Algebra

Formula
17 Exponents and logarithm 77

to en
.

log -log
.

a> 0 a +1
For lga b = x
logab =
, ,
& =
logat
b >0

loga 64 =
blogab 108ax + 1g 8 -
=
10gaxy
1 2 Sequences and Series b
Log
.

=
b = log a

logb ,

1 3 .
Binomial theorem (a b)
2
-

= (x -

b)(a + ab + b
(a " -

b" = (a-b) (a" " + a 26' +

ad" + ... + ↓"
When NEQ h is the power of
[

expression . n =
- a 1-2

Arithmetic Un = Hi + (n- 1) c
Sn = ECtuit(n-1)d) = E(UitUa(
1 4
.
Counting Principle +
H , xy
Geometric Un =

n Stages and m ways Sn =

U, (r" 1) -

-1
N = m X M2Xme
Er
,
c So = In) <
I
#fe T >
-
FX: E
Compound *

"Pr >
-
I interest FV =
PVx(( + )
Cr >
-

TFIT T
1 3
.

1 5
.
Cramen's rules latb >= a + "pa" b +... "Crab" +... + b

[abg/d I
nEQ
(Ha)" -Can
it - t
0 O X

is to this form
Eg.
ht
it
i not ,
make
=

·
h 70 Unique Solution (Ita)" :
It na +
n(n-
2 !
+
Min Cnt ....

·
n = 0
, ito , no solution
·
h = 0 ,
i = 0
, infinite Solution
1 6 . Absolute H (n-1)Cn-2) [N-U +
Co
. . .

14x+ 1 > /X + 21 r !

(C)
2

> <X+ 2)

(X + a |< b

a
-

be -

a + b 1 4 .

n !
Inequality "Cr =

r! (H-r) ! IMPortant
ax(- b)
-
C

a >
+ "Pr = r =
 Principle of number
-

Rational :
Can be expressed in *p
form of ,
where A ,
P a re
integers , PFO
-

Irrational : others ,
Eg: i ,
e
,
Es ,
12
-

Integer : A whole number ,

2
(a b) -

= (x -

b)(a + ab + b
 Algebra (complex number
17
.

1 7
.
Castesian form (atbi) (c + di) = (ac bd) -

+ (ad + bc) :
atbi
(ac + bd) + (bc -

a
z = atbi C+ di
=

c + d2

z bi
= a
Conjugate
-

zu =
z .

zIw = z 1 T Always need to eliminate the imaginary

=
(E) =
T Part of dominator

z = En = U(is) -

0)

12 =
1z

| El = z .

E
w =
w
*

zx = =
1z12

& =
ElxE =

***
-

For a complex number z =

(atbil
IF h is 2 , then z is imaginary
IF U is multiple of 4 ,
then z is real

Im

1 8 Modulm : 121 modiz)

=
= Nath = r b

-----
.

Argument: Arg(z) =
0 =
tan') al rodsei
/E ) z + bi
|z| =
,
= a
i

Arg(z) = -

Arg(E) arg) ) =
argur,
-

argur ,
Wz

1 9 .
Polar form
atbi = Ulcosotising) =
UCiso

1 10 .
Enter form
atbi = UCISO =
Veio

I 11
:
De Moivre's formula

Kiscy" = Cisn
·

iszu
(eigh
·

= e

* I
zu = aCis (9) = (is (4 +
2 Kπ) = a Cis)YKT Roots of unity
-

For a complex number raised to a

positive
z =
1 n : even integer Power ,
results in 1 .

Eg : =" = 1
,
it han nth solution

Re(Z . Z*) = 0 E , OZz is right angle TheS um of the roots of unity is O

triangle
 Function
Formula
2 1 . Quadric function [axtbx+ c) V roofs
.I
2

↓
a > 0 ,
Concave Up

down ax + 63+ c = a CSC - 9) ( ) P) factor form

-

<O
a , Concave
= a (x -

h) +K Vertec form
2 .
2 Remainder theorem Ch , K) Vertex

*
↓(b) = 9(x) x h(x) + R(x) 9a =G a of
#
axis

symmetry
-
> Ca , Pac C
f(a) = R(x)
2 3 .

On-
Polinomial function
-

Sum of is the
2 3 . roots :
An
n

highest
2
f(x) a)"(x b)""(x El
n -

as
=
(x -
-

C) n =
3 Product of roofs = degree

If Power is odd function

, crosses x-axis
a n

18 Power is even , funtion does not -

Function can have reapted root

!gir
-

Take into accout the reapted roof When

using vieta's Rule

· of
C

C a
-

When
"

Function start from right

f(x >
-
(f()
-

The roof remain the same

-
The number of roots is multipied with A

(+ 1)
Eg . (x+ 1) = = <+ 2+ /

Sum = -F = -1-1 (repeated roof counts)

.4
2 Rational function
.4
2
f(x) = Horizontal asymptotoe : of(x)
Transformation Oblique a symptotoe : Axtb
25 .

d A=d
·

Af(bx -

c) +

B =
Vertical Stretch > a > => A J (f(S -

Ax
Ax +b
->

compress O< a => A f)

long
:

>
-

② division ha
g
Horizontal
Compress >
-
b> / => x ·

t 2 6 .

stretch 0 < b< / = < .

+
>
-

1x 11 -
= (2)+ 3/
Horizontal/Vertical Shift &
(X 1 -

= (2)+ 3)2

2 6
. Absolute X > 0 XCO

f((x)) => Copy Paste Positive graph to negative Tabl t For any ab

1f(x)1 => Reflet all negative value to positive 4 <

(b)
with respect to x axis
Function Formula

Inverse function
When it is not realistic
f(x) = f (x) =

Range of f(x) is the domain of

to expand or use
bias
f (x) try to expess like (xas = <
Vice , Versa
x = I ta
Odd and Even

↓ (-a) =
f(a)
flas
Even

Odd
Eg ;
-(a) =
-

Fundamental Theorem
m2-2am-[a2-2a"] (b -

-
a) (c -
a)

of Algebra (FTA) =
Z
-

If fla) is a
Polynomial ,
where its degree n71 and

it must havea roofs. It can be IR or K

m

-Zanta = Ae
.

Imaginary aways come in pain

-

roofs

Yet ,
it can be repeated roots
, Eg. x =
(X-0) (X- O)

Synthetic division

Ey : t(X + 1)
attas
m = I -
+ o

Must be zero

otherwise its not a

factor
L
 Geometry and Trigonometry
3 .
!

3 1 .
Area and volume Name Area Volume

Cone #
h
TWI carved surface) -TV h
r

.2
3 Triangle rule Sphere O 4πV2 # Tr3

* 22* *** Triangular Pyramid e a + zal => A h

AB//CD I so tropic
angles
-
-
D ·:

A
22 /
Ca
:" CBAe = CDCE

Prism 2(axhx) + 3 (ab) abH

e

:
C

A
BF ,2
B
· : ABXCD Alternate angle

"Ei
2C

LAFE =
LFED
°

E
DLB + < =
180 Consecutive interior
angle theorem
A

ABIBC CA
A CA AB
=
& =

Ca
14
B

.2
3
f
A abSinc P=
2
=

= Jah
= Pa)(PIP-C)
3 3 .
Congruent triangle C

I knowingUzangleone
Sine rull

Sina
a =
stib =
Sinc =
21

Cosine rule
=
a+ b2-Zabloss

[Knowing
c =

Cosc =
a +b
zab
-
C
3
sides)
3 4 .

sector : ↓= 20 (0 in radians)
A= O

A =
T &2

Function of circle
[method) After the proof
a

(x h) -
2
+ (Y E) =
22 [Ch ,

Centre
k) is the
of the
Coordinate
Circle of]
D-4F
h2th
(x+ E +y + El N F
=th
=
=
=

3 4
.
Circle 4

x+ y 2+ Dx + Ey + F 2 O

Radians to degree

I rad = 57 .
29580

rad x =
degrees

3 6 28 rad
°

360 =
= 25 =
.
 Geometry and Trigonometry
3 5
.
Properties of quadrilateral
All sides the
-

Square : , angle are same

Rectangle : Angles a re the same

 I
3 . 5 Trigonometry function 3 . 5
-
Cosecistic
t
Sec =
Coss Cotcc == tanch

is
Acco ee
-

Since Cos28 + Sind 0 1 =

It tan 2 0 SecO =

13
↓+ Cot 0 =
Cosec O

1
-'
seco
- O
fanch 5
↑
COSO =
=
SecO
-
=
-
It tano
-T 1+
(a)
=

-
o f al

·
!
s
COSC
1
-- al
-

fanp fano

↳ i Sino tano CosO = I =

Itanio at
.

=
Seco -
(t(
o

Sind

55
-S + and => (
2

i
= z -

I
H
Can therefore deduce

i
Cod =
E =
= Sind = =
55

Cos2* Cos20-Sin20 2 cos20 -1 =

1-2 sin2 O

i
+ =

Sin2O =
2CosOSinO Sin(aO) =
aCosOSinG

i
I tand
tan20 = -
1 -
tan 20

T
-

!
SinCAEB) = SinACoSB I CosAsinB
COS CAIB) =
CosACosB F SinA SinB
tanCAIB) =
tanA I tanB
IF fanAtanB

Tank = &

=
*****
sin) COSIL
CF E1f CC

"
=

=
fant (a)

tanca) + KE
Cot E) funk
=
Ex(- + ***R * PEX)
CostCosp =

Ex Sin (T + 2) cos cost (x) = L

: =
- Sind

.6
3 CosCarcsinO) = -
1- x2

I
x
sinO =
1 = SC

10 O = arcsinc(
-
(s
 ector

I
Scalar Product / Dot Product Angle of intersection

V W V W, + V W2 + Vs W3
=
P ot
.

, , ,

·
Point and Lines : Cos0 =

IP1) I til
V W.
> O OCOCTO /Acutel +) = direction Vector

V .

W < O 40 < 0C180 (obtuse)

P H
VW = 0
0 =
900 Moint
·
and Planes : COSO =
, ,

Y IP ) -Hil
of Plane
,

X normal vector = n ,

Z
a
.

b = b . a
7

a .
a = (a) >
-

b + aC
V
a (btcl = a .

>
-

> W
x (a b) .
=
x a ·
b = aXb T
-
I
Scalar Product
F s

vector equation of a line

All ,
2
,
3) 13(5 ,
4 ,
-
2) #B

Colinear =
Parallel

*
OF [ S ] BI] Vector

FB [s] V =
T 3] + +[ s]

Unit Vector of in direction a =

3i + 2jtk

17 Unit Vector
Magnitude of unit Vector = 1 = /U I P */

(a) =+ i 44 =
lato
1 I
(3 ; thjtk)
4
=
(a

Vector

# PE
Unit

Intersection of 2 Vector lines

L : = [: 3 + +[3] -

2 + 3t =
1 +S

1 + 2t +
= + 26

[% ] [ =]
+ + 8- 2S
↳: v = =

using this

1 + 2 (8-2S)
[I] + 3 [ 22] + 26
=

Intersect =

S = 3

+ = 2

Relations (X , Y z)
,

Parallel :
Comparing the ratio of direction Vector

Coincident : Same line

Skew : Don't intersect / Not Coplanar

Intersecti
 ector Properties

Colinear =
Parallel a
b
/

- F L**P a t e
↳ Eil B
,
AARAgar

je
x EIk
>
-

=> /5)
but115 is ⑤ = As x = 5 ,
x +
* 5 = FriEE f

-
 ector

I
Triangle law

AB + Bc =
FC
 ector

I
Vector Product/cross Product
>
-
>
-

VXW = z = VXW

X U
NXV =
F = -

z normal

W Vector
Product Vector
V x
=
-WXV s
a : IVXWI
(Vxa) + (wxa) = a x(U + W) c
O I >
-

> W
T
-
VXW = 0
Scalar Product

CV and Ware Paraller or F s

E
anti-Parallel (

rxV =
a For all V
V

F = Tx V
>
-

= -
normal af

intersection
Volume of a parallepiped box
V =
Base :

=>

lHbISinO (c) Cos2 /

Coso : ---

=
llaxblk/cos / Clos0 = h
4
-

= ((axb) c
I
:

Came
of Tetrahedron
>
-

I Area of Parallelgram
xF n
↓
v
-

v= 5 (aB .13 xab))

 ector

I
Equation of a
plane

Can always be
found using 3 Point

With lines on the plane

.

Eg : Point A ,
B , C

A x As =
↓ (normal vector of the plane

n =
(4)
R(X ,
Y , z)

7
A(3 ,
2 , 5)

Equation of the plane

↑

n V

-
= 0

44 8 + 25
.

x -

3 + -

57 -
=0

n .
(AR) = 0
x + 4y + 57 = 36

12) = 0

Relation
>
-

Parallel if not (using ratio of normal/direction retors

↳ Intersection if not (use system of equation (

↳ Skew

> 15 their Scalar Product = O

Intersection of Planes

Angle
Cos0 =
between

N .. Ha
Planes
two

hi= normal
utbitcd ed
In 1 ,
In

Vector equation of line which two Pkne intersects

(4) + x(π)x))
note normal
· Plane , of Plunez

Distance
-

Must be Paralled ,
normal vector of Plane = n ,

Direction Vector
 ector
Distance / Parallel

Plane Line

T
-

0 n .
.
L ,
= 0 Perpendicular
↑ ↑
·

normal direction rector

②(i) +x()
↑ equation of Plane
intid position Normal ↓
of Line

/Any line d actby + cz

Point
=
on

& x (+ X x
, ) + Y , (y + x , ) + z (2 + x 1) = Constant
,

x =
#

normal
④ Distance =
/q( -) /
=
Mxq
(yq) (zq)
+ +

Planes-Planes

①
 Distance

· 2 Skew line >

- Direction Vector of 2 lines

Eg .
L =
(8) x/ = ) +
D =
(Ack4 xK)1 ,

1r xk
,

4 =
(i) x) i) + =

·
2 Parallel lines
or Alip"
Ex
<Hi) x)) (ABArbl
:

+
D =

B("e
1 Ai (i)
↳ =

(i) M(,) +
= 0
Of = ( :) OB =

Itul
(I)Xt))
-(i) = (i)(i) =
o

-
At
= Fr u
M = -

2 (B) - =

(3) 0 13) + + =
Ty

·
Point -

Lines

Eg
(apx r I Reasoning :

P()
,

,
2 7)
,
D =

(i)
A( +)
4 =

( 3) x2)
-

+ -

(1)X())
> O
D
=

Ap (4)
·

/ p
=

11/
sinc
Point Plane
=

· -
P

Es :
Pfi D = (API Sino
it ,: <K 2y + z 0
-

=
>

can use DIU . ) =

(AP) /Vi ) Sino
n,
(2) directly
=

D (AP) /Vi) sinc

(i)
↓
the line
=
4 = :
( i) + x intersects Point and Plane
(Wil

H
2(2 + 2x) -
2(- -

2x) + (1 + x) = 0 x ,

x = -
(r )
H
,

. n . / =
(()) =
3

Or
( :) (ii) dabsolute Value

(d
PB
|ax + by ,
=
n
+ cz
=
,
, +
=

(PB N)
d
.

=
+
(nI a b + c

π: d
ax + by + Cz = -

P :
(x , y ,
z
, )
 ·
Line -
Plane
4 =
(i) + x ! π
,
= x + 2y + 3z = 0
n =
(B) + x(3)
normal rector
ot
, ,

(5) (2) .
Check if Parallel

(1 + 3 x) + 2 (2 + 2x) + 3) 3 + 3x) = 0

X= a

(a)5)/ = tait as

10) = normal vector

of is ,

·
2 Parallel planes 13) =
Point life on is

I d)
Eg : T, x
-

2y + z
=
1ax ,
+ bxz + (Y >
+

D =

T X 2y + z = 0
-
-

ai + biti normal
>
vector of T
where Point
(2)
,

lies on Th
(x) + 2( )+ 3(1) + 1
=

+,
I
- -

T
 Calculus
41 Limits Addition
lim f
=limfes if im fa =

1-> a
x> at
Limit
-

approaching approaching
from right If fa exist the a fe do
CusP
Point
from left at <L=a
-

a
,

otherwise
, a f(c DN] not exist

If f(x) exist a empty Point atC = a

Ey. Load
Calculation of limit only consider the highest degree lim f(x) Still exists
x >a-

L'Hopital rule -

Alway Simplify ,
then find limit
For i a
If 7 f (a) 9(a) 0 / = f(a) J cm)
= = = =
1

Use L'Hpital rule until it's no longer FI

F : / , 0x0 b) ,
,
- x

4 .
2 Continuity
A function isContinuous ,
Fat ,
if
1) F f(a)

7In f, f()
2) a
+

3) Jim fa = lim %( =
fac
K .
>
-

at

Rate of ChangeE

43 .

Differentiation and derivative

Tanget at Poin (a b) c
y =
f'(a)(x -

a) + f(a) ↳in = ise

f'(a) =
m
(slope c =
Y -

f(a)
4 3 .

Equation of tangent = mx + C =- t
norma

f(x) > o function increasing

f'() < 0
function decreasing
f'() = 0
Max/min
-
↑
f"(c) > 0 Concave up / min

-"() < 0
Concave down / may 1

f (x) =
0 Point of inflexion

44
. Kinematic
Sct) displacement
VIt) Velocity
↓
acti Acceleration 1)
No inside
matter if What's () ,
(x)(3) (t) , .
U(() /act) always represents

Velocity and acceleration But depending on

question , transformation is needed

Ex Express acceturation in terms of t ,

given Vcs =
2

Vcs =
a(s) = s

act) =

X- =

A = act

-
 Calcula
4 . 5 Integration (Indefinite 4, 5

TGJE-X Sx doc :

Subsitation 1 . 2. 3 . **** :

IECLAT 1 x Sino
. Sad /sino asino
= =
=
/sinotcoso) do
dx -CosO =
do

TACL 2. fanx = a (Secsitan Jada =

du
=
Telakel
=
Sec da

Special case : When a

function contains

- Use = asinu

-use = a sec a

Tti = use =
atan a -
-

f( =3)

1 .
EYK) :ju di -
JadPc or vice Versa EHRFET degree or
2 .
* P :
Fe =
P(4) .

9( + 96c

. Partial fraction
3 : A =>
get than
I

4
. areatan : <D
5. (t = let +hot da = 2
=> =
i
*
E

J*
le +

Slotcdx In/sinal
x+
dx
u =

da
6 FLIRT-R +
=
: = =
x = u+
.

du = di

cos22x cos2
/fance dic = - In/cosal +c

= In /seckl + C

Trigonometry
-

1 H :
Stanis dx (Decic -1) fanss doc

Suv UV -Sru
=

Integration
.

=*** = *** ) S2sinLdx

by Parts : =
.
2 ( :
=
/) /- Cosc) d

46
By
,

Parts
Sa15de
=

Surface
enclosed by Xaxis:
area

Sur
↑

=
ar frul
1 Thy EGUES ****
.
Constant It is 1814) then 2x Area
,

2
.
.
MET : I(o) = A + lI(0)
chosing dr ( 2) [ (0)
-

= A
<

It "4ti Eng/ /T Volume by Tfex dec

Ex
: xEe e >
x-axis :
a

trigo nogarasin
1 "aTISC2 dy
..

function a <
3
Inx arccosse
Y-axis :

Chosing a
1 L A T E &

Inverse Algebraic Trigo exponential

log

Not necessing for

47
.

Trapezium rule ↓'Co

X =0
> X =
4 f"( ) > 0
48
.
-

--
Me
-

Under estimate (convex IVINI 1) aktil dt

en
Carve ( d+
i
.

Distance travelled

5
x =
4x =
f(x) < &
I ,
VC+) d Displacement travelled 1) act dt
8
& 5 over estimate (concave curve)
 · (ef(x) = f'(x) et
/ dx S3sine da
**
=

=se e
= 3 Sinu
Y
x= e

(n x =
y

* d =
=
 Calculus
·

4
.
7
Differential equation

Separable diff equation .

( =
i

1 Separate variable ( goes with dis I with dy

.
,
.
goes

.
2 Integrate both side

3
. Simplyfy to y =
33 or x =
by 2

Homogeneous (f( *) ** Fas

# **** H2
1. make equation to
fit) form Ex :
as
:

.
2 Let * = x

.
3 Y = UX

4
. = u + C

5. A =
+(*) =
n +** =
H2n => Stude =
/* di

In /Itu) In(x ) + >

.
6 Separable equation =

I+ = Al

Y= Ax -
x

Integrating factor method + PC)y

(t = QUx (

1 . I(x) eSPd =

.
2 I (x) ·

[** + P(y y) =
I(>D :
R(x)

& G
.

3 .
= I(x). Q

4
. Integrate bothSide : IDD Y . = SIDD-QUU
SIG4 Q dx
5 .
Simplify y =
ID

Enter method with CostantStep length

function of Ac
iT
eg
. = x +
y Yn + 1 =
Ynthf(Xn > Yn)

C 0 Yo 1 h <nth
= =
0
=
2
,
Xn + 1
. , , =

n Yn Ya
O O =
I
-

& 0 .
2 =
/ + 0 .

210 + 1) = 1 . 2

4
2 0 . = 1 . 2 + 0 .
2 10 . 2 +1 .
2) =
1 .
48

0 6 2/0 4 + 1 48) 856

:
. = 1 48 +
.
0 . . .
= 1 .

0 8 + 3472
1 856 + 0 2 (0 6 1 856) =
2
.
= .
. .
.
.

I = 2 . 34740 2/0 .
. 8 + 2 .
3472) = 2 .
4766

48
.
Maclurin expansion

Sin (In(232 + 1) ,
Find xi
I . Separate
x5
Sinsc =
x-P t T
:

(n(IH) =
2x -

4) + 3

Sin(/n(2s+ i) =
Sin (2x - +
(e+ x = 2x -

#+

Sinc = 2- 2x -

O
 Statistics
I sample

and Probabilities F Population

5 3 .

5. 1 Qualitative (non-mumerial ( :
EtiXi
Quatitative : (numerial (
-
U , nefi
-

Discrete (not all points are available / IQR = Q3 -

Q ,

Continuous (in the range all points are available

-

5. 7
5 .
2 Skeness (Bar Chart : tiling fix
n

i Normal distribution ,
non-skeness distribution

↑= difference
1
↑
F11 I7 median Skened/Right to the

-filxi
Mean > , Positive skeness mean
e
H Mean < median
, negative skened / left
skeness

53 .
Central tendacy
Mode Values than modal values
most often more 2 =
: occurs
-

Median middle value EICE

th
odd /th +
1
-

:
=
even =

Mean :
Average (D)

54 .

Measure of dispersion
Range : Xmux-Xmin
-

Quatile : Separate the original set of dato into 4 Part

Q : 25 % Q:50 % Q3 : 75 % Q4 : 100 %
-

Q-Q : IQR (interquartile rangel

. Outlier
Max Q + 1 5 xIQR
-

If
:

value in the is outside

.

set
any
Min. Outlier :
Q-1 .

5X/QR
the
range it ,
is brased data

55 .

Box and Whisker Plots

>
- Median
I I I
Q Q

5 6
. Stem-leaf diagram
Stem leaf

1 2 . 3 . 3 => [12 ,
13 , 133

2 7 ,
6
,
6

3 2
,
2
,
3

5 7 . Variation Standard
and deviation

5 .
8 Cumulative frequency
CF
n :
Population or sample

media
Q
. - - -

Rektive frequency :

item
 Statistics and Probabilities
5. 9 Correlation ,
Causation and regression
· Inclusion - exclusion principle
Univariate data

Bivariate Chaging simuteneously Ai = Ai- AinAjtEAft AjnAk Gt,

: -... Ai

Scatter diagram
Example :
(AUBUCUD) =
(1AHIBI + (c) + ID))

(BRCI + BND) (CRD) (

(A 1B) Hand HAND) + +
-

HAnBnCI + (AnBnDI + (ANCD It (BRCDI)(

IAnBn(nDI)
C : Subset

&: belong or equals to

↑ :
Empty Set

~ Closer to -1 or 1
,
Correlation

r closer to 0 ,
variable not related
linear of regression always passes through (i ,
i)

Given two regression lines , Y = <K +>

, y)
(I x= by + d
their mean can be found :

y =
2(by+d) +c =
Y
( = b (a) <) + d =
j2

5 10
.

Linear regression
~

For liner line (f() ,

f((i) =
(Y)
 Statistics and Probabilities
6 11
.

6 10
.
Probability
PCA) =O PCA, U AcUAst ...
UAn P(x =
xi) =
PCE) = 1 = PCA , ) + PCA2 . .
.
+
P(An)

· Venn diagram
E or s

U : Unite A =
[ 1 2)
.
B =
42 33,
A B
>
-

Universal
Set

1 : Intersect A1B =
(2)
C

GB =.
[1 33 AUB
, =
41 ,
2 , f 33
,

Conditional Probability
An event occur when another already occurred

PCAIB) =
UBS I
13 ,
A T

·
Independent event

Event has no influence on another event

PCA MB) =
P(A) x PCB)

only Count Once

repeat
Probability tree
These a re used when the outcomes are
few in Es: Coin flip
numbers TwoPeople doing archery :

Peter
Head =
H Number = N
John E Hit Hit Hit
4x =

i Hit
Ex5
Ext
· Miss Hit Miss

P (2H) E
=

=
·

=
Miss
↳ Miss
HitMissHit *
P(IN = ) =
Ext = E
Bayes' Theorem

P(BIA) =
PCB) PCAIBS =
P(13) PCAIB) PCIH(N) = 2 x Ex + = E
PCB) PLAIB) + PCBYPCAIB) PCAUB) + PCAnB'

P(B) PAIB) NE
PCBIA) =

Ht
PLAC "I
H
To Switch PCBIA) to PCAIB) N -
When
"I
PCA) and PCB) are given

P(Bi) P(A/Bil
-

P(B; (A) =

P (Bn) PCAIBI) + P(B) PCAIBL) +

PCBs)P(AlB3)
 Statistics and Probabilities

Random discrete For expected value of discrete random variable

Variable

X :
Variable
·
E(a(+ b) =
aE(x + b

Xi : E(9()) + 9E()
·

Value X can take

Pi : associated Probability for that Pi = P(K Ki) =

·

E(f(x 9()
+
=
E(f(() + E(g(k)

tP(X =
x) = 1
·
Var (a) +b) = a Var()
· (ax + b) =
(a) O(x)
outcome takes discrete values and a
probability is a
signed
to each outcome

Ex : A Dice : P(X 1)= = 5 P(x =

21 =
5 =
0
A Coin : PXIhead) =
I P((number) = I

Var(X) = E(X - )
5 . 12 Expected Value
=
E(X -
2 Mx + MY
The expected number of times an outcome is repeated in an experimen
=
E(XY 2 ME(X) + E(MY
* Filli
-

E(X = x) =
U 2
=
E(XY -

2 m + q
(The summation of frequency of X (

=
E(XY) -

M
M =
E(X =
x) = I x P(X =
x( 2

Ex : Rolling a Spinner
=
E(XY -

E(X)
A B C D Expected vin :

P(X )=
5 5 = t E(x) 15 = x -

4) + (5x 6)
-

+ (E) X(u) + (5x

T
C
-

4 -

610 -

5
= El
-I gain for every spin
Meaning :

ECX) is not probability ,

5 13. Probability Density Function

-
mode is maximum (X) /median
L

Median is intetral ,
50 % of area (1) Ex : JF = 0 5 .

Mean is Sted Ex :
/* 2 + 3 die E(x)
-Varian is %Ed-q Ex i O 2x + 22dx -
2

W
%fen -(3xf(4)
"

E(X-E(x) :

%xf(x) = 1 For all PDF

(X + a |< b
-

a
-

be -

a + b
 Statistics and Probabilities

6 12
.
Normal distribution
Given NCD
mean /M) 8
-

or

or given Probability , find PCX) Inverse normal

Norm
④ Ncd (lower , Upper ,
0 ,
M

Eg : P(X < 31) =

(- 0 ,
31 ,
0, N)

② Npd(x ,
0 ,
M

Eg P((C 311
= =
(31 0 MC , ,

③ InvN (Area/ total Prob ,

O ,
I
0 32
Eg PK( >? ) (0 5 42
.

=
, ,
0 , 42)
=

0 . 09374437
Find O /M when given all other
Values in the distribution
Varience
>
-
↳ SolveN(Ncd (0, 31 C , 32) =
0.
42)
,

↳ =,

·
f

f
 Statistics and Probabilities
6 13
.
Binomial distribution
-

Repeated, No contional ,
Succeed or failure · Eg t :

Ex : P ofSucceed P = 0 . 8 - trid P(X 5) =

(n P" p)""
, , ,

P(X =
i) =
.

(t- =
X-B(n ,
P)

X = times ofSucceed

Cl
-
7 8)" x 10 .
0 =

Given number of trial and Probability

-

Probability =
Bpd : Givensuccess Prod total trial ,
trial of success
W
distribution
,

Eg :
P(x =
2) =
Bpd ( (c = 1
,
numetrial =
5
,
Prob = 0 .
5) = 0 . 3125 n =
Total trial
Cumulative Bcd : Given Success Prob total trial range of success
-7 i
,
,
=

-
distribution
Ey : P(511[20) = Bcd (lower = 5 , Upper = 20
,
numetrial =
20
,
P= 0 .
75) = 0 . 14

InvB : Given total Probability ,

total trial ,
Success Prob

Eg : P(x =? ) =
Inv B(Area = 0 .
19 , numetrial = 30 , P =
0 .

75) = 20

Probability mass function

-

Manual method for Bpd

Eg : Given P = 0 .
6
,
Given total trial =
4
,
given Succeed =
s

(b)
/ <

P(( =
3) =
(0 . 6) (1-0 6) .
numember

↑ ↑

Succeed failed