ENGLISH 8 (sjtvanw)
Appropriate Grammatical Signals or Expressions
to Each Pattern of Idea Development
 Idea development
 essential in writing
 organizing ideas in a logical and clear manner
 necessary to use appropriate grammatical
signals or expressions
 Grammatical signals
 writing devices used to maintain text coherence
 coherence establishes a logical connection
between ideas in sentences and paragraphs
 Pattern of Idea Development
 structure of writing on how the ideas are being
presented
o General to Particular
 discusses general topic by presenting specific
details that support the topic.
 deductive method of organization.
 also, for example, in addition to, for instance, on
the other hand.
o Cause and Effect
 explains the causes or the effects of something
 Cause: if, since, due to, because, one cause,
 Effect: so, hence, then, therefore, as a result
1. Cause-effect manner to discuss a single cause
with different effects.
2. Effect to cause manner to discuss a single effect
with different causes.
3. Consecutive cause-effect manner to discuss a
cause and its effect completely before moving
on to the next cause and effect.
o Claim and Counterclaim
 structure of presenting a side of an issue in an
argumentative manner.
 Claim is the writer’s stand on a topic supported
by evidences and logical reasoning.
 presents the counterclaim of an issue to disprove
it through evidences and logical reasoning.
 however, on the other hand, some people say,
nevertheless, but not only that
 Develop your claim by explaining or adding points
to supporting details:
 Furthermore, moreover, in addition, what’s
more, additionally
 Develop your claim by using supporting details and
connecting it to other points:
 Correspondingly, similarly, equally, likewise,
in the same way
o Problem-Solution
 identifies a problem and addresses it by
presenting one or more solutions
 Problem refers to the unsatisfactory situation
that causes troubles or difficulties
 Solution refers to the ways in solving or
minimizing the problem.
 used to deal with topics that pose problems and
present solutions in a logical manner.
 Because, since, as a result, in order to, so that
Synthesizing Information
 Synthesis
 Refers to combining multiple sources and ideas
 composition or combination of parts or elements
so as to form a whole
 looking for similarities and differences
 Synthesizing information enables you to draw
your own conclusions and generate new ideas
based on what you learn
 Difference of Synthesis and Summary
o Summary
 Share key points from an individual source and
then move on and summarize another source
o Synthesis
 Combine the information from multiple sources
and add your analysis of the literature
 Synthesizing
 prefix “syn” means together
 pulling together different ideas to come up with a
new, bigger idea
 on-going process where old and new knowledge,
experiences, opinions add up, and fit together to
create new understanding.
o Formula of Synthesizing:
 Source 1 + Source 2 + Personal
ideas/observation = Synthesized idea
 Idea 1 + Idea 2 + Own Ideas = New Ideas
 3 types of synthesizing:
o New understanding
- not considered before or until reading text
o Deeper understanding
- becoming more aware or appreciative of an
idea after reading text
o Changed understanding
- thinking differently because of the text
ENGLISH 8 (sjtvanw)
 To synthesize, you must also know how to:
o Summarize
o Paraphrase
o Analyze (break complex topic into smaller parts)
o Infer (use observation to reach logical conclusion)
 Strategies in Synthesizing
o REST Method
R – Read 2 different sources and jot down ideas
E – Edit notes and put together similar concepts
S – Synthesize by combining notes w/ what you know
T – Think about your new ideas and connect to what
you already know
o ADD Method
A – What students already know about the topic
D – What students learned during the reading
D – What students learned during the discussion
o Venn Diagram
- Record facts about 2 topics
- Record overlapping facts and ideas
- Add information at each step prior knowledge,
reding, and discussion
 Steps:
1. Organize your sources
2. Outline your structure
3. Write paragraphs with topic sentences
4. Revise, edit and proofread
 Synthesizing is neither summarizing nor compiling
information. You are bringing different ideas to
form a larger one. You collect new info, form new
thoughts and ideas, and evolve your thinking.
Composing an Effective Paragraph
 Paragraph
- group of sentences organized to discuss a topic
- main rule of writing is to focus on 1 idea or topic
- effective paragraph must have essential parts
 Parts of a Paragraph
o Topic Sentence
 presents the topic
 serves as a guide for the writer to keep their
writing under control.
 "controlling idea"
o Supporting Sentences
 serves as the body
 where you elaborate your topic by including
specific details or evidences
 All must relate to the topic sentence.
organized accordingly through the use of

transitional devices
o Concluding Sentence
 restates what the topic is all about
 comes after all the details have been included
in the body
 Conclusion: thus, hence, finally, therefore
 Summary: so, in summary, to sum up
 Principles in Writing a Paragraph
o Unity
- all sentences talk about one central idea
- writer will deal only with one topic
- important as it guides the writer w/ their idea
o Coherence
- connection of ideas in general
- idea in the topic, supporting and concluding is
connected by transitional devices
o Development
- when a paragraph describes, elaborates,
explains, and supports its topic sentence
- adequately developed if after reading it, the
reader is left with no questions.
Patterns of Paragraph Development
o Narration
- tells a story or recounts a series of events
- arranges the events or ideas in a chronological
order (beginning to end)
- based on personal experience or on knowledge
o Description
- using adjectives or vivid sensory description
- creates a mental picture of the idea by
describing how it sounds, looks, etc.
- use transitional words that indicate location
o Process
- explain a process on how to do something
- uses transitional devices of enumeration
- use to help your readers understand the steps
in a process, or to give instructions
o Exemplification
- uses series of examples to support the topic
sentence
o Comparison/Contrast
- Comparison, how the subjects are the same
- Contrast, how the subjects are different.
- In writing this, use transitional words that
indicate comparison and contrast
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o Definition
- give a complete working definition of a term,
concept, or idea
- tells both what the term is and what it is not.
- defines the boundaries of a term
o Classification
- presents a topic and classifies it to categories
- distinguishes by presenting the characteristics
 can be classified, falls under, can be categorized,
is related to, associated with
o Cause and Effect
- explains the reasons why something happened
or explains the effects of something
Developing Paragraphs that Illustrate Text Types
A. Narrative
- Tells a story which can be fiction or non-fiction
B. Explanation
- Explains a particular subject or topic through
ideas that support it
- factual text that explains how or why things are
C. Expository
- informational texts that present factual data on
a topic through description, sequence, etc.
D. Procedural text
- Lists a sequence of actions or steps needed to
make or do something
- more directive and imperative, instructs
readers on how to go about processes
E. Recount
- retells past events
 Personal recount: writer personally involved in.
 Factual recount: may not be about the writer
F. Persuasive text
- convince readers to believe, perform a certain
action or change their mind
Expanding the Content of an Outline Using Notes
from Primary and Secondary Sources
 Outline
- used in improving and organizing written ideas
about a topic into a logical order
- used when writing to know which topic to
cover and in what order
 Types of an outline
 Type of outline to be used depends on the nature
of the topic and purpose of the writer
1. Sentence Outline
- presents the thesis statement, major topics,
subtopics, and supporting details in sentence
form
- follows a hierarchical structure composed of
sentences and headings around the subject of
the speech or essay.
- Used in this order in bullet formatting:
I. Roman Numerals (Major Topic)
A. Capitalized Letters (Subtopic)
1. Arabic Numerals (Details)
a) Lowercase Letters (Additional info)
2. Topic Outline
- major topics, subtopics, and supporting details
in the form of words and phrases
 Contents:
o THESIS STATEMENT
- one sentence, expresses the main idea of essay
o MAJOR TOPICS
- major phrases/sentences
- formed from the thesis statement
o SUBTOPICS
- minor phrases/sentences
- formed from the major topics
o SUPPORTING DETAILS
- provide additional info to clarify or prove the
main idea
 Steps in writing an outline
1. Choose your topic and establish your purpose
2. Create and organize a list of your major topics
3. Make and organize a list of your subtopics
4. Provide additional information to support your
subtopics
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5. Review and refine the contents of your outline