• Content:

i. Discovery and properties of positive rays

ii. Concept of Orbitals
iii. Shape of Orbitals
iv. Quantum Numbers
v. Electronic Configuration
9.1095 × 10−31 kg
1.602 × 10−19 kg
1.6727 × 10−27 kg
1.6750 × 10−27 kg
AgNO3

ZnS
dxy

dz 2
𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
A. 2 2𝑙 − 1
B. 2 1 + 1
C. 4𝑙 + 2
2𝑙 + 1
𝑛
p
 e/m

Li2+
H +1
He+
Be
 1
n = 2, 𝓁 = 2, m = 0, s = +
2
1
n = 2, 𝓁 = 1, m = −2, s = +
2
1
n = 2, 𝓁 = 1, m = 0, s =
+
2
n = 2, 𝓁 = 1, m = −2, s = 0
2𝑙 + 1
2(2𝑙 + 1)
2𝑛2
𝑛2
 e/m

O2
N2
F2
Cl2
𝑛
𝑙
𝑚
𝐧 = 𝟑, 𝑙 = 𝟏
n = 5, 𝓁 = 3, m = +1
n = 5, 𝓁 = 2, m = +2
𝑛 = 4, 𝓁 = 3, 𝑚 = 0
n = 4, 𝓁 = 0, m = +1
 20 Cu

1
n = 4, 𝓁 = 0, m = 0, s = +
2
1
n = 3, 𝓁 = 2, m = −2, s = +
2
1
n = 4, 𝓁 = 2, m = 0, s = +
2
1
n = 3, 𝓁 = 0, m = 0, s = +
2
1 s2 , 2 s2 , 2p1x , 2p1y , 2p1z
 𝐀𝐫

. Sc +2
Ti+4
Cr +2
Mn+6
Cu Cr
 −3

1 s2 , 2 s2 , 2p6 , 3 s2 , 3p1
1 s2 , 2 s2 , 2p6 , 3 s2 , 3p3
1𝑠 2 , 2𝑠 2 , 2𝑝6 , 3𝑠1
1 s 2 , 2 s2 , 2p1
5 s > 3 d > 3p > 4 s
3p > 3 d > 5 s > 4 s
5𝑠 > 3𝑑 > 4𝑠 > 3𝑝
3p > 3 d > 4 s > 5 s
 Species Proton Neutron Electron
As +3 , Ga+3 , Ca
As +3 , Ga+3 , Ca+2 As 33 42 30
As +3 , Ga+2 , Ca
As +3 , Ga, Ca+2 Ga 31 39 28

Ca 20 20 20
𝑋
Sc +3 , Ca+2 , S−2
F − , Ne Na
H− , H H+
Li+ , Na′ K +
N
P −1
O+
S +1
 Fe+2 (Z = 26)

𝑝 Ne(Z = 10)
𝑠 Mg(Z = 12)
𝑑 Fe(𝑍 = 26)
𝑝 Ar(𝑍 = 18)
 6𝑑

7f
7s
7𝑝
7d
 𝑑

Mn +2
25
24Cr +1
+3
26 Fe
Na K
3d Cu+2
n = 4, 𝑙 = 0, m = 0, s = +1/2