Acid rain, also known as acid deposition, is a significant environmental issue with widespread

consequences. Here's a breakdown of its key points:

Definition:

Acid rain refers to any form of precipitation (rain, snow, fog, hail) with a pH level lower than 5.6,
making it more acidic than natural precipitation.

Formation:

1. Emissions: The primary culprits are sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)
released into the atmosphere from:
○ Power plants burning fossil fuels like coal.
○ Industrial processes like metal smelting and chemical manufacturing.
○ Vehicle emissions.
2. Chemical Reactions: These gases react with water vapor, oxygen, and other chemicals in
the atmosphere to form sulfuric and nitric acids.
3. Deposition: These acids then return to Earth's surface through:
○ Wet deposition: Acidic rain, snow, fog, etc.
○ Dry deposition: Acidic particles settling on surfaces as dust or smoke.

Environmental Impacts:

● Damage to Forests: Acid rain can weaken trees, making them more susceptible to
diseases, pests, and harsh weather conditions.
● Acidification of Lakes and Streams:Lowers pH levels, harming aquatic life, disrupting food
chains, and making it difficult for some species to reproduce.
● Soil Acidification: Alters soil chemistry, leaching essential nutrients and potentially
mobilizing toxic metals.
● Damage to Buildings and Cultural Heritage: Can accelerate the weathering of stone
structures and monuments.

Human Health Impacts:

● Respiratory Problems: Exposure to acidic particles can irritate the lungs and exacerbate
respiratory conditions like asthma.

Solutions and Mitigation Strategies:

● Reducing Emissions: Implementing stricter regulations on power plants and industries to

limit SO2 and NOx emissions.
● Switching to Cleaner Fuels: Promoting the use of renewable energy sources and
cleaner-burning technologies.
● Liming of Lakes and Streams: In some cases, adding limestone or other alkaline materials
to neutralize the acidity of affected water bodies.

Progress and Challenges:

● Significant progress has been made in reducing acid rain in many regions through stricter
emission controls.
● However, challenges remain, particularly in areas with high dependence on fossil fuels and
less stringent environmental regulations.

Overall, understanding acid rain and its impacts is crucial for promoting cleaner air and
protecting our environment from the harmful effects of this widespread pollutant.