False friends:

-Actually / Currently: Actually es “de hecho”, currently es “Actualmente”

-Assist / Attend: Attend es “asistir” (attend a conference), assist es “ayudar” (medical assistance)
-Career / degree: A career is your job in life while a degree is something you get at a college or
university for your major or area of studies.A career is out of school and a degree is in school.
-Compromise / get engaged / commit : Compromise means to find an agreement between 2 parts.
To get engaged “comprometerse”. To commit it’s a different kind of “comprometerse” in terms of
work.
-Constipated / have a cold: “Constipated” estar estreñido y “have a cold” es tener un resfriado
-Disgrace / Tragedy - misfortune: “Disgrace” es deshonra y “tragedy” es una tragedia
-Familiar / family member: Familiar means conocido y family member it’s a relative or one of the
family
-Lecture / reading: Lecture es conferencias y reading es una lectura
-Disgust/ molest/ annoy: Me ha disgustado its “annoy”, “disgust” es que te da asco, “molest” is
when somebody intimidates you sexually. (agresion sexual)
-Realise /carry out : Carry out es llevar a cabo (realizar), “realise” es darse cuenta
-Sensible/sensitive: Sensible es sensato, you use your logic and reason. En cambio “sensitive” es
sensible.
-Success/event or incident : “Event” es un suceso o incidense, en cambio “success” es exito
-Support/ put up with: No lo soporto “put up with” I can’t put up with the loud music. “Support” es
apoyar.
-Ultimately/lately: Últimamente es “lately” and “ultimately” es en última instancia
-Casualty/ coincidence : Casualty is people that died or injured in a conflict (war), and “coincidence”
is “casualidad”.
-Complexión/build : Body built means complexiones fisicas (a strong body built) and complexion
means “skin of you face”
- Diary/Agenda: Diary it’s a personal diary where you write your secrets or a planner (la agenda de
toda la vida) and Agenda it’s the order of events for the day “This afternoon we have a meeting and
we have 10 things in our agenda” “I have a very busy agenda”. Things you need to do or discuss.
-Sanity/health: Sanity refers to salud mental (cordura) and health is salud fisica
-Sympathy/friendliness: Friendliness es simpatia and sympathy is empatía (ponerse en la piel de la
otra persona)
-Deception/disappointment: Decepción is disappointment (quina decepció) and deception is engaño
(he was accused of deception)
-Compliment /accessory: Un complemento es accesary (de ropa), complements es un cumplido (sth
nice)
-Date or Appointment/citation: Date: una cita, Appointment: una cita pero más formal/ citation:
una citación (lo de cat), quote.
-Caravan /traffic jam: Caravan it’s the type of car and traffic jam its traffic
-School/ college: College is facultades and school is colegio
-Destitute/to fire: Someone that doesn't have resources (desamparado) and to fire is destituir.
-Estimated / appreciated: Estimated it’s calcular (estimación) and appreciate it’s apreciar
-Dormitory/Bedroom: A domitory is a bedroom that you share with sb (areas) and bedroom is a
simple one.
-Exit/Success: Exit is la salida and success is exito
-Demand/ To sue: Poner una demanda legal is to sue and to demand it’s exigir
-Dreadful/ Tremendous: Dreadful always refer to sth negative (espantoso) and tremendous is to stay
that is sth it’s good (sentido positivo, tremendo)
-Note/Mark : Note es una anotacion and mark es una nota
-Collapse/ To be on a standstill: Collapse es derrumbarse (venirse abajo), and to be on a standstill es
estar en punto muerto (sin avanzar, colapsarse)
-Arena/Sand: Arena is like an stadium and sand es arena
-Bland/ Soft: Bland es soso (no tiene sabor a nada) and soft es blando
-Diversion/ fun: Diversion is un desvio y fun es diversion
-Facility/ ease: Ease es facilidad and facility es instalaciones
-Spectacles/shows: Spectacles are another word for saying glasses and show is a performance
-Topic/Clhiché: Topic is tema and clhiché, like a mito (not necessarily correct) and chiché
-Remove/stir: Remove es extraer and stir es remover algo
-Resume/Summarize: Resume es volver al punto de partida (reanudar) and summarize es resumir.
-Introduce/Insert: Introduce es presentar and insert es insertar
-Pretend/Expect: Pretend es hacer ver and expect es esperar a que algo ocurra porque sabes que va
a pasar.
library: biblioteca (i borrow a book from the library)
bookstore: libreria (i bought a book in de bookstore)

gang: grupo ilegal (banda) (he went to jail because he was part of a gang
bargain: choio (I bought a car for 100 euros, that was a bargain)

camp: a place from military reasons or education (Before I went to war I have to spend 2 years in a
military camp)
field: campo natural, terreno (I have my cows in a field in the mountain) o un campo de estudio.

bigot: persona intolerante, persona radical

moustache: bigote (Alfonso has a big moustache)

grocery: super mercado, colmado (I went to the grocery to bought tomatoes)

rudeness: grosero ( I hate your rudeness, you’re always insulting people)

vase: jarrón de flores

glass: vaso normal

journey: viaje
day’s work: jornada laboral

firefighter: bombero
bomber: plane that throws bombs (bombardero)

bizarre: extraño
brave: bizarro, valiente

choke: atragantarse
collide: chocarse
cafeteria: canteen, place where you can eat food and it’s self-service
coffee shop-cafe: cafeteria normal, starbucks

spade: pala
sword: espada

crude: ofensivo, comentario poco refinado. Ex: She had a very crude behavior
raw: crudo, raw meat (refering to food)

lenses: lentillas
lentils: lentejas

jubilation: alegria, happiness

retirement: jubilacion

disappointing: decepcionante
deceptive: engañoso

shake: agitar
agitate: poner nervioso, mover algún sentimiento o sensación para algún tipo de finalidad. Ex. His
speech will agitate the population

grape: uva
staple: grapa

envy: envidiar
send: enviar

large: grande (volumen)

long: largo (longitud)

gracious: cortes, polite, amable. Ex: She was very gracious when he met my mother
funny: gracioso

salty: salado
savoury: no azucarado

signature: firma
subject: asignatura del cole

tramp: vagabundo, connotación negativa

trap: trampa
UNIT 6
The grammar point is to express purpose (el porque):

In order to + infinitive
- To→ less formal
- In order to →more formal
- In order not to → negativo. We hurried in order not to be late

So (that) / in order (that)

- So that →Less formal than in order that. Please keep your phone switched on so that we can
contact you if necessary.
- Need a subject after

So as to
- So as to + infinitive
- I turn my email off for several hours a day so as to be able to concentrate.
-The negative is so as not to : I always keep my phone switched on so as not to miss a call.

To avoid (evitar) / to prevent

- Avoid + gerund: I went down the stairs to avoid speaking to Sarah.
- Avoid + noun: I closed the window to avoid the noise
- Prevent + sth + from + gerund: The windows are closed to prevent the rain from coming in.
For
- For + noun: Erik keeps these water bottles for emergencies
- For + sb + infinitive: We bought a phone for Liz to use when she visits.
unit 8
1. Expresión de la causa:
La causa se expresa utilizando verbos, sustantivos o frases que indican la acción o evento
que lleva a la consecuencia. Algunos ejemplos de palabras o expresiones que introducen la
causa incluyen:
Verbos: "cause", "result in", "lead to", "bring about", "trigger", etc.
Sustantivos o frases sustantivas: "the reason", "the cause", "the factor", "as a
result of", "due to", "because of", etc.
Ejemplo: "The heavy rain caused flooding in the streets."
2. Expresión del resultado:
El resultado se expresa utilizando verbos, adjetivos, sustantivos u otras frases que
describen la consecuencia de la causa. Algunas palabras comunes que introducen el
resultado incluyen:
Verbos: "result in", "lead to", "cause", "produce", "bring about", etc.
Adjetivos o sustantivos: "result", "consequence", "effect", "outcome", "impact",
"damage", etc.
Ejemplo: "The flooding resulted in road closures and property damage."
3. Estructuras gramaticales:
Para expresar la relación de causa y resultado, se utilizan diferentes estructuras
gramaticales, como las siguientes:
Uso de "because" y "so": Se puede utilizar "because" (porque) para introducir la
causa y "so" (por lo tanto) para introducir el resultado.
Ejemplo: "She stayed indoors because it was raining, so she didn't get wet."
Uso de frases condicionales: Se puede usar una cláusula condicional (if-clause)
para introducir la causa y una cláusula principal para indicar el resultado.
Ejemplo: "If you study hard, you will pass the exam."
Uso de conectores de causa y efecto: Se pueden utilizar conectores específicos
como "as a result", "due to", "therefore", "consequently", etc., para conectar la causa
y el resultado en una oración.
Ejemplo: "Due to the heavy snowfall, the airport was closed, and flights were
canceled."

La estructura gramatical "So / Such ... that + clause

Se utiliza en inglés para enfatizar el grado extremo de una cualidad o condición que lleva a
una consecuencia específica. Esta estructura se forma utilizando "so" o "such" seguido de
un adjetivo o un sustantivo para describir la cualidad o condición, y luego "that" seguido de
una cláusula (una oración que contiene un sujeto y un verbo) que expresa la consecuencia
o resultado de esa cualidad o condición. Veamos cómo funciona con más detalle:
1. Uso de "Such" + Sustantivo + "That" + Cláusula:
 Se utiliza "such" seguido de un sustantivo para enfatizar una cualidad o
condición específica, y luego se agrega "that" seguido de una cláusula para
indicar la consecuencia de esa cualidad o condición.
 Ejemplo: "She is such a talented singer that she always impresses the audience."
o En este ejemplo, "such" se utiliza para enfatizar la cualidad ("talented
singer"), y "that she always impresses the audience" es la cláusula que
 expresa la consecuencia de esa cualidad ("siempre impresiona al
público")

UNIT 9. STRESS AND RELAXATION

VOCAB:
To keep you on your toes → to be ready for action, alert
A shot in the arm → Makes something much better (Iria genial)
In over your head → Abrumado de tanto que tienes que hacer de alguna cosa.
I’m up to my eyeballs → estoy hasta las cejas del trabajo
Keep your chin up → poner buena cara, buena actitud
Makes my blood oil → Me hierve la sangre (negativo)
Let your hair down →Relax, alocarse, desmelenarse, soltarse
Be a big weight off your shoulders → quitarse un peso de encima
Getting cold feet → scared, ponerte nervioso, repensarlo porque estás dudoso
Get some things off my chest→ desahogarse
Is a pain in the neck → Un fastidio
Overwhelming → que te abruma
When the going gets tough→Cuando las cosas se ponen feas
Discomfort→Incomodidad
Beforehand → hacerlo de antemano, antes de que pase.
unarguably → indiscutible
Light - hearted → not very deep, not very serious
Defuse → Deactivate, calmar, desactivar
Lighten up → Relax, take things calmly
To be up to your eyeballs → Estar hasta el cuello / Estar hasta las cejas (significa estar muy ocupado
o tener mucho trabajo)
To keep your chin up → Mantener el ánimo / Mantener la cabeza alta (significa mantener una
actitud positiva a pesar de las dificultades)
To make your blood boil → Hacer hervir la sangre / Hacer que te enojes mucho (significa enfadarse
mucho)
To get cold feet → Echarse atrás / Achantarse (significa perder el valor o la determinación justo
antes de hacer algo)
To let your hair down → Soltarse el pelo / Relajarse completamente (significa relajarse y disfrutar sin
restricciones)
To get something off your chest → Sacarse algo de encima / Desahogarse (significa hablar sobre algo
que te preocupaba o te incomodaba)
To be a pain in the neck → Ser un fastidio / Ser una molestia (significa ser algo molesto o irritante)
To be a weight off your shoulders → Ser un peso menos / Sentir alivio (significa sentirse liberado o
aliviado después de resolver un problema o preocupación)
Empowering → makes you feel you can succeed at sth by yourself
Thrilling → makes you feel very excited, algo muy emocionante
Devastating →makes you feel everything is ruined and hopeless
Reassuring → helps you to feel everything is OK (algo que me recomforta). Children calm down in
the reassuring parent's arms.
Off-putting → Stops you wanting to do something (te quita las ganas)
Touching → makes you feel sad or sentimental
Puzzling → makes you feel confused
To live on → just a few dollars a day. (Vivir con lo que sea). I live on very little every month.
To live through→ difficult times (pasar por tiempos dificiles). People that had lived on war times had
had to live through difficult situations.
To live for → the weekend (vistas puestas para el futuro)
To live with→ my decision (con lo que he decidido)
To live down → the shame of coming last
To live up to → everyone’s expectations
Unit 10
VOCAB:
Checkups → revisiones
Good judgment → making the best decision rather than relying on your own opinion
Ultimately → en última instancia
to pose a threat → suponer un riesgo
reduce/ increases the odds → la probabilidad
there is a one in 11,5 million chances of ….→ Poca probabilidad
increase the likelihood → incrementar la posibilidad
the chances are high → Las posibilidades son altas
run the risk → corren el riesgo
Reduce the odds → Reducir las probabilidades / Disminuir las posibilidades (significa
disminuir la probabilidad de que algo suceda)
A one in a million → Una entre un millón / Muy improbable (significa algo extremadamente
raro o poco común)
Poses → Presenta / Supone (forma verbal que indica que algo implica o conlleva ciertas
características o riesgos)
Chances of recovering → Probabilidades de recuperación / Posibilidades de mejorar (se
refiere a las probabilidades o posibilidades de recuperarse o mejorar en una situación)
Run the risk → Correr el riesgo / Arriesgarse (significa estar dispuesto a enfrentar un peligro
o consecuencia negativa)
Increase the likelihood → Aumentar la probabilidad / Incrementar las posibilidades (significa
hacer que algo sea más probable o tener una mayor probabilidad de ocurrencia)
undertake → to make an effort when sth is difficult
to extricate yourself → to get out of a difficult situation
overtake → adelantar
trustworthy → persona de confianza
eye-catching →people are gonna notice
banish → prohibir
seek out → look for
secure → security
available → availability
generous → generosity
clear → clarity
anonymous → anonymity
hospitable →hospitality
authentic → authenticity
necessary → necessity
simple → simplicity
face facts → be realistic
two - faced → be hypocritical
to put a brave face on it → show you’re not affected by a setback
face the music → accept punishment or criticism (the consequences)
slap in the face → an insult
pulled a short →make a sad expression

Unit 11
shelter → cobijo, where you can have some protections
wanderer → persona que deambula
vows → tus principios, votos
overlooks → pasar por alto
oversees → supervisar
to see eye to eye → to fully agree
As far as I can see →Tal y como yo veo
Let’s see what happens →A ver que pasa
look and see → mirar y encontrar
to look him in the eye → speak honestly
i’m on the lookout → estoy en la búsqueda de
look into → investigar, averiguar
I’m gonna see about → Voy a ver
look up to → admirar
a feature article: a piece that deals with a topic or person in depth
an editorial: an article that expresses the opinion of the publisher
an advertisement: a notice or display designed to sell something
an advertorial: a piece that looks like a regular article but is actually designed to sell something
Word-of-mouth → cuando a alguien le gusta algo y lo va diciendo oralmente y así ese sitio consigue
buenas valoraciones.
Parties → un grupo de gente
Trade fairs → Una convención
Roadshows → espectáculo itinerante (que se mueve de un sitio al otro)
Impressive → striking
Fashionable → cool
Original and attractive→ innovative
Tiny → almost non-existent
Expensive → pricey
To look into → to investigate
To see eye to eye → to agree
To be on the lookout for → to be waiting to find/do/get
To see about →attend to / deal with
To look up to → to admire
To oversee → to supervise
shortcut → atasco
deadline → límite
workspace → zona de trabajo
shortlist → finalista
crossroads → cruce de caminos
notebook → libreta
self esteem → autoestima
shareholder → accionistas
database → base de datos

at an all-time high → un máximo histórico

behind the times → anticuado
pushed for time → poco tiempo
make time → Buscar tiempo
kill time → Matar el tiempo
move with the times → adaptarte al tiempo (momento)
dead on time → Justo a tiempo
give her a hard time → hacerle pasar un mal rato
-

Grammar
Subordinate clauses:
- Time: After, as, as soon as, before, by the time, every time (that), once, since, the
first/last/next time (that), until, when, whenever, while
- Contrast: Although, even though, in spite of the fact that, regardless of the fact that, though,
whereas (mientras que), while
- Precaution or provision: in case, in the event that (si se diera esta situación)
- Condition: as long as, assuming (that), if, providing/provided (that), unless.
- Cause / Reason: as, because, considering (that), given (that), in view of the fact that, since,
in light of the fact that (viendo que esto es asi…)
- Referring to other ideas, situations or information: as far as … (is concerned), as regards.
Unit 7