IE351 Managing

Industrial Engineering
and Technology
Management
Sixth Edition
Morse and Babcock

Session IV

Managing R&D
Ch. 9
 Product and Technology
Life Cycles
• A new product begins as an idea for the
solution of a problem or the satisfaction of
a need
• Solutions today are the problems of
tomorrow
 Product Life Cycle

Customer
Need

Product Product Product

Production Evaluation
Planning Research Design

Customer
Use
 Research and Development
• Basic Research

• Applied Research

• Development
 New Product Strategies
• First-to-market

• Follow-the-leader

• Me-too

• Application engineering
 Intellectual Property
• Ideas and inventions (products of the mind)
• Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks are
methods of protecting intellectual property.
• Lawyers in this fields referred to as:
intellectual property lawyers, patent
lawyers, patent agents, or patent attorneys.
 Patent Types
• Design Patents
a fixed design or “look” of an object

• Utility Patents
composition of matter, process, method or apparatus

• Plant Patents
 Criteria for Patentability

• Novelty
• Usefulness
• Non-obvious to someone “skilled in the art”
 Disclosure Types

• Full, formal disclosure to Technology

Transfer Manager
• Bound laboratory notebooks with third
party corroboration
• Completion of Disclosure Checklist
• Include drawings and sketches
Joint Inventorship - Legally Speaking

• Two or more persons who have contributed

to the inventive acts of an invention
• Group research often results in joint
inventor-ship, however, it is critical to
document evidence of joint inventor-ship in
laboratory notebooks
 Laboratory Notebooks - Legally
Speaking

• The best primary record of invention is

numbered, bound laboratory notebooks
• Pages skipped or not completely filled in by
writing have a line drawn through the
unwritten portion(s)
 Laboratory Notebooks - Legally
Speaking

• Contemplated or planned experiments are

written out as precisely as possible, with
results recorded as soon as they are
obtained
• Each page is initialed and dated by the
person who directs the experiments
 Laboratory Notebooks - Legally
Speaking

• Each page is initialed and dated by the

person who conducts the experiments
• By following these rules, a complete and
timely record of the experimental work, in a
manner which is legally recognized as
“highly probative evidence” will be obtained
Document the Date of Conception

• Make numbered and dated comprehensive

sketches and written description of the concept.
• Sign and date all documents with the inventor
and two witnesses who are:
– not the inventor
– fully understand the idea
– expected to be around years later to testify in court
if necessary
 Document Diligence
• Record progress (or failure) using lab
notebooks and project reports
• At least once a month, all of the inventors
and two technically competent witnesses
should sign and date the entries
• Always use actual dates, never backdate
or predate
 Patent Infringement
• Patent is infringed when the invention
covered by the patent is used without the
permission of the inventor during the time
that the patent is in force
• Patent owner has the right to sue the
infringer in the federal courts and collect
compensation for past infringement can
cause the infringer to cease and desist all
infringing activity
 Trademarks
• A distinguishing symbol, design, mark or
word used by a manufacturer to identify his
product from his competitors
• A mark, character or symbol by which
another entity is recognized or associated
 Copyrights

A copyright is a grant, by the law, to an

author for the right to exclude others
(for a limited time) from reproducing his/
her work
 Types of Copyrights

• Literary works • Pictorial works

• Musical works • Motion Pictures/Videos
• Dramatic works • Sound Recordings
• Choreographic
works

Patent Office: http://www.uspto.gov Copyright: http://www.copyright.gov

 Creativity Process

• Preparation
• Frustration
• Inspiration or illumination
• Verification
 Creativity Techniques

• Brainstorming
• Nominal Group Technique
• Attribute-listing
• Mindmapping
Characteristics of Creative People

• Self-confidence and independence

• Curiosity
• Approach to problems
• Personal: loners, game players, creative
writing
 Kinds of People Needed for
Technological Innovation
• Idea generator
• Entrepreneur
• Gatekeeper
• Program managers
• Sponsor or Champion