1.

Def
inewhati
set
hic
s?Andwhati
smor
ali
ty?

Ethic
s:Thestudyofwhati
smoral
lygoodandbad,
addr
ess
ingul
ti
mat
eval
ueandt
hes
tandar
ds
foreval
uati
nghumanac ti
ons
.

Moral
ity:Theac
tualmor
albel
ief
s,pr
act
ices
,andr
ulest
hatgui
debehavi
orwi
thi
nac
ommuni
ty
orc
ulture

2Di
scus
set
hic
sver
susl
aw

Et
hic
s:

Defi
nit
ion:Ethi
csrefer
stothestudyofwhati smorall
ygoodandbad,aswellaswhati
smor al
ly
ri
ghtandwr ong.I
texplor
esfundament alquest
ionsabouthowweshouldl
ive,whatvi
rtueswe
shoul
dc ul
ti
vate,andhowwes houldtreatothers.

Basi
s:Et
hic
sisbas
edonprinc
ipl
es ,
values,
andreas
oni
ng.
Itai
mst
opr
ovi
deaf
ramewor
kfor
eval
uati
nghumanact
ionsandguidingbehavi
or.

Subj
ect
ivi
ty:Et
hic
alj
udgment
scanbes
ubj
ect
iveandvar
yac
ros
scul
tur
es,
indi
vidual
s,and
cont
ext
s.

Scope:Ethi
csextendsbeyondl
egalrequi
rement
sandcons
idersbroadermorali
mpl
icat
ions
.It
dealswithquest
ionsli
kewhetherl
yingisacc
ept
abl
eincert
ainsit
uationsori
fwehaveadutyto
helpothers
.

Examples
:Et
hic
aldil
emmasi nc
ludedec
isi
onsr
elat
edt
ohones
ty,
fai
rnes
s,c
ompas
sion,
and
envi
ronment
alres
ponsi
bil
it
y.

Law:

Defi
nit
ion:
Lawcons
istsofrul
esandr
egulat
ionsestabli
shedbyagoverni
ngaut
hor
ity(
suc
hasa
gover
nmentorl
egalsystem).
Iti
senf
orc
edt hroughlegali
nsti
tut
ions
.

Basi
s:Legalr
ulesarebas
edonlegisl
ati
on,pr
ecedent
,andj
udi
ci
aldec
isi
ons
.Theyar
ecodi
fi
ed
andbindi
ngwithinaspeci
fi
cjur
isdi
cti
on.

Object
ivi
ty:
Legalj
udgment
sar emor
eobject
iveandles
sopent
oint
erpr
etat
ion.
Theyar
e
appli
edunif
ormlyt
oalli
ndi
vidual
swit
hinthelegals
yst
em.

Scope:Lawfoc
usesonmaintai
ningorder
,res
olvi
ngdi
sputes,andpr
otec
tingr
ight
s.I
tcover
s
ar
easl i
kecont
ract
s,pr
opert
y,cri
minalof
fenses,
andc
ivi
lrights.

Examples:Speedl
imi
ts,
proper
tyr
ight
s,c
ont
rac
ts,
andc
rimi
nalpr
ohi
bit
ionsar
egover
nedby
legalr
ules.

3Whatar
ethegoal
sofmor
alandc
iti
zens
hipeduc
ati
on
Mor
alEduc
ati
onGoal
s:

Charac
terDevel
opment :Mor aleducat
ionai
mstofosterposi
ti
vecharact
ert
rai
tss
uchas
honest
y,compassi
on,integri
ty,andempathy.I
tencouragesi
ndivi
dualst
omakeethi
calc
hoi
ces
andactinwaysthatbenefitothers.

Et
hicalReasoni
ng:I
tseekstoenhanceindi
viduals’
abil
it
yt othi
nkcri
ti
call
yaboutmor
al
di
lemmas .Bydi
scus
singethi
calpri
ncipl
esandr eal
-li
fescenari
os,
student
slear
ntoanal
yze
si
tuati
onsandmakeinformeddecisi
ons.

ValuesFormat i
on:Moraleducationhelpsi
ndi
vidual
sidenti
fyandint
ernal
izeuni
versalvalues
,
suchasj us
tic
e,fai
rnes
s ,
andr espectforot
her
s.Itencour
agesrefl
ect
iononpersonalvaluesand
theiral
ignmentwi t
hsocietalnorms.

Soci
alResponsi
bil
it
y:St
udentsl
ear
naboutthei
rresponsi
bil
it
iesasmembersofacommunit
y.
Theyunderst
andtheimpactoft
hei
rac
tionsonothersanddevelopas
enseofdutytowar
d
soci
ety.

Ci
vicVi
rtues
:Moraleducat
ionpromotesvirt
uesess
ent
ialf
orawel
l-f
unc
tioni
ngs
oci
ety,
i
ncludi
ngtol
erance,
cooperat
ion,c
ivi
li
ty,andal
trui
sm.

Ci
ti
zens
hipEduc
ati
onGoal
s:

Unders
tandingDemoc r
acy:Ci
ti
zenshi
peduc at
ionai
mstoeducat
eindi
vidual
saboutdemoc r
ati
c
pri
nci
ples,i
nstit
uti
ons,
andprocesses
.Ithel
psthemunder
standthei
rri
ghts,r
esponsi
bil
it
ies,
andparti
ci
pationinademocrat
icsoci
ety.

Act
iveCit
izenship:I
tencour
agesact
iveengagementi
nc ivi
cli
fe.Ci
ti
zensl
earnhowto
par
tic
ipat
ei nelecti
ons,
advocat
eforcauses
,andcont
ributetocommunitydevel
opment
.

Cul
turalAwareness:Ci
ti
zenshi
peducati
onfost
ersanapprec
iat
ionforcul
tur
aldi
ver
sit
y.I
thel
ps
i
ndivi
dualsunders
tanddiff
erentper
specti
ves
,tradi
ti
ons
,andhist
ories
.

Cri
tic
alThi
nki
ng:Ci
ti
zenslearntocri
ti
call
yevaluatei
nfor
mati
on,
medi
a,andpol
ici
es.
They
becomeinf
ormeddeci
sion-makersandrespons
iblevot
ers.

Conf
lic
tResoluti
on:Ci
ti
zenshipeducati
onequipsindivi
dual
swit
hski
ll
stor
esol
vec
onf
li
cts
peac
efull
y,engageindi
alogue,andpromotesocialharmony.

4Def
ineanddi
scus
sthet
hreepol
it
icalc
ult
uresbyAl
mondandVer
ba?

Par
tic
ipantCul
tur
e:

Descr
ipti
on:I
naparti
cipantcult
ure,ci
ti
zensac
tivel
yengagei
npol
iti
csandvol
unt
ary
ass
ociat
ions
.Theyunderstandpoli
ti
calproc
ess
esandwi l
li
ngl
ypar
tic
ipat
e.

Char
act
eri
sti
cs:
Ac
tivePar
tic
ipat
ion:Ci
ti
zensexpr
esst
hei
rpr
efer
enc
es,
vot
e,andc
ont
ribut
etoc
ivi
cli
fe.

I
nvolvementi
nVol
untaryAs
sociat
ions
:Theyj
oinor
gani
zat
ions
,at
tendmeet
ings
,and
par
tici
pat
eincommunit
yacti
vit
ies.

Bel
iefi
nInf
luenc
e:Par
tic
ipant
sfeelt
hatt
heyc
ani
nfl
uenc
egover
nmentdec
isi
ons
.

I
dealRol
e:Part
ici
pant
sstr
ikeabalanc
ebet
weenexpr
ess
ingpr
efer
enc
esandac
cept
ing
dec
isi
onswit
hwhi cht
heydis
agree.

Example:TheUni
tedSt
atesand,
toal
ess
erext
ent
,theUni
tedKi
ngdomexhi
bitpar
tic
ipant
cult
ure.

Subj
ectCul
tur
e:

Desc
ript
ion:I
nasubjec
tcult
ure,
cit
izensl
argel
yobeyauthor
itybutparti
ci
pat
emi
nimal
ly.
They
seet
hems el
vesassubj
ect
softhegovernmentrat
herthanact
iveparti
ci
pants
.

Char
act
eri
sti
cs:

Pas
siveObedi
enc
e:Ci
ti
zensc
ompl
ywi
thl
awsandr
egul
ati
onswi
thoutac
tivel
yengagi
ngi
n
pol
it
ics.

Li
mit
edPol
it
icalI
nvol
vement
:Theyl
ackent
hus
ias
mforpol
it
icalpar
tic
ipat
ion.

Ac
cept
anc
eofAut
hor
ity:Subj
ect
sper
cei
vet
hems
elvesasgover
nedbyext
ernalf
orc
es.

I
dealRol
e:Subj
ect
smai
ntai
nst
abi
li
tybyf
oll
owi
ngr
ulesbutdonotac
tivel
yshapepol
ici
es.

Exampl
e:Wes
tGer
manydur
ingi
tsec
onomi
csuc
ces
sdemons
trat
eds
ubj
ectc
ult
ure.

Par
ochi
alCul
tur
e:

Desc
r i
pti
on:Inaparochi
alcul
tur
e,ci
ti
zenshavemi
nimali
nter
esti
npol
it
icsandl
imi
ted
awarenessofcent
ralgover
nmentinst
itut
ions
.

Char
act
eri
sti
cs:

Lac
kofPol
it
icalKnowl
edge:Ci
ti
zensar
eunawar
eofc
ompl
expol
it
icals
truc
tur
es.

Foc
usonLoc
alAf
fai
rs:Thei
rat
tent
ionc
ent
ersoni
mmedi
atec
ommuni
tymat
ter
s.

Indi
sti
nctAwar enessofCent
ralGover
nment
:Par
ochi
alsmaynotevenr
ecogni
zet
heexi
stenc
e
ofanationalgovernment.

I
dealRol
e:Par
ochi
alsr
emai
ndet
achedf
rombr
oaderpol
it
icalpr
oces
ses
.

Exampl
e:I
tal
yandMexi
coexhi
bitel
ement
sofpar
ochi
alc
ult
ure.
5Br
ief
lydef
ineanddi
scus
sthet
hreemaj
ort
heor
iesofet
hic
s?

Vi
rtueEt
hic
s:

Foc
us:Vi
rtueet
hic
scent
ersonc
har
act
ert
rai
tsandt
hedevel
opmentofmor
alvi
rtues
.

Basi
cIdea:
Itemphasi
zescul
ti
vat
inggoodc
har
act
err
athert
hanf
ocus
ings
olel
yons
pec
ifi
c
act
ionsorcons
equences
.

KeyFi
gur
e:Ar
ist
otl
eisapr
omi
nentadvoc
ateofvi
rtueet
hic
s.

GuidingPrinc
ipl
e:I
ndivi
dual
sshoul
dst
rivet
oembodyvi
rtuess
uchashones
ty,
compas
sion,
courage,andint
egri
ty.

Exampl
e:I
nst
eadofas
king,
“Whatac
tions
houl
dIt
ake?”vi
rtueet
hic
sas
ks,
“Whatki
ndofper
son
s
houldI
be?”

Ut
il
it
ari
ani
sm:

Foc
us:Ut
il
it
ari
ani
smi
sac
ons
equent
ial
istt
heor
ythateval
uat
esac
tionsbas
edont
hei
rout
comes
.

Basi
cIdea:
Theri
ghtac
tioni
stheonet
hatmaxi
miz
esover
allhappi
nes
sorut
il
it
yfort
hegr
eat
est
numberofpeopl
e.

Gui
dingPr
inc
ipl
e:The“
great
estgoodf
ort
hegr
eat
estnumber
.”

Example:I
fadeci
si
onbenef
it
smor
epeopl
ethani
thar
ms,
iti
scons
ider
edmor
all
yri
ghtf
roma
uti
li
tar
ianper
specti
ve.

Deont
ology(
orDut
y-Bas
edEt
hic
s):

Foc
us:Deont
ologyemphas
izesdut
y,r
ules
,andpr
inc
ipl
esr
athert
hanout
comes
.

Bas
icI
dea:
Act
ionsar
eeval
uat
edbas
edonwhet
hert
heyadher
etomor
alr
ulesordut
ies
.

Gui
dingPr
inc
ipl
e:

Cat
egori
calImper
ati
ve:Ac
tonl
yac
cor
dingt
omaxi
mst
hatyouc
anc
ons
ist
ent
lywi
llasa
uni
ver
sallaw.

HumanDi
gni
ty:Tr
eathumani
tyasanend,
notmer
elyasameans
.

Uni
ver
sal
it
y:Ac
tinawayt
hatc
oul
dbeuni
ver
sal
lyf
oll
owed.

Example:Honor
ingpromises
,tel
li
ngt
het
rut
h,andr
espec
tinghumanr
ight
sal
ignwi
th
deont
ologic
alpri
nci
ples.

6Defineanddi
scus
sthef
ourf
eat
uresofs
tat
einac
cor
danc
ewi
thar
tic
leoneofMont
evi
deo
Conventi
on
Per
manentPopulat
ion:As
tat
emus
thaveas
ett
ledandc
ont
inuouspopul
ati
onr
esi
dingwi
thi
n
i
tsdef
inedt
erri
tory
.

Defi
nedTer
rit
ori
alBoundar
ies
:Thestat
e’ster
rit
oryshoul
dbeclear
lydemar
c at
edand
rec
ogniz
edbyotherst
ates.
Thisi
ncl
udesland,water
,andair
spaceovert
heterr
itor
y.

Gover
nment :As t
atemus thaveafunc
t i
oni
nggovernmentcapabl
eofexerci
si
ngaut
horit
yover
i
tspopulati
onandt err
itor
y.Thi
sgovernmentcantakevar
iousfor
ms,suchasamonarc
hy,
democracy,oranyothersyst
em.

Capac
itytoEnteri
ntoAgreementswit
hOtherStat
es:As
tat
es houldhavetheabil
it
ytoengage
i
ndiplomati
crelat
ions
,si
gntreat
ies,
andi
nterac
twi t
hot
hersovereignent
iti
es.

7Di
scus
sthedi
ff
erents
tat
efor
mst
hathavedevel
opeds
omeofwhi
char
e:

Mi
nimals
tat
e

Devel
opment
als
tat
e

Soc
ialdemoc
rat
ics
tat
e

Col
lec
tivi
zeds
tat
e

Tot
ali
tar
ians
tat
e

Rel
igi
ouss
tat
e

Mi
nimalSt
ate(
Night
-Wat
chmanSt
ate)
:

Al
soknownasthe“Night-WatchmanSt
ate,
”thi
sconc
eptemphas
izesmi
nimalgover
nment
i
nter
vent
ioni
nc i
ti
zens’l
ives.

Keyf
eat
ures
:

Li
mitedfunct
ions
:Thestat
e’spr
imar
yrol
eist
opr
otec
tci
ti
zens
’ri
ght
s,enf
orc
econt
rac
ts,
and
maintai
nlawandorder
.

Mi
nimalt
axat
ion:I
tcol
lec
tsonl
yes
sent
ialt
axest
ofundi
tsbas
icf
unc
tions
.

Lai
ssez
-fai
reec
onomi
cs:I
tpr
omot
esf
reemar
ket
sandmi
nimalr
egul
ati
on.

As
soci
atedt
hinker
s:Cl
ass
icall
iber
alsl
ikeJ
ohnLoc
keandFr
iedr
ichHayekadvoc
atedf
ort
his
model
.

Devel
opment
alSt
ate:

Commonlyf
oundi
nEastAsi
a(e.
g.,
Japan,
Sout
hKor
ea)
,thedevel
opment
als
tat
efoc
useson
economi
cgr
owthanddevel
opment.
Keyf
eat
ures
:

Act
ivegover
nmentint
ervent
ion:Thes
tat
epl
aysac
ent
ralr
olei
npl
anni
ngandi
mpl
ement
ing
ec
onomicpoli
ci
es.

St
rat
egi
cindus
tri
es:I
tsuppor
tss
pec
ifi
csec
tor
s(e.
g.,
tec
hnol
ogy,
inf
ras
truc
tur
e)t
odr
ivegr
owt
h.

Bur
eauc
rat
icc
ompet
enc
e:Ac
apabl
ebur
eauc
rac
ydr
ivesdevel
opment
.

As
soc
iat
edt
hinker
s:Chal
mer
sJohns
onandHa-
JoonChanghaveexpl
oredt
hisc
onc
ept
.

Soc
ialDemoc
rat
icSt
ate:

Prevalenti
nmanyEur
opeancount
ries
,thes
oci
aldemoc
rat
ics
tat
eai
msf
orabal
anc
ebet
ween
capit
alismands
oci
alwel
far
e.

Keyf
eat
ures
:

Soc
ials
afet
ynet
s:I
tpr
ovi
desuni
ver
salheal
thc
are,
educ
ati
on,
ands
oci
als
ervi
ces
.

Pr
ogr
ess
ivet
axat
ion:Weal
thr
edi
str
ibut
iont
oreduc
einequal
it
y.

Mi
xedec
onomy:Combi
nesmar
ketf
orc
eswi
ths
tat
eint
ervent
ion.

Associ
atedt
hinkers:Leader
sli
keOl
ofPal
me(
Sweden)andWi
ll
yBr
andt(
Ger
many)c
hampi
oned
soc
ialdemocracy.

Col
lec
tivi
zedSt
ate(
Communi
stSt
ate)
:

Ass
oci
atedwithMarxi
st-
Lenini
sti
deol
ogy,t
hec
oll
ect
ivi
zeds
tat
eseekst
oel
imi
nat
epr
ivat
e
owner
shipandest
abli
shaclass
les
ssoci
ety.

Keyf
eat
ures
:

Cent
ralpl
anni
ng:Thes
tat
econt
rol
sal
lmeansofpr
oduc
tion.

St
ateowner
shi
p:Pr
oper
ty,
res
our
ces
,andi
ndus
tri
esar
ecol
lec
tivel
yowned.

Suppr
ess
ionofdi
ssent
:Of
tenc
har
act
eri
zedbyaut
hor
itar
ianr
ule.

As
soc
iat
edt
hinker
s:Kar
lMar
x,Vl
adi
mirLeni
n,andMaoZedongs
hapedt
hismodel
.

Tot
ali
tar
ianSt
ate:

Ext
remef
ormofs
tat
econt
rolwher
ethegover
nmentdomi
nat
esal
las
pec
tsofl
if
e.

Keyf
eat
ures
:

Tot
alc
ont
rol
:Thes
tat
eregul
atespol
it
ics
,ec
onomy
,cul
tur
e,andi
ndi
vidualbehavi
or.
Pr
opagandaandc
ens
ors
hip:Suppr
ess
esdi
ssentands
hapespubl
icopi
nion.

Si
ngl
e-par
tyr
ule:Oppos
iti
onpar
tiesar
ebanned.

As
soc
iat
edt
hinker
s:HannahAr
endtandGeor
geOr
wel
lanal
yzedt
otal
it
ari
ani
sm.

Rel
igi
ousSt
ate(
Theoc
rat
icSt
ate)
:

Root
edi
nrel
igi
ouspr
inc
ipl
es,
thi
sst
atei
ntegr
atesf
ait
handgover
nanc
e.

Keyf
eat
ures
:

Rel
igi
ousl
aw:Legals
yst
embas
edonr
eli
gioust
ext
s.

Cl
eri
cali
nfl
uenc
e:Rel
igi
ousl
eader
shol
dsi
gni
fi
cantpower
.

Mor
alr
egul
ati
on:
Lawsal
ignwi
thr
eli
giousnor
ms.

As
soc
iat
edt
hinker
s:Ayat
oll
ahKhomei
ni(
Ir
an)exempl
if
iedt
heoc
rat
icgover
nanc
e.

8Whatar
ethepur
pos
esandf
unc
tionsofgover
nment
?

Mai
ntenanc
eofLawandOr
der
:

Oneofthepri
maryfunc
tionsofgover
nmenti
stoes
tabl
ishandenf
orc
elawst
hatmai
ntai
npeac
e,
or
der,andst
abil
it
y.

Gover
nmentscreat
el egalf
rameworks
,pol
icef
orces
,andj
udi
ci
als
yst
emst
oaddr
essc
rimi
nal
act
ivi
ti
es,
res
olvedisputes,
andprot
ectci
ti
zens.

Pr
otec
tionofCi
ti
zensandTer
rit
ory:

Gover
nmentsarer
esponsi
bleforsaf
eguar
dingt
hei
rci
ti
zensf
romext
ernalt
hreat
s(s
uchas
i
nvasi
on)andi
nter
naldangers(s
uchascri
me).

Theymai
ntai
nar
medf
orc
es,
bor
ders
ecur
ity,
andemer
genc
yser
vic
est
oens
urepr
otec
tion.

Pr
omot
ionofJ
ust
iceandEqual
it
y:

Gover
nmentsst
rivet
oc r
eat
eaj
ustandequi
tabl
esoc
iet
ybyens
uri
ngequalr
ight
s,oppor
tuni
ti
es,
andacces
stor
esources
.

Theyaddr
essdi
scr
imi
nat
ion,
promot
esoc
ialj
ust
ice,
andwor
ktowar
dreduc
ingdi
spar
iti
es.

Pr
ovi
si
onofPubl
icGoodsandSer
vic
es:

Government
sprovideessent
ials
ervi
cesthatbenefi
ttheent
irepopul
ati
on,
suc
haseduc
ati
on,
heal
thcar
e,sani
tat
ion,t
ransport
ati
on,andinf
rastr
uctur
e.
Thes
eser
vic
esc
ont
ribut
etoc
iti
zens
’wel
l-
bei
ngandover
alldevel
opment
.

Ec
onomi
cRegul
ati
onandSt
abi
li
zat
ion:

Government
sregul
ateec
onomi
cac
tivi
ti
est
opr
eventmonopol
ies
,ens
uref
airc
ompet
iti
on,
and
prot
ectcons
umers.

Theymanagef
iscalpol
ici
es(
taxat
ionands
pendi
ng)andmonet
arypol
ici
es(
int
eres
trat
es)t
o
stabi
li
zet
heeconomy.

Soc
ialWel
far
eandSaf
etyNet
s:

Gover
nment
sest
abli
shsoc
ials
afet
ynet
stoas
sis
tvul
ner
abl
epopul
ati
ons(
e.g.
,theel
der
ly,
di
sabl
ed,
unempl
oyed).

Programsl
ikes
oci
als
ecur
ity,
unempl
oymentbenef
it
s,andf
oodas
sis
tanc
efal
lundert
his
categor
y.

Di
plomac
yandFor
eignRel
ati
ons
:

Gover
nment
sengagei
ndi
plomat
icr
elat
ionswi
thot
herc
ount
ries
.

Theynegot
iat
etreat
ies
,par
tic
ipat
eini
nter
nat
ionalor
gani
zat
ions
,andr
epr
esentt
hei
rnat
ion’
s
int
eres
tsgl
oball
y.

Envi
ronment
alPr
otec
tion:

Gover
nmentsaddressenvi
ronment
alchal
lengesbyi
mpl
ement
ingr
egul
ati
ons
,cons
ervat
ion
ef
fort
s,andpol
lut
ioncontr
olmeasures
.

Theywor
ktowar
dsus
tai
nabl
edevel
opmentandpr
otec
tnat
uralr
esour
ces
.

Cul
tur
alPr
eser
vat
ionandPr
omot
ion:

Gover
nment
ssuppor
tcul
tur
alher
itage,
art
s,andeduc
ati
on.

Theyf
undmus
eums
,li
brar
ies
,andc
ult
uralevent
stopr
eser
veandc
elebr
ateanat
ion’
sident
ity.

Emer
genc
yRes
pons
eandDi
sas
terManagement
:

Gover
nmentscoordi
nat
edi
sas
terr
eli
efef
for
tsdur
ingnat
uralc
alami
ti
es(
e.g.
,ear
thquakes
,
fl
oods,
pandemics
).

Theyor
gani
zer
esc
ueoper
ati
ons
,pr
ovi
deai
d,andr
est
oreaf
fec
tedar
eas
.

9Def
ineanddi
scus
sthemodesofac
qui
ri
ngandl
oos
ingc
iti
zens
hip?

Ac
qui
si
ti
onofCi
ti
zens
hip:
Bi
rth:Ci
ti
zens
hipc
anbeac
qui
redaut
omat
ical
lybybi
rth.
Ther
ear
etwopr
imar
ypr
inc
ipl
es:

J
uss ol
i(Bi
rthontheTer
rit
ory)
:Ifaper
soni
sbor
nwi
thi
nac
ount
ry’
ster
rit
ory,
theybec
omea
c
iti
zenofthatcount
ry.

Jussangui
nis(Bir
tht
oaCiti
zenPar
ent
):I
faper
soni
sbor
ntoatl
eas
tonec
iti
zenpar
ent
,they
acqui
recit
izenshi
pbydes
cent.

Regi
strat
ion:I
ndi
vidual
scanappl
yforc
iti
zens
hipt
hroughr
egi
str
ati
on.
Thi
spr
oces
sinvol
ves
spec
ifi
ccrit
eri
aanddocumentati
on.

Naturali
zat
ion:For
eignnati
onal
swhomeetr es
idencyrequir
ement
sandothercondi
ti
onscan
applyforci
tiz
enshi
pt hr
oughnatur
ali
zat
ion.
Ittypi
cal
lyinvol
vesal
egalpr
ocessandawait
ing
peri
od.

Los
sofCi
ti
zens
hip:

Renunc
iati
on:Aper
sonvol
unt
aril
ygivesuptheirci
ti
zenshi
pbyf or
mall
yrenounc
ingi
t.Thi
s
oft
enoccurswhens
omeoneacqui
rescit
izens
hipinanothercountr
y.

Ter
minat
ion:Cer
tai
nci
rcums
tanc
esl
eadt
oaut
omat
ict
ermi
nat
ionofc
iti
zens
hip.
Forexampl
e:

Ser
vingi
naf
orei
gnmi
li
tar
ywi
thoutgover
nmentper
mis
sion.

Taki
nganoat
hofal
legi
anc
etoanot
herc
ount
ry.

Engagi
ngi
nac
tivi
ti
esagai
nstt
hes
tat
e’si
nter
est
s.

Depri
vati
on:Governmentscanrevokec
iti
zenshipunderspeci
fi
ccondi
ti
ons
,suc
hasf
rauddur
ing
theacqui
si
ti
onpr oces
sorinvol
vementincri
mi nalac
tivi
ti
es.

10I
dent
if
yanddi
scus
sthemeanst
oac
qui
redualc
iti
zens
hipac
cor
dingt
oEFDREc
ons
tit
uti
on?

Et
hiopi
anNat
ional
it
y:

Anyper
sonofei
thers
exs
hal
lbeanEt
hiopi
annat
ionali
fbot
horei
therpar
enti
sEt
hiopi
an.

For
eignnat
ional
smayal
soac
qui
reEt
hiopi
annat
ional
it
y.

Par
tic
ular
srel
ati
ngt
onat
ional
it
yar
edet
ermi
nedbyl
aw1.

DualNat
ional
it
y:

Dualnat
ional
it
yisnotal
lowedi
nEt
hiopi
a.

However,t
hereisaprovis
ionunderAr
tic
le20oft
heEthiopi
annati
onali
tylaw:Per
sonswho
havedualnati
onal
it
yar e“cons
ider
edsol
elyanEt
hiopi
annati
onalunt
ilthelos
sofEthi
opi
an
nati
onal
ity”2.
Def
ini
ti
onofa“
Nat
ion,
Nat
ional
it
y,orPeopl
e”:

Accor
dingt
ot heEthi
opi
anCons
tit
uti
on,
a“Nat
ion,
Nat
ional
it
y,orPeopl
e”r
efer
stoagr
oupof
peopl
ewhos hare:

Al
argemeas
ureofc
ommonc
ult
ureors
imi
larc
ust
oms
.

Mut
uali
ntel
li
gibi
li
tyofl
anguage.

Bel
iefi
ncommonorr
elat
edi
dent
iti
es.

Ac
ommonps
ychol
ogi
calmakeup.

I
nhabi
tat
ionofani
dent
if
iabl
epr
edomi
nant
lyc
ont
iguoust
err
itor
y