Fluid Combined 1674396538841

NUCLEUS
NURTURE
IIT PHYSICS
FLUID MECHANICS
NUCLEUS-92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) India 324005, Mob. 9358006181, 97831-97831
FLUID MECHANICS
FLUID STATICS
Liquids and gases are referred to as fluids. Any state of matter that can flow is a fluid. Study of a fluid at rest is
called fluid statics or hydrostatics and the study of fluid in motion is called fluid dynamics of hydrodynamics. Both
combined are called fluid mechanics.
DENSITY ()
Mass per unit volume is defined as density. So density at a point of a fluid is represented as
m dm
  Lim  Density is a positive scalar quantity.
 V 0 V dV
SI UNIT : kg/m3 CGS UNIT : g/cc Dimensions : [ML–3]
RELATIVE DENSITY
It is defined as the ratio of the density of the given fluid to the density of pure water at 4°C.
density of given liquid
Relative density (R.D.) =
density of pure water at 4°C
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
It is defined as the ratio of the specific weight of the given fluid to the specific weight of pure water at 4°C.
specific weight of given liquid   g 
Specific gravity = 3
   = R.D. of the liquid
specific weight of pure water at 4°C (9 .8 1 kN m ) w  g w
Relative density or specific gravity is a unitless and dimensionless positive scalar physical quantity.
Being a dimensionless/unitless quantity R.D. of a substance is same in SI and CGS system.
PRESSURE
The pressure P is defined as the magnitude of the normal force acting on a unit surface area.
A
F
P= here F= normal force on a surface area A F F
A
The pressure is a scalar quantity. This is because hydrostatic pressure is transmitted equally in all directions
when force is applied, which shows that a definite direction is not associated with pressure.
TYPES OF PRESSURE
There are three types of pressure
(i) Atmospheric pressure (P0) (iii) Gauge pressure (Pgauge) (ii) Absolute pressure (Pabs.)
• Atmospheric pressure :
Force exerted by air column on unit cross–section area of sea level called
atmospheric pressure (Po)
NUCLEUS-92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) India 324005, Mob. 9358006181, 9783197831 1
FLUID MECHANICS
F up to top of
Po = =101.3 kN/m2  Po = 1.013 × 105 N/m2 atmosphere
A
Barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure. air area=1m
2
Which was discovered by Torricelli. sea column
Atmospheric pressure varies from place to place and at a particular place level
from time to time.

• Gauge Pressure :
Excess Pressure ( P– Patm) measured with the help of pressure measuring instrument called Gauge pressure.
Patm
manometer
gas
Pabsolute Pgauge = hg or Pgauge h
h
Gauge pressure is always measured with help of "manometer"

• Absolute Pressure :
Sum of atmospheric and Gauge pressure is called absolute pressure.
Pabs = Patm + PgaugePabs = Po + hg
P1
y1
VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH DEPTH
L A
(i) Let pressure at L is P1 and pressure at M is P2 y2
Then, P2A = P1 A + gA (y2 – y1)  P2 = P1 + g(y2 – y1)
M A
dP
Here pressure gradient dy = g
P2
(ii) Pressure is same at two points in the same horizontal level.

As body is in equilibrium, P1A = P2A  P1 = P2 L M
P2
P1
Note : Pressure P is independent of shape of container
A A
PRESSURE IN CASE OF ACCELERATING FLUID

(i) Liquid placed in elevator :
When elevator accelerates upward with acceleration a0 then a0
pressure in the fluid, at depth 'h' may be given by,
P  h g  a 0  h
FLUID MECHANICS
(ii) Free surface of liquid in case of horizontal acceleration :
h1 
h2 a0
1 2
ma 0 a 0
tan   = g
mg
If P1 and P2 are pressures at point 1 & 2 then P1–P2 = g (h1– h2) = gtan = a0
(iii) Rotating Vessel
Consider a cylindrical vessel, rotating at constant angular velocity about its axis. If it contains fluid then after
an initial irregular shape, it will rotate with the tank as a rigid body. The acceleration of fluid particles
located at a distance r from the axis of rotation will be equal to 2r, and the direction of the acceleration is
toward the axis of rotation as shown in the figure. The fluid particles will be undergoing circular motion.
Lets consider a small horizontal cylinder of length dr and cross-sectional area A located y below the free
surface of the fluid and r from the axis. This cylinder is accelerating in ground frame with acceleration 2r
towards the axis hence the net horizontal force acting on it should be equal to the product of mass (dm) and
acceleration.
dm = Adr
P2A – P!A = (Adr)2r
If we say that the left face of the cylinder is y below the free surface of the fluid then the right surface is y +
dy below the surface of liquid. Thus P2 – P1 = gdy
dy r  2
Thus solving we get 
dr g
2 r 2
and, therefore, the equation for surfaces of constant pressure is y  + constant
2g
This equation means that these surface of constant pressure are parabolic as shown in figure.
z
axis of p1
rotation p1
p2
constant p2
pressure p3 p3
lines p4 p4 2 2
r
r 2
2g
ar=r r

y
The pressure varies with the distance from the axis of rotation, but at a fixed radius, the pressure varies
hydrostatically in the vertical direction as shown in figure.
FLUID MECHANICS
Example
An open water tanker moving on a horizontal straight road has a cubical block of cork floating over its
surface. If the tanker has an acceleration of 'a' as shown, the acceleration of the cork w.r.t. container is
(ignore viscosity)
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
Solution
N
arel
ma
mgsin macos
mgcos masin
mg
marel = mgsin – macos but for water surface tan  = a/g  arel = 0
MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

1. Mercury Barometer : Torricelli
vaccum
To measure the atmospheric pressure experimentally, h
A
torricelli invented a mercury barometer in 1643. Mercury
Trough
pa =hg
The pressure exerted by a mercury column of 1mm high is
called 1 Torr.
1 Torr = 1 mm of mercury column
OPEN TUBE MANOMETER :
Open-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure gauge. When equilibrium is reached, the pressure
at the bottom of left limb is equal to the pressure at the bottom of right limb.
i.e. p + y1 g = pa + y2 g pa
p – pa = g (y2 – y1) = gy y=y2-y1
p – pa = g (y2 – y1) = gy p y2
y1
p = absolute pressure, p – pa = gauge pressure. p+y1 g p2+y2 g
Thus, knowing y and  (density of liquid), we can measure the gauge pressure.
Example
The manometer shown below is used to measure the difference in water level between the two tanks.
Calculate this difference for the conditions indicated
FLUID MECHANICS
Liquid
(sp gravity = 0.9)
40cm
Water Water
Solution
pa + h1 g – 401g + 40g = pa + h2 g pa pa
h2 40cm h1
h2 g – h1 g = 40 g – 40 1g as 1 = 0.9
(h2 – h1) g = 40g – 36g Water Water
h2 – h1 = 4 cm
Example
Find out pressure at points A and B. Also find angle ‘’.
A Patm
Patm
B
Solution
Pressure at A – PA = Patm – 1 g sin 
Pressure at B PB = Patm + 2 gh 
But PB is also equal to PB = PA + 3 g sin 
Hence - Patm + 2 gh = PA + 3 g sin 
Patm + 2 gh = Patm – 1 g sin  + 3 g sin
2 h
sin  
(3  1 ) .
FORCE ON SIDE WALL OF VESSEL
Force on the side wall of the vessel can not be directly determined as a different depths pressures are
different. To find this we consider a strip of width dx at a depth x from the surface of the liquid as shown in
figure, and on this strip the force due to the liquid is given as : dF = xg × bdx
x
dx
dF
h
b
a
This force is acting in the direction normal to the side wall. Net force can be evaluated by integrating
equation
h
F   dF   xgbdx gbh 2
F
0 2
FLUID MECHANICS
Average pressure on side wall
The absolute pressure on the side wall cannot be evaluated because at different depths on this wallpressure
is different. The average pressure on the wall can be given as :
F 1 gbh 2 1
P av    gh
bh 2 bh 2
Equation shows that the average pressure on side vertical wall is half of the net pressure at the bottom of
the vessel.
TORQUE ON THE SIDE WALL DUE TO FLUID PRESSURE
As shown in figure, due to the force dF, the side wall experiences a torque about the bottom edge of the
side which is given as d   dF   h  x   xgb dx  h  x 
This net force is    d   gb  hx  x  dx

2
h3 h3  1
 gb     gbh 3
2 3  6
PASCAL's LAW
• If the pressure in an enclosed fluid is changed at a particular point, the change is transmitted to every
point of the fluid and to the walls of the container without being diminished in magnitude.
Applications of pascal's law hydraulic jacks, lifts, presses, brakes, etc
For the hydraulic lift
F1
Pressure applied = A
1
F1
P A
F1 2 F1 Q F2 A2
 Pressure transmitted = 
A2 A1 = A2
F1 A2
 Upward force on A2 is F2 = × A =
A1 2 A1 × F1
BUOYANCY AND ARCHIMEDE'S PRINCIPLE

• Buoyant Force : If a body is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upward force due
to the fluid surrounding it. This phenomenon of force exerted by fluid on the body is called buoyancy and
force is called buoyant force or upthrust.
• Archimede's Principle : It states that the buoyant force on a body that is partially or totally immersed in
a liquid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
Now consider a body immersed in a liquid of density .
Top surface of the body experiences a downward force
F1 = AP1 = A[h1g + P0] ...(i)
F1 h1
h2
L
Lower face of the body will experiences a upward force
F2 = AP2 = A[h2g + P0] ...(ii) F2
FLUID MECHANICS
As h2 > h1. So F2 is greater than F1

So net upward force : F = F2 – F1 = Ag[h2 – h1]
 F = AgL = Vg [ V = AL]
FLOATATION
When a body of density () and volume (V) is completely immersed in a liquid of density (), the forces
acting on the body are :
(i) Weight of the body W = Mg = Vg (directed vertically downwards through C.G. of the body).
(ii) Buoyant force or Upthrust Th = Vg (directed vertically upwards through C.B.).
The apparent weight WApp is equal to W – Th.
The following three cases are possible :
Case I Density of the body () is greater than that of liquid )
In this case if >thenW > Th
So the body will sink to the bottom of the liquid.
WApp = W – Th = Vg – Vg = Vg (1 – /) = W (1 – /).
Case II Density of the body is equal to the density of liquid (= )
In this case if =then W = Th
So the body will float fully submerged in the liquid. It will be in neutral equilibrium.
WApp = W – Th = 0
Case III Density of the body is lesser than that of liquid (< )
In this case if<then W < Th
So the body will float partially submerged in the liquid. In this case the body will move up and the volume
of liquid displaced by the body (Vin) will be less than the volume of body (V). So as to make Th equal to
W
WApp = W – Th = 0
The above three cases constitute the law of flotation which states that a body will float in a liquid if weight
of the liquid displaced by the immersed part of the body is at least equal to the weight of the body.
Rotatory – Equilibrium in Floatation :

When a floating body is slightly tilted from equilibrium position, the centre of buoyancy B shifts. The
vertical line passing through the new centre of buoyancy B' and initial vertical line meet at a point M called
meta – centre. If the metacentre M is above the centre of gravity the couple due to forces at G (weight of
body W) and at B' (upthrust) tends to bring the body back to its original position (figure) . So for rotational
equilibrium of floating body the meta–centre must always be higher than the centre of gravity of the body.
M
Th Th
G M G
M B W
B’
G B’
B
(A) (B) (C)
W
However, if meta–centre goes below centre of gravity, the couple due to forces at G and B' tends to topple
the floating body. This is why a wooden log cannot be made to float vertical in water or a boat is likely to
capsize if the sitting passengers stand on it. In these situations centre of gravity becomes higher than meta
centre and so the body will topple if slightly tilted.
FLUID MECHANICS
GOLDEN KEY POINTS
• Buoyant force act vertically upward through the centre of gravity (C.G.) of the displaced fluid. This point
is called centre of buoyancy (C.B.). Thus centre of buoyancy is the point through which the force of
buoyancy is supposed to act.
• Buoyant force or upthrust does not depend upon the characteristics of the body such as its mass, size,
density, etc. But it depends upon the volume of the body inside the liquid.
• It depends upon the nature of the fluid as it is proportional to the density of the fluid.
This is the reason that upthrust on a fully submerged body is more in sea water than in pure water
• It depends upon the effective acceleration.
If a lift is accelerated downwards with acceleration a (a< g) then Th = Vin (g – a)
If a lift is accelerated downwards with a = g then Th = Vin (g – a) = 0
If a lift is accelerated upward with accelaration a then Th = Vin (g + a)
• If a body is weighed in air (WA), in water (WW) and in a oil (WO), then
loss of weight in oil WA  WO
Specific gravity of oil = = W W
loss of weight in water A W
FLUID MECHANICS
FLUID DYNAMICS
When a fluid moves in such a way that there are relative motions among the fluid particles, the fluid is
said to be flowing.
TYPES OF FLUID FLOW : Fluid flow can be classified as :
 Steady and Unsteady Flow
Steady flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid characteristics like velocity, pressure and
density at a point do not change with time. In an unsteady flow, the velocity, pressure and density at a
point in the flow varies with time.
 Streamline Flow
In steady flow all the particles passing through a given point follow the same path and hence a unique line of
flow. This line or path is called a streamline. Streamlines do not intersect each other because if they intersect
each other the particle can move in either direction at the point of intersection and flow cannot be steady.
 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Laminar flow is the flow in which the fluid particles move along well–defined streamlines which are
straight and parallel. In laminar flow the velocities at different points in the fluid may have different magnitudes,
but there directions are parallel. Thus the particles move in laminar or layers gliding smoothly over the
adjacent layer.
Turbulent flow is an irregular flow in which the particles can move in zig–zag way due to which eddies
formation take place which are responsible for high energy losses.
 Compressible and Incompressible Flow
In compressible flow the density of fluid varies from point to point i.e. the density is not constant for the
fluid whereas in incompressible flow the density of the fluid remains constant throughout. Liquids are
generally incompressible while gases are compressible.
 Rotational and Irrotational Flow
Rotational flow is the flow in which the fluid particles while flowing along path–lines also rotate about their
own axis. In irrotational flow particles do not rotate about their axis. So they have no net angular velocity.
EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
The continuity equation is the mathematical expression of the law of conservation of mass in fluid
dynamics.
A1 v1 A2 v2
v2 t
v1 t
In the steady flow the mass of fluid entering into a tube of flow in a particular time interval is equal to the
mass of fluid leaving the tube.
m1 m2
 1A1v1 =2A2v2 ( 1 = 2)  A1v1 = A2v2  Av
v = constant
t t
(Here = density of fluid, v= velocity of fluid, A = Area of cross–section of tube)
Therefore the velocity of liquid is smaller in the wider parts of a tube and larger in the narrower parts.
FLUID MECHANICS
BERNOULLI'S THEOREM
Bernoulli's equation is mathematical expression of the law of mechanical energy conservation in fluid
dynamics.
Bernoullis theorem is applied to the ideal fluids.
Characteristics of an ideal fluid are :
(i) The fluid is incompressible. (ii) The fluid is non–viscous.
(iii) The fluid flow is steady. (iv) The fluid flow is irrotational.
Every point in an ideal fluid flow is associated with three kinds of energies :
Kinetic Energy
1
If a liquid of mass (m) and volume (V) is flowing with velocity (v) then Kinetic Energy= mv2and kinetic
2
Kinetic Energy 1 m 2 1 2
energy per unit volume =  v = v
volume 2 V 2
Potential Energy
If a liquid of mass (m) and volume (V) is at height (h) from the surface of the earth then its
Potential Energy m
Potential Energy = mgh and potential energy per unit volume = = gh = gh
volume V
Pressure Energy
If P is the pressure on area A of a liquid and the liquid moves through a distance () due to this pressure then
Pressure energy = Work done = force x displacement = pressure x area x displacement = PA = PV
[ A = volume V]
Pressure energy
Pressure energy per unit volume = =P
volume
Theorem
According to Bernoulli's Theorem , in case of steady flow of incompressible and non–viscous fluid through
a tube of non–uniform cross–section, the sum of the pressure, the potential energy per unit volume and the
2 1
kinetic energy per unit volume is same at every point in the tube, i.e., P + gh  v  constant.
2
C P2
A2 v2
B
P1 v1 h2
A1
h1
Consider a liquid flowing steadily through a tube of non–uniform area of cross–section as shown in figure.
If P1 and P2 are the pressures at the two ends of the tube respectively, work done in pushing the volume V
of incompressible liquid from point B to C through the tube
W = P (V) = (P1–P2)V ...(i)
FLUID MECHANICS
This work is used by the liquid in two ways :
(i) In changing the potential energy of mass m (in the volume V) from
mgh 1 to mgh2 i.e., U=mg (h2–h1) ...(ii)
1 1 1
(ii) In changing the kinetic energy from
2
mv12 to mv22 , i.e. K  m v22  v12
2 2
 
Now as the liquid is non–viscous, by conservation of mechanical energy,
1
W = U+K i.e.,  P1  P2  V=mg  h 2  h 1  + m  v22  v12 
2
1
P1–P2 = g(h2–h1) +
2
 
 v22  v12 [as   m / V ]
1 1 1
P1 + gh 1  v12  P2  gh 2  v22  P + gh+ v2= constant
2 2 2
VENTURIMETER
It is a gauge put on a flow pipe to measure the speed of flow of a liquid shown in figure.

v1 v2
A1 A2
P1 P2
A B
m
Using Bernoulli’s theorem :

P1 1 P 1
 gh 1  v12  2  gh 2  v22
 2  2
P1 1 P 1
we get  gh  v12  2  gh  v22 (Since h = h = h) or (P –P )= 1 (v 2 – v 2) ....(i)
 2  2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1
A 
According to continuity equation, A1v1 = A2v2 or v2   1  v1
 A2 
Substituting the value of v2 in equation (i)
 A  2   2

1 2 1 2  A1 
we have  P1  P2   2    1
v
 1
2
 v1
 v 
1    1 
 A 2   2  A 2  
2(P1  P2 ) 2 A 22 (P1  P2 )
Since A1 > A2, therefore, P1 > P2 or v12  
 A  2   (A12  A 22 )
  1   1 
 A 2  
where (P1 – P2) = mgh and h is the difference in heights of the liquid levels in the two tubes.
2 m gh
v1 
 A  2 
  1   1 
 A 2  
The flow rate (R) i.e., the volume of the liquid flowing per second is given by R = v1A1.
FLUID MECHANICS
• Torricelli's Law of Efflux (Fluid Outflow)
As shown in the figure since the area of cross–section at A is very large
as compared to that at orifice B, speed at A i.e. vA  0. Also the two
fluid particles at A and B are at same pressure P0 (atmospheric pressure).
Applying Bernoulli's theorem at A and B.
1 2 1 1
P0  gH  v A  P0  g(H  h)  v B2  v2B = gh vB = 2gh
2 2 2
Equation is same as that of freely falling body after falling through h height and is known as Torricelli's law.
Example B
container
In a given arrangement of area A
h2
(a) Find out velocity of water coming out of ‘C’ h 1

h A
(b) Find out pressure at A, B and C.
h3
Solution
liquid  area of cross
(a) Applying Bernoulli’s equation between liquid surface and point ‘C’. section a
C
1 2 1 2
pa + v1 = pa – gh3 + v2
2 2
av2 1 a2 2 1
through continuity equation Av1 = av2 , v1 =   2 v2 = –gh3 + v22
A 2 A 2
B
2 gh 3 2 gh 3
v =
2
, v2 =
2
a2 a2 h2
1 2 1 2
A A v1 h1
h
A
(b) Pressure at A just outside the tube pA = patm + gh1 h3
1
For pressure at B : pA + 0 + 0 = pB + gh2 + vB2
2 C v2
1  2 gh 3 
pB = PA – gh2 – 
2  a2 
 1  2 
A
Pressure at C : pC = patm
FLUID MECHANICS
VISCOSITY
Viscosity is the property of the fluid (liquid or gas) by virtue of which it opposes the relative motion between its
adjacent layers. It is the fluid friction or internal friction. The internal tangential force which try to retard the relative
motion between the layers is called viscous force.
NEWTON'S LAW OF VISCOSITY
Suppose a liquid is flowing in streamlined motion on a horizontal surface OX. The liquid layer in contact
with the surface is at rest while the velocity of other layers increases with increasing distance from the
surface OX. The highest layer flows with maximum velocity.
A v+ vx
y
R S
A v
P Q
y
O X
horizontal surface
Let us consider two parallel layers PQ and RS at distances y and y + y from OX. Thus the change in
velocity in a perpendicular distance y is vx. The rate of change of velocity with distance perpendicular to
v x
the direction of flow i.e. y , is called velocity–gradient. According to Newton, the viscous force F acting
between two layers of a liquid flowing in streamlined motion depends upon following two factors :
(i) F  Contact–area of the layers i.e. F  A
 v  x v x v
x v
(ii) F  Velocity–gradient  x  between layers i.e. F  y . Therefore F A y F = A y where
 y 
 is a constant called coefficient of viscosity of the liquid.
v x
In above formula if A = 1 and y = 1, then F = . i.e. the coefficient of viscosity of a liquid is defined as
the viscous force per unit area of contact between two layers having a unit velocity gradient.
Ns
• SI UNITS : or deca poise
m2
• CGS UNITS : dyne–s/cm2 or poise (1 decapoise = 10 poise)
• Dimension : M1L–1T–1
FLUID MECHANICS
Example
A man is rowing a boat with a constant velocity v0 in a river the contact area of boat is ‘A’ and coefficient
of viscosity is . The depth of river is ‘D’. Find the force required to row the boat.
Solution
F – FT = m a ares
F
As boat moves with constant velocity a = 0 so F = FT v0
FT
dv dv v 0 v D
But FT =  A but = 0 = 0
dz dz D D
Av0
then F = FT =
D
DEPENDENCY OF VISCOSITY OF FLUIDS

• On Temperature of Fluid
(a) Since cohesive forces decrease with increase in temperature as increase in K.E. Therefore with the
rise in temperature, the viscosity of liquids decreases.
(b) The viscosity of gases is the result of diffusion of gas molecules from one moving layer to other moving
layer. Now with increase in temperature, the rate of diffusion increases. So, the viscosity also increases.
Thus, the viscosity of gases increases with the rise of temperature.
• On Pressure of Fluid
(a) The viscosity of liquids increases with the increase of pressure.
(b) The viscosity of gases is practically independent of pressure.
• On Nature of Fluid
STOKE'S LAW AND TERMINAL VELOCITY

Stoke showed that if a small sphere of radius r is moving with a velocity v through a homogeneous medium
(liquid or gas), coefficient of viscosity  then the viscous force acting on the sphere is Fv = 6rv. It is
called Stoke's Law.
• Terminal Velocity
When a solid sphere falls in a liquid then its accelerating velocity is controlled by the viscous force of liquid
and hence it attains a constant velocity which is known as terminal velocity (vT).
As shown in figure when the body moves with constant velocity i.e. terminal velocity (zero acceleration)
the net upward force (upthrust Th + viscous force Fv) balances the downward force (weight of body W)
4 3
Th= 3 r g
4 4 2 r 2 (   )
Therefore Th + Fv = W  r3g + 6rvT = r3g  vT = g
3 3 9 
 Fv= 6 rvT
where r = radius of body,  = density of body,  = density of liquid, density= 
 = coefficient of viscosity
4 
W= 3  rg
FLUID MECHANICS
• Some applications of Stoke’s law :

(a) The velocity of rain drops is very small in comparison to the velocity of a body falling freely from the
height of clouds.
(b) Descending by a parachute with lesser velocity.
(c) Determination of electronic charge with the help of Milikan's experiment.
Example
A spherical ball is moving with terminal velocity inside a liquid. Determine the relationship of rate of heat
loss with the radius of ball.
Solution
2
 2 gr 2 (0   ) 
2
Rate of heat loss = power = F × v = 6  rv × v = 6 rv =6pr  9 
  
Therefore rate of heat loss  r5
FLUID MECHANICS
SURFACE TENSION
Surface tension is basically a property of liquid. The liquid surface behaves like a stretched elastic membrane which
has a natural tendency to contract and tends to have a minimum possible area. This property of liquid is called
surface tension.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
1. The force which acts between the atoms or the molecules of different substances is called intermolecular
force. This force is of two types.
(a) Cohesive force – The force acting between the molecules of one type of molecules of same substance
is called cohesive force.
(b) Adhesive force – The force acting between different types of molecules or molecules of different
substance is called adhesive force.
2. Intermolecular forces are different from the gravitational forces not obey the inverse–square law
3. The distance upto which these forces effective, is called molecular range. This distance is nearly
10–9 m. Within this limit this increases very rapidly as the distance decreases.
4. Molecular range depends on the nature of the substance
Examples:
• Water Glass : Water wets glass surface but mercury does not. Because when water comes in contact
with glass the adhesive force acts between water and glass molecules. As adhesive force is greater than
the cohesive force of water molecules, the water molecules, cling with glass surface and surface become
wet. In case of mercury adhesive force is less than that of cohesive force and Hg–molecules do not cling
with glass surface and surface does not wet with Hg–molecules.
• Oil–water : Since Cohesive force of water >Adhesive force oil–water> Cohesive force of oil.
(i) If water drop is poured on the surface of oil, it contracts in the form of globule.
(ii) If oil drop is poured on the surface of water it spreads to a larger area in the form of thin film.
• Ink–paper : Since adhesive force between ink–paper > cohesive force on ink, the ink sticks to the paper.
GOLDEN KEY POINTS
• Surface tension is a scalar quantity.
• It acts tangential to liquid surface.
• Surface tension is always produced due to cohesive force.
• More is the cohesive force, more is the surface tension.
• When surface area of liquid is increased, molecules from the interior of the liquid rise to the surface. For
this, work is done against the downward cohesive force.
As a result, its potential energy increases and internal energy decreases. So on increase in surface area
cooling occurs. If liquid temperature remains same, then extra energy may be given by external agency.
So the molecules in the surface have some additional energy due to their position. This additional energy
per unit area of the surface is called Surface Energy, free surface energy or surface energy density.
FLUID MECHANICS
DEPENDENCY OF SURFACE TENSION
1. On Cohesive Force
Those factors which increase the cohesive force between molecules increase the surface tension and those
which decrease the cohesive force between molecules decrease the surface tension.
2. On Impurities
If the impurity is completely soluble then on mixing it in the liquid, its surface tension increases. e.g., on
dissolving ionic salts in small quantities in a liquid, its surface tension increases. If the impurity is partially
soluble in a liquid then its surface tension decreases because adhesive force between insoluble impurity
molecules and liquid molecules decreases cohesive force effectively, e.g.
(a) On mixing detergent in water its surface tension decreases.
(b) Surface tension of water is more than (alcohol + water) mixture.
3. On Temperature
On increasing temperature surface tension decreases. At critical temperature and boiling point it becomes
zero.
Note : Surface tension of water is maximum at 4°C
4. On Contamination
The dust particles or lubricating materials on the liquid surface decreases its surface tension.
5. On Electrification
The surface tension of a liquid decreases due to electrification because a force starts acting due to it in the
outward direction normal to the free surface of liquid.
DEFINITION OF SURFACE TENSION

The force acting per unit length of an imaginary line drawn on the free liquid surface
F
at right angles to the line and in the plane of liquid surface, is defined as surface B
tension.
A F
F
T=
L
SI UNITS : N/m and J/m2 CGS UNITS : dyne/cm and erg/cm2 Dimensions : M1L0 T–2
Tsin
Tsin
Illustrations: T
T
 
• When any needle floats on the liquid surface then 2T sin = mg Tcos Tcos
Ex. A mosquito sitting on a liquid surface.
Mg
F
• If the needle is lifted from the liquid surface then required excess
force will be Fexcess = 2T l
Minimum force required Fmin = mg + 2T

T T
FLUID MECHANICS
• Required excess force for a circular thick ring (or hollow disc) having
r2
internal and external radii r1 and r2 is dipped in and taken out from r1
liquid Fexcess = F1 + F2 = T(2r1) + T(2r2) = 2T(r1 + r2)
T T
Surface Energy
D C
According to molecular theory of surface tension the molecule in the surface
have some additional energy due to their position. This additional energy per unit F=2T
ST
area of the surface is called ' Surface energy". Let a liquid film be formed on a A B
wire frame and a straight wire of length  can slide on this wire frame as shown in Dx
figure. The film has two surfaces and both the surfaces are in contact with the
sliding wire and hence, exert forces of surface tension on it. If T be the surface
tension of the solution, each surface will pull the wire parallel to itself with a force
T.
Thus, net force on the wire due to both the surfaces is 2T. Apply an external force F equal and opposite
to it to keep the wire is equilibrium. Thus, F=2T Now, suppose the wire is moved through a small
distance dx, the work done by the force is, dW = F dx = (2T) dx But (2) (dx) is the total increase in area
of both the surfaces of the film. Let it be dA. Then, dW = T dA T = dW/dA
Thus, the surface tension T can also be defined as the work done in increasing the surface area by unity.
Further, since there is no change in kinetic energy, the work done by the external force is stored as the
dU
potential energy of the new surface. T= [as dW = dU]
dA
Special Cases
• Work done (surface energy) in formation of a drop of radius r = Work done against surface tension
W = Surface tension T × change in area A = T × 4r2 = 4r2T
• Work done (surface energy) in formation of a soap bubble of radius r :
W = T × A or W = T × 2 × 4r2 = 8r2T [ soap bubble has two surfaces]
Example
Calculate the work done against surface tension in blowing a soap bubble from a radius 10 cm to 20 cm
if the surface tension of soap solution is 25 × 10–3 N/m. Then compare it with liquid drop of same radius.
Solution
(i) For soap bubble : Extension in area = 2 × 4r22 –2 × 4r12 =8 [(0.2)2– (0.1)2] = 0.24  m2
Work done W1 = surface tension × extension in area = 25 × 10–3 × 0.24  = 6 × 10–3 J
(ii) For Liquid Drop : in case of liquid drop only one free surface, so extension in area will be half of soap
bubble
W1
 W2 = = 3 × 10–3 J
2
FLUID MECHANICS
SPLITTING OF BIGGER DROP INTO SMALLER DROPLETS

If bigger drop is spitted into smaller droplets then in this process volume of liquid always remain conserved.
Let bigger drop has radius R. It is splitted into n smaller drops of radius r then by conservation of volume
3
4 4  R  R
(i) R 3  n  r 3   n    r= 1 / 3
3  3  r
  n
(ii) Initial surface area = 4R2 and final surface area = n(4r2)
Therefore initial surface energy Ei = 4R2T and final surface energy Ef = n(4r2T)
Change in area A = n4r2 – 4R2 = 4(nr2 – R2)
Therefore the amount of surface energy absorbed i.e. E = Ef – Ei = 4T (nr2 – R2)
 Magnitude of work done against surface tension i.e. W = 4(nr2 – R2)T
R  1 1 
W = 4T (nr2 – R2) = 4R2 T (n1/3 – 1) = 4R2T   1   W = 4R3T r  R
r   
In this process temperature of system decreases as energy gets absorbed in increasing surface area.
1 1  4  R 3 T 1 1  3 T 1 1 
3
W = J m s  = 4R T          = 
r R 4 3  r R  J  s  r R 
 R J s
3
Where  = liquid density, s = liquid's specific heat
Thus in this process area increasing, surface energy increasing, internal energy decreasing, temperature
decreasing, and energy is absorbed.
Excess pressure inside the drop
Let a drop of radius r having internal and external pressure Pi and P0 respectively, so that excess pressure
Pex =(Pi – P0).
If the radius of the drop is changed from r to (r+dr) then dr
Work done = F.dr = (PA) dr = P 4r2dr
P0
Change in surface area = r(r + dr)2–4r2= 8rdr r Pi
W 4 r 2 Pdr 2T
So by definition of surface energy T = = Pex =  Pi  P0  =
A 8 rdr r
Excess pressure inside soap bubble :

Since the soap bubble has two surfaces. The excess pressure will get
P0
doubled as compared to a drop Pi
r
P’
2T 2T 4T
Pi –P' = , P' – P0 =  excess pressure = Pi–P0 =
r r r
FLUID MECHANICS
GOLDEN KEY POINTS
• For liquid surface, pressure on concave side is always higher than convex side
low
high
. high
low
• If a bubble is formed inside a liquid, the pressure inside the bubble is more than the pressure outside the
bubble.
• A soap film is formed in a wire frame. A loop of thread is lying on the film. If the film inside the loop is
broken then the tension in the thread will be 2Tr.
• In the following arrangement, air will flow from bubble A to B if T2 and T3 are opened, because pressure
in A is greater than in B.
T2 T3
T1
A
A B
2 AT
• The force required to separate two plates of Area A is given by F =
d
Example
Prove that If two bubbles of radii r1 and r2 coalesce isothermally in vacuum then the radius of new bubble will
be r  r12  r22
Solution
When two bubbles coalesce then number of molecules of air will remain constant and temperature also
4T  4 3  4T  4 3  4T  4 3
constant so n1 + n2 = n  P1V1 + P2V2 = PV  r  3 r1   r  r2  =  r   r=
1 2 3 r 3
r12  r22
Example
Prove that If two bubbles of radii r1 and r2 (r1 < r2) come in contact with each other then the radius of
r1 r2
curvature of the common surface r = .
r2  r1
Solution
 r 1 < r2  P1 > P2 Small part of bubbles is in equilibrium
P1 P2
r1 r2
4T 4T 4T 4T r1 r2
P1  A  – P2  A  = A  – = r =
r r1 r2 r r2  r1
FLUID MECHANICS
ANGLE OF CONTACT (C)
The angle enclosed between the tangent plane at the liquid surface and the tangent plane at the solid
surface at the point of contact inside the liquid is defined as the angle of contact. The angle of contact
depends the nature of the solid and liquid in contact.
1. Effect of Temperature on angle of contact
 1
On increasing temperature surface tension decreases, thus cosc increases  cos c   and c
 T
decrease. So on increasing temperature, c decreases.
2. Effect of Impurities on angle of contact
(a) Solute impurities increase surface tension, so cosc decreases and angle of contact c increases.
(b) Partially solute impurities decrease surface tension, so angle of contact cdecreases.
3. Effect of Water Proofing Agent
Angle of contact increases due to water proofing agent. It gets converted acute to obtuse angle.
Table of angle of contact of various solid–liquid pairs
Solid - Liquid Pair ° C

Glass -Normal water 8°
Glass -Distilled water 0°
Glass - Alcohol 0°
Glass - Mercury 135°
Paraffin wax - Water 108°
Silver - Water 90°
Shape of Liquid Surface

When a liquid is brought in contact with a solid surface, the surface of the liquid becomes curved near the
place of contact. The shape of the surface (concave or convex) depends upon the relative magnitudes of
the cohesive force between the liquid molecules and the adhesive force between the molecules of the
liquid and the solid.
The free surface of a liquid which is near the walls of a vessel and which is curved because of surface
tension is known as meniscus. The cohesive force acts at an angle 45° from liquid surface whereas the
adhesive force acts at right angles to the solid surface. The relation between the shape of liquid surface,
cohesive/adhesive forces, angle of contact, etc are summarised in the table below :
• Relation between cohesive and adhesive force
convex surface
FA FA horizontal surface FA
concave surface
FC FC FC
FR FR FR
water water mercury
glass silver glass
FC FC FC
FA  FA  FA 
2 2 2
FLUID MECHANICS
• Shape of meniscus Concave Plane Convex

• Angle of contact C < 90° C = 90° C > 90°
(Acute angle) (Right angle) (Obtuse angle)
• Shape of liquid drop

C C C
• Level of liquid Liquid rises up nor falls Liquid neither rises Liquid falls
• Wetting property Liquid wets the Liquid does not wet Liquid does not wet
solid surface the solid surface the solid surface
• Example Glass – Water Silver – Water Glass – Mercury
CAPILLARY TUBE AND CAPILLARITY

A glass tube with fine bore and open at both ends is known as capillary tube. The property by virtue of
which a liquid rise or depress in a capillary tube is known as capillarity. Rise or fall of liquid in tubes of
narrow bore (capillary tube) is called capillary action.
Calculation of Capillary Rise
r
Enlarged view
P T  T
C
P h h
PC R
A B 
r

PC
R= Radius of the r= radius of the

r
meniscus R = cos capillary tube
When a capillary tube is first dipped in a liquid as shown in the figure, the liquid climbs up the walls curving
the surface. The liquid continues to rise in the capillary tube until the weight of the liquid column becomes
equal to force due to surface tension. Let the radius of the meniscus is R and the radius of the capillary
tube is r. The angle of contact is surface tension is T, density of liquid is  and the liquid rises to a height
h.
Now let us consider two points A and B at the same horizontal level as shown. By Pascal's law
P A = PB  PA = PC + gh  PA – PC = gh
(PB = PC + gh)
Now, the point C is on the curved meniscus which has PA and PC as the two pressures on its concave and
convex sides respectively.
2T 2T 2T 2 T cos 
 PA  PC      gh  2 T cos   r gh  h 
R r / cos  r / cos  rg
FLUID MECHANICS
Zurin's Law :
The height of rise of liquid in a capillary tube is inversely proportional to the radius of the capillary tube, if
1
T, and g are constant h  or rh
h = constant. It implies that liquid will rise more in capillary tube of less
r
radius and vice versa.
GOLDEN KEY POINTS
• For water and clean glass capillary c

• If angle of contact c is acute then coscis positive, so h is positive and liquid rises. If cis obtuse
then coscis negative, so h is negative, therefore liquid depresses.
• Rise of liquid in a capillary tube does not obey the law of conservation of energy.
h 2 r1
• For two capillaries of radii r1 and r2, the capillary rise h1 and h2 are such that h  r . The relation
1 2
between h and r is graphically represented as h
• Inside a satellite, water will rise upto top level but will not come outside. Radius of curvature(R') increases
hR
in such a way that final height h' is reduced and given by h '  . (It is in accordance with Zurin's
R'
law).
• If a capillary tube is dipped into a liquid and tilted at an angle from vertical then the vertical height
of liquid column remains same whereas the length of liquid column in the capillary tube increases.
h 
 h
h = cos   
cos 
• The height 'h' is measured from the bottom of the meniscus. However, there exist some liquid above this
 1 
rg h  r 
 3 
line also. If correction of this is applied then the formula will be T 
2 cos 
• If a hollow sphere of radius r which has a fine hole, drowned in a vessel upto h depth, then liquid will not
2 T cos 
enter upto critical height h, given by hg= [normally therefore cos
r
FLUID MECHANICS
EXERCISE (S-1)
HCV Worked out Examples(Chapter No.13 - {3,4,5,7,8})
1. A cubical sealed vessel with edge L is placed on a cart, which is moving horizontally with an acceleration
‘a’ as shown in figure. The cube is filled with a ideal fluid having density . Find the gauge pressure at the
centre of the cubical vessel L
2. A liquid of density  is filled in a U-tube, whose one end is open & at the other end a bulb is fitted whose
pressure is PA. Now this tube is moved horizontally with acceleration 'a' as shown in the figure. During
motion it is found that liquid in both column is at same level at equilibrium. If atmospheric pressure is P0,
then find the value of PA
a PA

3. There are three immiscible liquids of densities 1, 2 and 3. If the first two liquids are taken in a
U–tube then they stand like fig(i). When all the three liquids are taken in U–tube, they stand like fig(ii).
Find the ratio of the densities of the three liquids.
4. For the system shown in the figure, the cylinder on the left at L has a
mass of 600kg and a cross sectional area of 800 cm2. The piston on the
right, at S, has cross sectional area 25cm2 and negligible weight. If the
apparatus is filled with oil.( = 0.75 gm/cm3) Find the force F required
to hold the system in equilibrium.
5. Dams at two different locations are needed to form a lake. When the lake is filled, the water level will be
at top of both dams. The second dam is twice as high and twice as wide as the first dam. The force of the
water on the second dam is how much greater than the force on the first? (Ignore atmospheric pressure
since it is pushing on both sides of the dams.)
R2
6. As the drawing illustrates, a pond full of water has the shape of
an inverted cone with the tip sliced off and has a depth of 30m.
The atmospheric pressure above the pond is 1.0 ×105 Pa. The
circular top surface (radius = R2) and circular bottom surface 30 m
(radius = R1) of the pond are both parallel to the ground. The 60.0°
magnitude of the force acting on the top surface is the same as
the magnitude of the force acting on the bottom surface. Obtain R1
R2
R1 .
FLUID MECHANICS
7. A container of a large uniform cross-sectional area A resting on a horizontal surface holds two immiscible,
H
non viscous and incompressible liquids of densities d and 2d each of height as shown. The lower
2
H
density liquid is open to atmosphere. A homogeneous solid cylinder of length L    cross-sectional
 2
A L
area is immersed such that it floats with its axis vertical to the liquid -liquid interfacewith length in
5 4
denser liquid. Find the density of the solid cylinder.
d 3L/4 H/2
L/4
2d H/2
8. A liquid of density 2 is filled in a cylindrical vessel, whose cross-sectional area is 2A. A wooden
cylinder of height H, cross-sectional area A and density  is floating in the liquid at equilibrium with its
axis vertical. The cylinder is pushed down by a small distance x from its equilibrium position and released.
Find its initial acceleration.
9. In air an object weighs 15N, when immersed completely in water the same object weighs 12N. When
immersed in another liquid completely, it weighs 13N. Find
(a) the specific gravity of the object and
(b) the specific gravity of the other liquid.
10. An expansible balloon filled with air floats on the surface of a lake with 2/3 of its volume submerged.
How deep must it be sunk in the water so that it is just inequilibrium neither sinking further nor rising? It
is assumed that the temperature of the water is constant & that the height of the water barometer is 9
meters.
11. A wooden plank of length 1 m and uniform cross-section is hinged at one end to the bottom of a tank as
shown. The tank is filled with water upto a height of 0.5 m. The specific gravity of the plank is 0.5. Find
the angle  made by the plank in equilibrium position
 0.5
12. A spherical tank of 1.2 m radius is half filled with oil of relative density 0.8. If the tank is given ahorizontal
acceleration of 10 m/s2. Calculate the inclination of the oil surface to horizontal and maximum pressure
on the tank.
HCV Exercises (Chapter No.13- {2,4,8,11,14,16,18,20,23,25})
FLUID MECHANICS
HCV Worked out Examples(Chapter No.13 - {9,10,11})
13. A jet of water having velocity = 10 m/s and stream cross-section = 2 cm2 hits a flat plate perpendicularly,
with the water splashing out parallel to plate. Find the force that the plate experiences.
14. A laminar stream is flowing vertically down from a tap of cross-section area 1 cm2. At a distance 10cm
below the tap, the cross-section area of the stream has reduced to 1/2 cm2. Find the volumetric flow rate
of water from the tap.
15. Calculate the rate of flow of glycerine of density 1.25 × 103 kg/m3 through the conical section of a pipe
if the radii of its ends are 0.1m & 0.04m and the pressure drop across its length is 10N/m2.
16. A large cylindrical tank of cross-sectional area 1m2 is filled with water. It has a small hole at a height of
1m from the bottom. A movable piston of mass 5 kg is fitted on the top of the tank such that it can slide
in the tank freely. A load of 45 kg is applied on the top of water by piston, as shown in figure. Find the
value of v when piston is 7m above the bottom (g = 10 m/s2)
45kg
17. For the arrangement shown in the figure. The time interval in seconds after which the water jet ceases to
cross the wall is found to be (A)3. Area of the cross section of the tank A  5 m2 and area of the orifice
a=32 cm2. [Assume that the container remaining fixed]. Find the value of a. (Take g = 10 m/s2)
18. Water fills a reservoir, open to the atmosphere, to height H = 5m above the centerline of a horizontal exit
pipe at the bottom of the reservoir. The first section of the pipe has radius r1 = 2 cm, the unknown
velocity there is v1 and this section of the pipe has a manometer in which the water rises to an unknown
height h above the centerline of the pipe.
The water leaves the second section of radius r2 = 1 cm, with speed v2. Assume the flow is incompressible,
frictionless, irrotational, and steady. Also, assume the reservoir is so large compared to the pipe, that the
water level in the reservoir is almost constant.
(a) What is the speed, v2, of the water leaving the exit pipe?
(b) What is the speed, v1, in the first section of the pipe?
(c) What is the height, h, of the water in the manometer?
(d) What is the volume flow rate of the water flowing through the exit pipe?
HCV Exercises (Chapter No.13- {28,30,32,33,34,35})
FLUID MECHANICS
HCV Worked out Examples(Chapter No.14 - {15,16,17})

19. A spherical ball of radius 1 × 10–4 m and density 104 kg/m3 falls freely under gravity through a distance
h before entering a tank of water. If after entering the water the velocity of the ball does not change, find
h. The viscosity of water is 9.8 × 10–6 N-s/m2.
20. A spherical ball of density  and radius 0.003m is dropped into a tube containing a viscous fluid filled up
to the 0 cm mark as shown in the figure. Viscosity of the fluid = 1.260 N.m–2 and its density
L= /2 = 1260 kg.m–3. Assume the ball reaches a terminal speed by the 10 cm mark. Find the time
taken by the ball to traverse the distance between the 10 cm and 20 cm mark.
(g = acceleration due to gravity = 10 ms–2)
0 cm
10 cm
20 cm
HCV Exercises (Chapter No.14- {30,31})
HCV Worked out Examples(Chapter No.14 - {11,12,13,14})

21. Two arms of a U-tube have unequal diameters d1 = 1.0 mm and d2 = 1.0 cm. If water (surface tension
7 × 10–2 N/m) is poured into the tube held in the vertical position, find the difference of level of waterin
the U-tube. Assume the angle of contact to be zero.
22. A soap bubble has radius R and thickness d (<< R) as shown. It colapses into a spherical drop. Find the
ratio of excess pressure in the drop to the excess pressure inside the bubble.
HCV Exercises (Chapter No.14- {16,18,19,21,24,26,27,29})
FLUID MECHANICS
EXERCISE (S-2)
1. A solid cube, with faces either vertical or horizontal, is floating in a liquid of density 6 g/cc. It has two
third of its volume submerged. If enough water is added from the top so as to completely cover the cube,
what fraction of its volume will remain immersed in the liquid?
2. Place a glass beaker, partially filled with water, in a sink. The beaker has a mass 390 gm and an interior
volume of 500cm3. You now start to fill the sink with water and you find, by experiment, that if the beaker
is less than half full, it will float; but if it is more than half full, it remains on the bottom of the sink as the
water rises to its rim. What is the density of the material of which the beaker is made?

3. A cylindrical rod of length l = 2m & density
2
floats vertically in a liquid of density  as shown in Fig (a).
(a) Show that it performs SHM when pulled slightly up & released & find its time period. Neglect
change in liquid level.
(b) Find the time taken by the rod to completely immerse when released from position shown in fig. (b).
Assume that it remains vertical throughout its motion. (take g = 2 m/s2)
4. A thin rod of length L & area of cross-section S is pivoted at its lowest point P inside a stationary,
homogeneous & non-viscous liquid (Figure). The rod is free to rotate in a vertical plane about a horizontal
axis passing through P. The density d1 of the material of the rod is smaller than the entity d2 of the liquid.
The rod is displaced by a small angle  from its equilibrium position and then released. Show that the
motion of the rod is simple harmonic and determine its angular frequency in terms of the given parameters.
5. A hollow cone floats with its axis vertical upto one-third of its height in a liquid of relative density 0.8 and
with its vertex submerged. When another liquid of relative density  is filled in it upto one-third of its
height, the cone floats upto half its vertical height. The height of the cone is 0.10 m and the radius of the
circular base is 0.05 m. Find the specific gravity  is given.
6. A cube with a mass ‘m’ completely wettable by water floats on the surface of water. Each side of the
cube is ‘a’. What is the distance h between the lower face of cube and the surface of the water if surface
tension is S. Take density of water as w. Take angle of contact as zero.
A
7. Water (density 1gm/cc) is to be sucked upto point A. The area of the narrow
tube is 1cm2 and the wide portion is 100 cm2. In this situation, minimum work
required to be done is w1. When the tube is inverted and water is to be sucked 40 cm
upto point B, the minimum work required to be done is w2. Find (w2 – w1) in
Joule. Fill 100 (w2 – w1) in OMR sheet.
10 cm
10 cm
B
FLUID MECHANICS
8. An empty cylinder bucket 30cm in diameter and 50cm long whose wall thickness and weight can be
considered negligible is entered open end (top) first, into water until its bottom is 4m below the surface.
What force is required to keep it submerged. Consider process to be isothermal.
3 
9. A light cylindrical tube ‘T’ of length  =  m  and radius r=2m containing air is inverted in water
 
(density d1). One end of the tube is open and the other is closed. A block ‘B’ of density d2 (= 2d1) is kept
on the tube as shown in the figure. The tube stays in equilibrium in the position shown. The density of the
air is negligible as compared with the density of water. Find the volume of ‘B’ (in m3)
10. Two objects of equal volume V = 1m 3 and different densities d 1 = 500 kg/ m 3 and
d2 = 1000 kg/m3 are glued to each other so that their contact surface is flat and has an area A = 0.1 m2.
When the objects are submerged completely in a certain liquid, they float in stable equilibrium, the
contact surface being parallel to the surface of the liquid (see the diagram). How deep (H in meters) can
the contact surface be in the liquid so that the objects are not torn apart? The maximum force that the
glue can withstand is F = 250 N. (Neglect atmospheric pressure)
H
d1
d2
11. The tap in the garden was closed in appropriately resulting in the water flowing
freely out of it which forms a downward narrowing beam. The beam of water d1=6mm
3cm
has a circular cross-section, the diameter of the circle is 6 mm at one point and
d2=3mm
3 cm below it is only 3 mm as shown in figure. If the rate of water wasted is
(x × ) mL/minute then find the value of x. (Neglect the effect of viscosity and
surface tension of the flowing water.)
12. Two identical straight wires PQ and RS each of mass m and length  P R
can move smoothly on a fixed rectangular frame. Two thin films of a
liquid of surface tension T are formed between each wire and the frame.
The two wires are connected by a massless spring of stiffness k and
initially in natural length position. Wires are released from rest what is
time period of oscillation of wires in millisecond.
Q S
10 4 kg
[ G iven m  ; l k = 2 N/ m ]
2
FLUID MECHANICS
13. A piston of mass M = 3kg and radius R = 4cm has a hole into which a thin pipe of radius r = 1cm is
inserted. The piston can enter a cylinder tightly and without friction, and initially it is at the bottom of the
cylinder. 750gm of water is now poured into the pipe so that the piston & pipe are lifted up as shown.
Find the height H of water in the cylinder and height h of water in the pipe.
14. Figure shows a siphon, the vessel area is very large as compared to cross section of tube. Tube has a
uniform cross section, its lower end is 6m below the surface of water. What is maximum height H (in m)
of the upper end for siphon to work? Take density of water = 10 3 kg/ m 3, atmospheric
pressure = 10 5 N/ m 2 .
H
D = 6m
15. A cylindrical wooden float whose base area is 4 m2 and height 1 m drifts on the water surface in vertical
position. Density of wood is 500 kg/m3 and that of water is 1000 kg/m3. What minimum work (in kJ)
must be performed to take the float out of the water?
16. A bubble having surface tension T and radius R is formed on a ring of radius b (b<R). Air is blown
inside the tube with velocity v as shown. The air molecule collides perpendicularly with the wall of the
bubble and stops. Calculate the radius at which the bubble separates from the ring.
b R
v
8
17. A siphon has a uniform circular base of diameter cm with its crest A 1.8 m above water level as

in figure. Find
(a) velocity of flow

(b) discharge rate of the flow in m3/sec.
(c) absolute pressure at the crest level A. [Use P0 = 105 N/m2 & g = 10m/s2]
FLUID MECHANICS
18. Two very large open tanks A and F both contain the same liquid. A horizontal pipe BCD, having a
constriction at C leads out of the bottom of tank A, and a vertical pipe E opens into the constriction at C
and dips into the liquid in tank F. Assume streamline flow and no viscosity. If the cross section at C is one
half that at D and if D is at a distance h1 below the level of liquid in A, to what height h 2 (in terms of h1 )
will liquid rise in pipe E ?
19. A container of large uniform crosssectional area A resting on a horizontal surface, holds two immiscible,
nonviscous & incompressible liquids of densities d & 2d , each of height H/2 as shown in figure . The
lower density liquid is open to the atmosphere having pressure P0 .
 H
(a) A homogeneous solid cylinder of length L  L  crosssectional area
 2
A/5 is immersed such that it floats with its axis vertical at the liquidliquid
interface with the length L/4 in the denser liquid.
Determine :
(i) The density D of the solid &
(ii) The total pressure at the bottom of the container.
(b) The cylinder is removed and the original arrangement is restored. A tiny hole of area s
 H
(s << A) is punched on the vertical side of the container at a height h  h   .
 2
Determine :
(i) The initial speed of efflux of the liquid at the hole ;
(ii) The horizontal distance x travelled by the liquid initially &
(iii) The height hm at which the hold should be punched so that the liquid travels the maximum
distance xm initially. Also calculate xm . [Neglect the air resistance in these calculations].
20. In a cylindrical vessel containing liquid of density , there are two holes in the side walls at heights of h1
and h2 respectively such that the range of efflux at the bottom of the vessel is same. Find the height of a
hole, for which the range of efflux would be maximum.
21. A large open top container of negligible mass & uniform cross-sectional area A has a small hole of cross-
sectional area A/100 in its side wall near the bottom. The container is kept on a smooth horizontal floor
and contains a liquid of density  and mass m0. Assuming that the liquid starts flowing out horizontally
through the hole at t = 0, calculate
(i) the acceleration of the container and
(ii) its velocity when 75 % of the liquid has drained out.
FLUID MECHANICS
22. A nonviscous liquid of constant density 1000 kg/m3 flows in a streamline motion along a tube of variable
cross section. The tube is kept inclined in the vertical plane as shown in the figure. The area of cross
section of the tube at two points P and Q at heights of 2 meters and 5 meters are respectively 4 × 10–3m2
and 8 × 10–3 m3. The velocity of the liquid at point P is 1 m/s. Find the work done per unit volume by
the pressure and the gravity forces as the fluid flows from point P to Q.
23. A large tank of (height H1 = 4m) water has a hose connected to it, as shown in figure. The tank is sealed
at the top and has compressed air between the water surface & the top. When the water height H2 is 3m,
the gauge pressure of air is P1=1× 105N/m2. Assume that the air above the water surface expands
isothermally. What is the velocity of flow out of the hose when h2 has decreased to 2m? Assume ideal
fluid flow. Patm = 105 N/ m2
P1
H3=1m
FLUID MECHANICS
EXERCISE (O-1)
1. A vessel filled with a liquid of density r falls vertically downwards with an acceleration a(<g). The pressure
P at depth h below the free surface of liquid is
(A) P = h  ( g + a) (B) P= hg (C) P = h ( g – a) (D) P = ha
2. A closed rectangular vessel completely filled with a liquid of density r moves with an acceleration a = g.
The value of the pressure difference (P1 – P2) is :
P1 b Opening
h a =g
P2
g(b  h)
(A) gb (B) (C) (ab –gh) (D) gh
2
3. An inverted test tube having a liquid of density  accelerates down with a = 2g then, PQ – P0 is:
h Q
h/3
P0 2g
gh 2gh gh

(A)  (B) (C) (D) indeterminate
3 3 3
4. An open-ended U-tube of uniform cross-sectional area contains water (density 1.0 gram/centimeter3)
standing initially 20 centimeters from the bottom in each arm. An immiscible liquid of density 4.0 grams/
centimeter3 is added to one arm until a layer 5 centimeters high forms, as shown in the figure above.
What is the ratio h2/h1 of the heights of the liquid in the two arms?
(A) 3/1 (B) 5/2 (C) 2/1 (D) 3/2
5. A tube of length L is filled completely with incompressible liquid of mass M and closed at both the
ends. The tube is then rotated in a horizontal plane about one of its ends with a uniform angular
velocity . The force exerted by the liquid on the tube at other end is
M2 L M2 L 2
(D) 3M  L
2
(A) (B) M L (C)
2 4 4
FLUID MECHANICS
6. A cuboid (a × a × 2a) is filled with two immiscible liquids of density 2 &  as shown in the figure.
Neglecting atmospheric pressure, ratio of force on base & side wall of the cuboid is
(A) 2 : 3 (B) 1 : 3 (C) 5 : 6 (D) 6 : 5

F1
7. A solid hemisphere is just pressed below the liquid, the value of F is (where F1 and F2 are the hydrostatic
2
forces acting on the curved and flat surfaces of the hemisphere).
F1
F2
1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
2 3 3
8. Some liquid is filled in a cylindrical vessel of radius R. Let F1 be the force applied by the liquid on the
bottom of the cylinder. Now the same liquid is poured into a vessel of uniform square crss-section of side
R. Let F2 be the force applied by the liquid on the bottom of this new vessel. (Neglect atmosphere
pressure) Then:
F2
(A) F1 =  F2 (B) F1  (C) F1   F2 (D) F1 = F2

9. There is water in container with center of mass at C. Now a small wooden piece is place towards right
as shown in the figure. After putting the wooden piece.
C
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
O
(A) Pressure at base remains same and centre of mass of water and wooden piece will be right of line OC.
(B) Pressure at base remains same and centre of mass of water and wooden piece will be on line OC.
(C) Pressure at base changes and centre of mass of water and wooden piece will be right of line OC.
(D) Pressure at base changes and centre of mass of water and wooden piece will be on line OC.
FLUID MECHANICS
10. The tension in a string holding a solid block below the surface of a liquid (of density greater than that of
solid) as shown in figure is T0 when the system is at rest. What will be the tension in the string if the system
has an upward acceleration a?
 a a  a  2a 
(A) T0 1   (B) T0  1   (C) 2T0 1   (D) 3T0  1  
 g  g  g  g 
11. A cubical block of wood of side of 10 cm, floats at the interface between oil and water as shown in figure
with its lower face 2 cm below the interface. The density of oil is 0.6 g/cm3. The mass of the block is
Oil
Wood
Water
(A) 600 g (B) 680 g (C) 800 g (D) 200 g
12. A solid floats with (2/3) of its volume immersed in a liquid and with (3/4) of its volume immersed in
another liquid. What fraction of its volume will be immersed if it floats in a homogenous mixture formed
of equal volumes of the liquids?
( A ) 6/ 7 ( B ) 8/ 1 1 ( C ) 11/ 1 6 ( D ) 12/ 1 7
13. A cuboidal piece of wood has dimensions a, b and c. Its relative density is d. It is floating in a large body
of water such that side a is vertical. It is pushed down a bit and released. The time period of SHM
executed by it is
abc g bc da
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 2
g da dg g
14. A small ball of relative density 0.8 falls into water from a height of 2m. The depth to which the ball will
sink is (neglect viscous forces):
(A) 8 m (B) 2 m (C) 6 m (D) 4 m
15. An object of density do kept deep inside water of density dw and released. During the time it moves a
vertical distance h with in the water
(A) The gravitational potential energy of the water in the vessel increases if d0 < dw
(B) The gravitational potential energy of the water in the vessel decreases if d0 < dw
(C) The gravitational potential energy of the object increases if d0 > dw
(D) The gravitational potential energy of the object decreases if d0 < dw
FLUID MECHANICS
16. Water is flowing steadily through a horizontal tube of non uniform cross-section. If the pressure of water
is 4 × 104 N/m2 at a point where cross-section is 0.02 m2 and velocity of flow is 2 m/s, what is pressure
at a point where cross-section reduces to 0.01 m2.
(A) 1.4 × 104 N/m2 (B) 3.4 × 104 N/m2 (C) 2.4 × 10–4 N/m2 (D) none of these
17. In the case of a fluid, Bernoulli's theorem expresses the application of the principle of conservation of
(A) linear momentum (B) energy (C) mass (D) angular momentum
18. Fountains usually seen in gardens are generated by a wide pipe with an enclosure at one end having
many small holes. Consider one such fountain which is produced by a pipe of internal diameter 2 cm in
which water flows at a rate 3 ms–1. The enclosure has 100 holes each of diameter 0.05 cm. The velocity
of water coming out of the holes is ( in ms–1):
(A) 0.48 (B) 96 (C) 24 (D) 48
19. Two water pipes P and Q having diameters 2 ×10–2 m and 4 ×10–2m, respectively, are joined in series
with the main supply line of water. The velocity of water flowing in pipe P is
(A) 4 times that of Q (B) 2 times that of Q
(C) 1/2 times of that of Q (D) 1/4 times that of Q
20. An ideal liquid of density  is filled in a horizontally fixed syringe fitted with piston. There is no friction
between the piston and the inner surface of the syringe. Cross-section area of the syringe is A. At one
end of the syringe, an orifice of negligible cross-section area is made. When the piston is pushed into the
syringe, the liquid comes out of the orifice following parabolic path and falls on the ground. With what
speed the liquid strikes the ground? Neglect the air drag.
F
F  ghA F  2ghA 2F  ghA 2  F  ghA 

(A ) (B) (C ) (D)
A A A A
21. Equal volumes of two immiscible liquids of densities  and 2 are filled in a vessel as shown in figure.
Two small holes are punched at depth h/2 and 3h/2 from the surface of lighter liquid. If v1 and v2 are the
velocities of a flux at these two holes, then v1/v2 is :
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 4 2
22. A vent tank of large cross-sectional area has a horizontal pipe 0.12 m in diameter at the bottom. This
holds a liquid whose density is 1500 kg/m3 to a height of 4.0 m. Assume the liquid is an ideal fluid in
laminar flow. In figure, the velocity with which fluid flows out is
4m
( A ) 2 5 m/ s (B ) 5 m/ s ( C ) 4 5 m/ s (D) 10 m/ s
FLUID MECHANICS
23. A vertical tank, open at the top, is filled with a liquid and rests on a smooth horizontal surface. A small
hole is opened at the centre of one side of the tank. The area of cross-section of the tank is N times the
area of the hole, where N is a large number. Neglect mass of the tank itself. The initial acceleration of the
tank is
g g g g
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2N 2N N 2 N
24. A Newtonian fluid fills the clearance between a shaft and a sleeve. When a force of 800N is appliedto
the shaft, parallel to the sleeve, the shaft attains a speed of 1.5 cm/sec. If a force of 2.4 kN is appliedinstead,
the shaft would move with a speed of
(A) 1.5 cm/sec (B) 13.5 cm/sec (C) 4.5 cm/sec (D) None
25. A solid metallic sphere of radius r is allowed to fall freely through air. If the frictional resistance due to air
is proportional to the cross-sectional area and to the square of the velocity, then the terminal velocity of
the sphere is proportional to which of the following?
(A) r2 (B) r (C) r3/2 (D) r1/2
26. Two drops of same radius are falling through air with steady velocity of v cm/s. If the two drop scoalesce,
what would be the terminal velocity?
(A) 4 v (B) (D)1/3 v (C) 2 v (D) 64 v
27. If two soap bubbles of different radii are connected by a tube,

(A) air flows from the bigger bubble to the smaller bubble till the sizes become equal
(B) air flows from bigger bubble to the smaller bubble till the sizes are interchanged
(C) air flows from the smaller bubble to the bigger
(D) there is no flow of air.
28. A soap bubble is being blown on a tube of radius 1 cm. The surface tension of
the soap solution is 0.05 N/m and the bubble makes an angle of 60° with the 60° 60°
tube as shown. The excess of pressure over the atmospheric pressure in the
tube is :
(A) 5 Pa (B) 1 Pa (C) 10 Pa (D) 20 Pa
29. Two merucry drops (each of radius 'r') merge to form a bigger drop. The surface energy of the bigger
1
drop, if is the surface tension (in SI unit), is :

(A) 25/3 r 2 (B) 4r2 (C) 2r2 (D) 28/3 r 2
30. A liquid is filled in a spherical container of radius R till a height h. At this position the liquid surface at the
edges is also horizontal. The contact angle is
Rh hR  Rh

(A) 0 (B) cos–1   (C)   (D) sin–1  
 R   R   R 
FLUID MECHANICS
31. An open capillary tube is lowered in a vessel with mercury. The difference between the levels of the
mercury in the vessel and in the capillary tube h = 4.6mm. What is the radius of curvature of the
mercury meniscus in the capillary tube? Surface tension of mercury is 0.46 N/m, density of mercury is
13.6 gm/cc.
1 1 1
(A) m (B) m (C) m (D) information insufficient
340 680 1020
32. A container, whose bottom has round holes with diameter 0.1 mm is filled with water. The maximum
height in cm upto which water can be filled without leakage will be what?
Surface tension = 75 × 10–3 N/m and g = 10 m/s2:
(A) 20 cm (B) 40 cm (C) 30 cm (D) 60 cm
COMPREHENSION TYPE
Paragraph for Questions No. 33 to 36
A vertical U-tube having two immiscible liquid (which are in equilibrium) can move in horizontal plane.
2h
1
h h h
A B
33. The density of liquid 2 is :
(A)  (B) 2 (C) 1.5 (D) 3
34. If the tube moves with an acceleration a towards right such that the level of liquids in both limbs are same,
the value of a is :
2 3
(A) g (B) 0.5 g (C) g (D) None of these
3 5
35. If the tube stops accelerating, at that instant, the pressure difference between the points A and B is :
(A) 1.5 gh (B) gh (C) zero (D) None of these
36. If the tube is rotated about the axis passing through the right hand side tube such that two liquids attains
equal heights, the angular speed of rotation is :
g 6g 6g 12g
(A) (B) (C) (D)
h 23h 19h 23h
FLUID MECHANICS
MATRIX MATCH TYPE QUESTION

37. In column-II, liquid (s) are filled in a container of large base area as shown in the figures. If h is the height
above the ground where a small hole to be made in order to get maximum range, R. v is the velocity with
which the liquid comes out from the hole and t is the time taken by the liquid to reach ground just after the
hole is made. Then match the column I with column II
Column I Column II
gH
(A)  v  2 2gH (P)
2
(B) H  R  2 2H (Q)
(C) H  h  3H (R)
H H
(D) t2 (S)
g g
FLUID MECHANICS
EXERCISE (O-2)
1. A tube is bent into L shape and kept in a vertical plane. If these three liquids are kept in equilibrium by the
F
piston of area A, the value of is :
A
3
h3
h2
2 h1
2 1 F
Piston
(A) (1h1 + 2h2 + 3h3)g (B) (1h1 + 22 + 3h3)g

(C) (2h2 + 3h3)g (D) (22 + 3h3)g
2. A vertical U-shaped tube having a liquid rotates about the vertical axis. The value of  is :
3b
b O
b 2b
g g g
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D) none of these
b 3b 2b
3. A cone of radius R and height H, is hanging inside a liquid of density r by means of a string as shown in
the figure. The force, due to the liquid acting on the slant surface of the cone is (Neglect atmosphere
pressure)

H
4 2
(A)  g HR2 (B)  HR2 (C)  gHR2 (D)  gHR2
3 3
4. A cork of density 0.5gcm-3 floats on a calm swimming pool. The fraction of the cork’s volume which
is under water is
(A) 0% (B) 25% (C) 10% (D) 50%
FLUID MECHANICS
5. A cubical block (a × a × a), with a coin of mass 'm' over it is floating over a liquid of density . In this case
x1 depth of the block is immersed. Now the coin is removed & it is found that x2 depth is immersed in
liquid. Value of (x1–x2) is
m
m a 4 m
(A) (B) (C) (D) data insufficient
a 2 m 2a 2
6. The frequency of a sonometer wire is f, but when the weights producing the tensions are completely
immersed in water the frequency becomes f/2 and on immersing the weights in a certain liquid the
frequency becomes f/3. The specific gravity of the liquid is:
4 16 15 32
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 9 12 27
7. Consider a small water drop in air. If T is the surface tension, then what is the force due to surface tension
acting on the smaller section ABC ?
O
C

B
A
(A) 2TR (B) 2TRsin (C) 2TR sin2 (D) 2TR sin3
8. Two identical holes each of cross-sectional area 10–3 m2 are made on

the opposite sides of a tank containing water as shown in the figure. As
the water comes out of the holes, the tank will experience a net horizontal
force of 20 N. The difference in height between the holes A and B is
(A) 1 m (B) 0.5 m
(C) 2 m (D) 0.25 m
9. An open vessel full of water is falling freely under gravity. There is a small hole in one face of the vessel,
as shown in the figure. The water which comes out from the hole at the instant when hole is at height H
above the ground, strikes the ground at a distance of x from P. Which of the following is correct for the
situation described ?
2hH 2h/3
(A) The value of x is 2 h
3
4hH H g
(B) The value of x is
3
Ground P
(C) The value of x can't be computed from information provided.
(D) The question is irrevalent as no water comes out from the hole.
FLUID MECHANICS
10. A cylindrical vessel of cross-sectional area 1000 cm2, is fitted with a frictionless piston of mass 10 kg,
and filled with water completely. A small hole of cross-sectional area 10 mm2 is opened at a point 50 cm
deep from the lower surface of the piston. The velocity of efflux from the hole will be
(A) 10.5 m/s (B) 3.4 m/s (C) 0.8 m/s (D) 0.2 m/s
11. A tube is attached as shown in closed vessel containing water. The velocity of water coming out from
a small hole is :
(A) 2 m/s
(B) 2 m/s
(C) depends on pressure of air inside vessel
(D) None of these
12. A large tank is filled with water to a height H. A small hole is made at the base of the tank. It takes T1 time
to decrease the height of water to H  , ( > 1) and it takes T2 time to take out the rest of water. If
T1 = T2 , then the value of  is :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 2 2
13. A cubical block of side ‘a’ and density ‘’ slides over a fixed inclined plane with constant velocity ‘v’.
There is a thin film of viscous fluid of thickness ‘t’ between the plane and the block. Then the coefficient
of viscosity of the thin film will be:
3 a g t 4 a g t a g t
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
5v 5v v
14. Which of the following graphs best represents the motion of a raindrop?
(A ) (B ) (C ) (D)
15. Which of the following is the incorrect graph for a sphere falling in a viscous liquid?
( G iven at t = 0, velocity v = 0 and displacement x = 0.)
x
(A ) (B ) (C ) (D)
t
16. There is a 1mm thick layer of glycerine between a flat plate of area 100 cm2 & a big fixed plate. If the
coefficient of viscosity of glycerine is 1.0 kg/m-s then how much force is required to move the plate with
a velocity of 7 cm/s?
( A ) 3.5 N ( B ) 0.7 N ( C ) 1.4 N ( D ) None
FLUID MECHANICS
17. The displacement of a ball falling from rest in a viscous medium is platted against time. Choose a possible
option
S S s S
(A ) (B ) (C ) (D)
t t t t
MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS

18. M gm of a liquid of density  is filled in a light beaker and kept on a horizontal table as shown in the figure.
The height of the liquid in the beaker is h. The beaker is wider on top than at its base and the cross-sectional
area of the base is A. Neglect the effect of atmospheric pressure. Now, choose the CORRECT statement(s)
from the following.
(A) The pressure of liquid at the bottom surface is gh.
(B) The normal reaction exerted by the table on the beaker is ghA.
h
Mg
(C) The pressure of the liquid at the bottom surface is .
A
(D) The normal reaction exerted by the table on the beaker is Mg.
19. An iron block and a wooden block are positioned in a vessel containing water as shown in the figure. The
iron block (1) hangs from a massless string with a rigid support from the top while the wooden block (2)
floats being tied to the bottom through a massless string. If now the vessel starts acceleration towards
right.
(A) iron block gets deflected towards right. 1
w
(B) wooden block gets deflected towards right.
w
(C) iron block gets deflected towards left. 2
(D) wooden block gets deflected towards left.
20. A beaker is filled in with water is accelerated a m/s2 in +x direction. The surface of water shall make
anangle
(A) tan–1(a/g) backwards (B) tan–1(a/g) forwards
(C) cot–1(g/a) backwards (D) cot–1(g/a) forwards
21. Water is being poured in a vessel at a constant rate  m3/s. There is a small hole of area a at the bottom
of the tank. The maximum level of water in the vessel is proportional to
(A)  (B) 2 (C) –1 (D) –2
22. A tank is filled upto a height h with a liquid and is placed on a platform
of height h from the ground. To get maximum range xm a small hole is
punched at a distance of y from the free surface of the liquid. Then
(A) xm = 2h
(B) xm = 1.5 h
(C) y = h
(D) y = 0.75 h
FLUID MECHANICS
COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS

Paragraph for Questions No. 23 to 25
A thin spherical shell completely filled with a non-vicous liquid of density  moves with an acceleration

a  giˆ . y
x
A O C
23. The coordinates of the point having maximum pressure is :

R R R R R R R R
(A) , (B) , (C)  , (D) ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
24. The difference in pressure between C and D, i.e., PD – PC =

(A) –gR (B) 2gR (C) 2 gR (D) None of these
25. The angle made by equipressure line with horizontal is :

(A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60° (D) None of these
MATRIX MATCH TYPE QUESTION

26. Bucket A contains only water ; an identical bucket B contains water, but also contains a solid object in
the water. Consider the following four situations. Which bucket weighs more ?
Column-I Column-II
(A) The object floats in bucket B, and the buckets (P) Bucket A
have the same water level
(B) The object floats in bucket B, and the buckets (Q) Bucket B
have the same volume of water
(C) The object sinks completely in bucket B, and (R) Both buckets have the same
the buckets have the same water level weight
(D) The object sinks completely in bucket B, and (S) The answer cannot be determined
the buckets have the same volume of water from the information given.
FLUID MECHANICS
EXERCISE (JM)
1. A cylinder of height 20 m is completely filled with water. The velocity of efflux of water (in ms–1) through
a small hole on the side wall of the cylinder near its bottom, is- [AIEEE-2002]
(1) 10 (2) 20 (3) 25.5 (4) 5
2. Spherical balls of radius R are falling in a viscous fluid of viscosity with a velocity v. the retarding
viscous force acting on the spherical ball is- [AIEEE-2004]
(1) directly proportional to R but inversely proportional to v
(2) directly proportional to both radius R and velocity v
(3) inversely proportional to both radius R and velocity v
(4) inversely proportional to R but directly proportional to velocity v
3. If two soap bubbles of different radii are connected by a tube- [AIEEE-2004]

(1) air flows from the bigger bubble to the smaller bubble till the sizes become equal
(2) air flows from bigger bubble to the smaller bubble till the sizes are interchanged
(3) air flows from the smaller bubble to the bigger bubble
(4) there is no flow of air
4. A 20 cm long capillary tube is dipped in water. The water rises upto 8 cm. If the entire arrangement is put
in a freely falling elevator, the length of water column in the capillary tube will be- [AIEEE-2005]
(1) 8 cm (2) 10 cm (3) 4 cm (4) 20 cm
5. If the terminal speed of a sphere of gold (density = 19.5 kg/m3) is 0.2 m/s in a viscous liquid
(density = 1.5 kg/m3), find the terminal speed of a sphere of silver (density=10.5 kg/m3) of the same size
in the same liquid. [AIEEE- 2006]
(1) 0.4 m/s (2) 0.133 m/s (3) 0.1 m/s (4) 0.2 m/s
6. A spherical solid ball of volume V is made of a material of density 1 . It is falling through a liquid of
density 2 2  1  . Assume that the liquid applies a viscous force on the ball that is propoertional to the
square of its speed v, i.e., Fviscous = – kv2 (k > 0). Then terminal speed of the ball is [AIEEE-2008]
Vg 1  2  Vg1 Vg1 Vg 1  2 
(1) (2) (3) (4)
k k k k
7. A jar is filled with two non-mixing liqudis 1 and 2 having densities 1 and 2 , respectively. A solid ball,
made of a material of density 3 , is dropped in the jar. It comes to equilibrium in the position shown in the
figure. Which of the following is true for 1, 2 and  3 [AIEEE-2008]
Liquid 1
Liquid 2
(1) 3  1  2 (2) 1  3  2 (3) 1  2  3 (4) 1  3  2
FLUID MECHANICS
8. A capillary tube (1) is dipped in water. Another identical tube (2) is dipped in a soap -water solution.
Which of the following shows the relative nature of the liquid columns in the two tubes? [AIEEE - 2008]
A B A B
(1) (2)
A B A B
(3) (4)
9. A spherical solid ball of volume V is made of a material of density 1. It is falling through a liquid of
density 2 (2 < 1). Assume that the liquid applies a viscous force on the ball that is proportional to the
square of its speed v. i.e., Fviscous = –kr2, k > 0. The terminal speed of the ball is - [AIEEE-2008]
Vg(1  2 ) Vg1 Vg1 V(1  2 )
(1) (2) (3) (4)
k k k k
10. A ball is made of a material of density  where oil <  < water with oil and water representing the
densities of oil and water, respectively. The oil and water are immiscible. If the above ball is inequilibrium in
a mixture of this oil and water, which of the following pictures represents its equilibrium position ?
(1) (2) (3) (4) [AIEEE-2010]
11. Water is flowing continuously from a tap having an internal diameter 8 × 10–3 m. The water velocity as it
leaves the tap is 0.4 ms–1. The diameter of the water stream at a distance 2 × 10–1 m below the tap is
close to :- [AIEEE-2011]
(1) 9.6 × 10–3 m (2) 3.6 × 10–3 m (3) 5.0 × 10–3 m (4) 7.5 × 10–3 m
12. Work done in increasing the size of a soap bubble from a radius of 3 cm to 5cm is nearly (Surface tension
of soap solution = 0.03 Nm–1) :- [AIEEE-2011]
(1) 2 mJ (2) 0.4  mJ (3) 4 mJ (4) 0.2  mJ
13. Two merucry drops (each of radius 'r') merge to form a bigger drop. The surface energy of the bigger drop,
ifs T is the surface tension, is : [AIEEE-2011]
8
(1) 2 5 3 r2T (2) 4r2T (3) 2r2T (4) 2 3 r2T
14. If a ball of steel (density  = 7.8 g cm–3) attains a terminal velocity of 10 cm s–1 when falling
in a tank of water (coefficient of viscosity water = 8.5 × 10–4 Pa.s) then its terminal velocity in glycerine
( = 12 g cm–3,  = 13.2 Pa.s) would be nearly :- [AIEEE-2011]
–5
(1) 1.6 × 10 cm s –1 (2) 6.25 × 10 cm s (3) 6.45 × 10 cm s (4) 1.5 × 10 cm s–1
–4 –1 –4 –1 –5
15. A thin liquid film formed between a U-shaped wire and a light slider supports a weight of
1.5 × 10–2 N (see figure). The length of the slider is 30 cm and its weight negligible. The surface tension
of the liquid film is :- [AIEEE-2012]
Film
(1) 0.025 Nm–1 (2) 0.0125 Nm–1 (3) 0.1 Nm–1 (4) 0.05 Nm–1
FLUID MECHANICS
16. A uniform cylinder of length L and mass M having cross-sectional area A is suspended, with its length
vartical, from a fixed point by a massless spring, such that it is half submerged in a liquid of density  at
equilibrium position. The extension x0 of the spring when it is in equilibrium is : [JEE Mains-2013]
Mg Mg  LA  Mg  LA  Mg  LA 
(1) (2) 1  (3) 1  (4) 1  
k k  M  k  2M  k  M 
17. Assume that a drop of liquid evaporates by decrease in its surface energy. So that its temperature
remains unchanged. What should be the minimum radius of the drop for this to be possible? The surface
tension is T, density of liquid is p and L is its latent heat of vaporization. [JEE Mains-2013]
L T T 2T
(1) (2) (3) (4)
T L L L
18. There is a circular tube in a vertical plane. Two liquids which do not mix and of densities d1 and d2 are
filled in the tube. Each liquid subtends 90º angle at centre. Radius joining their interface makes an angle
d1
 with vertical. Ration d is [JEE Mains-2014]
2
1  tan  1  tan 
(1) (2)
1  tan  1  cos 
1  sin  1  cos 
(3) (3)
1  sin  1  cos 
19. On heating water, bubbles being formed at the bottom of the vessel detatch and rise. Take the bubbles
to be spheres of radius R and making a circular contact of radius r with the bottom of the vessel.
If r << R, and the surface tension of water is T, value of r just before bubbles detatch is : (density of water
is w) [JEE Mains-2014]
2 w g 2 3w g 2 w g 2 w g
(1) R (2) R (3) R (4) R
1 1 3T 6T
20. An open glass tube is immersed in mercury in such a way that a length of 8 cm extends above the
mercury level. The open end of the tube is then closed and sealed and the tube is raised vertically up by
additional 46 cm. What will be length of the air column above mercury in the tube now? (Atmospheric
pressure = 76 cm of Hg) [JEE Mains-2014]
(1) 38 cm (2) 6 cm (3) 16 cm (4) 22 cm
FLUID MECHANICS
21. The top of a water tank is open to air and its water level is maintained. It is giving out 0.74 m3 water per
minute through a circular opening of 2 cm radius in its wall. The depth of the centre of the opening from
the level of water in the tank is close to : [JEE Mains-2019]
(1) 2.9 m (2) 9.6 m (3) 6.0 m (4) 4.8 m
22. Water flows into a large tank with flat bottom at the rate of 10–4 m3s–1. Water is also leaking out of a hole
of area 1cm2 at its bottom. If the height of the water in the tank remains steady, then this height is:
(1) 1.7 cm (2) 5.1 cm (3) 2.9 cm (4) 4 cm [JEE Mains-2019]
23. A liquid of density  is coming out of a hose pipe of radius a with horizontal speed v and hits a mesh.
50% of the liquid passes through the mesh unaffected. 25% looses all of its momentum and 25% comes
back with the same speed. The resultant pressure on the mesh will be : [JEE Mains-2019]
1 2 3 2 1 2
(1) v (2) v2 (3) v (4) v
4 4 2
24. A long cylindrical vessel is half filled with a liquid. When the vessel is rotated about its own vertical axis,
the liquid rises up near the wall. If the radius of vessel is 5 cm and its rotational speed is 2 rotations per
second, then the difference in the heights between the centre and the sides, in cm, will be:
(1) 2.0 (2) 0.1 (3) 1.2 (4) 0.4 [JEE Mains-2019]
25. A load of mass M kg is suspended from a steel wire of length 2 m and radius 1.0 mm in Searle’s
apparatus experiment. The increase in length produced in the wire is 4.0 mm. Now the load is fully
immersed in a liquid of relative density 2. The relative density of the material of load is 8. The new value
of increase in length of the steel wire is : [JEE Mains-2019]
(1) 3.0mm (2) 5.0mm (4) zero (4) 4.0mm
26. An ideal fluid flows (laminar flow) through a pipe of non-uniform diameter. The maximum and minimum
diameters of the pipes are 6.4 cm and 4.8 cm, respectively. The ratio of the miimum and the maximum
velocities of fluid in this pipe is : [JEE Main-2020]
81 3 9 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
256 4 16 2
27. A leak proof cylinder of length 1 m, made of a metal which has very low coefficient of expansion is
floating vertically in water at 0°C such that its height above the water surface is 20 cm. When the
temperature of water is increased to 4°C, the height of the cylinder above the water surface becomes 21
cm. The density of water at T = 4°C, relative to the density at T = 0°C is close to: [JEE Main-2020]
(1) 1.03 (2) 1.26 (3) 1.04 (4) 1.01
 r2 
28. Consider a solid sphere of radius R and mass density, (r)   0 1  2  , 0 < r  R. The minimum
 R 
density of a liquid in which it will float is: [JEE Main-2020]
0 20 0 20
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 5 5 3
FLUID MECHANICS
29. Two liquids of densities  and 2(2 = 2) are filled up behind a square wall of side 10 m as shown in
figure. Each liquid has a height of 5 m. The ratio of the forces due to these liquids exerted on upper part
MN to that at the lower part NO is (Assume that the liquids are not mixing): [JEE Main-2020]
(1) 1/2 (2) 2/3 (3) 1/ 3 (4) 1/ 4
30. Water flows in a horizontal tube (see figure). The pressure of water changes by 700 Nm–2 between A
and B where the area of cross section are 40 cm2 and 20 cm2, respectively. Find the rate of flow of water
through the tube. (density of water = 1000 kgm–3) [JEE Main-2020]
(1) 2420 cm3/s (2) 1810 cm3/s (3) 2720 cm3/s (4) 3020 cm3/s
31. A small spherical droplet of density d is floating exactly half immersed in a liquid of density p and surface
tension T. The radius of the droplet is (take note that the surface tension applies an upward force on the
droplet): [JEE Main-2020]
T 3T 2T T
(1) r  (2) r  (3) r  (4) r 
(d  ) g (2 d  ) g (3d  ) g (d  ) g
32. A cylindrical vessel containing a liquid is rotated about its axis so that the liquid rises at its sides as shown
in the figure. The radius of vessel is 5 cm and the angular speed of rotation is  rad s–1. The difference in
the height, h (in cm) of liquid at the centre of vessel and at the side will be: [JEE Main-2020]
252 2 2 2 2 5 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2g 5g 25g 2g
FLUID MECHANICS
33. A capillary tube made of glass of radius 0.15 mm is dipped vertically in a beaker filled with methylene
iodide (surface tension = 0.05 Nm–l, density = 667 kg m–3) which rises to height h in the tube. It is
observed that the two tangents drawn from liquid-glass interfaces (from opp. sides of the capillary)
make an angle of 60° with one another. Then h is dose to (g = 10 ms–2). [JEE Main-2020]
(1) 0.087 m (2) 0.137 m (3) 0.049 m (4) 0.172 m
34. When a long glass capillary tube of radius 0.015 cm is dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises to a height of 15
cm within it. If the contact angle between the liquid and glass to close to 0º, the surface tension of the
liquid, in milliNewton m–1, is [(liquid)= 900 kgm–3, g = 10 ms–2] (Give answer in closest integer) ______.
[JEE Main-2020]
35. Two identical cylindrical vessels are kept on the ground and each contain the same liquid of density d.
The area of the base of both vessels is S but the height of liquid in one vessel is x1 and in the other, x2.
When both cylinders are connected through a pipe of negligible volume very close to the bottom, the
liquid flows from one vessel to the other until it comes to equilibrium at a new height. The change in
energy of the system in the process is: [JEE Main-2020]
1 3
(1) gds  x 22  x 12 
2
(2) gds  x 2  x 1  (3) gds (x2 – x1)2 (4) gds (x2 – x1)2
4 4
36. A hollow spherical shell at outer radius R floats just submerged under the water surface. The inner
27
radius of the shell is r. If the specific gravity of the shell material w.r.t water, the value of r is :
8
[JEE Main-2020]
4 8 2 1
(1) R (2) R (3) R (4) R
9 9 3 3
37. A fluid is flowing through a horizontal pipe of varying cross-section, with speed v ms–1 at a point where
P
the pressure is P Pascal. P At another point where pressure is Pascal its speed is V ms–1. If the density
2
of the fluid is r kg m–3 and the flow is streamline, then V is equal to : [JEE Main-2020]
P P 2P P
(1)  v2 (2)  v2 (3)  v2 (4) v
2   
38. In an experiment to verify Stokes law, a small spherical ball of radius r and density  falls under gravity
through a distance h in air before entering a tank of water. If the terminal velocity of the ball inside water
is same as its velocity just before entering the water surface, then the value of h is proportionalto : (ignore
viscosity of air) [JEE Main-2020]
(1) r (2) r4 (3) r3 (4) r2
39. A air bubble of radius 1 cm in water has an upward acceleration 9.8 cm–2 The density of water is 1 gm
cm–3 and water offers negligible drag force on the bubble. The mass of the bubble is (g = 980 cm/s2).
[JEE Main-2020]
(1) 4.51 gm (2) 4.15 gm (3) 1.52 gm (4) 3.15 gm
40. A hydraulic press can lift 100 kg when a mass ‘m’ is placed on the smaller piston. It can lift _______kg
when the diameter of the larger piston i increased by 4 times and that of the smaller piston is decreased
by 4 times keeping the same mass ‘m’ on the smaller piston. [JEE Main-2021]
FLUID MECHANICS
EXERCISE (JA)
1. A container of width 2a is filled with a liquid. A thin wire of weight per unit length  is gently placed over
the liquid surface in the middle of the surface as shown in the figure. As a result, the liquid surface is
depressed by a distance y (y << a). Determine the surface tension of the liquid. [IIT-JEE 2004]
2a
2. Consider a horizontally oriented syringe containing water located at a height of 1.25 m above the
ground. The diameter of the plunger is 8 mm and the diameter of the nozzle is 2 mm. The plunger is
pushed with a constant speed of 0.25 m/s. Find the horizontal range of water stream on the ground.
(A ssume liquid is compressible and non–viscous) (Take g = 10 m/s2). [IIT-JEE 2004]
D=2mm
D=8mm
1.25m
3. A solid sphere of radius R is floating in a liquid of density  with half of its volume submerged. If the
sphere is slightly pushed and released, it starts performing simple harmonic motion. Find the frequency of
these oscillations. [IIT JEE 2004]
4. A small sphere falls from rest in a viscous liquid. Due to friction, heat is produced. Find the relation
between the rate of production of heat and the radius of the sphere at terminal velocity.
[IIT JEE 2005]
5. Water is filled in a container upto height 3m. A small hole of area 'a' is punched in the wall of the container
a
at a height 52.5 cm from the bottom. The cross sectional area of the container is A. If  0.1 then v2
A
is (where v is the velocity of water coming out of the hole) [IIT JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
(A) 48 (B) 51 (C) 50 (D) 51.5
6. A U–shaped tube contains a liquid of density  and it is rotated about the line as shown in the figure. Find
the difference in the levels of liquid column. [IIT-JEE 2005]

FLUID MECHANICS
Paragraph for Question Nos. 7 & 8
A wooden cylinder of diameter 4r, height h and density /3 is kept on a
hole of diameter 2r of a tank, filled with water of density  as shown in
the figure. The height of the base of cylinder from the base of tank is H.
[JEE 2006]
7. If level of liquid starts decreasing slowly when the level of liquid is at a height h1 above the cylinder, the
block just starts moving up. Then, value of h1 is
2h 5h 5h 5h
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 4 3 2
8. Let the cylinder is prevented from moving up, by applying a force and water level is further decreased.
Then, height of water level (h2 in figure) for which the cylinder remains in original position without application
of force is
h 4h 2h
(A) (B) (C) (D) h
3 9 3
9. If height h2 of water level is further decreased, then
(A) cylinder will not move up and remains at its original position.
(B) for h2 = h/3, cylinder again starts moving up
(C) for h2 = h/4, cylinder again starts moving up
(D) for h2 = h/5 cylinder again starts moving up
10. Water is filled up to a height h in a beaker of radius R as shown in the figure. The density of water is ,
the surface tension of water is T and the atmospheric pressure is P0. Consider a vertical section ABCD
of the water column through a diameter of the beaker. The force on water on one side of this section by
water on the other side of this section has magnitude : [IIT-JEE 2007]
B
A
h
C
D
(A) [2P0Rh + R2gh – 2RT] (B) [2P0Rh + Rgh2 – 2RT]
(C) [P0R2 + Rgh2 – 2RT] (D) [P0R2 + Rgh2 + 2RT]
11. Statement–1 : The stream of water flowing at high speed from a garden hose pipe tends to spread like
a fountain when held vertically up, but tends to narrow down when held vertically down.
and [IIT-JEE 2008]
Statement–2 : In any steady flow of an incompressible fluid, the volume flow rate of the fluid remains
constant.
(A) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True; Statement–2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1
(B)Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True; Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for Statement–1
(C) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is False
(D) Statement–1 is False, Statement–2 is True
FLUID MECHANICS
12. A glass tube of uniform internal radius (r) has a valve separating the two identical ends. Initially, the valve
is in a tightly closed position. End 1 has a hemispherical soap bubble of radius r. End 2 has sub–
hemispherical soap bubble as shown in figure. Just after opening the valve,
[IIT-JEE 2008]
2 1
(A) Air from end 1 flows towards end 2. No change in the volume of the soap bubbles.
(B) Air from end 1 flows towards end 2. Volume of the soap bubble at end 1 decreases.
(C) No change occurs
(D) Air from end 2 flows towards end 1. Volume of the soap bubble at end 1 increases.

 
A small spherical monoatomic ideal gas bubble     is trapped inside
 3
a liquid of density  (see figure). Assume that the bubble does not
P0 Liquid
exchange any heat with the liquid. The bubble contains n moles of gas.
The temperature of the gas when the bubble is at the bottomis T0, the
H
height of the liquid is H and the atmospheric pressure is P0 (Neglect y
surface tension). [IIT JEE 2008]
13. As the bubble moves upwards, besides the buoyancy force the following forces are acting on it.
(A) Only the force of gravity
(B) The force due to gravity and the force due to the pressure of the liquid
(C) The force due to gravity, the force due to the pressure of the liquid and the force due to viscosity of
the liquid
(D) The force due to gravity and the force due to viscosity of the liquid.
14. When the gas bubble is at a height y from the bottom, its temperature is
2/5 2/5
 P0   gH   P0   g(H  y) 
(A) T0   (B) T0  
 P0   gy   P0   gH 
3/5 3/5
 P0   gH   P0   g(H  y) 
(C) T0   (D) T0  
 P0   gy   P0   gH 
15. The buoyancy force acting on the gas bubble is (Assume R is the universal gas constant)
(P0   gH) 2/5  nRgT0

(A)  nRgT0 (B) (P   gH) 2/5 [P   g(H  y)]3/5
(P0   gy)7/5 0  0 
(P0   gH)3/5  nRgT0

(C)  nRgT0 (D) (P   gH)3/5 [P   g(H  y)]2/5
(P0   gy]8/5 0  0 
FLUID MECHANICS
16. A cylindrical vessel of height 500 mm has an orifice (small hole) at its bottom. The orifice is initially closed
and water is filled in it up to height H. Now the top is completely sealed with a cap and the orifice at the
bottom is opened. Some water comes out from the orifice and the water level in the vessel becomes
steady with height of water column being 200 mm. Find the fall in height (in mm) of water level due to
opening of the orifice. [Take atmospheric pressure = 1.0 × 105 N.m2, density of water = 1000 kg/m3 and
g=10 m/s2. Neglect any effect of surface tension.] [IIT-JEE-2009]
17. Two soap bubbles A and B are kept in a closed chamber where the air is maintained at pressure 8N/m2.
The radii of bubbles A and B are 2 cm and 4cm, respectively. Surface tension of the soap-water used to
make bubbles is 0.04 N/m. Find the ratio nB/nA, where nA and nB are the number of moles of air in
bubbles A and B, respectively. [Neglect the effect of gravity] [IIT-JEE-2009]

When liquid medicine of density  is to be put in the eye, it is done with the help of a dropper. As the bulb
on the top of the dropper is pressed, a drop forms at the opening of the dropper. We wish to estimate the
size of the drop. We first assume that the drop formed at the opening is spherical because that requires
a minimum increase in its surface energy. To determine the size, we calculate the net vertical forcedue to
the surface tension T when the radius of the drop is R. When this force becomes smaller than the weight
of the drop, the drop gets detached from the dropper. [IIT-JEE-2010]
18. If the radius of the opening of the dropper is r, the vertical force due to the surface tension on the drop of
radius R ( assuming r < R ) is
2 r 2T 2 R 2T
( A ) 2rT ( B ) 2RT (C ) (D)
R r
19. If r= 5 × 10 –4 m,  = 10 3 kgm –3,  g= 10 ms –2, T = 0.11 Nm–1, the radius of the drop when it detaches
from the dropper is approximately
( A ) 1.4 × 10 –3 m ( B ) 3.3 × 10 –3 m ( C ) 2.0 × 10 –3 m ( D ) 4.1 × 10 –3 m
20. After the drop detaches, its surface energy is

( A ) 1.4 × 10 –6 J ( B ) 2.7 × 10 –6 J ( C ) 5.4 × 10 –6 J ( D ) 8.1 × 10 –6 J
21. Two solid spheres A and B of equal volumes but of different densities dA and dB are connected by a
string. They are fully immersed in a fluid of density dF. They get arranged into an equilibrium state as
shown in the figure with a tension in the string. The arrangement is possible only if [IIT-JEE 2011]
(A) dA < dF (B) dB > dF (C) dA > dF (D) dA + dB = 2dF
FLUID MECHANICS
22. A thin uniform cylindrical shell, closed at both ends, is partially filled with water. It is floating vertically in
water in half-submerged state. If C is the relative density of the material of the shell with respect to
water, then the correct statement is that the shell is [IIT JEE 2012]
(A) more than half-filled if C is less than 0.5
(B) more than half-filled if C is more than 1.0
(C) half-filled if C is more than 0.5
(D) less than half-filled if C is less than 0.5
23. A solid sphere of radius R and density  is attached to one end of a mass-less spring of force constant k.
The other end of the spring is connected to another solid sphere of radius R and density 3. The complete
arrangement is placed in a liquid of density 2 and is allowed to reach equilibrium. The correct statement(s)
is (are) [IIT JEE 2013]
4R 3g
(A) the net elongation of the spring is
3k
8R 3g
(B) the net elongation of the spring is
3k
(C) the light sphere is partially submerged.
(D) the light sphere is completely submerged.
24. A glass capillary tube is of the shape of truncated cone with an apex angle so that its two ends have
cross sections of different radii. When dipped in water vertically, water rises in it to a height h, where the
radius of its cross section is b. If the surface tension of water is S, its density is , and its contact angle
with glass is , the value of h will be (g is the acceleration due to gravity) [IIT JEE 2014]
2S 2S 2S 2S
(A) cos(  ) (B) cos(  ) (C) cos(   / 2) (D) cos(   / 2)
bg bg bg bg
Paragraph for Questions 25 & 26

A spray gun is shown in the figure where a piston pushes air out of a nozzle. A thin tube of uniform cross
section is connected to the nozzle. The other end of the tube is in a small liquid container. As the piston
pushes air through the nozzle, the liquid from the container rises into the nozzle and is sprayed out. For
the spray gun shown, the radii of the piston and the nozzle are 20 mm and 1 mm respectively. The upper
end of the container is open to the atmosphere. [IIT JEE 2014]
25. If the piston is pushed at a speed of 5 mms1, the air comes out of the nozzle with a speed of
(A) 0.1 ms–1 (B) 1 ms–1 (C) 2 ms–1 (D) 8 ms–1
FLUID MECHANICS
26. If the density of air is a and that of the liquid  , then for a given piston speed the rate (volume per unit
time) at which the liquid is sprayed will be proportional to
a 
(A) (B) a  (C) (D) 
 a
27. A person in a lift is holding a water jar, which has a small hole at the lower end of its side. When the lift
is at rest, the water jet coming out of the hole hits the floor of the lift at a distance d of 1.2 m from the
person. In the following, state of the lifts motion is given in List I and the distance where the water jet hits
the floor of the lift is given in List II. Match the statements from List I with those in List II and select the
correct answer using the code given below the lists. [IIT JEE 2014]
List I List II
P. Lift is accelerating vertically up. 1. d = 1.2 m
Q. Lift is accelerating vertically down
with an acceleration less than the
gravitational acceleration. 2. d > 1.2 m
R. Lift is moving vertically up with
constant speed. 3. d < 1.2 m
S. Lift is falling freely. 4. No water leaks out of the jar
Code:
(A) P-2, Q-3, R-2, S-4 (B) P-2, Q-3, R-1, S-4
(C) P-1, Q-1, R-1, S-4 (D) P-2, Q-3, R-1, S-1
28. Two spheres P and Q of equal radii have densities 1 and  2 , respectively. The spheres are connected
by a massless string and placed in liquids L1 and L2 of densities 1 and  2 and viscosities 1 and 2 ,
respectively. They float in equilibrium with the sphere P in L1 and sphere Q in L2 and the string being taut
 
(see figure). If sphere P alone in L2 has terminal velocity VP and Q alone in L1 has terminal velocity VQ ,
then [IIT JEE 2015]
L1
P
L2
Q
 
VP 1 VP 2    
 
(A) V  
(B) V (C) VP  VQ  0 (D) VP  VQ  0
Q
2 Q
1
29. A spherical body of radius R consists of a fluid of constant density and is in equilibrium under its own
gravity. If P(r) is the pressure at r(r < R), then the correct option(s) is(are)
[IIT JEE 2015]
P(r  3R / 4) 63
(A) P(r = 0) = 0 (B) 
P(r  2R / 3) 80
P(r  3R / 5) 16 P(r  R / 2) 20
(C)  (D) 
P(r  2R / 5) 21 P(r  R / 3) 27
FLUID MECHANICS
30. A cylindrical capillary tube of 0.2 mm radius is made by joining two capillaries T1 and T2 of different
materials having water contact angles of 0° and 60°, respectively. The capillary tube is dipped vertically
in water in two different configurations, case I and II as shown in figure. Which of the following option(s)
is(are) correct? [Surface tension of water = 0.075 N/m, density of water = 1000 kg/m3,
take g = 10 m/s2] [JEE ADVANCED-2019]
(A) For case I, if the joint is kept at 8 cm above the water surface, the height of water column in the tube
will be 7.5 cm. (Neglect the weight of the water in the meniscus)
(B) For case I, if the capillary joint is 5 cm above the water surface, the height of water column raised in
the tube will be more than 8.75 cm. (Neglect the weight of the water in the meniscus)
(C) The correction in the height of water column raised in the tube, due to weight of water contained in
the meniscus, will be different for both cases.
(D) For case II, if the capillary joint is 5 cm above the water surface, the height of water column raised
in the tube will be 3.75 cm. (Neglect the weight of the water in the meniscus)
31. An open-ended U-tube of uniform cross-sectional area contains water (density 103kg m”3). Initially
the water level stands at 0.29 m from the bottom in each arm. Kerosene oil (a water-immiscible
liquid) of density 800 kg m”3 is added to the left arm until its length is 0.1 m, as shown in the schematic
 h1 
figure below. The ratio  h  of the heights of the liquid in the two arms is-
 2
[JEE ADVANCED-2020]
15 35 7 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
14 33 6 4
FLUID MECHANICS
32. A hot air balloon is carrying some passengers, and a few sandbags of mass 1 kg each so that its total
mass is 480 kg. Its effective volume giving the balloon its buoyancy is V. The balloon is floating at an
equilibrium height of 100 m. When N number of sandbags are thrown out. the balloon rises to a new
equilibrium height close to 150 m with its volume V remaining unchanged. If the variation of the density
h

of air with height h from the ground is   h    e h0 , where 0 =1.25 kg m–3 and h0 = 6000 m, the
0
value of N is________. [JEE ADVANCED-2020]
4
33. A beaker of radius r is filled with water (refractive index ) up to a height H as shown in the figure on the
3
left. The beaker is kept on a horizontal table rotating with angular speed . This makes the water surface
curved so that the difference in the height of water level at the center and at the circumference of the
beaker is h (h<<H,h<<r), as shown in the figure on the right. Take this surface to be approximately
spherical with a radius of curvature R. Which of the following is/are correct? (g is the acceleration due to
gravity) [JEE ADVANCED-2020]
h2  r2
(A) R 
2h
3r 2
(B) R 
2h
1
3H  2 H 
(C) Apparent depth of the bottom of the beaker is close to 1  
2  2g 
1
3H  2 H 
(D) Apparent depth of the bottom of the beaker is close to 1  
4  4g 
FLUID MECHANICS
ANSWER KEY
Exercise (S-1)
L
1. (g  a) 2. P0  a 3. 3:9:5 4. 37.5 N 5. 8
2
5d  4g 
6. 2 7. 8.  x 9. (a) 5; (b) 2/3 10. 4.5 m
4 H
11. 45° 12. 9600 2 13. 20N 14. 4.9 litre/min.
15. –4
6.43 × 10 m /s 3| 16. 11 m/s 17. 5
18. (a) 10 m/s, (b) 2.5 m/s, (c) 4.688 m , (d) 3.14×10–2 m3/s
1
 R 3
19. 20.4 m 20. 5s 21. 2.5 cm 22.  
 24d 
Exercise (S-2)
3g  d 2 d1 
1. 3/5 2. 2.79 gm/cc 3. 2 sec., 1 sec 4. w=  
2L  d1 
mg  4sa
5. 1.9 6. h 7. 0297 8. 246 N
w a 2g
2m 11
9. 4 10. 3 11. 108 12. 010 13. h= , H= m
 32 
14. 4 15. 5 16. 2
17. (a) 6 2 m/s, (b) 9.6 2 ×10–3M3/sec, (c) 4.6 × 104 N/m2 18. h2 = 3 h1
5 1 g 3
19. (a)(i) D= d, (ii) p=P0 + (6H+L)dg ; (b)(i) v = (3H 4h ) , (ii) x = h (3H 4h ) (iii) xmax = H
4 4 2 4
h 2  h1 m0
20. 21. (i) 0.2 m/s2, (ii) 2g 22. + 29625 J/m3, – 30000 J/m3
2 A
23. 20
Exercise (O-1)
1. C 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. C
8. D 9. D 10. A 11. B 12. D 13. D 14. A
15. B 16. B 17. B 18. D 19. A 20. D 21. D
22. C 23. C 24. C 25. D 26. B 27. C 28. C
29. D 30. B 31. B 32. C 33. A 34. C 35. D
36. D 37. (A)PQRST; (B)PQST; (C)PQRST, (D)QRT;
FLUID MECHANICS
Exercise (O-2)
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. C
8. A 9. D 10. B 11. B 12. C 13. A 14. C
15. C 16. B 17. D 18. AD 19. BC 20. AC 21. BD
22. AC 23. C 24. B 25. B 26. (A)R; (B)Q; (C)Q, (D)Q;
EXERCISE (JM)
1. 2 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 5. 3 6. 1 7. 4
8. 3 9. 1 10. 3 11. 2 12. 2 13. 4 14. 2
15. 1 16. 3 17. 4 18. 1
19. Bonus(None of above option matching) 20. 3 21. 4 22. 2
23. 3 24. 25. 1 26. (3) 27. (4) 28. (2) 29. (4)
30. (3) 31. (2) 32. (1) 33. (1) 34. (101.00) 35. (3)
36. (2) 37. (2) 38. (2) 39. (2) 40. (25600)
Exercise (JA)
a 1 3g dQ
1. 2. x = 2m 3. f 4.  r5 5. C
2y 2 2R dt
L22
6. H 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. A
2g
12. B 13. D 14. B 15. B 16. 6 17. 6 18. C
19. A 20. B 21. ABD 22. A 23. AD 24. D 25. C
26. A 27. C 28. AD 29. BC 30. ACD 31. B 32. 4

33. AD
IIT PHYSICS
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NUCLEUS

Which was discovered by Torricelli. sea column

from time to time.

Gauge pressure is always measured with help of "manometer"

(ii) Pressure is same at two points in the same horizontal level.

PRESSURE IN CASE OF ACCELERATING FLUID

(ii) Free surface of liquid in case of horizontal acceleration :

MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

This net force is    d   gb  hx  x  dx

BUOYANCY AND ARCHIMEDE'S PRINCIPLE

As h2 > h1. So F2 is greater than F1

Rotatory – Equilibrium in Floatation :

Using Bernoulli’s theorem :

(a) Find out velocity of water coming out of ‘C’ h 1

NEWTON'S LAW OF VISCOSITY

(i) F  Contact–area of the layers i.e. F  A

• CGS UNITS : dyne–s/cm2 or poise (1 decapoise = 10 poise)

DEPENDENCY OF VISCOSITY OF FLUIDS

STOKE'S LAW AND TERMINAL VELOCITY

• Some applications of Stoke’s law :

Therefore rate of heat loss  r5

DEFINITION OF SURFACE TENSION

Minimum force required Fmin = mg + 2T

SPLITTING OF BIGGER DROP INTO SMALLER DROPLETS

Excess pressure inside soap bubble :

Solid - Liquid Pair ° C

Shape of Liquid Surface

• Shape of meniscus Concave Plane Convex

(Acute angle) (Right angle) (Obtuse angle)

• Shape of liquid drop

CAPILLARY TUBE AND CAPILLARITY

R= Radius of the r= radius of the

• For water and clean glass capillary c

between h and r is graphically represented as h

denser liquid. Find the density of the solid cylinder.

HCV Worked out Examples(Chapter No.14 - {15,16,17})

HCV Exercises (Chapter No.14- {30,31})

HCV Worked out Examples(Chapter No.14 - {11,12,13,14})

HCV Exercises (Chapter No.14- {16,18,19,21,24,26,27,29})

(a) velocity of flow

gh 2gh gh

(A) 3/1 (B) 5/2 (C) 2/1 (D) 3/2

(A) 2 : 3 (B) 1 : 3 (C) 5 : 6 (D) 6 : 5

(A) 600 g (B) 680 g (C) 800 g (D) 200 g

F  ghA F  2ghA 2F  ghA 2  F  ghA 

27. If two soap bubbles of different radii are connected by a tube,

Rh hR  Rh

MATRIX MATCH TYPE QUESTION

(A) (1h1 + 2h2 + 3h3)g (B) (1h1 + 22 + 3h3)g

8. Two identical holes each of cross-sectional area 10–3 m2 are made on

MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS

COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS

23. The coordinates of the point having maximum pressure is :

24. The difference in pressure between C and D, i.e., PD – PC =

25. The angle made by equipressure line with horizontal is :

MATRIX MATCH TYPE QUESTION

3. If two soap bubbles of different radii are connected by a tube- [AIEEE-2004]

(1) 3  1  2 (2) 1  3  2 (3) 1  2  3 (4) 1  3  2

(1) (2) (3) (4) [AIEEE-2010]

(1) 1/2 (2) 2/3 (3) 1/ 3 (4) 1/ 4

Paragraph for Question Nos. 13 & 15

(P0   gH) 2/5  nRgT0

(P0   gH)3/5  nRgT0