolescu, Marius Bumbac, Tunde Borbath, Istvan Borbath, On the
structural consequences in the thermal degradation of styrene block copolymers, 3rd Journal of Thermal
Analysis and Calorimetry Conference and 9th V4 Thermoanalytical Conference 20–23 June 2023 Balatonfüred,
Hungary
74
BRAMAT 2024
III.PO.07
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROALGAE POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES

USING CHLORELLA VULGARIS BIOMASS
Cristina Mihaela Nicolescu1, Marius Bumbac2,*, Traian Zaharescu1,3, Cosmin Stefan

1
Valahia University of Targoviste, ICSTM, 130004, 13 Aleea Sinaia, Targoviste, Romania
2
Valahia University of Targoviste, Faculty of Science and Arts, 130004, 13 Aleea Sinaia, Targoviste,Romania,
*E-mail: marius.bumbac@valahia.ro
3
4
5
Keywords: polylactic acid, microalgae biomass, Chlorella vulgaris, polymer composites
Abstract: Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris represents a vast and cheap source of potential fillers for
making polymer-matrix composites. Algae biomass is a source of hydrosoluble polysaccharides
(alginate, carrageenan, agarose), and it is mainly used in agriculture, food and cosmetics industries.
On the other hand, polylactic acid (PLA) and starch, as a source of carbohydrates, have been
extensively studied as potential replacers of non-degradable petrochemical polymers based on their
availability, adequate food contact properties, and competitive cost. Both PLA and starch are
semicrystalline polymers, and the crystallinity degree of their films depends both on the source and
processing conditions. Furthermore, the crystallinity degree greatly affects the mechanical
performance of the material. Chlorella vulgaris biomass added to PLA has the potential to enhance
the biodegradability of the polymer matrix. The study comparatively reports on polymer composites
obtained with biomass of green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. Experiments were conducted to reach
an incorporation ratio of the biogenic material into the matrix in the range of 5 – 20 %, and the
resulting materials were characterized for their physico-chemical properties. The comparative
evaluation was taken into consideration to establish the optimum filler percentage for PLA
microalgae biomass composites.
1. Bulota, Mindaugas, and Tatiana Budtova. " Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 73 (2015):
109-115.
75
BRAMAT 2024
III.PO.08
SILSESQUIOXANES AS KEY ELEMENTS IN NEW POLYSULFONE-BASED MEMBRANES.

DESIGN, CHARACTERIZATION AND PERSPECTIVES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS
Alexandra Bargan, George Știubianu, Mihaela Dascălu, Adrian Bele, Alina Soroceanu, Ana-
Maria Macsim
Department of Inorganic Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda
Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania, E-mail: anistor@icmpp.ro
Keywords: polysulfone membranes, silsesquioxanes, environmental applications
Abstract: A series of new polysulfone-silsesquioxanes (PS-POSS) membranes were obtained and

characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic contact angle measurements, water vapor sorption
isotherms, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical and thermal properties,
CO2 and water permeability, biological
activity. The influence of silsesquioxanes
amount on the polymeric membranes
properties was studied [1,2], especially in
correlation with their removal applications.
Due to the fact, that the main cause of
global warming is the increase in CO2
Fig. 1. Membrane processing [2] emissions in the air, these emissions
represent environmental and ecological
issues worldwide and need feasible solutions in front of the short-term risk to human health and
stability of eco-systems. According to the data received from the Mauna Loa station (Institute of
Oceanography, San Diego University) [4], where the average concentration of CO2 is monitored and
registered, the value of this parameter is slowly increasing up to 421.80 ppm in 14 December 2023.
The emissions of gases from the greenhouse effect increased to levels unequalled until now, with all
the policies to moderate them. For reducing the environmental impact from increased emission of
CO2, is important to develop improved removal technologies [3-5] and new types of membranes for
this purpose.
1. A.M. Dobos, A. Popa, C.M. Rimbu, A. Filimon, Structure-Bioactivity Relationship of the Functionalized
Polysulfone with Triethylphosphonium Pendant Groups: Perspective for Biomedical Applications, Polymers,
2023, 15(4), 877.
2. C. Cojocaru, P. Pascariu, A.C. Enache, A. Bargan, P. Samoila, Application of Surface-modified nanoclay in a
hybrid adsorption-ultrafiltration process for enhanced nitrite ions removal: Chemometric approach vs. Machine
Learning”, Nanomaterials, 2023, 13(4), 697.
3. B.I. Ciubotaru, M.F. Zaltariov, M. Dascalu, A. Bele, A. Bargan, M. Cazacu, Amino-functionalized silicones
processed as porous dual covalent/supramolecular networks for pressure sensing, Reactive and Functional
Polymers, 2023, 194, 105792.
4. https://www.co2.earth/daily-co2.
5. A.M.C. Dumitriu, A. Bargan, M. Balan, C.D. Varganici, S. Shova, M. Cazacu, „Synthesis and characterization of
octakis(3-chloroammoniumpropyl)octasilsesquioxane”, Revue Roumaine de Chimie, 61(4-5), 385-393, (2016),
Digitization, CCCDI-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2021-3900, within PNCDI III, Contract
PED 698/2022 (AI-Syn-PPOSS).
76
BRAMAT 2024
III.PO.09
IONIC LIQUIDS AS GREEN EXTRACTANTS FOR MUCONIC ACID SEPARATION
Alexandra Cristina Blaga, Alexandra Tucaliuc, Lenuta Kloetzer, Elena Niculina Dragoi
Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and
Environmental Protection, Organic, Biochemical and Food Department, D. Mangeron 73, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
e-mail: acblaga@tuiasi.ro (A.C.B.)
Keywords: ionic liquid, muconic acid, extraction
Abstract: Muconic acid, MA, is a versatile building block with various applications: an important
intermediate in the synthesis of adipic acid, a precursor for the production of bio-based polymers, a
building block for the synthesis of various specialty chemicals [1]. It can be produced by biosynthesis,
but its recovery from fermentation broth requires continuous improvement. Within this study, we
aimed to develop a feasible downstream process for MA separation from aqueous media. This work
studied a novel extraction system for MA separation with hydrophobic ionic liquids, trihexyl-
tetradecyl-phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate, as an effective extractant. A mixture
between heptane, a
100
physical solvent and
80
120 g/L
60 [P6,6,6,14][Phos], as
E, %
40 extractant was
20 analyzed for
0
improving the
20 40 80 120 separation
[P6,6,6,14][Phos] conc, g/L performance,
obtaining an
a b extraction yield of
Fig. 1. pH and extractant concentration influence on extraction 99.48%. The
efficiency extraction efficiency
using the proposed extraction system decreases with increasing pH of the aqueous phase, as
evidenced by the experimental results shown in Figure 1a, that demonstrated that MA can only be
extracted by [P6,6,6,14][Phos] in its undissociated state through H-bonds. MA is present in aqueous
solution in an undissociated form at pH less than 4, as determined by pKa values of 2.9 for the first
carboxyl group and 3.57 for the second carboxylic group. The MA extraction efficiency MA increases
with the concentrations of IL in heptane, as seen in Figure 11b, demonstrating that this parameter
has a critical impact on the extraction efficiency. The separation efficiency, as well as the analysis of
extraction conditions (type and ionic liquid concentration, pH of the aqueous phase, contact time,
temperature) influence and extraction mechanism were analyzed.
1. A.C. Blaga, Gal, D.G.; Tucaliuc, A., Recent Advances in Muconic Acid Extraction Process. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13,
11691.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Research, Innovation,
and Digitization, CNCS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-0153, within PNCDI III.
77
BRAMAT 2024
III.PO.10
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTES FOR LITHIUM RECOVERY
Adelina-Ionela Matei 1,2, Mihai Tudor Olaru1,*, Ana Maria Julieta Popescu1, Sabina Andreea
Fironda1,2, Beatrice-Adriana Șerban1, Ioana-Cristina Badea1
1
National R&D Institute for Nonferrous and Rare Metals – IMNR, Pantelimon, Romania
2
National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Romania
amatei@imnr.ro
*Corresponding author: o.mihai@imnr.ro
Keywords: ionic liquid, lithium recovery, electrolyte, electrodeposition, cyclic voltammetry
Abstract: Efficient and low-cost lithium extraction methods are essential to meet rising demand of
raw material, with electrochemical recovery emerging as a promising solution due to its ability to
meet market needs while minimizing environmental impact. ILs have emerged as promising
electrolytes for various applications, including energy storage devices, due to their unique properties
such as inherent ionic conductivity, high thermal stability, wide liquid state temperature range and
high electrochemical stability [1,2]. Compared to conventional metallic lithium molten salt extraction
process, IL offer low temperature process range, good recyclability and no chlorine gas emissions.
Identifying appropriate ILs for practical use demands a good understanding of their properties,
considering the influence of anions, cations, solvent, and other factors such as working temperature
on their electrochemical stability. Research has shown that some different combinations of anions
and cations addition influences the EW of the electrolyte. Mixing conventional solvents, like
propylene carbonate, with organic cations (BMIM, EMIM) and several anions, such as PF6-, BF4-, TFSI-,
has been observed to widen the electrochemical window [3]. This study investigates the effects of
parameters, like temperature and IL structure, to enhance lithium recovery efficiency from lithium
salts through cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies. All examined ILs exhibited favorable electrochemical
properties, making them suitable as electrolytes for recovery of metallic lithium from salts.
1. P. Gancarz, E. Zorębski, M. Dzida, Influence of experimental conditions on the electrochemical window. Case
study on bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide-based ionic liquids, Electrochemistry Communications, 130 (2021)
107107.
2. E. Piatti, L. Guglielmero, G. Tofani, A. Mezzetta, L. Guazzelli, F. D’Andrea, S. Roddaro, C. S. Pomelli, Ionic
liquids for electrochemical applications: Correlation between molecular structure and electrochemical stability
window, Journal of Molecular Liquids 364 (2022) 120001.
3. C. Lian, H. Liu, C. Li, J. Wu, Hunting Ionic Liquids with Large Electrochemical Potential Windows, AlChE
Journal, 65, 2, Feb. 2019, 804-810.
Acknowledgements: This work was funded by the European Union, from the Horizon Europe
program, grant agreement number 101069789: project RELiEF – Recycling of Lithium from secondary
raw materials and further. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only
and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Climate, Infrastructure
and Environment Executive Agency (CINEA). Neither the European Union nor the granting authority
can be held responsible for them.
78
BRAMAT 2024
III.PO.11
INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPING NEW MATERIALS WITH REDUCED

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FOR LITHIUM – ION BATTERIES
Adelina – Ionela Matei1,2, Beatrice – Adriana Șerban1*, Ioana Anasiei1,2, Ioana – Cristina
Badea1, Mihai - Tudor Olaru1, Mihai Ghiță1, Marian Burada1
1
National R&D Institute for Nonferrous and Rare Metals IMNR, 102 Biruinței, Pantelimon, Ilfov
2
060042, Romania
*Corresponding author: beatrice.carlan@imnr.ro
Keywords: lithium – ion batteries, material, performance, life cycle.
Abstract: Transportation industry represents one of the most significant consumers of natural
resources and generators of pollutant emissions. To decrease the environmental impact, finding
potential substitutes for thermal engines became a necessity. In this context, replacing traditional
cars with vehicles equipped with lithium – ion batteries represent an alternative. It is considered that
cathode materials have a significant role in the Li – ion battery system, influencing the working
voltage, specific capacity, life cycle, cost, or safety. A challenge in cathode materials obtaining
processes is related to costs, which are approximately 30% from the value of the entire system.
Present work is focused on identifying new compositions of cathode materials, with reduced critical
metals content and extended life cycle, while improving performances, such as thermal stability and
recyclability. To achieve these goals, advanced modeling techniques were applied, as well as the
optimization of experimental parameters, to obtain the most suitable oxide materials systems for
desired applications. To ensure a reduced environmental footprint of the selected compositions,
specific instruments for life cycle assessment were considered.
1. F. Arshad, J. Lin, N. Manurkar, E. Fan, A. Ahmad, M. N. Tariq, F. Wu, R. Chen, L. Li, Life Cycle Assessment of
Lithium-ion Batteries: A Critical Review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 180, 2022,
2. P. Zhu, D. Gastol, J. Marshall, R. Sommerville, V. Goodship, E. Kendrick, A review of current collectors for
lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 485, 2021.
3. T. R. Hawkins, B. Singh, G. Majeau-Bettez, A. H. Strømman, Comparative environmental life cycle assessment
of conventional and electric vehicles, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 17:53–64, 2013.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Core Program within the National Research
Development and Innovation Plan 2022-2027, financed by MCID, project no. PN 23 25 01 03.
79
BRAMAT 2024
III.PO.12
PREDICTING MICROSTRUCTURE OF MULTI-PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ALLOYS WITH

HYDROGEN STORAGE POTENTIAL
Sabina Andreea Fironda1, 2, Ioana-Cristina Badea1,*, Ioana Anasiei1,2, Beatrice - Adriana

Șerban1, Dumitru Mitrică1
1
National R&D Institute for Nonferrous and Rare Metals IMNR, 102 Biruinței, Pantelimon, Ilfov
2
National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Faculty of Materials Science and
Engineering, 313 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, 060042, Romania
*Corresponding author: cristina.banica@imnr.ro
Keywords: hydrogen storage materials, metallic hydrides, complex concentrated alloys, CALPHAD
Abstract: As technological development is on an upward slope, the world faces climate change,
therefore identifying sustainable energy alternatives is needed. Hydrogen represents a promising
candidate, with zero carbon emissions and increased versatility. Nevertheless, efficient and safe
hydrogen storage remains a crucial challenge. Hydrogen storage systems, vital for both on-board and
stationary applications, necessitate materials with specific characteristics. The choice of storage
technology depends on specific application, volume requirements, and cost considerations.
Complex Concentrated Alloys (CCAs) represent a new type of materials that are composed of a large
number of elements in a different proportion for each element. Given their diverse compositions,
CCAs explore their potential to revolutionize hydrogen storage compared to traditional methods like
high-pressure tanks and metal hydrides. The large number of constituent elements determine a high
mixing entropy, favoring a single, stable solid solution phase. The choosing elements and their ratio is
verry important in defining the structure and properties of the hydrogen storage capacity, kinetics
and reversibility of multicomponent alloy. This paper presents preliminary investigation regarding
the development of a new CCA with hydrogen storage potential. Modelling by thermodynamic
criteria calculations and CALPHAD method provide a valuable tool in optimizing the CCA
compositions with hydrogen storage potential.
1. C. Tarhan, M. A. Çil, A study on hydrogen, the clean energy of the future: Hydrogen storage methods, Journal
of Energy Storage, Volume 40, 2021, 102676.
2. Y. Kojima, Hydrogen storage materials for hydrogen and energy carriers, International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, Volume 44, Issue 33 (2019), ISSN 0360-3199, Pages 18179-18192
3. M.G. Shelyapina, Metal Hydrides for Energy Storage. In: Martínez, L., Kharissova, O., Kharisov, B. (eds)
Handbook of Ecomaterials. Springer, Cham (2018), Pages 775 -810
Acknowledgements:
This work was supported by the Core Program within the National Research Development and
Innovation Plan 2023-2026, supported by MCID, project no. PN 23 25 01 05 and PN 23 25 01 03.
80
BRAMAT 2024
III.PO.13
POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF BRINE FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANTS AS THERMAL

ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
Juan Carlos Lozano-Medina1, Federico León-Zerpa1, Carlos Jesús Sánchez Morales1, Julia
Claudia Mirza-Rosca2,3 and Carlos Alberto Mendieta-Pino4
1
Department of Process Engineering, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,
2
Department of Mechanic Engineering, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
3
500036, Brasov, Romania
4
Institute of Environmental Studies and Natural Resources (IUNAT), University of Las Palmas de Gran
Canaria, 35017, Campus de Tafira, Spain
e-mail: juancarlos.lozano@ulpgc.es
Keywords: Carnot battery, thermal energy storage, brine, reverse osmosis
Abstract: The production of desalinated drinking water in island environments such as the Canary
Islands represents a generation of 660 Hm3 per day, and a brine production of 810 Hm3 per day from
more than 320 desalination plants of different types, which constitutes a waste with an appreciable
impact on the environment as it has a
salt concentration of at least 80% higher
than the seawater [1]. On the other
hand, electricity production represents
approximately one fifth of the world's
final energy consumption and more
than one third of all energy-related CO2
emissions. Representing in the Canary
Islands emissions of 0.584 tCO2/MWh
electricity and being the penetration of
renewable energies 15.9% of the total
demand [2]. Large-scale and low-cost
Fig. 1. Most significant seawater desalination plants [1] thermal energy storage can be
considered an alternative for the
decarbonization of conventional power generation systems and its applicability in equipment and
facilities that require this type of storage demand [3]. This paper investigates the potential
application of brine from existing desalination plants in the Canary Islands as a thermal storage
material.
1. F. León-Zerpa, A. Ramos-Martín, J. Vaswani, C.A. Mendieta-Pino and S. Brito-Espino, Climate Change
Mitigation Strategy through Membranes Replacement and Determination Methodology of Carbon Footprint in
Reverse Osmosis RO Desalination Plants for Islands and Isolated Territories, Water, 13, 293, January 2021.
2. J.C. Lozano-Medina, S. Pérez-Baez, F. León-Zerpa and C.A. Mendieta-Pino, Alternatives for the Optimization
and Reduction in the Carbon Footprint in Island Electricity Systems (IESs), Sustainability, 16, 1214, January 2024.
3. M.I. Roldan Serrano, K. Knobloch, S. Giuliano, K. Engelbrecht, T. Hirsh, Retrofit of a coal-fired power plant
with a rock bed thermal energy storage, Journal of Energy Storage, 75, November 2023.

81
BRAMAT 2024
III.PO.14
STRUCTURAL, MAGNETIC, MAGNETOCALORIC AND ELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF PRINTABLE

PEROVSKITE TYPE STRUCTURES OF Pr2/3(Sr1-xBax)MnO3 MANGANITES
A. Bezergheanu, C.B. Cizmas, M. Volmer
Transilvania University of Brasov, Dep. Electrical Engineering & Applied Physics, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036,
Brasov, Romania, e-mail: bezergheanu@unitbv.ro
Keywords: manganites, Curie temperature, magnetocaloric effect, Hall effect
Abstract: Magnetic materials showing a large magnetocaloric effect (MCE) have attracted
considerable attention for their potential application in magnetic refrigeration technology.
Structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric effect of Pr2/3A1/3MnO3 were A=Ba,Sr manganites with
perovskite type structure were studied. The adiabatic magnetic entropy changes, |ΔS|, were
determined from magnetization data. Transition temperature for A=Ba is 197K and respectively 302K
for A=Sr. A large magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and a large relative cooling power (RCP) were obtained
in studied samples. The samples were prepared by the conventional ceramic method in a form of
pellets, noting that the final sintering was carried out in air at 1300°C. Structure: X-ray diffraction
(Bruker D8 X Advance) showed the presence of only one hexagonal phase. Magnetic measurements:
4.2-320K and external magnetic fields up to 7T. (Mini Cryogenic VSM system). The saturation
magnetizations, MS, were obtained from magnetization isotherms according saturation law. The
entropy changes were determined from magnetization isotherms between zero field and a maximum
field. The magnetic cooling efficiency was evaluated by calculating the relative cooling power (RCP).
Electrical measurements were made with Mini Cryogenic VSM system by using a van der Pauw
configuration with Ag contacts placed on the samples. Electrical conductivity was investigated for
temperature variations between 10-400 K in zero field and magnetic fields up to 5 T. MR and Hall
effect measurements were performed for different temperatures. Special attention was given for
measurements around the transition temperature.
82
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SECTION IV
Engineering applications
Chairpersons:
Liana Sanda BALTES, Transilvania University of Brasov, ROMANIA

Rodica Mariana ION, "Valahia" University of Târgoviște, ICECHIM, ROMANIA
Strul MOISA, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, ISRAEL
Mihai Alin POP, Transilvania University of Brasov, ROMANIA
Ioana POPESCU, Transilvania University of Brasov, ROMANIA
Petrică VIZUREANU, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi; Technical
83
BRAMAT 2024
IV.O.01
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POROUS DUPLEX STAINLESS-STEEL STRUCTURES

FABRICATED BY LASER POWDER BED FUSION USING MICROHARDNESS TEST AND
NANOINDENTATION
K. Sleem, A. Santoni, M. L. Gatto, E. Santecchia, S. Spigarelli, M. Cabibbo
Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche,

Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
e-mail: k.sleem@pm.univpm.it (corresponding author)
Keywords: Duplex stainless steel, Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Microhardness, Nanoindentation,
Surface mechanical properties
Abstract: Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are characterized by two microstructural phases, ferritic (α)
and austenitic (γ), integrating the features of both constituents and yielding excellent mechanical
properties and biocompatibility [1,2]. Regarding biomedical applications, DSS porous metal can play
an essential role as stainless steel lattice structures for damaged bone replacement. The proper pore
geometry and metal structure engineering of DSS scaffold require an advanced production
technique, such as additive manufacturing (AM). Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is one of the most
studied AM for biomedical applications since it provides customized and complex parts. Scaffold DSS
parts used in this study were fabricated by L-PBF using optimized processing parameters [2].
Understanding the surface mechanical performance of a part requires an inspection of the
nanoscale deformation of the material surface, especially while investigating discrete phases within a
dual microstructure like the DSS one. Therefore, the surface mechanical properties including
plasticity, elastic modulus, hardness, and the evolution of residual stresses of scaffold DSS can be
assessed using the nanoindentation test after analyzing indentation load-displacement data [3].
Moreover, the microhardness test can also be adopted to infer the contribution of both ferritic and
austenitic phases to the surface mechanical response of scaffold DSS.
In the context of this approach, a batch of DSS graded functional scaffolds was fabricated by
L-PBF and thermal treatment was carried out on some of the scaffolds. Afterward, as-built, and
thermal-treated scaffolds were both cut in the YZ plane parallel to the printing growth direction. The
YZ plane of each sample was inspected by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) to understand the microstructural evolution. The evolution of the local mechanical response
was assessed by microhardness and nanoindentations tests.
1. D. Zhang, A. Liu, B. Yin and P. Wen, Additive manufacturing of duplex stainless steels-a critical review,
Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 73, p. 496–517, 2022.
2. M. L. Gatto, G. Cerqueni, R. Groppo, E. Tognoli, A. Santoni, M. Cabibbo, M. Mattioli-Belmonte and P.
Mengucci, On the Biomechanical Performances of Duplex Stainless Steel Graded Scaffolds Produced by Laser
Powder Bed Fusion for Tissue Engineering Applications, Journal of Functional Biomaterials, vol. 14, p. 489, 2023.
3. S. R. Oke, M. R. Mphahlele, O. O. Ige, O. E. Falodun, A. M. Okoro and P. A. Olubambi, Structural
characterization and nanoindentation studies on mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered duplex
stainless steel nanocomposite, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 840, p. 155648, 2020.
84
BRAMAT 2024
IV.O.02
EVALUATION OF NEW NON-SPARKING MATERIAL BASED ON CuAlBe
Romeo Gabriel Chelariu1, Ramona Cimpoesu1, Adrian Marius Jurca2, Catalin Mihai POPA2,
Marcelin Benchea1, Diana Petronela Burduhos Nergis1, Bogdan Istrate1, Alin Marian Cazac1,
Nicanor Cimpoesu1, Gheorghe Badarau1, Costica Bejinariu1*
1
"Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University from Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
2
National Institute for Research and Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion - INSEMEX,
332047 Petrosani, Romania
Keywords: non-sparking material, explosive environments, mechanical properties, SEM, XRD.
Abstract: The working environments with potentially explosive atmospheres are more and more
numerous due to the growth at an increasingly accelerated pace of the exploitation of petroleum
resources. The danger of the formation of potentially explosive atmospheres during the formation of
sparks occurs in various fields from mining operations to agricultural or processing warehouses [1, 2].
An established alloy for anti-spark tools used in explosive environments is the CuBe alloy. The
metallurgical and mechanical properties for the exploitation of this alloy can be improved by alloying
with aluminum, thus obtaining a new CuAlBe alloy with possibilities of application to other elements,
for example in the form of gears and not only to work tools. The experimental material was
subjected to rigorous testing involving exposure to explosive gaseous mixtures (10% H2 or 6.5% CH4)
over 16,000 wear cycles, demonstrating its non-sparking characteristics in potentially hazardous
environments. The material was used in the form of hot-rolled plates derived from cast ingots, and
its performance was assessed through microstructure and wear tests employing light optical
microscopy (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface chemical composition was
investigated using a Bruker X-ray dispersive energy detector, and the corrosion resistance and
surface characteristics were evaluated in an acid rain electrolyte solution. The mechanical properties,
including the microhardness and friction coefficient, were measured using UMT. The outcomes of the
experiments affirmed the material’s suitability for non-sparking tools, highlighting its favorable
attributes such as deformability through hot-rolling, abnormal grain growth during deformation and
heat treatment, consistent chemical composition, and marginal variations in corrosion resistance and
mechanical properties between the cast and hot-rolled states of the CuAlBe material.
[1] C. Bejinariu, D.C. Darabont, E.R. Baciu, I. Ionita, M.-A. Bernevig-Sava, C. Baciu, Considerations on the
Method for Self Assessment of Safety at Work. Environ. Eng. Manag. J. 16, 1395–1400, (2017).
[2] T. Ma, B. Tan, L.G. Savas¸ K.Z. Kao, S. Zhang, R. Wang, N. Zeng, Y. He, Multidimensional insights into the
corrosion inhibition of potassium oleate on Cu in alkaline medium: A combined Experimental and theoretical
investigation, Mat. Sci. Eng. B 272, 115330 (2021).
85
BRAMAT 2024
IV.O.03
HIERARCHICAL PATTERNS INDUCED BY COMBINED UV LASER IRRADIATION THROUGH

PHASE MASKS AND DIFFUSE COPLANAR SURFACE BARRIER DISCHARGE PLASMA
Iuliana Stoica1, Cristian Ursu1, Ilarion Mihaila2, Andreea Irina Barzic1, Ion Sava1
1
"Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, Romania
2
Integrated Center of Environmental Science Studies in the North-Eastern Development Region (CERNESIM),
Department of Exact Sciences and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza
University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I, No. 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania
e-mail: stoica_iuliana@icmpp.ro
Keywords: hierarchical pattern, laser irradiation, plasma, AFM, anisotropy
Abstract: The aim of the study is to induce hierarchical patterns (at micrometric and nanometric
level) on the supramolecular azo-polyimide films surfaces [1,2] using texturing combined methods,
namely UV laser irradiation through a phase mask [2,3] and the diffuse coplanar surface barrier
discharge plasma treatment [4], for better efficiency and improvement of the surface texture
properties. This methodology has the benefit of being
µm
10
inexpensive and fast, allowing the anisotropy of the
2000
9 morphology to be obtained on a significant surface area. As a
1500
8
result, novel materials with high morphological properties will
7 1000
6 be developed for use in modern technologies. All photo-
500
5 induced/plasma-generated patterns are examined using
4
3
0
Atomic Force Microscopy to describe their appearance,
2 -500
establish their dimensions, to determine the complexity and
1
0
-1000 anisotropy of the surface morphology. The study also
0 2 4 6 8 10 µm
demonstrates the textured materials ability to accomplish the
Fig. 1. 2D autocorrelation image desired purpose in a tribological contact, as substrates for the
of the hierarchical patterns target applications in flexible electronic devices.
1. I. Stoica, E.-L. Epure, A.I. Barzic, I. Mihaila, C.-P. Constantin, I. Sava, The impact of the azo-chromophore sort
on the features of the supramolecular azopolyimide films desired to be used as substrates for flexible
electronics, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15223.
2. A.I. Barzic, I. ava, Albu, R.M.; Ursu, C.; Lisa, G.; Stoica, I. Polyimide-derived supramolecular systems containing
various amounts of azochromophore for optical storage uses, Polymers 2023, 15, 1056.
3. I. Stoica, A.I. Barzic, C. Ursu, G. Stoian, E.G. Hitruc, I. Sava, Atomic force microscopy probing and analysis of
polyimide supramolecular systems for sensor devices, Sensors 2023, 23, 4489.
4. M. Černák, L’. Černáková, I. Hudec, D. Kováčik, A. Zahoranová. Diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge and
its applications for in-line processing of low-added-value materials, European Physical Journal: Applied Physics
2009, 47 (2), 1-6.
Digitization, CNCS‐UEFISCDI, project number PN‐III‐P1‐1.1‐TE‐2021‐1044, within PNCDI III.
86
BRAMAT 2024
IV.O.04
COLD SPRAY COATINGS INFLUENCE OVER THE MECHANICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL

PROPERTIES OF STEEL SUBSTRATE 52100
Fabian-Cezar Lupu1, Corneliu Munteanu1,2, Bogdan Istrate1, Marcelin Benchea1, Ramona

Cimpoesu3
1
”Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi-Romania, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 43 Prof. D.
Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania, e-mail: fabian-cezar.lupu@student.academic.tuiasi.ro
2
Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, 26 Dacia Blvd., 030167 Bucharest, Romania
4
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050, Iasi,
Romania
Keywords: cold spray; microstructural analysis; mechanical properties;
Abstract: Coatings applied superficially by cold spraying have led to good results for improving the
characteristics of the metal. We looked at the wear and corrosion characteristics of 52100 steel with
Ni/chromium carbide (Ni/CrC) particles coated on it. These coatings were dense and crack-free,
adhering very well to the substrate
surface. Microscratch resistance tests
demonstrated the high resistance of the
deposited layer. The friction coefficient
was determined using rotational and
translational motion and revealed a short
transition time. This occurred when the
apparent contact area increased until it
reached a steady state, smoothing out
large asperities and resulting in higher
friction coefficient values.
Electrocorrosion tests indicated that the
Fig. 1. Cold Spray deposition [3] deposited layer was largely undamaged.
The electrolyte solution had few
chemicals, resulting in much less oxidation of the layer compared to the base material [1-3].
1. M. Ashokkumar, D. Thirumalaikumarasamy, P. Thirumal, Barathiraja. Influences of Mechanical, Corrosion,
erosion and tribological performance of cold sprayed Coatings A review Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021,
46, 17 pp 7581-7587.
2. V. Goanta, C. Munteanu, S. Muftu, B. Istrate, P. Schwartz, S. Boese, G. Ferguson, C.I. Moraras, Evaluation of
the Fatigue Behaviour and Failure Mechanisms of 52100 Steel Coated with WIP-C1 (Ni/CrC) by Cold Spray.
Materials 2022, 15(10), 3609.
3. Harvinde, S. Experimental investigation of WC-12Co cold spray: Substrate hardness, bonding mechanism,
powder type. Materialstoday: proceedings 2023.
Acknowledgements: This work was sponsored in part by the Army Research Laboratories under
grant number W911NF-20-2-0024. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations
expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the
U.S. Government.
87
BRAMAT 2024
IV.O.05
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING OF COPPER ALLOYS
Bartosz Jóźwik1,3, Adrian Radoń1, Marcin Polak1, Santina Topolska2
1
Łukasiewicz Research Network — Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Centre of Functional Materials,
44-100 Gliwice, Poland
2
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland,
3
Silesian University of Technology, Doctoral School, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland,
e-mail: bartosz.jozwik@imn.lukasiewicz.gov.pl
Keywords: additive manufacturing, selective laser melting, laser powder bed fusion, copper alloys
a) Abstract: Selective Laser Melting (SLM, also known as L-PBF) is

an additive method which utilizes laser beam melting thin,
metallic powder layers in order to create 3D objects with
convoluted geometry in one technological step. Over the
years, an extensive research was conducted on applying SLM
in production from austenitic stainless steels, maraging steels
or titanium alloys like Ti-6Al-4V, however much less attention
was paid to copper alloys, mainly to the difficulties in
processing posed by high thermal conductivity and low
absorption of laser wavelengths typically used in SLM systems.
This work aims to summarize the whole optimization process
for an alloy to be used in the SLM technology, beginning from
setting a parameter range and material criteria, designing
b) samples, overcoming software and technological challenges,
describing various effects characteristic for the additive
process, finally, to describe various post-processing routes and
discuss the possible applications of 3d-printed copper alloys,
with particular emphasis put on CuSn10 bronze, and
precipitation-hardenable CuNi3Si and CuNi2SiCr alloys.
1. B. Jozwik, Influence of SLM printing parameters and hot isostatic
pressure treatment on the structure and properties of CuNi3Si1 alloy,
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 947, 25 June 2023, 169531.
Fig. 1. CAD model (a) with 2. A. Ventura, Mechanical Properties and Microstructural
support structure (blue), and the Characterization of Cu-4.3 Pct Sn Fabricated by Selective Laser
Melting, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 48, 26
final printed part (b)
October 2016.
Acknowledgements: Bartosz Jóźwik thanks the Ministry of Education and Science of Poland for
funding his Ph.D. program, Agreement No. RJO/SDW/005-15
88
BRAMAT 2024
IV.O.06
The influence of Al content on the electrical, optical, thermal, mechanical and tribological
response of (Ti,Al)N coatings
Ioana Borsan1, Cláudia Lopes2,3, Armando Ferreira2,3, Daniel Munteanu1 and Filipe Vaz1,2,3
1
Material Science Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036 Brasov, Romania
2
3
Braga, Portugal, e-mail: claudialopes@fisica.uminho.pt
Keywords: Thin Films, (Ti,Al)N, electrical properties, Optical properties, thermal properties,
mechanical and tribological behaviour
Abstract: Hard transition metal nitride (TMN) thin films are widely used as protective coatings in
multiple applications, including cutting, punching and molding tools due to their hardness and good
wear resistance [1]. The origin of this successful aplication of these nitride coatings results from a
unique combination of a mixture of metallic, ionic, and covalent chemical bonding. Among seral
examples, TIN coatings stand out as one of the most studied coatings, exhibiting most of the above
properties, but also with the disadvantage of oxidizing heavily in high temperature applications. One
way to improve the coating performance consists in modifying the coating composition by
introducing additives like Al, Cr and C.
These doped hard coating systems show not only high hardness and low friction coefficient but also
good heat, oxidation and corrosion resistance properties. In fact, (Ti,Al)N coatings can exhibit a great
improvement in the overall properties of TIN coatings, depending much on their particular Al content
and the consequent changes that occur in terms of structural and morphological features.
This study investigates the effect of increasing aluminum (Al) addition on the microstructure,
morphology and, consequently, on the optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical and tribological
properties of TiN thin films.
Results show a clear dependence of this films behavior on the particular Al content, but also on the
changes observed in their (micro)structural evolution, which will be shown and correlated with the
system response changes.
1. A.P. Serro, C. Completo, R. Colaço, F. dos Santos, C.L. da Silva, J.M.S. Cabral, H. Araújo, E. Pires, B. Saramago,
A comparative study of titanium nitrides, TiN, TiNbN and TiCN, as coatings for biomedical applications, Surf.
Coat. Technol. 203 (24) (2009) 3701–3707.
Acknowledgements: We hereby acknowledge the strategic funding project UIDB/04650/2020 and

the Eurostars project 3431 NeMoRehab.
89
BRAMAT 2024
IV.O.07
Safety engineering with the help of AI powered devices
Goga Alexandru Silviu
Transylvania University of Braşov, Faculty of Technological Engineering and Industrial management, Braşov,
University Street no.1, e-mail: Alexandru.goga@unitbv.ro
Keywords: safety engineering, AI powered devices, fault detection, risk mitigation, human-AI
interaction
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of AI powered devices in safety
engineering, a discipline that aims to prevent accidents and mitigate risks in complex systems. The
methods used are quantitative research by means of interviews, quantitative research by means of
Vosviewer on the webofknowledge database, and literature review.
The paper acertains the current state of the art of AI applications in safety engineering, such as fault
detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and recovery. We have also covered case studies in which we
analyzed real-world implementations of AI for safety, evaluating their effectiveness and challenges.
The paper also discusses the challenges and limitations of AI in safety engineering, such as ethical,
legal, and social implications, as well as the need for human oversight and trust. The paper concludes
that AI powered devices can offer significant benefits for safety engineering, but also poses new risks
and uncertainties that require careful evaluation and management.
Selective references :
C. Costel et.al, The Advent of Artificial Intelligence. Lambert Publishing, December 2023), p. 66-74; .
Acknowledgements: We hereby give thanks to Prof.Dr.Engineer Ceocea Costel, Prof.Dr.Engineer in

Cybernetics Boşcoianu Mircea for guidance
90
BRAMAT 2024
IV.O.08
INFLUENCE OF PROCESSING PARAMETERS ON THE AVERAGE DIAMETER (d50) OF WATER

ATOMIZED METAL POWDERS: A REVIEW
Valentin Costel Rizea1,4, Cornel Samoilă2,3, Liana Sanda Baltes1, Mircea Horia Tierean1,3
1
500036, Brasov, Romania,
2
Transilvania University of Brasov, Material Science Department, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036, Brasov, Romania,
3
Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, 26 Dacia Blvd., Bucharest, Romania,
4
Hoeganaes Corporation Europe SA, 33 Urziceni str. Buzau, Romania,
e-mail: valentin.rizea@unitbv.ro
Keywords: metal powder, powder metallurgy, water atomization of steel, modeling, particle size d50
Abstract: The paper aims at an analysis of the literature in the field of powder metallurgy regarding
the study of the parameters that influence the average diameter of the powder particle d50, which
has been atomized with water. There are a multitude of parameters that are related to the liquid
metal, the water used in the atomization process and the conditions inside the atomization plant.
Given the possible applications of metal powders obtained by water atomization in areas such as
metal injection molding, welding and sintering, and even additive manufacturing, it is
understandable that this topic has received attention and continued interest. The average diameter
of the powder particle is influenced by the pressure and flow rate of the water, as well as its viscosity
as a function of temperature, but equally by the angle of the water jet [1]. Also, the type of water jet
differs, from cone to V-jet nozzle. Studies show that the cone shape is more suitable in industrial
production. Regarding the liquid metal, the viscosity, density and surface tension are particularly
influential. An advantage of water atomization method is to obtain a wide range of particle sizes,
from dimensions smaller than 15 µm, as in the case of injection molding, to values of 250 µm, as in
the case of casting and sintering [2]. The analyzed materials were alloys with Fe base and carbon
concentrations ranging from 0.02%C to 4.4%C, alloys of Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, etc. An extensive discussion is
related to the interaction between the liquid metal and the water jet at the impact moment, when
hydrogen and oxygen result, the latter reacting with the metal. Hydrogen can lead to the formation
of bubbles and consequently to the appearance of porosity [3]. Another challenge is to ensure a
regular shape of the d50 particle. The present paper aims to find the correlation between the values
for d50 calculated by mathematical models and the values obtained by experimental determinations,
as a starting point in future experimental studies.
1. M. Pasupathy, J.M. Martín, A. Rivas, I. Iturriza, F. Castro, Effect of the solidification time on the median
particle size of powders produced by water atomisation, Powder Metall. 59 (2016) 128–141.
2. A. Asgarian, Physical and mathematical modeling of water atomization for metal powder production, PhD
Thesis, University of Toronto, 2020.
3. F. Persson, C.N. Hulme, P.G. Jönsson, Particle morphology of water atomised iron ‑carbon powders, Powder
Technology 397 (2022) 116993.
91
BRAMAT 2024
IV.O.09
ENHANCED GAS AND LIQUID SENSING APPLICATIONS USING PLASMONIC

NANOCOMPOSITE THIN FILMS
Edvina Cipi1, Joel Borges2,3, Filipe Vaz1,2,3, Daniel Munteanu1
1
Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd.,
500036 Brasov, Romania
2
3
Braga, Portugal;
Keywords: Thin films, sputtering, plasmonic nanoparticles, annealing treatment, LSPR gas sensing,
LSPR liquid sensing
Abstract: This work aims to provide a thorough investigation of the advancement of thin film
deposition via magnetron sputtering using a combination of metal oxide matrices, such as TiO2, CuO,
Al2O3, and ZnO, with gold (Au) dispersed nanoparticles. The films were deposited onto pre-
established silicon, quartz, and glass substrates, providing versatility for various applications. A
thermal annealing temperature was applied after sputter deposition to induce the growth of Au
nanoparticles inside the oxide matrix. X-Ray diffraction and transmittance spectra were measured on
the as-deposited and annealed samples in order to understand the structural and optical
transformations induced by the post-deposition annealing process.
To further optimize the gas sensing capabilities, the samples were subjected to plasma treatment
prior to conducting gas-sensing trials, with a specific emphasis on detecting carbon dioxide (CO2). The
plasma treatment was conducted with the goal of augmenting the surface reactivity and to partially
expose the Au nanoparticles at the film’s surface, hence leading to enhanced gas-sensing capability.
In addition, the quartz substrate thin films depositions were subsequently exposed to molecular
solutions in order to conduct liquid sensing experiments (bulk refractive index sensitivity tests). The
collected data were carefully analysed in correlation with the refractive index of the solutions, using
a procedure that included five round measurement cycles, and the data was processed using a
home-made software (NANOPTICS). Sample preparation before solution exposure, for each
molecular detection cycle, was crucial to understand the sensing behaviour. The integration of liquid
sensing expands the versatility of the developed thin films beyond gaseous environments.
The findings of this research provide a significant contribution to the field of thin film technology,
demonstrating the potential of Plasmon-enhanced noble metal films for advanced gas and liquid
sensing applications. The major findings allow establishing the basis for creating customised thin
films that have improved functions, hence creating opportunities for future study in sensing and
related areas.
92
BRAMAT 2024
IV.O.10
EFFECT OF WEAVE DESIGN AND AREAL DENSITY ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF

OUTER PROTECTIVE WOVEN FABRIC LAYER OF EXTREME COLD WEATHER CLOTHING
Ranjna Kumari*, R.S Rengasamy, Rabisankar Chattopadhyay
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, New Delhi 110016, India.
e-mail: Ranjna14817@gmail.com
Keyword: Nylon 6; Tear strength; Tensile strength; Weave design.
Abstract: Extreme cold-weather clothing is made up of three layers: an inner skin-contacting layer,
insulation layer, and outside woven protection layer. The outer layer is breathable and wind, snow,
and rain resistant. The fabric is subjected to tensile, tearing, and abrasive forces when in use, and it
must be able to withstand these forces. Otherwise, the entire ensemble's insulation would be
compromised. Even a minor rip or slit in the fabric might cause tearing, resulting in the catastrophic
breakdown of the garment outfit. The outer layer must be lightweight and give appropriate
mechanical strength to protect the ensemble and hence the wearer. The performance of cloth is
determined by its areal density and weave pattern. Tear and tensile strengths are directly connected
to garment serviceability. As a result, it is critical to explore the link between the fabric parameters
and mechanical strength to design a suitable extreme cold weather ensemble. In this work, nylon
woven textiles with various weaves and areal densities were produced. For these weaves, the cross-
over firmness factor (CFF) and floating yarn factor (FYF) were calculated. The effect of CFF and FYF on
the mechanical strength of these textiles in the warp and weft directions was investigated. The study
concluded that reducing the cross-over firmness factor and increasing the floating yarn factor
enhances tearing strength, but CFF and FYF had the reverse effect on tensile strength. A new factor
‘RF’ is introduced which more significantly predict the mechanical strength of fabric based on the
weave design.
1. Kumari, Ranjna, R. S. Rengasamy, and Rabisankar Chattopadhyay. "A Study on the Mechanical and
Physiological Performance of the Nylon Outer Shell of Extreme Cold Weather Clothing." Fibers and Polymers, 24,
11, (November 2023), p. 1-17.
Acknowledgements: This research work was funded by Defence Research and Development
Organization, Ministry of Defence, Government of India (RP03466).
93
BRAMAT 2024
IV.O.11
Ni-BASED ALLOY SOFT MAGNETIC COMPOSITE COMPACTS WITH ALUMINA MATRIX

PREPARED BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING AND REACTION SPARK PLASMA SINTERING
Traian Florin Marinca1, Bogdan Viorel Neamțu2, Florin Popa1, Virgiliu Călin Prică1, Argentina
Niculina Sechel1, Ionel Chicinaș1
1
Materials Science and Engineering Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Aveenue,
400641, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
e-mail: traian.marinca@stm.utcluj.ro
Keywords: Al-Permalloy, oxide matrix composite, spark plasma sintering, reaction sintering
Abstract: A new alloy that we named Al-Permalloy, due to its synthesis starting from permalloy
classical composition (75% Ni and 25% Fe, wt.%) and adding aluminum. It was obtained by
mechanical alloying using elemental powders as raw materials resulting Ni71.25Fe23.75Al5
composition. The synthesis parameters
have been modified to achieve the
desired particle size. The time for alloy
synthesis as FCC single phase ranges from
4 to 8 h depending on milling conditions.
The particles are flattened. Composite
sintered magnetic materials of
permalloy/ alumina type have been
prepared by reaction sintering using
spark plasma sintering technique and Ai-
permalloy together with
Fe2O3 nanoparticles. First the Al-
Fig. 1. Elemental distribution maps for a SPS-ed
permalloy with particles up to hundreds
sample with 3 Al-permalloy/alumina [2]
of μm have been covered by a thin layer
of Fe2O3. The powder mixtures have been then sintered using a homemade installation at 900 °C for
10 min. Upon sintering Ni-based alloy and iron oxide react resulting alumina-Al2O3. The compacts
have Ni-based clusters of tens of micrometers embedded in alumina matrix. The alumina matrix is
continuous, but the layer has large variation in width, and offers a high electrical resistivity. The
compacts tested in DC and AC for magnetic characteristics.
1. T.F. Marinca, A.I. Sule, R. Hirian, A.N. Sechel, F. Popa, B.V. Neamțu, I. Chicinaș, Al-Permalloy
(Ni71.25Fe23.75Al5) obtained by mechanical alloying. The influence of the processing parameters on
structural, microstructural, thermal, and magnetic characteristics, Advanced Powder Technology, 33, 2022,
103642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2022.103642
2. T.F. Marinca, F. Popa, B.V. Neamțu, V.C. Prică, I. Chicinaș, Permalloy/alumina soft magnetic composite
compacts obtained by reaction of Al-permalloy with Fe2O3 nanoparticles upon spark plasma sintering, Ceramics
International, 49 (2023) 2272-2281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.09.195
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Education and
Research, CCCDI - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-3763, within PNCDI III.
94
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IV.O.12
INFLUENCE OF THERMAL SHOCK ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF

PLASMA-SPRAYED Cr2O3 – n%TiO2 COATINGS
Daniel CRISTIȘOR1, Daniela-Lucia CHICET 2*, Alexandra ȘUTIC 2, Ștefan ADRIAN 1,

Corneliu MUNTEANU1,3
1
Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 61,
700050, Iasi, Romania
2
Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Blvd.
Mangeron, No. 41, 700050, Iasi, Romania, e-mail: daniela-lucia.chicet@academic.tuiasi.ro
3
Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, 26 Dacia Blvd, Bucharest, 030167, Romania
Keywords: thermal shock, Cr2O3 – n%TiO2 coatings, APS, microstructure morphology
Abstract: In this study, the effect of thermal shock on five types of coatings made by thermal plasma spraying
on non-alloy steel substrates is investigated. Cr2O3-based ceramic powders alloyed with different TiO 2 mass
percentages were used: 99.9 wt% Cr2O3 (S1), Cr2O3 - 10 wt%TiO2 (S2), Cr2O3 - 20 wt%TiO2 (S3), Cr2O3 - 30
wt%TiO2 (S4), Cr2O3 - 40 wt%TiO2 (S5). The samples were subjected to heating-cooling cycles in a 2kW MSSF
vertical axis solar furnace in the PROMES / CNRS laboratory in Odeillo-Font Romeu France, at temperatures
between 700 and 900°C. Cooling was carried out using a jet of compressed air blown over the heated zone. The
samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (Vega Tescan LMH II) supplemented by EDS analysis
(Brucker analysis module) to observe the morphological or chemical composition changes produced as a result
of the thermal shock. Figure 1 shows the appearance of sample S1 (a) with the areas on which the thermal
shock tests were performed. The secondary electron (SE) images of these areas are next to it (b,c,d).
Following the thermal shock tests, it was observed that in no case were any changes in the
morphology of the coating (e.g. local melting, formation of different oxide products, cracking) occurring
independently of the applied temperature or cycles, as observed in the SE images. The same conclusion is
supported by the chemical element distribution maps on the heat-shocked areas, which reveal a uniform
distribution of component elements compared to the reference surface and the absence of other chemical
elements that could originate from the substrate. The only changes are the darker spots on the heated areas.
a) b) c) d)
Figure 1. Images of the S2 sample (a) and secondary electrons images on the areas of interest from the thermal
shock areas of sample S2 at 800x magnification: b) area 1: 800°C, 10 cycles of 10 seconds; c) area 3: 900°C, 9
cycles of 10 seconds, d) area 4: 700°C, 10 cycles of 10 seconds.
1. M. Grimm, S. Conze, L.-M. Berger, G. Paczkowski, T. L. and T. Lampke, Microstructure and SlidingWear
Resistance of Plasma Sprayed Al2O3 - Cr2O3 - TiO2 Ternary Coatings from Blends of Single Oxides, Coatings
(2020), 10, 42; doi:10.3390/coatings10010042
2. L. Bastakys, L. Marcinauskas, M. Milieška, M. Kalin, R. Kezelis, Tribological Properties of Cr2O3, Cr2O3 – SiO2 -
TiO2 and Cr2O3 – SiO2 - TiO2 - Graphite Coatings Deposited by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying, Coatings (2023),
13, 408, https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings 13020408
95
BRAMAT 2024
IV.O.13
ELASTIC BI-MODULARITY OF PA12 IN SLS ADDITIVE MANUFACTURED PARTS: AN ADEQUATE

EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION TOWARDS A TRUSTWORTHY NUMERICAL SIMULATION
Marius N. Baba1, Simona Lache1, Octavian Jitărașu1, Mihai Duguleană2, Călin Husar3
1
Transilvania University of Brașov, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 29 Eroilor Bvd., 500036, Brașov,
România, e-mail: mariusbaba@unitbv.ro
2
Transilvania University of Brașov, Department of Automotive and Transport Engineering, 29 Eroilor Bvd.,
500036, Brașov, România
3
Siemens Industry Software SRL, Str. Gării 13A, 500398, Brașov, România,
Keywords: elastic bi-modularity, polyamide 12 (PA12), selective laser sintering (SLS), stress-strain
curves, finite element analysis (FEA)
Abstract: Different moduli of elasticity observed for PA12 SLS-printed specimens subjected to
standard tension and compression tests warn us about their asymmetric stress-strain characteristics,
as reported in Figure 1. Consequently, considerable difficulties in FE analysis when predicting the
behavior of these materials under combined loading conditions often arise. With the rapid and vast
advancement of 3D printing, although the mechanical properties of PA12 SLS additive manufactured
parts have been extensively studied in
recent years [1], there is a lack of rigorous
research in exploring the effects of tension-
compression asymmetry on the accuracy
and trustworthiness of numerical solutions
when the finite element simulations have
to be carried out. This work compares the
load-deflection curves from several three-
point bending tests with the finite element
analysis results obtained using an advanced
nonlinear material model incorporating
distinct tension and compression stress-
Fig. 1. Bi-modular stress-strain complete curve strain data experimentally recorded for
obtained for PA12 SLS printed in flatwise three sets of PA12 SLS specimens with
orientation different build orientations. The paper
details the issues encountered in modeling the nonlinear behavior due to the tension-compression
asymmetry by employing the Simcenter 3D software [2] and the solutions to those problems. Finally,
it is proved that considering the nonlinear asymmetric behavior in tension and compression can
significantly impact the numerical simulation results as they better match the experimental data.
1. Brighenti, R., Cosma, M. P., Marsavina, L., Spagnoli, A., & Terzano, M. (2021). Laser-based additively
manufactured polymers: A review on processes and mechanical models. Journal of Materials Science, 56(2),
961-998, (2021).
2. https://plm.sw.siemens.com/en-US/simcenter/mechanical-simulation/simcenter-3d/
Acknowledgements: We hereby acknowledge the structural funds project PRO-DD (POS-CCE,

O.2.2.1., ID 123, SMIS 2637, ctr. No 11/2009) for providing the infrastructure used in this work.
96
BRAMAT 2024
IV.O.14
LASER CLADDING OF CU-NI ALLOY ON S235 STEEL
Ciprian Iatan, Edit Moldovan, Teodor Machedon-Pisu, Dan Cuculea, George Ardelean, Elena
Manuela Stanciu, Alexandru Pascu
500036, Brasov, Romania, e-mail: george.iatan@unitbv.ro
Keywords: laser cladding, wear, microhardness, reconditioning
Abstract: Research preoccupation in the field of laser technology is reflected by various studies in
broad industry applications. Being a state of the art solution for cutting, joining, drilling, ablation
machining processes, lasers enhanced the progress of industry to a new era. The need for constantly
improvement of parameters and methods is illustrated by the numerous studies about the laser
processing. Following the trend in the research publications, the conclusion is that various aspects,
data and operations remained to be unveiled until the full potential of laser shall be attained.
Among the various laser processing applications, laser cladding represents an optimal technique for
obtaining surface protection with consistent productivity and good adhesion outcome [1]. S235
structural steel is well-known in various industrial applications due to it`s satisfactory characteristics
of weldability and plasticity. Even if, when it encounters the harsh marine conditions, S235 material
is prone to shortcomings such as corrosion. For this study, Coherent F1000 continuous wave laser
and the Precitec WC 50 cladding module are used in order to determine the optimal parameters for
deposition a corrosive resistant coating on S235 steel, by using Cu and Ni alloy-based powders. The
influence of laser power, process speed and interpass distance have a direct influence over the
geometrical appearance of the coating. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive
microanalysis (EDS), microhardness and corrosion resistance were used to characterize the Cu-Ni
cladded layers.
The obtained results shows that laser cladding is a good method for obtaining wear and corrosion-
resistant coatings convenient for enhancing or reconditioning naval components exposed to marine
conditions.
1. Y. Li, S. Dong, X. Liu, P. He, X. Ren, S. Yan, B. Xu, Interface phase evolution during laser cladding of Ni-Cu alloy
on nodular cast iron by powder pre-placed method, Optics & Laser Technology, Vol. 135, 2021, 106684,
97
BRAMAT 2024
IV.O.15
CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE MICROSTRUCTURAL CHANGES OF LASER

SURFACE TEXTURING ON TITANIUM
Edit Roxana Moldovan*, Liana Sanda Balteș, Elena Manuela Stanciu, Alexandru Pascu,
Cătălin Croitoru, Ionuț Claudiu Roată, Mircea-HoriaȚierean
Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania,

e-mail: edit.moldovan@unitbv.ro
Keywords: laser surface texturing, nanosecond pulsed laser, titanium, surface patterns, roughness,
wettability, corrosion.
Abstract: Emerged as a promising technique for modifying the properties of material surfaces, Laser
Surface Texturing (LST) has become a viable method for changing a materials surface characteristic
for a range of industrial applications. Because of its remarkable mechanical properties and ability to
withstand corrosion, and biocompatibility, titanium finds extensive applications in the aerospace
[1,2], automotive [3,4] and medical [5] industries. In the present research work principles of LST and
its effects on titanium, including changes in surface morphology, topography, and chemical
composition. Various laser parameters such as pulse duration, wavelength, energy density, and
scanning speed are explored in relation to their influence on the textured surface features.
Moreover, the research examines the effects of LST on key properties of titanium, such as
wettability, tribological behavior, corrosion resistance, and biological responses. The purpose of the
present research is to enhance the properties achieved through LST by improving performance,
durability, and biocompatibility of titanium-based materials in demanding environments. The
findings presented here aim to guide future research directions and facilitate the development of
advanced surface engineering strategies for titanium materials.
1. Boyer, R.R. An overview on the use of titanium in the aerospace industry, Materials Science and Engineering
213, (1996), 103-114.
2. Leyens, C.; Peters, M. Titanium and titanium alloys: fundamentals and applications, John Wiley & Sons
(2019).
3. Kazmanli, K.; Yuksel, O.; Aksoy, M. Application of Titanium and Its Alloys in Automotive Industry, Mechanical
and Materials Engineering (2018) 1-5.
4. Tian, Y.; Xiang, S.; Wang, Q.; Guo, Y. Application and Development of Titanium Alloy in Automobile Industry.
Procedia Manufacturing (2019), 38, 208-214.
5. Geetha, M.; Singh, A.K.; Asokamani, R.; Gogia, A.K. Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic
implants – A review. Progress in Materials Science (2009), 54(3), 397-425.
98
BRAMAT 2024
IV.PO.01
RESEARCH ON TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF GRADIENT TIN FILM COATED ON SI3N4

SUBSTRATE
Wang He1, Chen Sibo1, Yan Guangyu1, Wu Yuhou1, Tian Junxing1
1
Shenyang Jianzhu University, School of Mechanical Engineering, 25 Middle Road of Hunnan Disrict., 110168,
Shenyang, China
Keywords: silicon nitride, Gradient TiN thin film, Bonding strength Tribological performance
Abstract: To improve the wear resistance of silicon nitride materials, the concept of gradient TiN thin
films was proposed. Using magnetron sputtering technology, homogeneous and gradient TiN films
were deposited on silicon nitride substrates using two different nitrogen supply modes (constant and
variable). Using EDS fine line scanning to
detect the gradual changes in composition
and microstructure of TiN thin films along
the growth direction. The phase
composition structure, characteristic peaks,
and residual stresses inside the film were
observed by grazing incidence X-ray
diffraction (GIXRD, model Philips X'Pert),
and the surface and cross-sectional growth
morphology of TiN/Si3N4 film substrate
and film thickness were observed by
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The
Fig. 1. Compact structure of the gradient coating
hardness and adhesion of TiN thin films
were measured using nanoindentation and nanoscratch methods, and the mechanical properties of
TiN thin films were comprehensively analyzed in combination with residual stresses inside the films.
The frictional behavior of TiN thin films was tested using a reciprocating friction testing machine. The
results indicate that the mechanical and tribological properties of gradient TiN films are superior to
those of homogeneous TiN films, indicating that gradient TiN films have the advantage of improving
the tribological properties of silicon nitride materials compared to homogeneous TiN films.
1. P. Asholt, Metal Foams and Porous Metal Structures, ed. J. Banhart, M. F. Ashby and N. A. Fleck, Bremen,
Germany, MIT-Verlag, 1999, p. 133.
2. Zuo B, Xu J, Lu G, et al. Microstructures, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of TiN/AlN multilayer
films[J]. Ceramics International, 2022, 48(8): 11629-11635.
6. Kuznetsov MV, Zhuravlev MV, Shalayeva EV, Gubanov VA (1992)Influence of the deposition parameters on
the composition,structure and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra of Ti–Nfilms, Thin Solid Films 215:1–7.
7. V.I. Kolesnikov, T.V. Suvorova, O.A. Belyak, Modeling mechanical properties ofmultilayer coatings TiAlN, DDF
410 (2021) 578–584.
8. A.N. Ranade, L.R. Krishna, Z. Li, J. Wang, C.S. Korach, Y.W. Chung, Relationship between hardness and
fracture toughness in Ti–TiB2 nanocomposite coatings, Surf. Coat. Tech. 213 (2012) 26–32.
Acknowledgements: We hereby acknowledge the Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology
(G2022006012L) for providing the fund for this work.
99
BRAMAT 2024
IV.PO.02
Preparation and mechanical properties of diamond films on Si3N4 substrate

Guangyu Yan 1, 2, Yumiao Yang 2, Daniel Cristea3, He Wang 1, 2, Yuhou Wu 2
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, 110168 Shenyang, China.
2
Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Construction Engineering Equipment and Technology,
Shenyang Jianzhu University, 110168 Shenyang, China.
3
Materials Science and Engineering Faculty, Transilvania University,
500036 Brasov, Romania, email: ygy0207@163.com
Keywords: HFCVD, silicon nitride ceramics, multi-layers diamond films, mechanical properties
Abstract: Silicon nitride (Si3N4) has become an advanced engineering ceramic material due to its high
hardness, high fracture toughness, good wear resistance, and good chemical and thermal stability.
However, Si3N4 ceramic bearings have a high friction coefficient under dry friction conditions, and the
surfaces can be damaged by particle
impact or oxidation. It is of great
theoretical research significance and
engineering application value to enhance
the service performance and service life
of Si3N4 ceramic bearings by optimizing
the preparation parameters of diamond
coatings on Si3N4 ceramic substrates,
producing diamond coatings with
multilayer structures and investigating
their mechanical and tribological
properties. This paper reported the effect
of different deposition parameters on the
Fig. 1. Diamond films on Si3N4 structural properties of diamond coatings
on Si3N4 ceramic substrates by using hot
filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) and the influential characteristics of the mechanical
properties of diamond coatings with single-layer and different multi-layer structures by using
indentation and scratch tests.
Acknowledgements: We hereby acknowledge the Special Innovation Project in Defense-Related

Science and Technology (20-163-00-TS-006-002-11), Liaoning Province Science and Technology
Bureau (2018106007).
100
BRAMAT 2024
IV.PO.03
MICROHARDNESS EVALUATION AND DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY ANALYSIS

ON RECYCLED, CRUSHED AND HEAT-TREATED GLASS (RCTG)
Cristian Epure1, Corneliu Munteanu1,2*, Bogdan Istrate1, Nicoleta Monica Lohan3*
1
Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Robotics Department, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of
Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania; cristian.epure@student.tuiasi.ro (C.E.), corneliu.munteanu@academic.tuiasi.ro
(C.M.) bogdan.istrate@academic.tuiasi.ro (B.I.)
2
Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, 26 Dacia Blvd., 030167 Bucharest, Romania
3
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering and Industrial Safety,
“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania; nicoleta-
monica.lohan@academic.tuiasi.ro (N.M.L.)
Keywords: glass, heat treatment, micro hardness, thermal analysis
Abstract: The aim of this research is to examine how treatment temperatures affect the mechanical
and thermal properties of recycled and crushed glass (RCG) with a grain size between 0.1 mm and 10
mm and the potential to create new materials used in the civil sector (interior design, art,
construction, etc.). The raw material used
for the study is "silica glass," the most
popular and oldest type of glass, which is
based on SiO2, the main component of sand
(about 75%), Na2O, Na2CO3, CaO, and other
minor additives [1]. The RCG was heat-
treated by a staged crystallization process
(TS1, TS2, TS3). This method involves gradual
heating in stages. The first stage starts with a
Fig. 1. DSC analysis for DSM, Murano and RCTG
constant temperature (TS1) of 700–870 °C;
the second stage maintains a constant and variable temperature, also called the 'baking step' (TS2) of
800-850–870 °C for one or two hours; and the third stage is controlled cooling (TS3) for two hours to
500°C. It has been found that the staged heat treatment allows control of the crystallization process,
which enables a variety of materials to be obtained that can be used for a variety of civil applications.
By differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and micro-hardness tests by the Vickers method, the
thermal and mechanical properties of RCTG were analyzed in comparison with Murano Mosaic –
Italy, and Dynasty Smalti Mosaic - China (DSM). DSC analysis (Fig. 1.) shows that in temperature
range 20-600°C Murano mosaic present a glass transition at 464.7°C that becomes thermally
unstable; the other two samples show no transformation, remaining thermally stable. Microhardness
tests performed on the RCTG specimen hardness is 555.0 HV, showing a hardness higher than
Murano and close to DSM [1]. The results of this study support the use of RCTG in a range of civil
applications due to the control of the crystallization process by heat treatment, thermal stability up
to a temperature of 600 °C and microhardness up to 555.0 HV.
1. Bristogianni, T., Oikonomopoulou, F., Justino de Lima, C., Veer, F., & Nijsse, R. Structural cast glass
components manufactured from waste glass: Diverting everyday discarded glass from the landfill to the
building industry. Heron, (2018), 63(1/2), 57-102.
101
BRAMAT 2024
IV.PO.04
CURRENT ISSUES AND POTENTIAL ADVANCES OF 3D PRINTING IN MEDICAL FIELD
Adriana Ileana (Blăjan), Doru Blăjan, Ion Ciucă, Ana-Iulia Bița, Iulian Antoniac
National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA BUCHAREST, Metallic Materials Science and
Physical Metallurgy Department, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042, Bucharest, Romania,
e-mail: anaiulia.bita@gmail.com
Keywords: 3D printing, additive manufacturing, implants, medical instruments
Abstract: 3D printing is a modern technique that enables the conversion of digital models into
physical items with three-dimensional characteristics. Conventional manufacturing techniques
involve removing material from a larger block or molding shapes by casting, while additive
manufacturing builds objects layer by layer using different metallic, ceramic, or polymeric materials
[1]. Designing and manufacturing products through additive manufacturing offers advantages such as
manufacturing speed, increased flexibility, and the ability to customize, being at the same time a
technology that reduces costs and the amount of waste. Hence, additive manufacturing is gaining
considerable importance in many areas of production and has the potential to profoundly transform
industrial sectors in the next decade [2]. The medical devices and instruments field has been
significantly transformed by the use of 3D printing. The use of 3D printing has the potential to
significantly change the manufacture of implants and medical instruments by revolutionizing the
design and manufacturing procedures. Especially in the case of surgical instruments, it is a major
potential to design and manufacture specific instruments like surgical guides and adapted
instruments to some specific implants. The continued development of this technology is expected to
have a significant impact on patient care and outcomes even though there are still some challenges
[3]. The major challenges of using 3D printing on a large scale in the medical industry are, mainly,
material selection which is a critical obstacle; accuracy and precision; compliance with regulations;
and last but not least the costs for production series [4].
Although additive manufacturing technology offers many benefits for medical applications, especially
in the case of personalized implants or specific surgical instruments, it is essential to promptly
address the afore-mentioned challenges.
1. A.D. Tura, H.B. Mamo, Characterization and parametric optimization of additive manufacturing process for
enhancing mechanical properties, Heliyon, Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2022, e09832
2. K. Zhang, Q. Meng, Z. Qu, R. He, A review of defects in vat photopolymerization additive-manufactured
ceramics: Characterization, control, and challenges, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Volume 44, Issue
3, March 2024, p. 1361-1384
3. W. Zhu, X. Ma, M. Gou, D. Mei, K. Zhang, S. Chen, 3D printing of functional biomaterials for tissue
engineering, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Volume 40, August 2016, p. 103-112.
4. F. Shaiba, H. Abid, B. Shashi, J. Mohd, K.M. Sunil, S. Someet, Exploring the significant applications of Internet
of Things (IoT) with 3D printing using advanced materials in medical field, Materials Today: Proceedings 45
(2021) 4844–4851.
102
BRAMAT 2024
IV.PO.05
ASPECTS REGARDING THE WELDING OF DISSIMILAR JOINT OF HARDOX 400 STEEL
Mihai Daniel ȚURCANU, Ștefan CRĂCIUN, Ionelia VOICULESCU
National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest Faculty of Industrial Engineering and
Robotics, Splaiul Independenței 313, București 060042, Romania, e-mail: turcanumihaidaniel@yahoo.com
Keywords: dissimilar joint, Hardox steel, SAW, GMAW, welding process
Abstract: The steels known under the trade name "Hardox" are characterized by high values of wear
resistance, which qualifies them for the manufacture of components subject to high contact wear
(excavator buckets or teeth, smoothing blades, mining excavation elements, barges, crushing
hammers, concrete mixers) [1]. The paper reports the welding behavior of a dissimilar butt-joint
between two plates (dimensions of
20x150x600 mm) made by Hardox 400 and SA
516 Gr. 70 steel. Pcm is a hardening indicator
designed for newer low-carbon and low-alloy
steels, critical for a heat affected zone (HAZ)
containing large amounts of martensite [2]. The
calculated values for the Pcm index of the
analyzed steels were above the permissible
limit of 0.25 (0.35 for SA 516 Gr. 70 and
Fig 1. Image during SAW welding process. respectively 0.62 for Hardox 400), which
represents a major risk of cold cracking during
fusion welding. To estimate the welding behavior, the equivalent carbon (Ce) values were calculated
using the relations proposed by International Institute of Welding IIW (Ce = 0.47 for SA 516 Gr. 70
and Ce = 0.48 for Hardox 400). The joints were made using combined SAW and GMAW welding
processes. GMAW welding was performed in 4 passes using Powertec i420S power source and LF56D
filler metal unroller. The SAW welding process was performed to fill the joint gap, using the Power
Wave AC/DC 1000SD welding source (Fig. 1). The welding parameter values were as follows: current
180-200A for GMAW layers and 310-360 A for SAW, welding speed 240 mm/min for GMAW and 440
mm/min for SAW. The proposed solutions to avoid the cracking appearance during welding were as
follows: the choosing of filler metal that ensures the lowest possible values of Ce, preheating before
welding to 100oC, ensuring a welding regime that allows the reduction of residual stresses (low
values of heat input, many overlap layers, low diameter of welding wires and inter-pass temperature
value limitation at maximum of 225 o C). After welding, the sample was subjected to non-destructive
examination using penetrating liquids and X-rays, and no cracks were detected.
1. S. Fida Hassan, H.Al Wadei, Ultrahigh strength ductile microalloyed steel with a very low yield ratio developed
by quenching and partitioning heat treatment, Scientifc Reports (2022) 12:7949.
2. http://www.ssab.com - Welding of Hardox, 2014.
Acknowledgements: The authors thank the Romanian Ministry of Education for providing the
necessary funds to carry out the work.
103
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IV.PO.06
DISSIMILAR WELDING OF DUPLEX 2505 AND S275 J2 STEELS
Alexandra-Mihaela TUDOR, Ștefan CRĂCIUN, Ionelia VOICULESCU
National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest Faculty of Industrial Engineering and
Robotics, Splaiul Independenței 313, București 060042, Romania, e-mail: t.alexandramihaela@yahoo.com
Keywords: dissimilar joint, Duplex 2505 steel, filler metal, welding procedure
Abstract: Nowadays, the GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) process is usually used for manufacturing industrial
structures due to its high productivity and economic benefits. It allows obtaining smooth welds with a
pleasant appearance, and the welded metal has good mechanical properties [1]. Welding is carried out in
direct current, reverse polarity, the welding
source having a rigid external characteristic. The
control of the electric arc during welding is
carried out by the self-adjustment mechanism
(internal adjustment), the wire feed speed in the
molten bath being constant. Duplex stainless
steels have good weldability, but some
precautions are necessary to avoid cracking in the
seam or in the HAZ (heat affected zone)[2]. The
paper presents the results obtained when
Fig. 1. Thermal images of the parts during welding assembling a SS 2205 Duplex steel with S275 J2
structural steel. The butt-welded joints were
made using the GMAW welding process and the two plates were 12 mm thick, machined with a "V" groove.
The thermal regime during welding was monitored using an infrared thermal camera (Fig. 1). A solid wire of
stainless steel and a tubular wire of duplex steel containing a rutile flux core were used to perform two
different welded joint. Filler metals were chosen according to the working conditions of the welded structure
and to make the appropriate heterogeneous joints. The first solid wire G 23 12 L Si (BOHLER AWS ER309L Si)
is a stainless wire for MIG welding, suitable for depositing intermediate layers. The BÖHLER CN 22/9 PW-FD
second tubular wire is a high corrosion-resistant duplex steel core wire usualy recomended for Duplex steel
welding. After welding, the samples were visually examined and using penetrant liquids, then samples were
taken for performing of mechanical and microstructural tests.
1. Mokrov O., Simon M. S., Sharma R., Reisgen U., Simplified surface heat source distribution for GMAW process
simulation based on the EDACC principle. Welding in the World, 2021, 65, p. 745–752.
2. Besliu, M. M.; Voiculescu, I.; Solomon Gh., Effects of Dilution on Weld Overlays Realized with Flux-Cored Arc
Welding (FCAW) Process Using 309LV Filler Metal on the S235JR Steel, UPB, Sci. bull.series B-Chemistry and
materials science, 2017, Vol. 79, Issue 1, p. 173-182.
Acknowledgements: The authors thank the Romanian Ministry of Education for providing the
necessary funds to carry out the work.
104
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IV.PO.07
THE EFFECT OF PROTRUSIONS NUMBER AT PROJECTION WELDING PROCESS
Alexandru-Vladut Oprea1*, Ion Mihai Vasile1, Robert Ciocoiu2, Ionelia Voiculescu1
1
National University for Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Romania, Industrial Engineering and
Robotics Faculty, Splaiul Independentei, no. 313, Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: oprea.vladut26@yahoo.com
2
National University for Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, ROMANIA, Materials Science Faculty,
Splaiul Independentei, no. 313, Bucharest, ROMANIA.
Keywords: projection welding; protrusion; microstructure, tensile tests
Abstract: A widely used assembly technology for thin components is projection welding. In this
process, welded spots are obtained by passing a high-intensity current between the protrusions
printed on the surface of the parts that are pressed with two copper electrodes with a flat surface,
forcibly cooled by water [1]. Localized electrical energy is
transformed into heat, which causes rapid deformation,
melting of the contact point areas and the formation of
welded spots. During welding, a pressing force is applied
that keeps the parts together during the current flow
through the welded section, ensuring the deformation
and solidification under pressure of the welded points,
with similar effect like forging [2].
For the experimental program, two molds (with 3 and 5
pins) were used to make the protrusions on the surface
of the steel sheets (Fig. 1). Several sets of welded
Fig. 1. Molds and samples with samples were made using TECNA Series 8005D electric
protrusions resistance welding machine, in which the values of the
welding parameters were modified. To evaluate the
shear strength of the welded spots, the samples were subjected to the tensile test. To evaluate the
metallurgical effects that occur during the solidification of the welded points, sections were made
through them, then the microstructure was analyzed by optical and electronic microscopy. It was
found that the contraction stresses generated by the rapid solidification caused the cracking of the
existing aluminum layer on the surfaces of the welded parts. Among the projection welding regimes
analyzed in the paper, the best values of the welding parameters correspond to the following fields:
electrode pressure 2.8 bar, welding time 7 ms and power 19.81 kVA.
1. Gould, J. E., Challenges and Advances in Resistance Spot Welding Aluminum Sheet, Resistance and Solid-State
Welding, Edison Welding Institute, EWI 28 April. 2014.
2. I. Voiculescu, V.A. Oprea, I.M. Vasile, Case Study About Resistance Projection Welding of Aluminized Steel
Parts, Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology, (2021)
Vol. 32, p. 23-29.
Acknowledgements: The results presented in this article has been funded by the Ministry of
Investments and European Projects through the Human Capital Sectoral Operational Program 2014-
2020, Contract no. 62461/03.06.2022, SMIS code 153735.
105
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IV.PO.08
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DEPOSITS CHARACTERISTICS MADE BY WELDING WITH THREE

DIFFERENT PROCESSES USING THE SAME FILLER METAL
Ștefan Crăciun, Mihai-Daniel Țurcanu, Ionelia Voiculescu
Politehnica University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei no. 313, 060042, sector 6, Bucharest, Romania
e-mail: craciunstefan98@gmail.com
Keywords: Hardfacing, laser welding, GMAW, TIG, hardness
Abstract : The paper compares the characteristics of hard deposits made with three different fusion
welding processes (MAG, TIG and Laser) using the same type of filler material[1]. The purpose of the
study was to highlight the geometric peculiarities of the deposits, the diffusion phenomena through
the welded interface of the chemical elements and the hardness variation of the hardfacing layers in
the case of the same type of steel substrate[2]. The main factors of the welding technological process
used to make the experimental samples (welding
regime parameters, base and filler material,
applied thermal regime), the dimensional
characteristics of the hard deposits and the
analysis of the deposition efficiency (welding
time, material consumption related to the quality
of hard deposit, further machinining operations)
are presented for the three different welding
processes. Transverse sections were made
through the loaded area, then the representative
samples were subjected to the metallographic
preparation procedure. The geometric
Fig. 1 Weld root of deposition using LASER process parameters of the deposits were analyzed, the
main welding imperfections were identified, the
diffusion distances through the welded interface of the most important chemical elements and the
hardness evolution on both sides of the deposition melting line. It was found that with laser
deposition, the volume of deposited material and the effect of overheating were reduced, thus
determining the reduction of costs and deformations of the substrate. At the same time, the dilution
was reduced when compared to the other processes, also the hardness values were the highest,
even the ones from the second deposited layer.
1. Voiculescu, I., Geanta, V., Stefanoiu, R., Binchiciu, H., Vida-Simiti, I., Vasiu, R. Study on Hardfaced Wear
Resistant Bronze Alloy, International Symposium on Friction, Wear and Wear Protection, Aachen, Germania,
Friction, Wear and Wear Protection, 2010, p. 610-617.
2. Geambazu, LE ; Voiculescu, I ; Manea, CA ; Bololoi, RV., Economic Efficiency of High-Entropy Alloy Corrosion-
Resistant Coatings Designed for Geothermal Turbine Blades: A Case Study, Applied Science-Basel, Vol.12, Issue
14, Art. No. 7196, 2022, doi:10.3390/app12147196
Acknowledgements [11p, bold]: We hereby acknowledge SC WELDCONS SRL for providing the
welding equipment and filler material used for hardfacing.
106
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IV.PO.09
EVALUATION OF SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS PRODUCED BY ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

FROM MEDICAL, MATERIALS, PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC POINTS OF VIEW
Doru Blăjan, Adriana Ileana (Blăjan), Ion Ciucă, Ana-Iulia Bița, Iulian Antoniac
National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Metallic Materials Science and Physical
Metallurgy Department, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042, Bucharest, Romania,
e-mail: anaiulia.bita@gmail.com
Keywords: additive manufacturing, 3D printing, medical instruments
Abstract: Additive manufacturing, commonly referred to as 3D printing or rapid prototyping, offers

an efficient and transformative approach to the design and production of medical equipment. Using
computer-aided design, a 3D item may be efficiently constructed layer by layer in a short period of
time and at a reduced cost, bypassing the lengthy procedures associated with traditional methods of
manufacturing [1]. This research is based on a detailed review of the fabrication of surgical tools
using additive manufacturing, taking into consideration medical, material, production, and economic
issues. From a medical point of view, we do not refer to surgical instruments in general. Each type of
implants or prosthesis is allocated an own instrument kit, a fact widely known. Certain instruments
have tiny components that may deteriorate rapidly due to factors such as wear, sterilization,
mechanical impacts, or incorrect handling. These components are essential for the instrument's
proper functioning and must be entirely replaced if they get worn out. Contrarily, additive
manufacturing enables rapid production only for damaged components. Additive manufacturing
employs a variety of materials from diverse categories, including metallic materials (such as titanium,
stainless steel, gold, or silver powder), polymeric materials (such as PLA, PEEK, PET), ceramic
materials (such as Al2O3, ZrO2, SiO2) and composite materials (such as Onyx and Kevlar) [2]. When
producing surgical tools, it is crucial to meticulously choose materials that possess not only favorable
mechanical qualities but also biocompatibility and the ability to endure repeated sterilization. From a
production standpoint, additive manufacturing is highly suitable for creating custom surgical
instruments rather than mass-produced things. It is particularly beneficial for making individual
components from complex instrument kits. Printers using plastic materials often have a lower price
point compared to printers utilizing metals or ceramics. Furthermore, when it comes to medical
instruments, utilizing a printer capable of handling various materials poses challenges due to the
potential for contamination by undesired elements. For instance, if one were to print with stainless
steel powder followed by Ti powder, the latter could potentially contaminate the composition with
Ni from the stainless steel. For this particular printer, the expenses associated with maintenance
would be increased [3].
1. C.-Y. Liaw, M. Guvendiren, Current and emerging applications of 3D printing in medicine, Biofabrication 9
(2017) 24102.
2. D. Srinivasan, M. Meignanamoorthy, M. Ravichandran, V. Mohanavel, S. V. Alagarsamy, C. Chanakyan, S.
Sakthivelu, A. Karthick, T.R. Prabhu, S. Rajkumar, 3D Printing Manufacturing Techniques, Materials, and
Applications: An Overview, Hindawi, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 2021.
3. J.M. Walker, D.A. Elliott, C.D. Kubicky, C.R. Thomas, A.M. Naik, Manufacture and evaluation of 3-dimensional
printed sizing tools for use during intraoperative breast brachytherapy, Adv. Radiat. Oncol. 1 (2016) 132–135.
107
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IV.PO.10
NEW MEDIUM ENTROPY ALLOY DEPOSITION ACHIEVED BY TIG CLADDING
George Simion1, Elena Scutelnicu1, Julia Mirza Rosca2, Ionelia Voiculescu3
1
”Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, 47 Domneasca St., Galati,
Romania, e-mail: george.simion@ugal.ro
2
Universitario de Tafira, Edif.Ingenieria, 35017, Gran Canaria, Spain
3
Politehnica University of Bucharest, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, Splaiul Independentei 313,
Keywords: Medium Entropy Alloy, TIG cladding, bundle wires
Abstract: The Medium Entropy Alloys (MEAs) are a novel type of materials with fine dual-phase
microstructure and usually defects free, which combine the advantages of using fewer chemical
elements and the properties of High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) [1-4]. The novelty of the present research
is given by applying the TIG deposition welding of
a wires bundle with different chemical
compositions to obtain a MEA alloy. The filler
metal is a combination of welding wires,
consisting in three rods of Al, NiCr and 306L
Stainless Steel, each of them having 2.4 mm
diameter. By melting the bundle of wires through
the TIG cladding technique, a new type of
AlCr0.7FeNiMo0.1Nb0.05 MEA was deposited on
a structural steel substrate. After deposition
welding, the partially overlapping layers were
remelted by TIG welding without filler metal on
Fig. 1. Cross section through the weld deposit. longitudinal, transversal, or combined remelting
on both directions. The figure 1 exhibits the
diffusion process of Cr, Ni, and Al alloying elements from weld (upper area of the image) to parent
material onFig.
about 10 µm distance.
1. Aluminum The experimental tests have revealed better corrosion properties
foam [2]
of the weld overlay in comparison with the Stainless Steel material.
1. Yuan, J. et all., Rapid Design, Microstructures, and Properties of Low-Cost Co-Free Al-Cr-Fe-Ni Eutectic
Medium Entropy Alloys. Materials 2023, 16, 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010056.
2. E. Scutelnicu, E., Simion, G., Rusu, C.C., Gheonea, M.C., Voiculescu, I., Geanta, V., High Entropy Alloys
Behaviour During Welding, Revista de Chimie, 71 (3), 2020, 219-233
3. George, E.P.; Curtin, W.A.; Tasan, C.C., High Entropy Alloys: A Focused Review of Mechanical Properties and
Deformation Mechanisms, Acta Mater. 2020, 188, 435–474, doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2019.12.015.
4. Miracle, D.B.; Senkov, O.N., A Critical Review of High Entropy Alloys and Related Concepts, Acta Mater. 2017,
122, 448–511, doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2016.08.081.
5. Voiculescu, I.; Geanta, V.; Stefanescu, E.V.; Simion, G.; Scutelnicu, E., Effect of Diffusion on Dissimilar Welded
Joint between Al0.8CoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy and S235JR Structural Steel. Metals 2022, 12, 548,
doi:10.3390/met12040548.
108
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IV.PO.11
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES AND MATERIALS FOR OBTAINING SOUND INSULATION PANELS
Mihai Alin Pop1*, Sebastian-Marian Zaharia2, Mihaela Coșniță Cosnita3, Cătălin Croitoru4,
Simona Matei1 and Cosmin Spîrchez5
1
Department of Materials Science, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania; e-mail: mihai.pop@unitbv.ro
2
Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania;
3
Department of Product Design, Mechatronics and Environment, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania;
4
Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania;
5
Wood Processing and Design Wooden Product Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania;
Keywords: sound insulation panels, 3D printing, eco-materials, acoustic performance.
Abstract: In the acoustic design of aircraft parts, buildings, or vehicles, or in areas with heavy traffic
sound-absorbing panels are widely used. Materials with low environmental impact by using
biodegradable materials can be obtained with the 3D printing process. As a result of the research
carried out, six factors that
influence the acoustic properties
in the case of sound-absorbing
panels obtained directly from
CAD models and 3D printed were
identified. Through successive
iterations by changing the infill
value between 20 and 100%,
applying a new design of holes
through them with rhombical
base representing 9, 8, 7 and 0
percent from the samples mass
an improvement of the sound
absorption coefficient α was
succeeded and increase from 0.32 to 0.99 and in the case of sound transmission loss STL from 27.5 to
46.70 dB. for panels obtained directly from 3D printed CAD models.
1. Zhang, J.; Shen, Y.; Jiang, B.; Li, Y. Sound Absorption Characterization of Natural Materials and Sandwich
Structure Composites. Aerospace 2018, 5, 75.
2. Wang, D.-W.; Wen, Z.-H.; Glorieux, C.; Ma, L. Sound Absorption of Face-Centered Cubic Sandwich Structure
with Micro-Perforations. Mater. Des. 2020, 186, 108344.
3. Monkova, K.; Vasina, M.; Monka, P.P.; Kozak, D.; Vanca, J. Effect of the Pore Shape and Size of 3D-Printed
Open Porous ABS Materials on Sound Absorption Performance. Materials 2020, 13, 4474.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Research, Innovation
and Digitization, CNCS–UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-0294, within PNCDI III. We
also acknowledge the structural funds project PRO-DD (POS-CCE O.2.2.1, ID 123, SMIS 2637, ctr. No
11/2009) for partially providing the infrastructure used in this work at the CDI Institute of
Transilvania University of Brasov.
109
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IV.PO.12
BEST PRACTICES FOR THE DESIGN, PLANNING, AND JUSTIFICATION OF TRAINING PLANS
FOR THE PROMOTION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION IN SMES
Carlos Alberto Mendieta-Pino1, Juan Carlos Lozano-Medina2, Federico León-Zerpa2, Paulino

Muguirrima Vasco Mariano3 and Julia Claudia Mirza Rosca4,5
1
2
Department of Process Engineering, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,
3
Universidade Zambeze. Unizambeze. Mozambique,
4
Department of Mechanic Engineering, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
5
500036, Brasov, Romania, e-mail: julia.mirza@ulpgc.es
Keywords: entrepreneurship, innovation, training, success, startup
Abstract: One of the priorities of the European Union is the promotion of entrepreneurship among
researchers, as it has become a key factor in the development of a knowledge-based economy [1,2].
The aim is to ensure the sustained growth of start-ups and Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) and
to improve their survival in the current
economic environment [2]. Researchers
need to be trained to open their minds to
the generation and structuring of ideas
with high innovative potential (see in
Fig.1 a transnational education in
connection with the industry). Thus, it is
necessary to know and learn factors and
tools to put them into practice and allow
a better integration and survival in
business activities. These training actions
are generated by local, national, and
Fig. 1. Transnational education university-hospital
international public entities and are often
co-financed by European funds and private initiatives. This article presents a review of the best
guidelines and factors to follow for the correct design, development, fulfilment of objectives and
execution of these types of training programmes to generate, structure and evaluate ideas related to
innovative and technology-based product/service solutions.
1. Andreas Riel, Sege Tirchkiewitch, Henri Paris, Preparing Researchers for Entrepreneurship based on
Systematic Innovation Training, Procedia Engineering. 2015; 131: 993-940.
2. Sonia Avelar, Teresa Borges-Tiago, Antonio Almeida, Flavio Tiago, Confluence of sustainable
entrepreneurship, innovation, and digitalization in SMEs, Journal of Business Research. January 2024; 170:
114346.

110
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IV.PO.13
METHODOLOGY TO PREVENT LEGIONELLOSIS, AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASE, CAUSE BY

BACTERIA OF THE GENUS LEGIONELLA. APPLICATION FOR A COURSE OF HOSPITAL
ENGINEERING
Federico León-Zerpa1, Juan Carlos Lozano-Medina1, Nicolau Chirinza Penicela2, Julia Claudia
Mirza-Rosca3,4 and Carlos Alberto Mendieta-Pino1,5
1
Department of Process Engineering, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
2
Universidade Zambeze. Unizambeze. Mozambique
3
Department of Mechanic Engineering, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, e-mail: julia.mirza@ulpgc.es
4
500036, Brasov, Romania,
5
Keywords: Legionellosis, legionella bacteria, water treatments, pneumonia.
Abstract: Legionellosis is an environmental disease caused by bacteria of the genus Legionella. Its
manifestation includes Legionnaires' disease and Legionnaires' fever (Pontiac fever). Legionnaires'
disease or pneumonic form presents as an acute respiratory illness with pneumological focality
indistinguishable from other
pneumonias, while the non-pneumonic
form or Pontiac fever is a self-limiting
acute febrile syndrome with absence of
pneumonia [1].
In Spain, legionellosis is a notifiable
disease since 1997. This fact, together
with the development of rapid
diagnostic systems for the disease
(detection of SG1 antigen in urine), has
made SG1 antigen detection in urine)
Fig. 1. Legionella is in the pulverized drinking water. has led to a considerable increase in the
number of cases.
Thus, in the period 1997-2000, a total of 706 cases were reported in Spain, with an increase in rates
from 1.7 cases per 1,000,000 inhabitants in 1996 to 7 cases per 1,000,000 inhabitants in 2000. The
number of outbreak-associated cases reported also increased from 28 in 1997 to 175 during 2000.
Legionellosis then began to be considered an epidemiological and public health problem.
Consequently, the Ministry of Health published Royal Decree 909/2001, later repealed by
RD865/2003, which establishes measures for the design, maintenance, and surveillance of at-risk
facilities with the aim of preventing and controlling the disease.
1. Julia Sellarès-Nadal et.al., Impact of viral detection in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: An
observational cohort study, Med Clin. 2023; 161: 523-9.

111
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IV.PO.14
THE CELESTIAL IRON IN THE BRONZE AGE
Strul Moisa
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel, e-mail: smoisa@bgu.ac.il
Keywords: gopher wood, celestial iron
Abstract: The subject has biblical roots, its first occurence can be traced in Genesis, 6:14 - Noah's Ark:
„Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and
without with pitch.” Starting from the gopher, the wooden material from which the ark was
supposed to be built, this article aims to establish both what this material is and what the joining
method of the gopher beams in the construction of the ark would have been. For this purpose, the
chain of hypotheses issued is presented (could it be that the joints were made of copper or iron? or is
it a third, exotic metal: celestial iron?), the validation of their validity, and the resulting conclusions.
112
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IV.PO.15
USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR PREDICTION OF ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF

MATERIALS
Strul Moisa1, Dan Rosenberg2
1
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel, e-mail: smoisa@bgu.ac.il
2
Transilvania University of Brasov, Automation and Information Technology Department, 29 Eroilor Blvd.,
500036, Brasov, Romania, e-mail: dan.rosenberg@unitbv.ro
Keywords: AI, machine learning, signal analysis, impedance estimation
Abstract: One of the most sensitive issues regarding of using new materials in medicine and hi-tech
areas is how to choose a proper model for electrical determination of material’s electrical
characteristics. This issue is widely studied, and the logical step is to use the very new method for
analysis like artificial intelligence. Of
course, to have enough data to process
for machine learning procedure is to
have a good quality signal to process.
This can be very difficult because of the
technical limitations. Obtaining a model
for creating the architecture of the
system is also a sensitive issue because
with simple known models the results
will be limited. Meanwhile, increasing
the complexity of the model will lead to
unsolved problems. The power of the
new machine and new architecture
developed in the last years can be used
for creating an automated system
Fig. 1. System architecture [2] based on artificial intelligence
algorithms to create a valid model.
Furthermore, this model can be used to determine different electrical characteristics, like impedance
or capacity. These characteristics for example are used on large scale especially in medicine because
of the widely spreading of implants.[1].
This method can create a reliable working tool based on already existing tools if the connection
between them and the materials are made. This is the key role of a predictive model: it will connect
the two new technologies[3].
1. Cabrera-Peña, Jose & Brito-Garcia, Santiago & Mirza-Rosca, Julia & Marrero Callico, Gustavo., Electrical
Equivalent Circuit Model Prediction of High-Entropy Alloy Behavior in Aggressive Media, Metals. 13. 1204.
10.3390/met13071204.
2. https://www.outsystems.com/glossary/what-is-predictive-modeling/
3. https://stefanini.com/en/insights/news/machine-learning-models-for-precise-predictive-analytics
113
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IV.PO.16
SOLAR AGEING EFFECTS ON ALUMINIUM COATINGS FOR ENHANCED AEROSPACE

DURABILITY
Ionut Claudiu Roata*, Catalin Croitoru, Ioan Plamadiala
500036, Brasov, Romania, e-mail: ionut.roata@unitbv.ro
Keywords: solar ageing, aluminum coatings, optical characterization, surface energy analysis.
Abstract: In the aerospace industry, where lightweight materials like aluminum and its alloys are
extensively utilized, the development of durable and corrosion-resistant coatings is paramount. By
understanding how thermal treatment and solar irradiation impact the properties of these coatings,
researchers can tailor coatings to
withstand the demanding conditions
of aerospace environments, such as
exposure to atomic oxygen,
electromagnetic radiation, and
microparticles [1]. This study presents
the solar ageing results and
characterization of aluminum coatings
subjected to a concentrated simulated
Average
Average
Average 62
C.A.C.A.
62 62 Average
AverageC.A.
C.A.
Average 61
C.A.61
61 Average C.A.
Average
Average 20
C.A.
C.A. 2020 solar flux at the Solar institute of the
Fig. 1. Morphology and contact angle of the coating German Aerospace Center (DLR) from
after different simulated solar flux exposure duration. Jülich. Three types of coatings were
used belonging to the Al-Ce-X system
(where X: Cu, Mg, Ti), previously obtained by flame spraying of the corresponding stock powder
compositions. The effects of the combined thermal treatment and solar irradiation at 200°C were
studied from the point of view of their morphological and structural modifications.
The solar ageing results reveal a significant transformation in the coatings, with a noticeable
change in color from grey to white post-treatment. The coatings become more compact and denser
with increased irradiation time, as seen in the reduced porosity and roughness of the surface.
Contact angle measurements indicate an increased hydrophilic character of the surfaces after ten
hours of simulated solar flux irradiation, as shown in Fig.1. Despite an increase in hydrophily, the
coatings maintain their corrosion resistance in aqueous saline environments post irradiation.
Conversely, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows that the coatings become less
porous and more anchored to the substrate (increase in the Warburg impedance values of the
system).
1. M. Adamiak, A. Czupryński, A. Kopyść, Z. Monica, M. Olender, A. Gwiazda. The Properties of Arc-Sprayed
Aluminum Coatings on Armor-Grade Steel, Metals. 2018; 8(2):142.
Acknowledgements: We thank the Solar Institute of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) – SYNLIGHT
for providing access to its installations, the support of its scientific and technical staff, and the
financial support of the SFERA-III project (Grant Agreement No 823802).
114
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IV.PO.17
INFLUENCE OF THE LASER POWER ON THE LASER CLADDING GEOMETRY AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
Dan-Cristian Cuculea, George-Laurențiu Ardelean, Claudia-Corina Micu, Ciprian Iatan,

Alexandru Pascu
500036, Brasov, Romania, e-mail: dan.cuculea@unitbv.ro
Keywords: laser cladding, Ni-based powder, pulsed laser
Abstract: Laser cladding is an additive manufacturing technique involving deposition of powdered

clad metal in successive 2D layers onto a substrate thereby creating surface coatings with enhanced
material properties. Process and shape parameters contribute in defining the geometry of the clad
bead [1]. The experimental research has the main objective to obtain a correlation between the laser
power and the main geometric characteristics. The geometric characteristics have an influence over
the mechanical properties of the cladding. The base material used in this study is a stainless steel –
AISI 304 – chosen for its wide range of applications. The laser cladded samples have been analyzed
within this research regarding to the chemical composition and mechanical properties depending on
power of laser. Moreover, the chemical composition has been analyzed in situ by using absorption
spectroscopy. The experimental set-up was formed from Trumpf TruPulse 566 milisecond pulsed
laser generator and the Precitec WC 50 cladding module. The results showed that the geometric
characteristics are directly proportional to the laser power: the more the laser power increases, the
more the geometric characteristics of the deposited layer increase. Also, was determined that
mechanical properties are directly proportional to the laser power.
1. K. Aggarwal, Investigation of Laser Clad Bead Geometry to Process Parameter Settings for Effective
Parameter Selection, Simulation, and Optimization. Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 5223, University of
Windsor – 2014
115
BRAMAT 2024
IV.PO.18
WELDING OF AIRBAG INFLATORS USING LASER AND FRICTION WELDING
George Laurentiu Ardelean1, Dan Cristian Cuculea1, Claudia Corina Micu1, Ciprian Iatan1,
Alexandru Pascu1, Julia Claudia Mirza Rosca1,2
1
Transilvania University of Brasov, Materials Engineering and Welding Department, 29 Eroilor Blvd, 500036,
Brasov, Romania, e-mail: george.ardelean@unitbv.ro
2
Universitario de Tafira, Edif.Ingenieria, 35017, Gran Canaria, Spain
Keywords: Laser welding, friction welding, airbag inflator
Abstract: Nowadays, in the industrial environment, the most crucial aspect is achieving high
production with zero defects. In other words, the manufacturing of a component should have a short
cycle time and free defects. The objective of this study is to attain the best possible time with the
highest welding quality for the airbag inflator component, so it was made a comparison between
friction welding [1] and laser welding of this pieces.
The components have been welded with various parameters until achieving the best results in both
laser and friction welding. The inflator has been welded with a diffuser and an end cup on each side
of the cylinder. To ensure the quality of our components, two destructive tests have been carried
out. One involved hardness analysis using Vickers hardness testing (aiming a hardness value below
450 HV) and the other included a hydro test to determine if the welded assembly can withstand
pressures exceeding 148 MPa.
The welding time using the laser beam is 19 seconds on each side, while for friction, it averages 3,4
seconds for the end cup and 4,2 seconds for the diffuser. This means that to complete both welds
with laser would take 38 seconds, while with friction welding, it would take only 7,6 seconds.
The quality of weldings is analyzed and discussed in this study and was established that advantages
and disadvantages characterize both processes, laser and friction welding.
1. W. Li, V. Patel, Solid State Welding for Fabricating Metallic Parts and Structures, Encyclopedia of Materials:
Metals and Alloys, Ed. Elsevier, ISBN 9780128197332, 2022, p. 246-259.
Acknowledgements: AUTOLIV ROMANIA SRL, is gratefully acknowledged for providing the

infrastructure and materials used for this study.
116
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IV.PO.19
RESEARCH ON MECHANISED PLASMA GOUGING OF WELDABLE CONSTRUCTION STEELS.
Teodor Machedon-Pisu1, Arthur Olah1, Mihai Machedon-Pisu2

1
Transilvania University of Brasov, Materials Engineering and Welding Department,
29 Eroilor Blvd.,500036, Brasov, Romania, e-mail: oart@unitbv.ro
2
Transilvania University of Brasov, Electronics and Computer Department,
29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036, Brasov, Romania
Keywords: the plasma gouging process, welding, steel S355J2
Abstract: Gouging is a special process of metal removal by various methods such as mechanical
machining, electric arc machining, hot deformation, etc.
Currently in the metal construction industry there are a number of welding processes which,
according to the TWI (The Welding Institute) classification, can involve various technologies, among
which can be mentioned:
➢ Electric arc welding: arc – air, with coated electrode, oxy-arc,
➢ Gouging with concentrated energy: plasma, laser,
➢ Thermal gouging: oxy-gas,
➢ Mechanical grinding : polishing, machining,
➢ Cold or hot plastic deformation gouging
Plasma gouging uses a plasma arc. The energy provided by the plasma arc allows the continuous
melting of the material. By means of the force from the plasma arc the melt is expelled out of the
zone. This represents a clean alternative to the air-arc gouging, as plasma gouging is used to remove
weld defects, or surface defects of construction steels. Due to the fineness of the surface cut at the
base of the weld, no further processing is required. The heat input is low and practically it does not
distort the piece. The operator can easily observe what is happening during the gouging. The noise
and fumes that result during plasma welding are significantly less than air arc welding.
a b
Figure 1. The gouged piece (S355J2) with plasma: a) manually, b) mechanized
1. A. Concetti, Integrted approaches for designing and optimizing thermal plasma processing for metal cutting
and material treatment, teza de doctorat sustinut in anul 2011 la Universitatea di Bologna, Italia
2. E. Jaberi, Heshmat Dehkordi, R. Khamedi, M. SalehFard, Elimination Back Gouging Operation in Submerged
Arc Welding Butt without Chanfers ASTM A516, IJE TRANSACTIONS B: Application Vol. 27, No. 11.
117
BRAMAT 2024
IV.PO.20
SSM.RO - A NEW SOFTWARE PLATFORM IN THE FIELD OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND

SAFETY SYSTEM (OHS)
Petru Iulian Mureșan, Ioan Milosan
Transilvania University of Brasov, Material Science Department, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036, Brasov, Romania,
e-mail: petru.muresan@unitbv.ro
Keywords: health and safety system (OHS); digital platform; optimization; training
Abstract: The process of administration and management of the files in the occupational health and
safety system (OHS) could be optimized efficiently by referring to digital services and the electronic
administration of documents [1,2]. Also, digital training can be done at any time during the day,
operates 24 hours a day providing flexibility of the training/sign-up time [3]. With OHS
documentation uploaded to the SSM.ro platform and training taking place online, digitized OHS work
can be carried out practically for clients with business premises located anywhere in the world.
Therefore, it was realized an elimination of "downtime" caused by the travel of the OHS inspector to
the business premises of economic operators. The paper presents the SSM.ro platform, a new
software platform in the field of occupational health and safety system (OHS).
1.***European Commission - An SME Strategy for a sustainable and digital Europe,
https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/communication-sme-strategy-march-2020_en.pdf.
2.***European Commission - A European agenda for the collaborative economy, COM (2016) 356, https://eur-
lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0356&from=EN .
3. C. Alaimo, J. Kallinikos, E. Valderrama, Platforms as service ecosystems: Lessons from social media, Journal of
Information Technology, 35 (1), 2020, p. 25 - 48.
118
BRAMAT 2024
IV.PO.21
ACCELERATED AGING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BOROPHOSPHATE GLASSES FOR

ENHANCED SOLAR PANEL PERFORMANCE
Catalin Croitoru*, Ionut Claudiu Roata, Ioan Plamadiala
500036, Brasov, Romania, e-mail: c.croitoru@unitbv.ro
Keywords: borophosphate glasses, accelerated aging, UV resistance, optical characterization, surface

energy analysis.
Abstract: Borophosphate glasses offer unique properties that make them promising candidates for
protective covers in solar panel applications. Their enhanced UV resistance and hydrophobic
characteristics make them ideal for withstanding harsh environmental conditions, particularly in high
UV regions like desert areas [1]. The main
AMTC UV-5X
objective of this work is to assess the
performance of several types of
borophosphate glasses (undoped and
Samples support
UV lamps doped with Gd3+ and Nd3+) as potential
alternatives to traditional protective
covers for solar panels under UV
accelerated aging (Fig. 1). Specific
emphasis was put on the glass's
composition, transmittance, and surface
energy changes over time. Results
indicated that certain borophosphate
Fig. 1. Accelerated ageing of the borophosphate glass compositions exhibited promising
glasses under UV exposure characteristics, including increased
transmittance after UV exposure,
suggesting potential modifications in crystallinity. Moreover, the glasses showed good UV resistance,
particularly in high UV environments, highlighting their suitability as protective covers for solar
panels. An increase in hydrophobicity has been observed for certain glass compositions after UV
exposure. For example, the water contact angles increased by approximately 50% after 600 hours of
UV exposure, indicating enhanced resistance to moisture and potential self-cleaning properties.
These changes in surface energy suggest that borophosphate glasses have the potential to maintain
their hydrophobic characteristics even under prolonged UV radiation, which is crucial for their
application as protective covers in solar panels.
1. L. Koudelka, P. Mosner, J. Subcik, Study of Structure and Properties of Modified Borophosphate Glasses, IOP
Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, 2(1), 012015.
Acknowledgements: We thank the CEA for providing access to its installations, the support of its
scientific and technical staff, and the financial support of the SFERA-III project (Grant Agreement No
823802).
119
BRAMAT 2024
IV.PO.22
IMPROVEMENT OF THE DESORPTION-ADSORPTION-DIFFUSION PROCESS IN 3D PRINTED

NICKEL-PLATED PARTS THROUGH CONCENTRATED SOLAR TREATMENT
Mihai Alin Pop, Camelia Gabor *, Tibor Bedo, Virgil Geaman
Department of Materials Science, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail: camelia.gabor@unitbv.ro
Keywords: 3D printing, concentrated solar treatment, desorption-adsorption-diffusion process.
Abstract: Additive Manufacturing (AM) is recognized as an alternative to conventional manufacturing

processes. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is a layer manufacturing process that allows generating
complex 3D parts by consolidating successive layers of powder material on top of each other. With
SLS equipment, materials such us
polyamide, polyamide reinforced with
glass spheres, A6 steel, rubber and
polystyrene, among others, can be
printed into fully functioning parts. In the
case of the A6 steel parts, they undergo
post-processing to burn off the binder
Electrochemical nickel deposition – a) 200 thicknesses, b) 100µm and to infiltrate the porous structure with
thicknesses. a lower melting point nonferrous metal,
typically bronze. The obtained metallic
parts were then electrochemical nickel coated with films of two different thicknesses -
A(100µm±15%) and B(200µm±15%). Additionally, the surface was heat-treated using solar energy at
400°C (±10°C) and 500°C (±10°C). All samples were characterized to determine their tribological
properties, surface microhardness and microstructures.
1. Agarwala, M., Bourell, D., Beaman, J., Marcus, H., & Barlow, J. (1995), Post-processing of selective
laser sintered metal parts, Rapid Prototyping Journal, 1(2), 36-44;
2. Weerasinghe, H. C., Sirimanne, P. M., Simon, G. P., & Cheng, Y. B. (2012), Cold isostatic pressing
technique for producing highly efficient flexible dye‐sensitised solar cells on plastic substrates,
Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 20(3), 321-332;
3. Tiwari, S. K., Pande, S., Agrawal, S., & Bobade, S. M. (2015), Selection of selective laser sintering
materials for different applications, Rapid Prototyping Journal.
Acknowledgments: We hereby acknowledge the structural funds project PRO-DD (POS-CCE, O.2.2.1.,
ID 123, SMIS 2637, ctr. No 11/2009) for partly providing the infrastructure used in this work and we
thank the CNRS-PROMES laboratory, UPR 8521, belonging to the French National Centre for Scientific
Research (CNRS) for providing access to its installations, the support of its scientific and technical
staff, and the financial support of the SFERA-III project (Grant Agreement No 823802).
120
BRAMAT 2024
IV.PO.23
PROTECTION OF FUNCTIONAL TEXTILES TO UV RADIATION EMITTED BY WELDING PLASMA
Claudia-Corina Micu, Dan-Cristian Cuculea, George-Laurentiu Ardelean
500036, Brasov, Romania, e-mail: claudia.micu@student.unitbv.ro
Keywords: spectroscopy, UV radiation, welding, textile materials.
Abstract: Nowadays, the optical plasma spectroscopy can be used for real-time monitoring of the
chemical composition during various process that produce plasma (welding, cutting, cladding). The
optical emission during the welding process emanates from the plasma and the molten pool of the
sample. The formation of plasma during the welding process is initiated by the evaporation of metal
atoms from the molten pool, followed by their ionization and subsequent heating through the
acceleration of radiation within the vapor phase [1]
This study aims to analyze the light spectrum
that pass through various textile materials.
These textile materials can range from
certified protective equipment to everyday
clothing that we use during the welding
process. The wavelength analysis and
characterization of UV radiation will be
performed utilizing a spectrometer, yielding
precise data concerning the permissible
Fig. 1 Spectrum of the UV and visible light that pass extent of radiation penetration (Fig. 1).
trough textile material The results show important outputs,
particularly between the certified textile
materials and those commonly used in daily wear, thereby highlighting the imperative for the
utilization of recommended protective gear even if they do not provide complete protection against
UV radiation emitted by welding plasma.
1. Ya W., Konuk A. R., Aarts R., Pathiraj B., Huis B., Spectroscopic monitoring of metallic bonding in laser metal
deposition, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 220, 276-284, 2015+
121
BRAMAT 2024
IV.PO.24
NiCrAlY LASER CLADDING REINFORCED WITH CARBON NANOTUBES
Alexandru Pascu1, Elena Manuela Stanciu1, Catalin Croitoru1, Iosif Hulka2, Edit Moldovan1,
Ionut Claudiu Roată1, Mircea Horia Țierean1
1
500036, Brasov, Romania, e-mail: elena-manuela.stanciu@unitbv.ro
2
Politehnica University Timisoara, Renewable Energy Res Inst ICER, Timisoara, ROMANIA
Keywords: spectroscopy, UV radiation, welding, textile materials.
Abstract: Currently, researchers are focused on improving coatings by incorporating hard particles.
However, ceramic particles tend to agglomerate, which lowers the performance of clad coatings [1].
This study focuses on the laser cladding process to enhance the chemical and mechanical behavior of
the substrate, specifically a medium-alloy carbon steel by reinforcing the cladding matrix with CNTs.
The experimental framework was composed by a pulsed laser TRUMPF, type 558, and a robotic arm
used to manipulate a welding cladding head, specifically the PRECITEC 50, that was used to melt the
preplaced powder and to fabricate the cladded layers.
A two-step laser cladding technique was employed to achieve pore- and crack-free cladded layers of
NiCrAlY reinforced with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The addition of CNTs into the Ni
matrix was finely tuned by using different ratio of CNTs to optimize microstructure of the cladded
layers.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction
(XRD), and microhardness testing were utilized to evaluate the structural and mechanical properties
of the cladded layers.
The results shows an increase in hardness and wear resistance, primarily attributed to the
refinement of the microstructure and the formation of hard phases.
1. Shaowei Z., Tianyu X., Chang H., Han W., Huailiang L., Xiuquan M., Utilizing carbon nanotubes in ceramic
particle reinforced MMC coatings deposited by laser cladding with Inconel 625 wire, Journal of Materials
Research and Technology 13, 2026-2042, 2021.
122
INDEX OF AUTHORS
A Brito García S.J., 41
Abrahamyan N., 63 Buiu O., 71, 73, 74, 75
Achitei D.C., 50 Bumbac C., 71, 73, 74, 75
Adomniței I., 35 Bumbac M., 71, 73, 74, 75
Adrian Ș., 95 Burada M., 79
Alagirusamy R., 39 Burduhos Nergis D.P., 49, 85
Alexandru R., 55, 58
Alexe C., 47 C
Alves A., 42 Cabibbo M., 84
Ambruș S., 12 Camarinha A., 42
Anasiei I., 79, 80 Cârstea E.M., 72
Anayiotos A., i Carvalho D., 28, 43
Andrei E., 58 Cazac A.M., 85
Anghel (Petculescu) I., 25 Cazan C., 53, 60
Antohe Ș., 65 Chattopadhyay R., 93
Antohe V.A., 65 Chaumont D., 64
Antoniac A., 27, 57 Chelariu R.G., 45, 85
Antoniac I., 27, 102, 107 Chicet D.L., 35, 59, 95
Ardelean G.L., 97, 115, 116, 121 Chicinaş I., 18, 21, 40, 98
Atanase L.I., 51 Chirinza Penicela N., 111
Avram D.N., 14, 19 Cimpoesu N., 35, 45, 85
Axinte M., 35, 59 Cimpoesu R., 45, 85, 87
Azevedo N., 28 Ciocoiu R., 105
Cipi E., 92
B Cîrlan C.D., 17
Baba M.N., 96 Ciubotaru C.V., 50
Badarau Gh., 35, 85 Ciucă I., 102, 107
Badea I.C., 78, 79, 80 Ciucă S., 11
Bai X., 33 Ciuraszkiewicz A., 37, 46
Băilă D., 15 Cizmas C.B., 82
Bălășin M.C., 65 Codrean C., 12
Bălțatu I., 48 Coman G., 11, 70
Baltatu M.S., 48, 49, 50 Constantinescu D., 8
Baltes L.S., 91, 94 Constantinescu R., 47
Bandas C., 12, 16 Corneschi I., 27, 57
Bargan A., 76 Correa M., 69
Barzic A.I., 86 Cosnita M., 53, 60, 109
Bedo T., 120 Covaliu-Mierla C.I., 67, 68
Bejan A.E., 36 Crăciun Șt., 103, 104, 106
Bejinariu C., 85 Cristea D., 100
Bele A., 76 Cristișor D., 95
Benchea M., 35, 85, 87 Croitoru C., 94, 109, 114, 119, 122
Berbecaru A.C., 11, 70 Cuculea D.C., 97, 115, 116, 121
Bernevig M.A., 45 Cunha L., 31, 32
Bertapelle M., 56
Bezergheanu A., 82 D
Biris S.S., 67 Damaceanu M.D., 38
Bița A.I., 102, 107 Dan M.L., 14, 19, 23
Blaga A.C., 77 Das A., 39
Blăjan D., 102, 107 Das T., 39
Bonilla M., 15 Dascălu M., 76
Borges J., 44, 92 Dincă A. G., 72
Borsan I., 89 Dondea S., 9
Brechet D., 47 Dragoi E.N., 77
123
Drazan T., 29 Karsu Asal E.C., 66
Duguleană M., 96 Kellenberger A., 14
Duteanu N., 16 Khachatryan A., 63
Kloetzer L., 77
E, F Kolano-Burian A., 46
Eliezer D., 62 Kost J., i
Epure C., 101 Krchova M., 29
Farcaș M., 59 Kumari R., 93
Ferreira A., 28, 43, 69, 89
Fironda S.A., 78, 80 L
Fodchuk I., 15 Łabudzki R., 15
Lache S., 96
G Lăptoiu S.A., 9
Gabor C., 120 Lazau C., 12, 16
Gaidau C., 47 Lazău R., 55, 58
Gatto M.L., 84 León-Zerpa F., 81, 110, 111
Gavril A.I., 36, 38 Levarda E., 17
Geaman V., 120 Lohan N.M., 101
Geantă V., 20 Lopes C., 28, 42, 43, 56, 69, 89
Gherghel D., 51 López Ríos M., 41
Gherghescu I.A., 11 Lozano-Medina J.C., 81, 110, 111
Gherghinoiu C.S., 71, 73, 74, 75 Lu F., 33
Ghiculescu I., 48 Lu H., 33
Ghiță M., 79 Łukowiec D., 37
Goga A.S., 90 Lupu F.C., 87
Golan Y., i Luțcanu M., 35
Goller G., 7
Grecu A., 11 M
Gurgu I.V., 73, 74, 75 Machedon-Pisu M., 117
Machedon-Pisu T., 22, 97, 117
H Macsim A.M., 76
Hawełek Ł., 37, 46 Manea E.E., 71, 73, 74, 75
Hididiș P., 12 Mansilla C., 31, 32
Hruby J., 29 Mărcuț L., 57
Hulka I., 12, 14, 19, 25, 122 Marginean G., 25
Husar C., 96 Marinca T.F., 18, 21, 40, 98
Hutanu M.G., 35, 45 Marinică M.A., 30
Martínez G.A.S., 23
Martínez-Martínez D., 31, 32
I Matei A.I., 78, 79
Ianculescu A.C., 30 Matei E., 11, 70, 72
Ianoș R., 55, 58 Matei S., 109
Iatan C., 97, 115, 116 Mazilu M.A., 49
Iftimie S., 65 Melkonyan Z., 63
Ileana (Blăjan) A., 102, 107 Mendieta-Pino C.A., 81, 110, 111
Iluțiu-Varvara D.A., 23 Micu C.C., 115, 116, 121
Ion R.M., i Miculescu F., 9
Istrate B., 10, 35, 59, 85, 87, 101 Mihaila I., 86
Milosan I., 118
J, K Mirza Rosca J.C., i, 7, 41, 56, 81, 110, 116, 108, 111
Jitărașu O., 96 Mitrică D., 80
Joska Z., 29 Mocanu A.C., 9
Jóźwik B., 88 Moga S., 35
Jurca A.M., 85 Mohan A., 57
Kamble Z., 34 Moisa S., 112, 113
Karaçay E., 18 Moldovan E.R., 94, 97, 122
124
Moldovan I., 58 Rizea C.V., 91
Morariu (Popescu) M.I., 16 Roata I.C., 22, 114, 119, 122
Munteanu C., 10, 35, 59, 87, 95, 101 Robu A., 27, 57
Munteanu D., 89, 92 Rodriguez-Alabanda O., 23
Mureșan P.I., 118 Roman A.M., 35, 45
Rosenberg ., 113
N, O Rudenko N., 14
Neamţu B.V., 18, 40, 98 Rudolph H., i
Nicoară A.I., 30 Rus I., 55, 58
Nicolaescu M., 12, 16 Rusu O., 45
Nicolescu C.M., 71, 73, 74, 75 Rusu R.D., 38
Ocak B.C., 7
Ochiuz L., 51 S
Olah A., 117 Samoila C., 91
Olaru M. T., 78, 79 Sampaio P., 44
Onici A.E., 20 Sánchez Morales C.J., 81
Oprea A.V., 105 Sandu A.V., 48, 49, 50
Oprea O., 30 Santecchia E., 84
Ordace A., 70 Santoni A., 84
Orha C., 12, 16 Sas-Boca I.M., 23
Șăulean A.A., 70
P Sava I., 86
Paleu V., 17 Scutelnicu E., 108
Paltanea V., 57 Sechel A.N., 21, 40, 98
Pandele M.A., 9 Șerban B.A., 78, 79, 80
Paraschiv G., 67, 68 Serban B.C., 71, 73, 74, 75
Pascu A., 14, 19, 94, 97, 115, 116, 122 Sfintes N., 22
Pătru R.E., 30 Sibo C., 99
Paun I., 68 Simion D., 47
Paunescu O., 67 Simion G., 108
Pereira-Silva P., 44 Singh S., 34
Perju M.C., 48 Siqueira G., 69
Pirvu F., 67 Slavu N., 72
Plamadiala I., 114, 119 Sleem K., 84
Polak M., 88 Socol G., 65
Pop A., 16 Sohaciu M., 11
Pop M.A., 109, 120 Soroceanu A., 76
Popa C.M., 85 Spigarelli S., 84
Popa F., 18, 21 Spîrchez C., 109
Popa F., 40, 98 Stanca M., 47
Popa M., 45, 51 Stanciu E.M., 14, 19, 94, 97, 122
Popescu A.M.J., 78 Stavarache I., 65
Popescu L., 57 Ștefănoiu R., 20
Popescu V., 21 Știbianu G., 76
Predescu A.M., 11, 70 Stoica I., 86
Predescu C., 11, 70, 72 Surdu V.A., 30
Prica C.V., 18, 21, 98 Șuteu T., 65
Prodan D., 21 Sutic A.T., 45, 95
R T
Racoviță Ș., 51 Tamin C., 64
Radoń A., 37, 46, 88 Tian J., 99
Râpă M., 70, 72 Tierean M.H., 91, 94, 122
Rașoga O., 65 Tincu (Iurciuc) C.E., 51
Rengasamy R.S., 93 Tintelecan M., 23
Rico-Cano A.D., 7 Tiss B., 31, 32
125
Tofan M., 50 Vaz F., i, 28, 42, 43, 44, 56, 69, 89, 92
Toma St. L., 17 Vizureanu P., 48, 49, 50
Topolska S., 88 Vlad G., 70
Trușcă R.D., 30 Vochița G., 51
Tucaliuc A., 77 Voicu S.I., 9
Tudor A.M., 104 Voiculescu I., 20, 41, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108
Țurcanu M.D., 103, 106 Volmer M., 82
U, V W, Y, Z
Ungureanu V., 19 Wang H., 33
Ursu C., 86 Wang H., 99, 100
Utu I.D., 19, 25 Warski T., 46
Văcăreanu L., 36 Włodarczyk P., 37
Vâju D., 70 Wojewoda-Budka J., 46
Vardanyan A., 63 Wu Y., 33, 99, 100
Vardanyan N., 63 Yan G., 33, 99, 100
Vasco Mariano P. M., 110 Yang Y., 100
Vasile B.Ș., 30 Zaharescu T., 71, 73, 74, 75
Vasile I.M., 105 Zaharia S.M., 109
Vasiliu S., 51 Zhang L., 33
Vaszilcsin N., 14 Zheng T., 33
126

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Book of Abstracts

Conference Local Organizing Conference Sections

Andreas ANAYIOTOS, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus

PLENARY LECTURES ................................................................................................. i

SECTION I – Metallic materials and composites.....................................................6

SECTION II – Functional materials and nanotechnology ......................................26

SECTION III – Energy and environmental materials .............................................61

SECTION IV – Engineering applications ................................................................83

Index of authors .................................................................................................123

P.01. Ultrasound for targeted and selective cancer therapies

P.02. Multilevel assessment of stent-induced inflammation in the vascular

P.03. Nanoarchitectured thin films with tailored responses

P.05. Exploring the use of AI tools for scientific publication: Advantages,

P.07. Microfluidic systems in medical applications

P.08. Materials circularity for cultural heritage buildings restoration with

Ioana POPESCU, Transilvania University of Brasov, ROMANIA

EIS STUDY OF HEA DOPED B4C CERAMIC IN ARTIFICIAL SEA WATER

Keywords: Ceramic, HEA, EIS, corrosion

GEOMETRY OF THERMAL EXCHANGE IN HEATING FURNACES

Keywords: thermal exchange, heating furnaces

ANTIMICROBIAL MATERIALS WITH PRINTABLE FEATURES FOR THE FABRICATION OF

Keywords: printable composite materials, antimicrobial features, biomedical applications

Mg BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS - PRESENT STUDIES AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

Istrate Bogdan1, Munteanu Corneliu1,2*

Keywords: biodegradable alloys, microstructural analysis, mechanical properties, biocompatibility

CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME RHENIUM INCONEL SUPERALLOYS MADE IN A VACUUM

Keywords: Inconel, superalloys, rhenium

IN SITU FABRICATION OF NPC/RGO COMPOSITE BY DEALLOYING AND MICROWAVE-

Keywords: nanoporous copper (NPC), reduced graphene oxide(rGO), dealloying, composite

ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR AND INTERFACIAL CONTACT RESISTANCE OF NiCr/Ti

Keywords: laser cladding, coatings, corrosion, interfacial contact resistance

WETTABILITY CHARACTERIZATION OF MDF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Băilă Diana1*, Łabudzki Remigiusz2, Fodchuk Igor3, Bonilla Myrian4

Keywords: MDF composite material, moisture, thermostat enclosure, microscopic structure,

Selective references [10 p, bold]:

FABRICATION OF TITANIUM/TITANIUM DIOXIDE/REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE ELECTRODE

Cornelia Bandas1*, Mina-Ionela Morariu (Popescu)1,2, Mircea Nicolaescu1, Corina Orha1,

Keywords: titanium dioxide, reduced graphene oxide, doxorubicin, electrooxidation

INFLUENCE OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON ABRASION RESISTANCE OF

E. Levarda1, C.D. Cîrlan1, V. Paleu2, St. L. Toma1*

Keywords: arc spraying process, abrasion resistance

Fe35Co20Ni20Si10Mo8Cu7 SOFT MAGNETIC HIGH ENTROPY ALLOYS

E. Karaçay, T.F. Marinca, F. Popa, B.V. Neamţu, C.V. Prică, I. Chicinaş*

INFLUENCE OF DEPOSITION PARAMETERS ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND CORROSION

Keywords: laser cladding, corrosion, protective coatings

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE OBTAINING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HARDOX

Adrian-Emanuel Onici1, Radu Ștefănoiu1, Victor Geantă1, Ionelia Voiculescu2

Keywords: wear resistance, hardness, microstructure, Hardox steel

INVAR/GRAPHENE OXIDE TYPE COMPOSITES OBTAINED BY SPARK PLASMA SINTERING

Keywords: Invar, graphene oxide, low coefficient of thermal expansion

THE DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL PIPES E.N. 1.4462 IN ORBITAL WELDING

Narcis Sfinteș, Teodor Machedon Pisu, Ionuț Claudiu Roată

Keywords: stainless steel, orbital welding

CHANGING OF THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAE1006

Marius Tintelecan 1, Ioana Monica Sas-Boca 2, Dana-Adriana Iluțiu-Varvara 3, Dan Mirela 4,

Keywords: mechanical characteristics, evolution, steel wires, ”Hot Dip”galvazing

DESIGN, MANUFACTURING, MICROSTRUCTURE AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF BRAZED

Iasmina Anghel (Petculescu)1, Ion-Dragos Utu1, Iosif Hulka2, Gabriela Marginean3

Keywords: brazing, corrosion, wear, protective coatings

Cătălin CROITORU, Transilvania University of Brasov, ROMANIA

METALLIC BIOMATERIALS FOR ORTHOPEDIC APPLICATIONS: FROM IMPLANT FAILURE

Iulian Antoniac, Iuliana Corneschi, Aurora Antoniac, Alina Robu

Keywords: biomaterials, alloys, implant, orthopedic, failure analysis, microscopy.

NEUROMOTOR REHABILITATION THROUGH ADVANCED THIN FILM DRY ELECTRODE