1)Recipe for Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Stimulation in Carbonate Reservoirs

Ingredients:
• 15% Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
• Corrosion inhibitor (if necessary)

Procedure:
1. Prepare the Acid Solution:
Mix 15% HCl in the required volume.
2. Add Corrosion Inhibitor (if necessary):
If corrosion is a concern, add the appropriate amount of corrosion inhibitor to the
acid solution.
3. Pump Acid into the Reservoir:
Pump the acid solution into the reservoir to initiate the acidizing treatment.
4. Soak Period:
Allow the acid to soak in the reservoir for the required time. This allows the acid to
react with the carbonate minerals in the limestone.
5. Flush the Well:
After the soaking period, flush the well to remove the spent acid and any dissolved
materials.
6. Neutralization:
Neutralize the well to prevent any further reaction. This may involve pumping a
buffering solution or simply pumping in a volume of water.

2)Recipe for Organic Acid Stimulation in Carbonate Reservoirs

Ingredients:
• 10% Acetic Acid
• Corrosion inhibitor (if necessary)

Procedure:
Prepare the Acid Solution:
o Mix 10% acetic acid in the required volume.

Add Corrosion Inhibitor (if necessary)

If corrosion is a concern, add the appropriate amount of corrosion inhibitor to the

acid solution.
 7. Pump Acid into the Reservoir:
Pump the acid solution into the reservoir to initiate the acidizing treatment.
8. Soak Period:
Allow the acid to soak in the reservoir for the required time. This allows the acid to
react with the carbonate minerals in the limestone.
9. Flush the Well:
After the soaking period, flush the well to remove the spent acid and any dissolved
materials.
10. Neutralization:
Neutralize the well to prevent any further reaction. This may involve pumping a
buffering solution or simply pumping in a volume of water.

3)Recipe for Gelled Acid Stimulation in Carbonate Reservoirs

Ingredients:
• 15% Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
• Gelling agent
• Corrosion inhibitor (if necessary)

Procedure:
11. Prepare the Acid Solution:
o Mix 15% HCl in the required volume.
12. Add Gelling Agent:
o Add the appropriate amount of gelling agent to the acid solution.
13. Add Corrosion Inhibitor (if necessary):
o If corrosion is a concern, add the appropriate amount of corrosion inhibitor to the acid
solution.
14. Pump Acid into the Reservoir:
o Pump the gelled acid solution into the reservoir to initiate the acidizing treatment.
15. Soak Period:
o Allow the acid to soak in the reservoir for the required time. This allows the acid to react
with the carbonate minerals in the limestone.
16. Flush the Well:
o After the soaking period, flush the well to remove the spent acid and any dissolved
materials.
17. Neutralization:
o Neutralize the well to prevent any further reaction. This may involve pumping a
buffering solution or simply pumping in a volume of water.
4)Recipe for Carbonate Acidizing Stimulation

1. Candidate Selection:
• Criteria: Wells exhibiting a slightly negative skin effect prior to the treatment are
considered good candidates.
• Treatment Objective: Typically oriented toward reservoir stimulation.

2. Pumping Schedule:
• Main Fluid Composition: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) - 15%
• Additives:
o Mutual Solvent (for oil wells)
o Acid Corrosion Inhibitors and Inhibitor Aids
o Surfactant and Demulsifiers
o Antisludging agents, Scale Inhibitors, and Iron Control Agents
• Preflush:
o Solvent preflush can be used ahead of the main fluid to clean up the
formation and increase its receptivity to acid.
• Overflush:
o Brine or seawater to displace the acid into the formation and ensure
complete spending away from the wellbore.
• Displacement:
o Nitrogen (N2) can be used for displacement at the end of the job or added to
the treatment fluids to assist the flowback of spent acid.
• Pumping Rate:
o Limited by the fracturing pressure.
o In tight formations, the rate must be sufficiently high to prevent compact
dissolution near the wellbore if plain HCl is used.
o In naturally fractured formations, good results have been obtained with high
flow rates.

3. Acid Formulation:
• Main Fluid: 15% Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

4. Treatment Procedure:
18. Preparation:
o Prepare the main fluid and additives according to the following recipe:
Main Fluid Composition:
o 15% Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Additives:
o Mutual Solvent (for oil wells)
o Acid Corrosion Inhibitors and Inhibitor Aids
o Surfactant and Demulsifiers
o Antisludging agents, Scale Inhibitors, and Iron Control Agents
19. Preflush:
o Pump the solvent preflush to clean up the formation and increase its receptivity to acid.
20. Main Fluid Injection:
o Inject the main fluid (15% HCl) into the reservoir to initiate the acidizing treatment.
21. Diverter:
o Alternating stages of the main fluid and diverter:
Pumping Schedule:
a. Preflush: Solvent preflush
b. Main fluid: 15% HCl with additives
c. Diverter: Nitrogen (N2)
d. Repeat steps 1-3
e. Overflush: Brine or seawater
f. Displacement: Nitrogen (N2)
22. Soak Period:
o Allow the acid to soak in the reservoir for the required time. This allows the acid to react
with the carbonate minerals in the limestone.
23. Flush the Well:
o After the soaking period, flush the well to remove the spent acid and any dissolved
materials.
24. Neutralization:
o Neutralize the well to prevent any further reaction. This may involve pumping a
buffering solution or simply pumping in a volume of water.

5. Placement:
• Proper placement of acid over the whole pay zone is required for successful
treatment. In thick formations or multilayer reservoirs with different values of
permeability or damage severity, acid tends to penetrate the more permeable zones
and create high-injectivity streaks that prevent injection into the whole interval.
• Five main diversion techniques can be used to improve fluid placement in carbonate
acidizing: packers, ball sealers, particulate diverters, foam diversion, and self-
diverting acid.
SANDSTONE ACIDIZING

1. Candidate Selection:
• Criteria: Sandstone matrix acidizing is distinguished from carbonate acidizing in
that it involves the dissolution of damage that is blocking or bridging the pore
throats in the formation matrix, thus ideally recovering the original reservoir
permeability.
• Treatment Objective: To recover the original reservoir permeability by dissolving
damage blocking or bridging the pore throats in the formation matrix.

2. Pumping Schedule:
• Main Fluid Composition: Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) - 2%
• Additives:
o Preflush: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
o Overflush: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
o Preparing the main fluid and additives according to the following recipe:
Main Fluid Composition:
o 2% Hydrofluoric Acid (HF)
Preflush:
o Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Overflush:
o Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
 • Preflush:
o HCl preflush is always injected in sandstones prior to the HF to avoid the
possible precipitation of insoluble or slightly soluble reaction products.
• Pumping Rate:
o The proportions and exact treatment process may vary depending on the
specific well conditions and the recommendations of a petroleum engineer.
o Always ensure to have safety procedures in place, and consult with a
petroleum engineer or specialist for the exact requirements based on the
characteristics of the sandstone reservoir and the well.

3. Treatment Procedure:
Preparation:
o Prepare the main fluid and additives according to the following recipe:
Main Fluid Composition:
o 2% Hydrofluoric Acid (HF)
Preflush:
o Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Overflush:
o Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Preflush:
o Inject HCl preflush in sandstones prior to the HF to avoid the possible precipitation of
insoluble or slightly soluble reaction products.
Main Fluid Injection:
o Inject the main fluid (2% HF) into the reservoir to initiate the acidizing treatment.
Diverter:
o No diverter is mentioned in the text provided.
Soak Period:
o Allow the acid to soak in the reservoir for the required time. This allows the acid to react
with the siliceous minerals in the sandstone.
Flush the Well:
o After the soaking period, flush the well to remove the spent acid and any dissolved
materials.
Neutralization:
o Neutralize the well to prevent any further reaction. This may involve pumping a
buffering solution or simply pumping in a volume of water.
Placement:
• The reaction chemistry of the primary solvent used in sandstone acidizing,
hydrofluoric acid (HF), is complex. It is essential to ensure that the acid is properly
placed in the formation to achieve successful treatment.

Volume:

• Mud Acid Treatment:

o General Rule: For the most successful treatment, more than 125 gal/ft of
mud acid is required.
o Shallow Damage or Mud Damage Removal: 25 to 75 gal/ft
o Spearhead Treatment: 25 to 75 gal/ft
• Overflush:
o Minimum Overflush: 200 gal/ft of perforations
o Function: To displace nonreacted mud acid into the formation, remove mud
acid reaction products away from the wellbore, and remove oil-wet relative
permeability problems caused by some corrosion inhibitors.

Concentration:

• Regular Mud Acid:

o 12% HCl–3% HF
• Weaker Concentrations for Different Sands:
o 0.5% to 1.5% HF: For sands with mineral composition dictating weaker
concentrations, like more than 30% clay and feldspar.
o 0.6% HF: For some tight sandstones (e.g., the Morrow formation in Texas
and New Mexico).
• If in Doubt, Perform an Acid Response Test on a Typical Core.

Postflush or Overflush:

• Recommended Overflush Fluids:

o Water containing 3% to 8% ammonium chloride
o Weak acid (3% to 10% HCl)
o Diesel oil (oil wells only, following a water or weak acid overflush)
o Nitrogen (gas wells only, following a water or weak acid overflush)

Acid Treatment Design Considerations:

 • Critical Parameters:
o Pressures, Rates, and Volumes: Conform to the constraints of mechanical
conditions of the well equipment and available space for surface and
pumping equipment.
o Well Illus: Systematic approach to estimation and calculation of critical
parameters.
• Fluid Sequence Stages:
o Preflush: Hydrocarbon solvents to remove oil films and paraffin deposits.
o Main Stage: HCl-HF mixture conforming to guidelines in Table 18-7.
o Overflush: To displace the main fluid stage more than 3 to 4 ft away from the
wellbore, and dilute the portion of the main stage that is not displaced.
o Minimum Overflush Volume: Completely displace the main fluid stage at
least 4 ft away from the wellbore.

Tubing Pickle:

• Purpose: To remove rust, iron oxides, scale, dissolve oily films, pipe dope, and limit
the amount of iron that gets into the formation and contacts the crude oil.
• Components: Solvents and acid injected into the well.

Recipe for Stimulation:

Preflush Stages:

25. Large quantity of brine containing ammonium chloride.

26. Hydrocarbon-based surfactant mixture.

Main Fluid Stage:

• HCl-HF Mixture:
o Concentration: 12% HCl–3% HF
o Guidelines: Conform to the guidelines in Table 18-7.

Overflush Stage:

27. First Part of Overflush:

o Aqueous-based with low pH value.
o Contains HCl or acetic acid to maintain a low-pH environment for the displaced spent
mud acid stage.
o Match the fluid density of the previous stages.
28. Remainder of Overflush:
o Miscible and compatible with the previous stages.
29. Total Minimum Overflush Volume:
o Completely displace the main fluid stage at least 4 ft away from the wellbore.