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Copyright © 2020 by Ignite Brains Healthcare & education solutions

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for Biomentors Classes online, Mumbai

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All rights reserved.

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No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying,
recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the
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prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief
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quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other

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noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.

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 HYDROGEN
 Hydrogen is the lightest and the
most abundant element known.
 Its electronic configuration is 1s1.
 It was discovered by Henry
Cavendish.
 The combustion of hydrogen
produces more heat per gram then
any other fuels. Since produces

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water as a product it is called “
Clean Fuel “

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1.1 Position of hydrogen in periodic

l.
table

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Hydrogen has Dual Nature. It
resembles with alkali metals
possessing electropositive nature
by loosing an electron. It also gm
resembles with halogens possessing electronegative nature by loosing an electron.
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1.2 Preparation of dihydrogen (H2)
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(A) Cold Water

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2Na (Hg) + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2

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(B) Hot Water

Zn + H2O → ZnO + H2
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(C) Lab method :

𝑍𝑛 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑍𝑛𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻2
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(D) By the Action of hydrolith on water :

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𝐶𝑎𝐻2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 2𝐻2

(E) By electrolysis of water : Water containing sulphuric acid - Ions are H+, OH¯ & SO4–2. On
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passing electricity H+ ions move towards cathode while OH¯ & SO4–2 ions move towards
anode.
𝑨𝒕 𝑪𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅𝒆 2𝐻 + + 2𝑒 − → 2𝐻 + + 𝐻2
𝑨𝒕 𝑨𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝑂𝐻 − → 𝑂𝐻 + 𝑒 −
4𝑂𝐻 → 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑂2
Imp.- SO4–2 ions are not discharged on anode as their discharge potential is
higher than that of OH¯ ions.

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 (F) Hydrogen from acids –
(i) Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
(ii) Mg + 2HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + H2
(G) Hydrogen from alkalies - (Zn, Al, Sn, Pb, Si)
Zn + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H2-
Sod. Zincate

2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O → 2NaAlO2 + 3H2

Sodium Meta Aluminate

(H) From natural gas -

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CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2.

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(I) Lane's Process -
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2.

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(J) Bosh Process : Reacting CO with stream in presence of iron chromate as catalyst
𝑪𝑶(𝒈) + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒈) → 𝑪𝑶𝟐(𝒈) + 𝑯𝟐(𝒈)

1.3 Physical Properties

 It is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas.
gm
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 It is sparingly soluble in water.
 It has low melting and boiling points.
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 It has low critical temperature i.e. –236.9°C so it is very difficult to liquefy.

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 Its property to be adsorbed by certain metals like Fe, Au, Pt & Pd can be used for its purification
because only pure hydrogen is adsorbed by these metals and is given out when they are
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heated in vaccum.
 Hydrogen in adsorbed form is called Occluded Hydrogen. It is more active in this form.
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Powdered Pd can occlude nearly 1000 times its own volume of hydrogen.

1.4 Chemical Reactions

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(i) Reaction with metals -

(a) 2Na + H2 → NaH
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(b) Ca + H2 → CaH2
(c) Be + H2 → No reaction
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(ii) Reaction with non metals - Flourine combines with H2 readily even of low temperature
& in dark. While the combustion with chlorine takes place in presence of sunlight.
Similarly with bromine combines on heating while iodine combines when heated in
presence of a catalyst.
H2 + X2 → 2HX
(iii) Reducing nature- Hydrogen has very high affinity to hydrogen so it reduces metals of less
electropositive metals into metals on heating.
(a) CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
(b) Fe3O4 + 4H2 → 3Fe + 4H2O
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 (c) Unsaturated fat + H2 → Saturated fat
(Oil) (Vanaspati Ghee)
(iv) Synthetic petrol - Petrol substitutes are obtained by subjecting a paste of powdered coal in
crude oil to the action of hydrogen under pressure and in presence of catalyst.
(v) Oxyhydrogen flame - It produces a temperature of 2800°C while oxy - atomic hydrogen flame
is produced at 4000°C. The heat generated is used for melting substances having very high
melting points. Such as Quartz, Pt etc. & also for welding.
(vi) Combustion- 𝐻2 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐻2 𝑂
(vii) Combination reaction- By forming hydrides with metals, it helps in the combination of

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Metals with Nonmetals. 2𝐿𝑖 + 𝐻2 → 2𝐿𝑖𝐻

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1.5 Different forms of H2
(i) NASCENT HYDROGEN – Nascent hydrogen is hydrogen in the form of individual atoms

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and not in the form of paired molecules, at the moment of formation. It is very much active

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compared to ordinary hydrogen.

(a) Preparation - Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + 2H

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(b) Property - This hydrogen is more reactive & powerful reducing agent than ordinary
hydrogen.
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(A) It decolourises yellow colour of FeCl3 (aq.)
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(H) + FeCl3 → FeCl2 + HCl

(yellow) Colourless
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(B) Decolourise violet colour of KMnO4.

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(C) Hydrogen is used as tracer to study reaction mechanism

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(ii) ADSORBED HYDROGEN- Hydrogen on bubbling at the surface of Pt black, get adsorbed
there and becomes capable of bringing out
many chemical changes such as reduction and
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hydrogenation. This type of hydrogen is

named as adsorbed hydrogen. While
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hydrogen occluded on Pd is very strong

reducing agent and combines with halogens in
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dark. Occlusion decreases with rise in

temperature.
(iii) ATOMIC HYDROGEN –
(a) Atomic hydrogen is best produced by passing
ordinary hydrogen through an electric arc
between 2 tungsten filaments. Thus, hydrogen
is dissociated into atoms.
𝐻2 → 2[𝐻] ∆𝐻 = 104.5 𝐾𝐶𝑎𝑙
(b) It is highly endothermic process and is used in

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 welding.
(c) Life period of atomic hydrogen is only 0.3 sec.
(d) This form of hydrogen is very - very reactive as it has the excited state of hydrogen atom.

(iv) ORTHO AND PARA HYDROGEN -

Bonhoeffer & Hartech have
shown that ordinary hydrogen is
a mixture of two forms of ortho
& para.
A hydrogen molecule consists of

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two atoms. Each atom having
one proton & one electron. Both

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electron & proton have the
property to spin about their

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own axis.

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(A) Ortho hydrogen - Spin of
protons or nucleus are in same
direction.
(B) Para hydrogen - Spin of
proton or nucleus are in
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opposite direction.
Ordinary mixture of hydrogen, at room temperature contains about 75% of ortho & 25% para
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means 3 : 1. At low temperature para form increases.

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(d) Difference between para & ortho form -

(i) Ortho is more stable than para.
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(ii) Ortho & para hydrogen are called as nuclear spin isomers because they are different
w.r.t their nuclear spins.
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(iii) Conductivity of ortho is less than para form.

(iv) Magnetic moment of para is zero while ortho has twice that of proton.
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1.6 Hydrides
Compounds of hydrogen with less electronegative elements are called hydrides.
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(a) Ionic hydrides or saline hydrides - These are formed by combination of hydrogen with IA
& II A (Highly reactive metals)
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eg. LiH, NaH, KH, MgH2, CaH2 etc.

(b) Covalent hydrides -
Hydrogen forms compounds with less electronegative non-metals like B & Si.
eg. SiH4, B2H6
(c) Interstitial hydrides -
Hydrogen + Transition metal
Hydrogen is held by vander waal force. These hydrides are non-stoichiometric
Ti : H2
1: 1.67
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1.7 Isotopes of hydrogen

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Example 1. The difference between ortho & para hydrogen is-

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Sol. At room temp. ratio of o-H2 & p-H2 is 3 : 1. So, Ortho is more stable than para.

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2. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

Discovered by L. J. Thenard gm
2.1 Methods of preparation of Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

(a) Lab method of preparation of H2O2 - H2O2 obtained by passing a current of CO2 through
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a cold pasty solution of BaO2 in water.
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BaO2 + CO2 + H2O → H2O2 + BaCO3

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(b) Treating Na2O2 with H2SO4 -

(A) Na2O2 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O2
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(B) Also by small amount of Na2O2 added to ice cold water.

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Na2O2 + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2O2

(c) Industrial process - By electrolysis of 50% H2SO4 at 0°C using Pt electrode.
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2H2SO4 → 2H+ + 2HSO4¯

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At cathode (Cu) - 2H+ +2e¯ → H2

At anode (Pt) - 2HSO4¯ → H2S2O8 + 2e¯
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H2S2O8 + 2H2O →H2O2 + 2H2SO4

(d) Electrolysis of ammonium hydrogen sulphate : In the electrolysis of ammonium
hydrogen sulphate, ammonium per sulphate is formed. It is separated and distilled with
dil. H2SO4 to give 30 - 40% H2O2 (aqueous solution)
𝑁𝐻4 𝐻𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑁𝐻4 𝑆𝑂4− + 𝐻 +
At cathode : 2H+ + 2e¯ → H2 (reduction)
At anode : 2NH4SO4¯ → (NH4)2S2O8 + 2e¯ (oxidation)

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 Distillation : (NH4)S2O8 + 2H2O → 2NH4HSO4 + H2O2

(e) Auto - oxidation of 2-ethyl anthraquinol : This is the most modern method and needs H2,
atmospheric oxygen and water as the major raw material.

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First and foremost, 2-ethyl anthraquinone is catalytically reduced to 2-ethyl anthraquinol
in organic solvent by H2 and Pd (catalyst).
gm
Secondly, 2-ethyl anthraquinol is oxidised by air to 2-ethyl anthraquinone. H2O2 obtained
in the process is extracted with water to give 20% H2O2 solution.
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2-butyl anthraquinone is thus reused. The process is repeated, thus it is a cyclic process.
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2.2 Physical Properties of H2O2

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(a) Pure H2O2 is weak acidic in nature and exists as associated liquid due to hydrogen
bonding.
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(b) Smell of H2O2 resembles like nitric acid. It causes blisters on skin.
(c) Stored in plastic containers after addition of stabilizers.
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(d) A dilute solution of H2O2 is concentrated by vacuum distillation or by distillation under

pressure.
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2.3 Chemical Reaction

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(a) Decomposition : 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

Pt, Au, Ag accelerates its decomposition while acetanilide, alcohol act as negative catalyst
to retard the decomposition of H2O2.
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(b) H2O2 acts as oxidising and reducing agent in acidic as well as alkaline medium :
(i) Oxidising action
(1) Black lead sulphide to white lead sulphide
PbS + 4H2O2 → PbSO4 + 4H2O
Black White
(2) Acidified potassium dichromate is oxidised to blue peroxide of chromium,
confirmatory test of H2O2.

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 K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 4H2O2 → 2CrO5 + K2SO4 + 5H2O
Perchromate blue
(3) Bleaching action -
Coloured material + (O) → Colourless
It bleaches materials like silk, hair, cotton, wool etc.

(ii) Reducing Action -

(1) It reduces Ag2O to silver -
Ag2O + H2O2 → 2Ag + H2O + O2

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(2) Acidified KMnO4 is decolourised by H2O2
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5O2

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(3) It reduces pot. ferricyanide to pot. ferrocyanide

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2K3[Fe(CN)6] + 2KOH + H2O2 → 2K4[Fe(CN)6] + 2H2O + O2

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2.4 Uses of Hydrogen peroxide
(1) As germicide and antiseptic due to its oxidising property.
(2) As fuel for rocket
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(3) In refreshing old oil paintings due to formation of black PbS. H2O2 converts it into white
PbSO4.
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PbO + H2S → PbS + H2O

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(White) (Black)
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PbS + 4H2O2 → PbSO4 + 4H2O

(White)
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2.5 Test for H2O2

(1) An acidified solution of titanium salt when treated with H 2O2, a yellow or orange colour
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is developed due to formation of pertitanic acid.

Ti(SO4)2 + H2O2 + 2H2O → H2TiO4 + 2H2SO4
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(2) It liberates iodine from KI solution which gives blue colour with starch solution
(3) H2O2 on shaking with acidified K2Cr2O7 with little ether, blue colour is produced.
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2.6 Structure of H2O2

All four atoms in H2O2 are non-planar. Structure of H2O2 has open book structure having two
leaves at 90°, the H-atoms are placed one on each core. The H - O making an angle of 101.5° with
O - O bond.

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 m
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Volumetric analysis of Hydrogen peroxide solution can be done by two different method that
is Percentage Concentration and Volume Concentration
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𝟏𝟕
% Concentration = 𝑿 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟓𝟔
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𝟓𝟔
Volume Concentration = 𝑿 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟏𝟕
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Example 1: Concentration of 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 solution is 6.8% find the volume concentration

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Solution: 2𝐻2 𝑂2 → 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑂2

2 X 34 1 Mole
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= 68 gram 22400 cc ( NTP)

6.8 gram 𝐻2 𝑂2 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 100 𝐶𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑂2 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛
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1 gram 𝐻2 𝑂2 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 100 𝐶𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑂2 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 6.8/100

= 0.068 gram
68 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝐻2 𝑂2 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 22400 𝐶𝐶 𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑁𝑇𝑃
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Then from 0.068 = 22400 X 0.068 /68 = 22.4 cc

Example 2: Calculate the volume concentration of 0.02 M solution of 𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝟐

Solution : Concentration of 𝐻2 𝑂2 = 0.02 𝑀
Mass of 𝐻2 𝑂2 = 34 g /mol
Concentration = 0.02 X 34 = 0.002 X 34 g/100 ml = 0.068 %
56 56
Volume concentration = 17 𝑋 % 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. = = 17 𝑋 0.068 = 0.224

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3 SOFT AND HARD WATER
(i) Water which gives foams easily with soap is known as soft water. The other which gives
with difficulty is known as hard water.
(ii) The hardness of water is due to the dissolved Ca, Mg salt of bicarbonate, chloride,
sulphate etc.
(iii) Normal soaps are sodium salt of fatty acid (RCOONa). On dissolving in hard water soap
reacts with soluble impurities to give insoluble fatty acid salt of Ca & Mg. Therefore,
foaming properties of soap are developed only when soluble impurities in hard water are
completely removed. Thus, hard water consumes more soap.
RCOONa + CaCl2 → (RCOO)2Ca + 2NaCl

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(iv) Hardness of water is of two types –

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(A) Temporary hardness -

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(i) Due to soluble bicarbonates of Ca and Mg

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(ii) It can be removed by boiling or adding calculated quantity of slaked lime.
Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
Clark's method -
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
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(B) Permanent hardness
(i) Due to soluble sulphates, chlorides, nitrates of Ca and Mg.
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(ii) It can be removed by

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(a) By Permutit Process -

Permutit is sodium alumino silicate (Na2Al2SiO3. x H2O) or sodium zeolite
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(Na2Z) where Z is Al2 SiO3. xH2O. It is insoluble in water & has the property to
exchange basic radical which helps in softening water.
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Na2Z + CaSO4 → CaZ + Na2SO4

(b) By washing soda (Na2CO3) -
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MgCl2 + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 + 2NaCl

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CaSO4 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + Na2SO4

It place of sodium carbonate, caustic soda or sodium phosphate can also be used.
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MgCl2 + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl

Insoluble
3MgSO4 + 2Na3PO4 → Mg3(PO4)2 + 3Na2SO4
(c) Calgon’s method : Sodium hexametaphosphate (Na6P6O18), commercially called
‘calgon’, when added to hard water, the following reactions takes place.
N6P6O18 → 2Na+ + Na4P6 (M = Mg, Ca)
𝑀2+ + 𝑁𝑎4 𝑃6 → [𝑁𝑎2 𝑀𝑃6 𝑂18 ]2− + 2𝑁𝑎+
The complex anion keeps the Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions in solution.
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 (d) Synthetic resins method : Hard water is softened by using synthetic cation
exchangers. This method is more efficient than zeolite process. Cation exchange resins
contain large organic molecule with - SO3H group and are water insoluble. Ion exchange
resin (RSO3H) is changed to RNa by treating it with NaCl. The resin exchanges Na+ ions
with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in hard water to make
2RNa(s) + M2+(aq) → R2M(s) + 2Na+(aq)
The resin can be regenerated by adding aqueous NaCl solution. Pure de-mineralised (de-
ionized) water free from all soluble mineral salts is obtained by passing water
successively through a cation exchange (in the H+ form) and an anion exchange (in the

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OH–) resins :

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2RH (s) + M2+ (aq) → MR2 (s) + 2H+ aq).
In this cation exchange process, H+ exchanges for Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and other cations

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present in water. This process results in proton release and thus makes the water acidic.

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In the anion exchange process :
RNH2 (s) + H2O (I) → X–(aq) + OH–(aq)
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OH– exchanges for anions like Cl–, etc. present in water. OH– ions, thus, liberated
neutralize the H+ ions set free in the cation exchange.
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H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(I)
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The exhausted cation and anion exchange resin beds are regenerated by treatment with
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dilute acid and alkali solution respectively.

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rp
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 Question
1) The process used for the removal of hardness of water is:

a. Calgon b. Baeyer
c. Serpeck d. Hoope
2) Which of the following is used as rocket fuel?

a. Liquid O3 b. Liquid N2
c. Liquid NH3 d. Liquid H2

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3) Water is considered to be polluted if the dissolved oxygen (DO) content is less than………..ppm.

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a. 5 b. 10
c. 15 d. 100

l.
4) Which of the following could act as propellant for rockets?

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a. Liquid oxygen+ liquid argon
b. Liquid nitrogen + liquid oxygen
c. Liquid Hydrogen + Liquid Oxygen
d. Liquid Hydrogen + Liquid Nitrogen gm
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5) Water is oxidised to oxygen by
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a. Ozone b. KMnO4
c. H2O2 d. F2
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6) Which is false about H2O2?

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a. Acts both as oxidising and reducing agents

b. Two OH bonds lie in the same plane
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c. Pale blue liquid

d. can be oxidised by O3
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7) When electric current is passed through an ionic hydride in molten state:

a. hydrogen is liberated at anode

ga

b. hydrogen is liberated at cathode

c. hydride ion migrates towards cathode
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d. hydride ion remains in solution

8) Among CaH2, NH3, NaH and B2H6, which are covalent hydrides?

a. NH3 and B2H6 b. NaH and CaH2

c. NaH and NH3 d. CaH2 and B2H6

9) Hydrogen is not obtained when zinc reacts with:

a. steam b. hot NaOH solution

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c. conc. H2SO4 d. dilute HCl

10) The H-O-O bond angle in H2O2 is:

a.107.280 b. 109.280

c.104.50 d. 970

11) When hydrogen peroxide is added to acidified potassium dichromate, a blue colour is produced due
to the formation of:

a. CrO3 b. Cr2O3

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c. CrO5 e. Cr2O72-

12) In context with the industrial preparation of hydrogen from water gas (CO+H2) which of the

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following is the correct statement?

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a. CO is oxidised to CO2 with steam in the presence of a catalyst followed by absorption of CO2 in alkali

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b. CO and H2 are fractionally separated using difference in their densities

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c. CO is removed by absorption is aqueous Cu2Cl2

d. H2 is removed through occlusion with Pd

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13) The bond angle and dipole moment of water respectively are:

a. 109.50, 1.84 D b. 107.50, 1.56 D

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c. 104.50, 1.84 D d. 102.50, 1.56 D

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14) Which one of the following is used for reviving the exhaust permutit?
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a. HCl solution b. 10% Ca2Cl2 solution

c. 10% MgCl2 d. 10% NaCl solution

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15) Which of the following is not correct regarding the electrolytic preparation of H2O2?
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a. Lead is used as cathode

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b. 50% H2SO4 is used

c. Hydrogen is liberated at anode

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d. Sulphuric acid undergoes oxidation

16) Blackened oil painting can be restored into original form by the action of:

a. Chlorine b.BaO2

c. H2O2 d. MnO2

17) The following can convert hard water into soft water:

a. Sodium palmitate b.H2O2

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c. Lead nitrate d. Sodium aluminium silicate

18) Which one of the following compounds is a peroxide?

a.KO2 b. BaC

c.MnO2 d. NO2
3000 𝐶,300 𝑎𝑡𝑚
19) 𝐶𝑂 + 2𝐻2 → CH3OH
𝑋 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡

The catalyst X is:

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a. Fe b. Cr2O3/ZnO

c. V2O5 d. Al2O3

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20) In the reaction H2S+ H2O2 → 2H2O

l.
a. H2S is an acid and H2O is a base

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b. H2S is a base and H2O2 is an acid

c. H2S is an oxidising agent and H2O2 is a reducing agent

d. H2S is a reducing agent and H2O2 is an oxidising agent

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21) Out of Mg, Sn, Al, Zn Which of the following metals on treatment with NaOH will liberate H2 Gas?
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a. Mg, Sn, Zn b. Zn
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c. Al, Mg, Sn d. Mg, Al

22) When Zeolite, which is hydrated sodium aluminium silicate, is treated with hard water, the sodium
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irons are exchanged with

a. H+ ions b. SO42- ions

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c. Ca2+, OH- ions d. Ca2+ , Mg2+ ions

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23) Hydrogen will not reduce

a. Heated cupric oxide

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b. Heated ferric Oxide

c. Heated Zinc Oxide
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d. Sodium Oxide

24) Which of the following pairs of substances on reaction will not evolve H2 Gas?

a. Iron and dilute H2SO4

b. Copper and Dilute HCl
c. Sodium and Ethyl Alcohol
d. Iron & Steam

25) The oxide which will give H2O2 on treatment with dilute Acid is

a. PbO2 b. MnO2
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 c. TiO2 d. BaO2

26) The oxidation states of the most electronegative element in the products of the reaction between
BaO2 with dilute H2SO4 are

a. -1, -2 b. 1, -1

c. -2, 0 d. 0, -1

27) In which of the following hydrides, hydrogen exist in –ve oxidation state

a. HCl b. H2O

m
c. CaH2 d. HI

28) An acidified solution of KMnO4 undergoes reduction with

co
(I) H2 (II) Zn/Cu couple and H2O (III) Na + absolute alcohol (IV) Zn/ H2SO4

l.
a. 1,4 b. 2,4

ai
c. 1,3,4 d. 2,3,4

a. SnO2 b. Al2O3
gm
29) Which of the following heated oxides are not reduced by hydrogen
@
c. Fe2O3 d. CuO
bl

30) The reagents used for softening the temporary hardness of water
yr

a. H2SO4 b. Ca(OH)2

c. Na2CO3 d. NaOCl
de

31) Which of the following statements are not true for hydrogen?
an

a. It exists as diatomic molecule

b. It has one electron in the outermost shell
rp

c. It can loose an electron to form a cation which can freely exist

d. It is the lightest element known.
ga

32) Some of the properties of water are described below. Which of them is/are not correct?

a. Water is known as a universal solvent

sa

b. There is no hydrogen bonding in frozen water

c. Frozen water is lighter than liquid water
d. Hydrogen bonding is present in liquid water

33) Which of the following statements is/are not correct?

a. Elements of group 15 forms electron deficient hydrides

b. All elements of group 14 form electron precise hydrides
c. Electron rich hydrides act as Lewis base
d. Electron precise hydrides have tetrahedral geometries

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34) Which of the following statements is/are correct?

a. Metallic hydrides are deficient in hydrogen

b. Metallic hydrides conduct heat and electricity
c. Ionic hydrides do not conduct heat and electricity
d. Ionic hydrides are very good conductors of electricity in solid state

35) Which of the following statements is/are incorrect?

a. s block elements except Be and Mg form ionic hydrides

b. BeH2, MgH2, CuH2 etc are intermediate hydrides
c. p-block elements form covalent hydrides

m
d. d- and f-block elements form ionic hydrides

co
36) Which of the following is not correct about Heavy water?

a. Hard

l.
b. A molecule having sp3 –hybridisation of oxygen atom

ai
c. Heavy water has more hydrogen bonding than H2O
d. Used as a moderator and coolant in nuclear reactors

37)
gm
What is the volume strength of a molar solution of H2O2?

a. 5.6 Vol b. 11.2 Vol

@
c. 2.8 Vol d. 22.4 Vol
bl

38) 25mL of H2O2 solution was added to excess of acidified KI solution. The iodine so liberated
required 20 ml of 0.1 N sodium thiosulphate solution. What is volume strength of H2O2?
yr

a. 0.224 b. 0.112
de

c. 0.056 d. 0.448
an

39) 100 mL of tap water containing Ca(HCO3) was titrated with N/50 HCL with methyl orange as
indicator. If 30 ml of HCl were required, what is degree of temporary hardnessas parts of CaCO3 per 106
parts of water?
rp

a. 100 ppm b. 150 ppm

ga

c. 200 ppm d. 300 ppm

40) What is the mass of H2O2 present in 600ml of 10 Vol hydrogen peroxide solution?
sa

a. 18.2 g b. 9.1 g

c. 36.4 g d. 72.8 g

41) Hydrogen behaves as an oxidising agent in the reaction with:

a. Chlorine b. Potassium

c. Nitrogen d. Sulphur

42) Hydrogen cannot be obtained by:

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 a. Zn + dil.H2SO4 b. Zn + dil. HNO3

c. Mg + H2O d. Mg + dil. H2SO4

43) Hydrogen peroxide ionises as: H2O2= H^+ + HO2-. If pH of H2O2 is 5.91 at 25° C, the ionic product of
H2O2 is

a. 1.51 × 10-12 b. 1.15 × 1012

c. 1× 10-14 d. 1.1 × 10-12

44) Which of the following hydrides conducts electricity?

m
a. SiH4 b. B2H6

c. CH4 d. KH

co
45) The correct increasing order of the acidity of CO2, H2O, and H2O2 is:

l.
a. CO2 < H2O2 < H2O b. H2O < H2O2 < CO2

ai
c. H2O < H2O2 < CO2 d. H2O2 < H2O < CO2

46) Hydrogen combines with other elements by:

a. Losing an electron
gm
@
b. Gaining an electron
c. Sharing an electron
bl

d. All are correct

yr

47) Metallic hydride is formed by:

a. Iron
de

b. Manganese
c. Palladium
an

d. Molybdenum

48) There are three samples labelled as 10 Vol., 15 Vol., and 20Vol. Half litre of each sample are mixed
rp

and then diluted with equal volume of water. What is the volume strength of the resulting solution?

a. 1.33 b. 5.6
ga

c. 7.5 d. 2.1
sa

49) H2O2 is ‘5.6 Vol.’, then,

a. It is 1.7% weight by volume b. It is 1N

c. Both (a) and (b) are true d. None is true

50) Which cannot be oxidized by H2O2?

a. 𝑂3 b. KI

c. PbS d. 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂3

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 Solutions:
1. (a) Calgon

2. b) liquid H2

3. a) 5 ppm

4. c) liquid Hydrogen + liquid oxygen

5. d) F2. 4F2 + 2H2O  4H+ + 4F- + O2

6. b) Two OH bonds lie in the same plane. OH bonds forms an open book like structure.

m
7. a) At anode – 2H-  H2 + 2e-

co
At cathode - Mn+ + ne-  M

l.
8. a) Non- Metals N, B form covalent hydrides.

ai
9. c) Zn + HNO3  ZnO + H2O

gm
10. d) 97°

11. d) K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 4H2O2  2CrO5 + K2SO4 + 5H2O

@
CrO5 has perchromate blue colour

12. a) H2 + CO + H2O  CO2 + 2H2

bl

13. c) 104.50, 1.84 D

yr

14. d) CaZ + 2NaCl  Na2Z + CaCl2

de

Na replaces the Ca ions

15. c) Hydrogen is liberated at cathode

an

16. c) H2O2
rp

17. d) Na replaces Ca and Mg ions

ga

18. b) BaO2

19. (b) Chromium oxide (III)

sa

20. (d) Sulphur changes from (-2) to (0) and oxygen changes from (-1) to (-2) oxidation state

21. (c) atmospheric oxide Sn, Al, Mg

22. (d) hardwater contains Ca and Mg ions.

23. (d) based on spectrochemical series

24. (b) Cu has lesser reduction potential than hydrogen.

25. (d) BaO2

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26. (a) Oxygen. (-1) in H2O2 to (-2) in BaSO4

27. (c) CaH2. (-1) state

28. (d) Mn has higher reduction potential than H2.

29. (b) Sn, Al, Cu  amphoteric oxide

30. b) Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2  2CaCO3 + 2H

31. (c) it has very high ionization enthalpy, so it can’t easily loose electron.

32. (b) ice has H- bonding

m
33. (a) group 15 elements form electron rich hydride.

co
34. d) ionic hydride conduct electricity only in molten state.

35. (d) most d block element form interstitial hydrides. Hydrogen atom occupy these spaces.

l.
36. (a) Heavy water is D2O. Hard water has dissolved minerals in high concentration. Heavy water has

ai
more hydrogen bonding than H2O.

37. b) Vol. Strength= 11.2 × Molarity

11.2 × 1 = 11.2
gm
@
38. d) 20mL 0.1 N Na2SO2 = 20 mL 0.1 N I2
bl

= 20mL 0.1 N H2O2

yr

Normality of added H2O2 = 20 × 0.1/ 25 = 0.08

Vol. Strength = 5.6 × 0.08 = 0.448

de

39. d) 30 mL N/50 HCL = 30mL N/50 Ca(HCO3)2

an

= 30mL N/50 CaCO3

=100 mL tap water
rp

Mass of CaCO3 in 100mL Tap water = E × N × V/1000

ga

= 50 × 1 × 30/ 1000× 30 = 0.03g

Hardness= 0.03 × 106/ 100 = 300

sa

40. a) 10 Vol. H2O2 means 3.035 g H2O2 in 100 mL Soln.

Mass of H2O2 in 600 mL of 10 Vol. H2O2

= 6× 3.035 = 18.210g

41. a) An oxidizing agent is a species which accept an electron or electrons. Hydrogen accepts an
electron from potassium when it forms KH.

H2 + 2K  2KH (K+ H-)

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42. b) Zn reacts to form hydrogen with dilute HNO3. Before the hydrogen is released, it reduce HNO3 into
an oxide of nitrogen.

43. a) (H^+) at 25° C = 10.^-5.91 = 1.23 × 10^6 M

(HO2-) = 1.23 × 106 M

K= (H+) (HO2-) = (1.23×106)2 = 1.51×10-12

44. d) KH is a crystalline solid, In molten state it conducts electricity as it possesses K+ and H- ion.

45. c) CO2 is a stronger acid because it reacts with BaO2 and liberates H2O2 and H2O2 is a stronger acid
than H2O.

m
46. d) all are correct

co
47. c) Palladium

l.
48. c) Vol. Strength= 5.6 × Normality

ai
N1= 10/5.6, N2 = 15/5.6, N3 = 2.0/5.6

gm
10/5.6 × ½ + 5/5.6 × ½ + 20/5.6 × ½ = N×3

N= 1.339
@
Vol. Strength = 5.6 × 1.339 = 7.5

49. c) 2H2O2  2H2O + O2

bl

5.6 mL O2 obtained from = 68/22400 × 5.6g H2O2

yr

Percentage= 68/22400 × 5.6 × 100g by volume = 1.7

de

Vol. Strength= 5.6 × Normality

5.6= 5.6 × Normality

an

Normality= 1
rp

50. a) O3 dissociates rapidly into O2 + [O]. This is highly unstable so oxidizes any molecule very fast.
ga

H2O2 is a very stable so it doesn’t reduce this rapidly to oxidize O3

sa

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