Al-Azhar experimental exam 2024

First Question:
a) Choose the correct answer:

1) The following compounds contain (-COOH) group except

…………..
a) aspirin
b) benzoic acid
c) picric acid
d) salicylic acid

Reason :

As the formula of each one of the choices is :

Choice A Choice B Choice C Choice D

So, it’s clear that only Picric acid doesn’t contain –COOH group
as it’s 2,4,6-trinitro phenol.

1
2) What is the percentage of oxygen in acetamide? [C=12, H=1,
N=14, O=16]
a) 27.12%
b) 23.73%
c) 8.47%
d) 40.67%

Reason :

The structural formula of Acetamide is :

So, it’s molecular formula is ➔ C2H5NO

Molar mass = 2C + 5H + N + O = (2x12) + (5x1) + (14) + (16) = 59

gm/mol.
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒙𝒚𝒈𝒆𝒏 𝟏𝟔
%Oxygen = 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟗 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

= 27.118 ≅ 27.12%

2
3) Which of the following ions pairs does the 3d sublevel contain
4 electrons?
a) Cr2+, Fe3+
b) Cr2+, Mn3+
c) Mn2+, Fe3+
d) Mn2+, Fe2+

Reason :

The comparison here is between different ions of the transition

metals Fe, Mn & Cr so, let’s move choice by choice

- Choice a is excluded because :

24 Cr : [18Ar] , 4s1 , 3d5

Cr2+ : [18Ar] , 4s0 , 3d4

26 Fe : [18Ar] , 4s2 , 3d6

Fe3+ : [18Ar] , 4s0 , 3d5

So, Fe3+ contain 5 electrons in 3d-sublevel not 4.

- Choice B is correct because :

24 Cr : [18Ar] , 4s1 , 3d5

Cr2+ : [18Ar] , 4s0 , 3d4

25 Mn : [18Ar] , 4s2 , 3d5

Mn3+ : [18Ar] , 4s0 , 3d4

So, each of Cr2+ and Mn3+ contain 4 electrons in 3d-sublevel.

3
- Choice c is excluded because :

25 Mn : [18Ar] , 4s2 , 3d5

Mn2+ : [18Ar] , 4s0 , 3d5

26 Fe : [18Ar] , 4s2 , 3d6

Fe3+ : [18Ar] , 4s0 , 3d5

So, each of Fe3+ and Mn2+ contain 5 electrons in 3d-sublevel.

- Choice D is excluded because :

25 Mn : [18Ar] , 4s2 , 3d5

Mn2+ : [18Ar] , 4s0 , 3d5

26 Fe : [18Ar] , 4s2 , 3d6

Fe2+ : [18Ar] , 4s0 , 3d6

So, non of them has 4 electrons in 3d-sublevel.

4
4) All of the following salt solutions forms a black precipitate on
passing H2S gas on it except ………………..
a) AgNO3
b) (CH3COO)2Pb
c) Cu(NO3)2
d) NaCl

Reason :

On passing H2S gas on each of the choices :

- Choice a : AgNO3 ➔ Ag2S is formed which is black ppt.

- Choice b : (CH3COO)2Pb ➔ PbS is formed which is black ppt.

- Choice c : Cu(NO3)2 ➔ CuS is formed which is a black ppt.

- Choice d : NaCl ➔ Na2S is formed which isn’t a ppt.

“Quick hint :

Ay 7aga feha PAS “Potassium, ammonium, sodium” aw nitrate=

soluble in water.”

5
5) The pH value of 0.1M acetic acid which its ionization constant
= 1.8x10-5 at 25°C is ……………….
a) 0.1
b) 1
c) 1.87
d) 2.87

Steps :

Acetic acid ➔ Weak acid so,

[H+] = √𝑲𝒂. 𝑪𝒂

= √𝟏. 𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎¯⁵ × 𝟎. 𝟏 = 1.34x10-3 M

pH = -log [H+]

= -log [1.34x10-3]

= 2.87

6
6) The galvanic cell is represented by the following cell diagram:
H2(g)/2H+(aq)//Cu2+(aq)/Cu(s)
Which of the following represents this cell?
a) H2 works as cathode and Cu works as anode
b) oxidation process occurs at copper electrode
c) reduction process occurs at hydrogen electrode
d) H2 works as anode and Cu works as cathode

Reason :

Cathode ➔ Reduction ➔ el cathode dayman kasban

Anode ➔ Oxidation ➔ el Anode dayman asraan

Cell diagram ➔ Anode is written on the left and cathode is

written on the right.

So,

H2 is the anode as it is written on the left of the cell diagram and

Cu2+ is the cathode as it is written on the right of the cell diagram.

Also, we can proof that by calculating the oxidation number of

each of them before and after the red-ox reaction as follows :

H2 + Cu2+ ➔ 2H+ + Cu(s)

Element Before the After the Oxidation Process

reaction reaction no. state occurred
after
reaction
Hydrogen H2 H+ Increases Oxidation
Oxidation Oxidation
no. = 0 no. = +1
Copper Cu2+ Cu Decreased Reduction
Oxidation Oxidation
no. = +2 no. = 0

7
So,

-Choice a is excluded because it says that H 2 is the cathode and

Cu is the anode which isn’t correct.

-Choice b is excluded as it says that oxidation occurs at copper

electrode which represents the cathode so, reduction occurs at it
not oxidation.

-Choice c is excluded as it says that reduction occurs at

hydrogen electrode which represents the anode so, oxidation
process occurs at it not reduction.

-Choice d is correct as it says that hydrogen is the anode and

copper is the cathode which is the best answer from the given
choices.

“Note ➔ The choice would be better if he says that Cu2+ is the

cathode not Cu, as reduction process occurs to Cu2+ not Cu itself,
but we can deal with the question.”

8
b) Write the balanced equations of the following:

1) reaction of magnesium sulphate solution with sodium

carbonate and sodium bicarbonate on cold.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………..……………………………..

Answer :

With Sodium carbonate :

Na2CO3(aq.) + MgSO4(aq.) ➔ MgCO3(s) + Na2SO4(aq.)

With sodium bicarbonate :

2NaHCO3(aq.) + MgSO4(aq.) ➔ Mg(HCO3)2(aq.) + Na2SO4(aq.)

2) Reaction of diluted hydrochloric acid with sodium sulphite

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………

Answer :

Na2SO3(s) + 2HCl(aq.) ➔ 2NaCl(aq.) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) ↑

9
3) Obtain carbolic acid from simplest aromatic hydrocarbon
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Answer :

Carbolic acid ➔ Phenol

Simplest aromatic hydrocarbon ➔ Benzene

1st step :

2nd step :

“Link : ya5ty no2a chlorobenzene 300 300, 300 temperature, 300

atm”

10
c) Put >, < or =:

1) The electromotive force of fuel cell ……<……… the electromotive

force of lithium ion battery

Reason :

As the electromotive force of fuel cell = 1.23V and the

electromotive force of lithium ion battery = 3V

2) Boiling point of 1-propanol ………>……. boiling point of propane

Reason :

Remember that :

So, alcohols have high boiling point due to formation of

hydrogen bonds between alcohol molecules, while alkanes
doesn’t form hydrogen bonds so, they have low boiling point.

11
3) On raising the temperature, KC value of the exothermic
reaction ……<……… KC value of the endothermic reaction

Reason :
[𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔]
Kc = [𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔]

So, Kc value in directly proportional to the concentration of

products.

W ay K constant mbtt2asarsh ela b ta8ayor el temperature.

-Endothermic reaction ➔ Heat in the reactants so,

A + B + Heat  C + D

So, by increasing temperature, the reaction shifts to the forward

direction so, concentration of products increase ➔ Kc value
increases.

-Exothermic reaction ➔ Heat in the products so,

A + B  C + D + Heat

So, by increasing temperature, the reaction shifts to the

backward direction so, concentration of reactants increases and
concentration of products decreaces ➔ Kc value decreases.

“Link : Exxxxothermic ➔ x y3ny el temperature wel Kc value 3aks

ba3d

EnDDDDo ➔ y3ny el temperature wel Kc value DDDirectly

proportional”

12
Second Question:
a) Write the scientific term of the following:

1) Estimating the concentration of known volume of a substance

by knowing the concentration and the volume of another
substance.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………

Answer :

Titration process.

2) The elements which 4d sublevel is filled successively and lies

in the fifth period.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………

Answer :

Second transition series.

13
3) The chemical analysis of the electrolyte solution by passing
an electric current.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………

Answer :

The electrolysis

4) At constant temperature, the rate of the chemical reaction is

directly proportional to the result of multiplication of the
reactant concentrations.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………

Answer :

Law of mass action

14
5) Unsaturated alcohol produced as an intermediate compound
on the catalytic hydration of ethyne.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………

Answer :

Vinyl alcohol

6) The produced organic compound from the nitration of phenol

and used as an explosive substance also as an antiseptic
substance for burns.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………

Answer :

Picric acid

15
b) (C3H8O) formula is a molecular formula that
represents three organic compounds (A), (B) and (C),
from the previous answer the following:

1) Write the structural formulas of (A), (B) and (C)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

Answer :

C3H8O ➔ CnH2n+2O ➔ General formula of Alcohol and Ether

So, we can consider that :

Compound (A) Compound (B) Compound (C)

1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether
“Its nomenclature
isn’t studied for
you”

16
2) From one of the three compounds, how can we obtain
acetone?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Answer :

Acetone ➔ Ketone ➔ Can be obtained from secondary alcohol

by oxidation

So, we can obtain it from oxidation of Compound (B) “2-

Propanol”

17
3) Write the general formula of the compound which has the
least boiling point among the three compounds
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………….

Answer :

The compound which has the lowest boiling point ➔ Ether as it

doesn’t form hydrogen bonds while alcohol molecules form
hydrogen bonds between each other which rises their boiling
point.

So,

General formula of the three compounds is ➔ CnH2n+2O

While general formula specified for ethers only is ➔ R-O-R

So, the best answer for this question is ➔ R-O-R

c) Explain the following:

1) Nitric acid causes inactivity of iron

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………

Answer :

Due to the formation of a thin layer of iron oxide which protects

the metal from further reaction.

18
2) We can’t differentiate between sodium chloride solution and
hydrochloric acid by using phenolphthalein indicator
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Answer :

As NaCl ➔ derived from strong acid (HCl) and strong base

(NaOH) ➔ has neutral effect , HCl is an acid.

And phenolphthalein is colorless in both acidic and neutral

mediums.

19
3) An iron nail wrapped with copper wire rusts faster than an iron
nail wrapped with zinc strip in the presence of salt water
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Answer :

Because in case of iron nail wrapped with copper wire ➔ copper

is less active than iron so, upon formation of a galvanic cell, iron
is the anode where oxidation (corrosion) occurs so, iron nail is
the one who corrodes.

While in case of iron nail wrapped with zinc wire ➔ Zinc is more
active than iron so, upon formation of a galvanic cell, Zinc acts
as anode where oxidation (corrosion) occurs so, corrosion occur
to zinc not iron.

20
Third Question:
a) Correct the underline:

1) The element which one of its compounds used as a fungicide

and in purification of water processes lies in IIIB group.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………….

Answer :

IB

As we’re talking about copper metal.

2) The second analytical group precipitates as sulphides in

neutral medium.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………….

Answer :

Acidic

As we’ve a piece of information that the group reagent of the 2 nd

analytical group is H2S gas in the presence of acidic medium of
HCl Because their sulphides are preciptated in acidic medium so
they can form ppt. which can be detected.

21
3) Le Chatelier’s principle shows the factors which affect the
chemical reaction rate
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………….

Answer :

Chemical equilibrium in reversible reactions.

4) Law of mass action finds a relation between ionization degree

(α) and the concentration (C)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………….

Answer :

Ostwald’s law for dilution

22
5) Polyethylene used in cooking utensils and surgical threads
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………….

Answer :

Polytetrafluorothene “Teflon (P.T.F.E)

6) Marookh oil is prepared by the reaction of salicylic acid with

acetic acid
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………….

Answer :

Aspirin

23
b)

1) Arrange ascendingly according to pH value (in case of

concentrations are equal) with mentioning the reason.

(Sodium carbonate – Ammonium acetate – Hydrochloric acid –

Acetic acid)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………….

Answer :

1-Hydrochloric acid

2-Acetic acid

3-Ammonium acetate

4-Sodium carbonate

Hydrochloric acid < Acetic acid < Ammonium acetate < Sodium
carbonate

As :

HCl ➔ inorganic acid ➔ most acidic ➔ lowest pH

Acetic acid ➔ Organic acid ➔ lower acidity than inorganic acid

but still acidic

Ammonium acetate ➔ Salt derived from weak acid (Acetic acid)

and weak base (Ammonium hydroxide) ➔ Neutral effect

Sodium carbonate ➔ Salt derived from strong base (NaOH) and

weak acid (Carbonic acid) ➔ Basic effect ➔ Highest pH

24
2) Compare between iron and aluminum according to the
chemical formula of the ore from which they one of them are
extracted.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Answer :

Element Iron Aluminium

Ore from which it is Fe2O3 Al2O3
extracted Hematite Bauxite

25
c)

1) In the reaction: H2N-NH2(g) ⇌ N2(g) + 2H2(g) ΔH = (-)

The amount of evolved hydrogen increases by increasing the
volume of the vessel and decreases by increasing the
temperature, explain.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Answer :

As increasing volume of the container = Decreasing the pressure

And by decreasing the pressure, the reaction will be shifted in

the direction of the highest number of moles of gases so, the
reaction will be shifted to the forward direction as the no. of
moles of gases in product = 3 and no. of moles of gases in
reactant =1.

So, amount of hydrogen increases due to shifting the reaction to

the forward direction.

While by decreasing temperature, the equilibrium position will

be shifted backward as the reaction’s ΔH = (-) “Exothermic
reaction”.

H2N-NH2(g) ⇌ N2(g) + 2H2(g) + Heat

So, the hydrogen gas amount decreases as a result of shifting

the reaction to the backward direction.

26
2) Show with equations how to detect the radicals of calcium
carbonate salt by adding diluted hydrochloric acid to it then
adding diluted sulphuric acid to the produced solution.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Answer :

CaCO3(s) + HCl(aq.) ➔ CaCl2(aq.) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

CaCl2(aq.) + H2SO4(aq.) ➔ CaSO4(s) + 2HCl(aq.)

Notice that :

Take care of the physical states of the salts before the reaction,
as when detecting anion “CO3 2-“ we used solid salt in order to
produce gas from the reaction.

While on detecting the cation “Ca2+” we used aqueous solution in

order to form ppt. from the reaction.

3) How can we obtain magnetic iron oxide from iron III chloride?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Answer :

FeCl3 + 3NaOH ➔ Fe(OH)3 + 3NaOH

∆ >𝟐𝟎𝟎℃
2Fe(OH)3 → Fe2O3 + 3H2O
𝟐𝟑𝟎−𝟑𝟎𝟎℃
3Fe2O3 + H2 → 2Fe3O4 + H2O

27
Fourth Question:
a) Match from column (A) to the suitable in column (B)
and (C)

(A) (B) (C)

1) Dacron a) Inserting SO3H group a) the scientific name is
onto a benzene ring 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-
trifluoroethane
2) P.P b) copper with tin b) less stable than iron
III
3) Bronze c) produced from the c) used in the
alloy polymerization of manufacture of heart
polypropylene valves
4) iron II d) inserting NO2 group d) used in the
cation onto benzene ring manufacture of
coinage metals
5) Benzene e) produced from the e) used in the
sulphonation polymerization of manufacture of carpets
ethylene glycol and
terephthalic acid
6) Halothane f) precipitates as f) used in the
hydroxide manufacture of
industrial detergents
g) safe anesthetic Used in the
manufacture of
concentrated sulphuric
acid

28
Answer :

1➔e➔c

2➔c➔e

3➔b➔d

4➔f➔b

5➔a➔f

6➔g➔a

Explanation :

1) e,c

29
2) c,e

3) b,d

4) f,b

26 Fe : [18Ar] , 4s2 , 3d6

Fe2+ : [18Ar] , 4s0 , 3d6

Fe3+ : [18Ar] , 4s0 , 3d5

So, Fe3+ is more stable than Fe2+ because of the half-filled 3d-
sublevel which exhibits Fe3+ extra stability.

30
5) a,f

6) g , a

31
b) Explain:

1) Sc3+ and Zn2+ ions are colorless.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Answer :

The color property of transition metal ion depends on the

unpaired electrons in 3d-sublevel.

21 Sc : [18Ar] , 4s2 , 3d1

Sc3+ : [18Ar]

30 Zn : [18Ar] , 4s2 , 3d10

Zn2+ : [18Ar] , 3d10

As Sc3+ has no electrons in d-sublevel and Zn2+ has completely

filled 3d-sublevel

So, both of them has no unpaired electrons in 3d-sublevel.

32
2) Boiling point of glycerol is higher than the boiling point of
ethylene glycol.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Answer :

As ethylene glycol has 2 -OH groups ➔ forms 2 hydrogen bonds

with other molecules

While glycerol has 3-OH ➔ forms 3 hydrogen bonds with other

molecules

So, by increasing number of –OH, the number of hydrogen bonds

increase which increases the boiling point of compound.

Explanation :

Ethylene glycol Glycerol

Why alcohols has high boiling point?

33
 3) Arrange the following cations according to its magnetic
moment ascendingly knowing that: (22Ti – 24Cr – 26Fe – 29Cu)

FeCl3 – CuCl – Cr2O3 – Ti2O3

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………

Answer :

FeCl3 > Cr2O3 > Ti2O3 > CuCl

Fe3+ > Cr3+ > Ti3+ > Cu+

Compound FeCl3 CuCl Cr2O3 Ti2O3

Oxidation Fe + 3Cl = 0 Cu + Cl = 0 2Cr + 3O = 0 2Ti + 3O = 0
number of the Fe + 3(-1) = 0 Cu + (-1) = 0 2Cr+3(-2) =0 2Ti + 3(-2) =0
cation in the Fe = +3 Cu = +1 2Cr = +6 2Ti = +6
given Cr = +3 Ti = +3
compound
Electronic [18Ar],4s2,3d6 [18Ar],4s1,3d10 [18Ar],4s1,3d5 [18Ar],4s2,3d2
configuration
of element in
atomic state
Electronic [18Ar] ,3d5 [18Ar], 3d10 [18Ar], 3d3 [18Ar],3d1
configuration
of Cation
Magnetic 5 Zero 3 1
moment ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

Notice that ➔ Magnetic moment = no. of unpaired electrons in

3d-sublevel.

34
c) Calculate the amount of electricity in Faraday
needed to precipitate 21.6g of silver from silver nitrate
solution knowing that the cathode reaction is:

Ag+(aq) + e- → Ag0(s) [Ag=108]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Steps :
𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟖
Equivalent mass of Ag = = = 108 g
𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝟏

1F ➔ equivalent mass of element

1F ➔ 108 gm of Ag

XF ➔ 21.6 gm

X = 0.2 F

35
Fifth Question:
a) Choose the correct answer:

1) On the reaction of iron with sulphur then adding dilute

hydrochloric acid to the product, the evolved gas is ………………….
a) H2S
b) H2
c) SO3
d) SO3

Reason :
∆
Fe + S → FeS

FeS + HCl ➔ FeCl2 + H2S↑

2) The following structural formula

represents……………….
a) 2-ethyl butane
b) 3-methyl pentane
c) 3-ethyl butane
d) no correct answer

Reason :

Open chain aliphatic compound with no double or triple bonds ➔

Alkane

The longest continuous carbon chain ➔ 5 carbon atoms ➔

Pentane

Methyl branch at carbon no.3 ➔ 3-methyl

Total name ➔ 3-methyl pentane.

36
3) If the standard reduction potential of zinc: -0.76V and of
copper: 0.34V, then the e.m.f of this cell is …………………. Volt
a) 0.53
b) 0.76
c) 1.1
d) 1.9

Steps :

Element Cu Zn
Oxidation potential -0.34 V +0.76 V
Reduction potential + 0.34 V -0.76 V
Role Cathode Anode

Element with higher oxidation potential ➔ Anode

So,

E.M.F = Oxidation potential of anode + reduction potential of

cathode

= 0.76 + 0.34

= 1.1 V

37
4) Meta-chloronitrobenzene is produced from …………………..
a) nitration of chlorobenzene
b) chlorination of nitrobenzene
c) nitration of toluene
d) no correct answer

Reason :

Ay 7aga feha O twdy meta position ma3ada ‫ العاق‬OH

So,

-Choice a is excluded as Cl- is ortho and para-directing group

so, by nitration of chlorobenzene, ortho-nitrochlorobenzene and
para-nitrochlorobenzene are obtained.

-Choice b is correct as NO2- is meta-directing group so, by

chlorination of nitrobenzene, meta-chloronitrobenzene is
obtained.

-Choice c is excluded because the given compounds doesn’t

contain Cl- at all.

5) On exposing a paper wet with starch to orange bromine

vapors, it is colored to ………………….
a) orange
b) yellow
c) blue
d) red

Reason :

38
6) The number of hydrogen moles needed to saturate 2,3-
dimethyl-3-hexene is ……………………
a) three moles
b) two moles
c) one mole
d) all of the previous

Steps :

Hexene ➔ alkene ➔ 1 double bond

1 double bond ➔ needs 1 mole f hydrogen to be saturated as it

has only 1 pi bond and reacts by addition.

39
b) What is the scientific meaning of the following?

1) H2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ 2HCl(g), KC= 4.4x1032

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Answer :

Kc value > 1

This means that the concentration of product > Concentration of

reactants before reaching equilibrium

Which means that the predominant reaction before reaching

equilibrium is forward reaction.

Which means that it’s hard for HCl gas to be decomposed to its
main components.

Remember the 3 cases of Kc value :

40
2) BaSO4(s) ⇌ Ba+2 + SO42- , KSP= 1.1x10-10
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Answer :

As the value of Ksp is very low, this means that the possibility of
the salt to be precipitated is very high and also, it’s hard to be
ionized to its main components.

3) Cu2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) ⇌ Cu(s) + Cl2(g), emf= -1.02 V

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Answer :

Negative value of e.m.f means that the given reaction is non-

spontaneous red-ox reaction.

41
c) Calculate the percentage of sodium hydroxide mass
in a mixture that contains sodium hydroxide and
sodium chloride, if you know that 10ml of 0.1M
hydrochloric acid are needed to titrate 0.1g of this
mixture. [Na=23 , O=16, H=1, Cl=35.5]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Steps :

NaCl will not react with HCl due to the presence of common ion
“Cl-“

So, only NaOH will react with HCl.

No. of moles of HCl reacting with NaOH = MV = 0.1x10x10-3 = 0.001

mol.

NaOH + HCl ➔ NaCl + H2O

NaOH ➔ HCl

1 mole 1 mole

X mole 0.001 mole

X = 0.01 mole of NaOH

1 mole of NaOH ➔ 23+16+1 = 40gm

0.001 mole ➔ X gm

X = 0.04 gm

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝟎.𝟎𝟒

%NaOH = 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 x 100 = x 100
𝟎.𝟏

= 40%
42