GENERAL

CHEMISTR
Y1
 CLASSROOM
RULES:
Be Prompt
5 BP Be Prepared
Be Polite
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Productive
Be
SHORT
REVIE
W
There is a neutral atom, and there are atoms with
positive and negative charges.
What do you call atoms with charges? Ions
What tends to happen when Ions are having different
charges?
Ions will attract to each other, and there will be an Ionic bonding.

“Different charges attracts, same charges repels.”

Do you have any idea what’s in the picture?
 LEWIS
STRUCTURE
At the end of the lesson, the students will be
able to:
a) describe Lewis structure and octet
rule in covalent compounds’ formation;
b) write the formula of molecular
covalent compounds; and
c) draw the Lewis structure of ions and
covalent compounds.
 Activity 1:
“Share your Neurons”
Directions: Follow the steps carefully. Brainstorm
with your partner. The duo that will complete the
task first will get the points.

(Steps will be posted on the board)

In Lewis Structure, what do you think are the parts that are being
put together to illustrate chemical bonding?

 Lewis structure have dots as its parts that are being

put together to illustrate chemical bonding.

How will you associate Lewis Dot structure and

Chemical bonding?

 The dots in Lewis structure represent as the electrons of

a/an atom/molecule/compound. This/These will allow us
to determine the type of bond occurred. Ionic bond when
transferred and covalent bond when shared.
 Activity 2:
“Lewis Observation”
Directions: Based on your observation,
describe the Lewis structure. Write your
answer in your notebook.
 Observe:

(3 selected students will share their answers in class.)

Key Concepts:
 A Lewis structure is a representation of covalent
bonding in which shared electron pairs are shown Lone pairs are pairs of
either as lines or as pairs of dots between two atoms. valence electrons that
 This also displays the lone pairs represented by pairs are not involved in bond
of dots on individual atoms. formation

 In a Lewis structure, only the valence

Valence electrons are
electrons of atoms are shown and how they
the electrons in the
are distributed in a molecule or compound.
outermost shell of an
atom
 This representation was named after the American
chemist Gilbert N. Lewis (1875–1946).
 In the periodic table, there is a group of elements referred to as the “noble gases”
or "inert gases". These gases are extremely nonreactive because of their eight
valence electrons excluding helium (He).
Examples of Noble gases:
Neon, Argon, and Xenon.
 Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve the same number of
electrons as the noble gas closest to them in the periodic table.
 The noble gases have very stable electron arrangements, thus they do not need
to share electrons with other atoms to gain stability.
 For this reason, many atoms undergo reactions which end up with eight valence
electrons.

What do you think is the rule that supports this idea?

 Octet Rule

“Octet rule states that an atom tends to form bonds until

it is surrounded by eight valence electrons.”
 In a Lewis symbol, an octet is shown
as four pairs of valence electrons
arranged around the element symbol
as shown in Figure 1.
 An octet of electrons consists of full
s and p subshells in an atom with 2
and 6 maximum number of electrons,
respectively.
 These full s and p subshells
accommodate a total number of
eight (8) valence electrons.
How to identify the number of valence electrons?
 A simple way of identifying the number of valence
electrons of any representative element is the group in
which the element is categorized.

Example:
Magnesium (Mg) belongs to Group 2, therefore it
has 2 valence electrons.
Note: *Helium (He) is an exemption to this principle. Though helium is in
Group 8A, it has two valence electrons because its only energy level can
hold a maximum of two electrons.

How many electrons an atom should have to consider the

Octet rule?

 From the prefix “Oct”

means eight. Therefore
an atom should have
eight electrons.
 Activity 3:
“Let’s make Eight”
Directions:
Complete the dots, to make the non-
metallic compounds stable. Apply the
Octet rule.
Trial: Answer:
Write your answer in your NOTEBOOK:

1.)

2.)

3.)
 Activity 4:
“Write it Down!”
Directions: Write the chemical (molecular)
formula of compounds formed by non-
metallic elements.
Write your answer in your NOTEBOOK:

1.)
4.)

2.)

5.)
3.)
FOUR (4) STEPS IN WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURE OF IONS
AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS.
1. Draw the structural diagram of the compound. Write the
chemical symbol of each atom and place the bonded atoms
next to one another. The central atom is usually the least
electronegative element in a compound.

2. Determine the total number of valence electrons present in

ever y a t om of t h e compou n d. For pol ya t omi c a n i on s
(negatively charged), add one electron to the total for each
negative charge. For polyatomic cation (positively charged),
subtract one electron from the total for each positive charge.
3. Complete the octets around all the atoms bonded to the central
atom by distributing the valence electrons. Remember that the
valence shell of a hydrogen atom is complete with only two
e l e c t r o n s .

4. If the central atom has fewer than eight electrons, try adding
double or triple bonds between the surrounding atoms and the
central atom, using lone pairs from the surrounding atoms to
complete the octet of the central atom.
Take Note:

1 line (single bond) = 2 valence electrons

2 lines (double bond) = 4 valence electrons
3 lines (triple bond) = 6 valence electrons.
Trial1 : Draw the Lewis structure of carbon
tetrachloride (CCl4).

1. Carbon (C) atom is the central

atom because it is less
electronegative than chlorine (Cl).
2. Carbon (C) is in Group 4A, thus it has 4
valence electrons (2s2,2p2) while chlorine
(Cl) is in Group 7A, hence it has 7 valence C : 4 v.e.
1
electrons (2s2,2p5). All in all, there are 32 Cl : 4 x 7 = 28 v.e.
4
valence electrons for carbon tetrachloride 32 v.e.
(CCl4).
3. Distribute the valence electrons and
complete the octets for each atom.
Draw a single covalent bond between
carbon (C) and each of the chlorine (Cl)
atoms.

4. Step 4 is no longer required

because this structure satisfies the
octet rule for all the atoms.
1. Carbon (C) atom is the central
atom because it is less
electronegative than oxygen (O).
2. Carbon (C) is in Group 4A, thus it has 4
valence electrons (2s2,2p2) while oxygen (O)
is in Group 6A, hence it has 6 valence C1: 4 v.e.
electrons (2s2,2p4). This ion has 2 negative O3: 3 x 6 = 18 v.e.
charges, therefore two electrons will be
added. All in all, there are 24 valence 2- : 2 v.e.
electrons for carbonate ion (CO2-3). 24 v.e.
3. Distribute the valence electrons and
complete the octets for the oxygen (O)
atoms. Draw a single covalent bond
between carbon (C) and each of the
three oxygen (O) atoms.

4. The central atom has fewer than eight

electrons, thus a lone pair from one of the
oxygen (O) atoms will be moved to form a double
bond with the carbon (C) atom. Now the octet
rule is satisfied for all the atoms. To identify the
charge, put brackets and write the charge
outside the upper right.
“EXCEPTIONS TO THE OCTET RULE”
1. Odd number of valence electrons.
The total num ber of valence electrons in m ost m olecules and
polyatomic ions is even, therefore these electrons can be paired
completely. However, there are some molecules and polyatomic ions
with an odd number of valence electrons. In those cases, complete
pairing of valence electrons is impossible and placing 8 electrons
around each atom is unattainable.
For example, NO (nitric oxide) contains 11 valence electrons
from 5 valence electrons of nitrogen (N) and 6 valence
electrons of oxygen (O). The two most signif icant Lewis
structures for this molecule are shown in the pictures
2. Less than an Octet of Valence Electrons
The second except ion is when t here are too few valence
electrons that results in an incomplete octet around an atom in a
molecule or polyatomic ion. This situation is very unusual
(excluding molecules and compounds of hydrogen and helium),
most often encountered in compounds of boron (B) and beryllium
(Be).

For example, boron trif luoride (BF3) with

only six valence electrons around the
boron atom in its dominant structure.
3. More than an Octet of Valence Electrons

The most c ommon exc eption to the oc tet rule is a

molecule or an ion with at least one atom that possesses
more than eight electrons in its valence shell.

For example, in sulfur hexaf lu oride (SF6),

each of sulfur’s six valence electrons forms a
covalent bond with a f luorine atom, so there
are 12 electrons around the central sulfur
atom.
 Activity 5: “Dot Race”
Directions: Draw the Lewis structure of the
following ions and covalent compounds.
Each group will choose one representative
for each round of the race. (Boardwork)
 Activity 6: “DIY”
Directions: In your notebook, draw the
lewis structure of the following
compounds.
Do It Yourself...
Answers:
 Activity 7:
“Bonding Time”
Directions: Fill out the blanks to
complete the paragraphs. Choose your
answer in the wordpool.
 Word Pool

lose valence electrons bond

formation lone pairs closest
stability eight nonreactive octet
rule inert gases

Lewis structure electron arrangements
Ready?
Direction:
Get 1/4 sheet of paper. Read and
answer the questions carefully. Choose
the letter of the best answer.
Assignment:
D i re c t i o n s : C i t e 1 0 e x a m p l e s o f t h e
geometry of simple compounds. Write your
answers in a 1/2 crosswise.
Thank you!