Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci.
USA
Vol. 74, No. 4, pp. 1328-1331, April 1977
Mathematics
Fourier analysis on the Heisenberg group
(Schwartz space/group contraction/asymptotics/spherical harmonics)
DARYL GELLER
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York 10012
Communicated by Elias M. Stein, January 24,1977
ABSTRACT We obtain a usable characterization of the
(group) Fourier transform of ef(H n) (Schwartz space on the
Heisenberg group). The characterization involves writing ele-
ments of C-(H ') as asymptotic series in Planck's constant. In the
process, we derive a new "discrete" version of spherical har-
monics, and elucidate the theory of group contractions. We give
an application to Hardy space theory.
Objectives
Our purpose is to derive machinery to make the group Fourier
transform on the Heisenberg group Hn a useful tool. In par-
ticular we derive a characterization of the Fourier transform
(F.T.) of e(Hn) (Schwartz space), which we then apply to de-
velop the real-variable theory of Hardy spaces on Hn. The main
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ingredients are these:
(a) Exact Formulas. We define a certain space hn and con-
sider the F.T. as mapping L2(Hn) onto L2(hn). We derive an
analogue, in this setting, for the Bessel function formulas which
give the Euclidean F.T. of a function in terms of its spherical
harmonic decomposition. On the hW side, we use a new, "dis-
crete" version of spherical harmonics.
(b) Contraction. Contraction is a "flattening out" process
which we regard as a generalization of the approximate identity
process. The F.T. on Cn is shown to be a limit of the F.T. on Hn,
as Planck's constant suitably tends to zero, and the formulas of
a have their Euclidean analogues as imits.
(c) Asymptotics. Set S(hn) = ;V(Hn). Contraction gives a
map from eV(hn) to ef(Cn). We study the extent to which this
process can be reversed. Given R E ef(Cn), we give a function
R#CE(hn) which contracts to R; R# has a very simple form.
We show how to expand functions h C A(hn) asymptotically
in terms of functions of the form R #, and thereby reduce cer-
tain questions about eV(hn) to questions about eV(Cn).
Background
Hn is the Lie group with underlying manifold R X Cn and
multiplication
(t,z) - (t',z') = (t + t' + 2Im z z', z + z')
- [1
where z-z' = Xz1j'1. If 'y:R -- Hn is smooth, 7(0) = 0, then the
equation [X,(f)](u) = (d/ds)f[u-"y(s)]Is=o(f C Co) defines a
left invariant vector field X y. Use coordinates (t,x,y), where z
= x + iy. Let y be any of the coordinate axes, to obtain the
vector fields T = (0/ct), Xj = (a/8x;) + 2yj(O/Ot), Y1 = (a/
4y) - 2xj(O/Ot). Set Zj = 1/2(X - iY4) = (o//&0) + i1(O/Ot),
Zjfor=left(O/O&) - izj(O/at). Then TZJZZI(j = 1, . . . ,n) is a basis
invariant vector fields. We have [Zj,ZkI = -26jkT,
[ZJ,ZkL= [Z1,T] = 0. The right invariant analogues are
T,ZJR,ZR where ZJR = (a/lz1) - iz-(ad/t). For a e C, set La
=-1/2 X(Z1Z1 + Z1Z1) + iaT.
If fg C L'(Hn), define their convolution by f*g(u) =
Abbreviations: F.T., Fourier transform; F.S., Fourier series.
S Hf(uv ')g(v)dv. If L is left invariant, fg E eV then L(f*g)
-f*Lg.
For X > 0, let 1x be Bargmann's space: 1X4 = If holomorphic
onCnI(2X/Ir)nfCIF(r)I2exp(-2X II2)dV = ODF 12<. 1x
is a Hilbert space, and monomials Fa,>A = (V2/;4)a/vf/a[aCE
(Z + )n, Z+ = 0,1, .. . j] form an orthonormal basis for 14.. Let
eJ = (0.1, 0) E Rn with the 1 in the ith position. Define
PA to be the antirepresentation of the algebra (TZ1,Z1) on 14.
with 'x(T)O = -iX4, 2x(Zj)O =-21 XI A;+, 2x(ZZ)h = (a/
8d')k, for k EE 1.. Then, P x(Z)Fa,\ =
-V21A|(a; + 1)Fa+ejf, 9A(Zj)Fa,A = aVFa-ei,x,
P,\(Lo)Fa, IXI(21aI + n)Fa,
= (where lal = Eaj). ForX
< 0, we obtain another antirepresentation Px on WI xI by re-
versing the roles of Zj and Zj in the above formulas.
For u E Hn, let u be the translation operator on functions
f on Hn: [uf](v) = f(vu). If f is real analytic, [(t,z)f](u) =
exp(tT + 2xjXj + 2yjYj)f(u) = exp(tT + ZzjZj +
E2xjZj)f(u). u - (u-) is an antirepresentation of Hn, so u
x[ (U'-) ] is a representation of Hn. To compute it, say, for
ease, n = 1; one computes (by Eq. 1) that exp (tT + zZ + zZ)
- e(t-1IzI2)TeizezZ, whence, formally, if X > 0, UX(t,z)F(r) =
a9D(_t, _z)]F(v) = F(l7 -Z)elxt+2X(9IzI 2/2) for F EE Wx.
Ux(tz) is unitary because P'(tT + zZ + zZ) is skew-adjoint.
As X ranges over R, X $ 0, the Ux(t,z) give all nontrivial irre-
ducible unitary representations of Hn.
Forf E LI(Hn), X 0, set (X) = f Hnf(u)Uxwdu; the op-
erator family Vf(X)j is the Fourier transform of f. Let Cf be the
operator of convolution on the right by f, so that Cf(g) = g*f;
then formally, Cf = S Hnf(u)(u-)-dV, so that (X) = P\(Cf
If L is any left invariant differential operator, Lf(X) = PX,(CLf)
fx(LoCq) = Px(Cf)2x(L) = 1(X)Px(L) if f E Cc . So
g*f(Q=Cj (X) = R(X)Px(Cf) = g(X)J(X) if fg L'. If L E
IT,Zj,Z}j and R is the right analogue, g*Rf = Lg*f if fg E
Cc a; so R7(X)= I' (L ).
This definition is in analogy to the following definition of A,
the standard Euclidean F.T. on C: for r E C, 1g(r) = cfI(Scg
exp[-(zO/Oz + z-l/0)]dV) where d1(O/cz) = -(1/2)it,
1i.(d/ ) = -(1/2)i . It will be convenient to define T': L2(Cn)
L2(Cn) by 'g(71) = 3g(-2in) for E= Cn. Then
TO(8/1049)(n) = WkS7g(n), 5(a/"O kg)(n) = -%kTg(n).
Sayf C C2(n+2)(Hn), Lokf CL'forO<k <n +2.Then
1(X) is trace class for each A, and one has:
Plancherel Theorem
III(X)12 XIndX = (2r)n+ 1f12
co
[11(AX) 112 denotes the Hilbert-Schmidt norm of J(X)].
Inversion Theorem
1 tr[Ui-xl(X)jIXIndx=(- ) PO,
where the integral converges absolutely and uniformly for u
E Hn.
1328
 Mathematics: Geller Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74 (1977) 1329

Plancherel enables one to extend the F.T. to L2(H ).'The Let h" = I(X,x)IX E R,x E cWI. On hn we use the element
proof of absolute and uniform convergence in the inversion of measure IXI dAxdX. If g C L2(Hn), g has F.S. type m and
theorem is particularly important. One notes that [(21al + g(X) = 2aRam(X)W, m (X), we now considerg to be the func-
n) ||]k III(X)FaXII = II -()Fa, | < |ILfokf 1 l for 0 < k < tion on hn given by g(X,2a XI ,w) = Rm(X)eim ¢ [here w =
n + 2, so (e.1,'... ,ein)]. This identification is extended linearly to a
constant multiple of an isometry from L2(Hn) onto L2(hn),
EIII| (X)Fa, x 1 I A I nd X with functions of F.S. type m going to functions of F.S. type m
a -co [we say h C L2(hn) has F.S. type m if h(X,2aXI,w) =
< 2C E (T+n'-) XAndX +
00
XndA S(X,2a I XI)eim 0 for some S].
0=0 nI SO 1,6 on+ 2Xn + 2 This is more than a matter of notational convenience. We can
give formulas for the F.T.s of a number of operations on
< 2C F, n+ I < co. functions on Hn; these formulas bear a very striking similarity
03if~ to their Euclidean analogues. The simplest is this: say n = 1;
For m zzn, say m > 0 if each mk > 0. For m > 0, A > 0, define the operators WxW*x on those G C L2(al#,,\) with F.S.
a E (Z+)n, define the partial isometry Wam(X) on lb. as type m > 0 as follows:
follows: Wasm (X)F3, = (-1)1 m a+ m,/Fa,A. WxG(2aIXI|,) = r2AX(a + m ) e-i0G(2aIXI,w), [4]
Assume now n = 1, g(t,z) = f(t, Iz )eimO (where z = Iz Ie'0)
(we say that g has Fourier series type m). Suppose g C L2(H1),
m > 0, A > 0; then, formally,
W*xG(2a I X ,w) = 2 AI(a + m + 1) eibG(2aIXI,w).[5]
Then if g C eS(Hn) has F.S. type m > 0, and X > 0, we
W = Px (SH ge(t+iIz 2)Te _Ze zZdV) have:
(J ( 12' 1zIz I2kzk+ m-k
X ) zg= V Zg = CW*k4 [6]
k=o (k + in)!k!dV This is immediate from the definitions. These relations are in
analogy to the fact that ' on C maps a/az to multiplication by
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by expanding the exponentials and using Fourier series argu-

ments. Thus, one sees that g(X) = 2aRam(X)Wam(X) where v and ad/d to multiplication by -i.
We can go much farther. For example, say n = 1; define the
Ram() = f(t, I zI )eitlam(21X 1 I z1 2)dV [2] operator 6+/(62aI X) on functions G on cxTn as follows:
where 62a IG(2aXIW) -21X1
lam(X) = x/' a xm/2Lam(x)ex/2 X fG[2(a + 1)IXI,w] - G(2ajXj,w)).
(a + in)! This is in analogy to a/aInI12. If mi> 0, g EE e(Hn) has F.S. type
a (-X)k m, then
Lam(X) = ( +k )k
k=O
W,,m (A) is defined in general in such a way that Eq. 2 is true Z (2' a,w) =-M[ei
even if m < 0 or A < 0. This is the analogue of the Bessel func- 6+ 1 1 \ 1 \
tion formula for the Euclidean F.T. 5r acting on functions of
Fourier series (F.S.) type m [that is, functions of the form g(z) ba6 r-aT -)- \2 /
= f( z I )eImO]; that formula also admits a similar formal proof. where a(k) = [a!/(a - k)!] and M(*) denotes multiplication by
The lam are the Laguerre functions, the Lam are the Laguerre the function in brackets. (The formula for general A > 0 is ob-
polynomials. The $lam(x)-,a=, are an orthonormal basis of tained by scaling.) The formula is easily proven with the aid of
L2(R+) for any m, and the inversion formula becomes: the identity zT = -(1/2)i(ZR - Z). Eq. 7 is in analogy to the
4 co fact that 7' on C maps multiplication by z to-a/ai, because
fptz) =(21r)2 E f e-ixtRam(A)1a ml (21XAz I I 2)IXI dA. if h C C'(C) has F.S. type m, then (a/acl)h = ei'1 | m+
[3]
dajn2)lnI-mh for n # 0. [This is seen by writing h(n) =
IMPHt l 2) for some f, for tq # 9ne then may produce an
operator Ox on cxn such that I;12g = -Qg. Qx is a differ-
For general n, one obtains similar formulas with products of
Laguerre functions. Eqs. 2 and 3 also appear in the earlier pa- ence-operator analogue to A, the Laplacian on C".
pers (1-3). Now say
The spaces CA n and h n P(z) = E alzlpl(') ... Zn Pn(z)z li(-)... Zn qn(Y) [8]
We would like to think of the F.T. as mapping L2(Hn) onto
-y
L2(hn), where hn is a space we now define. is a (solid) spherical harmonic on c" of degree K. We say that
For A # 0, let c\n be the space (2IXIZ+ )n X (S')n where we P has type (p,qm) (where p,q C Z +, m C Zn) if P has holo-
use coordinates (2ai I XI, . . . 2a. I I| ,e 1, . . ,e 0n)(aj E Z+, morphic homogeneity p, antiholomorphic homogeneity q and
0 < Oj < 2r for each j). cxn is thought of in analogy to con = Cn F.S. type m [i.e., for each Y,2kPk(Y) = P, 2kqk(y) = q, Pk(Y)
- (R+)n X (Sl)n where we identify 77 C Cn with
(lql 12,. - qk(y) = mIk]. We let WKp denote the space of all such P.
Itn I2,ei,0 0e1n)
*
the "sphere of radius 2
y1
where = Jnj e'ki. For f'C- Z+,
in cxn is f(2a AI,CV) C Cxn I at
o2n-1l, Then it is easy to see that, if 14 denotes the space pf all spherical
harmonics of degree K, then 1-K = CDpq,,, [orthogonal direct
= ,B}; we use the measure v#,\ on this sphere, where vP,x is the sum over all (p,qm) with p + q = K, m EC Zn]. It is particularly
product of counting measure and Lebesgue measure, times the interesting to ask for the F.T. of functions g C L2(Hn) of the
factor I A n-1l The measure uAx on cxn is ^VO,X. form g(t,z) = f(t, |z 2)P(z).
 1330 Mathematics: Geller
To this end, if P is as in Eq. 8, P E Ifpqm, and m 2 0, define
r(P) on Cl/2n by
n (t,Vz,) that enables one to pass from Hn to Hen. We lete
r(P)(a,w) = -Ya,, k=i
VaH(9k(Y))(az + mk)(Pk(E)) eim 0
II
and define rx(P) on cXn by: rx(P)(2ajXjw) =
r(P)(a,w)(2jX| ) I/2(p +q). (There is a similar definition for the
case m I 0.) The rx(P) have the following properties (we as-
sume m > 0):
(i) QArx(P) = 0.
(ii) If P C fpqm, Q C Wp'q'm, then
(r(P),r(Q))#= (fi + p + n - )(P+q+n-l)(pQ)
[the inner product on the left is in L2(4,2#nl71), on the right in
L2(S 2n -1)]
(Mi) CD <#r(iq~,-T = n 2(--n1
type
(iii) #q<\ A( m|f3fallfinL2(ar')with F.S. type
(iv) If g(t,z) = f(t, Iz I 2)p(Z) E L 2(Hn), then
g(X,2a I A |,w) = R(X,21alIX )rx(P)(2a I X ,w)
for some R; there is a Laguerre function formula for R.
Thus, we see that the TX(P) are a discrete version of ordinary
Nwp,,, with iv being the analogue of the standard Bessel
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function formula.
i is easy, and iif follows from ii by a dimension count. ii and
iv are proven by use of the operators Mjk = Zjg/Ozk - zkO/0Zj
(1 < j, k < n) which enable us to handle the unitary group U(n)
in infinitesimal form. The F.T. of Mjk is a difference-operator
analogue of -Mjk and is easy to work with.
The Mjk operators are important. In another paper, we will
compute the spherical Laplacian on forms on S2n-I and Ob on
S2n-' in terms of the Mik and Mjk.
In preparation for the next section, we note that Eq. 6 does
not hold if m < 0 or X < 0. However, the definition of the F.T.:
L2(HI) - L2(hl) can be modified slightly to make Eq. 6 hold
in general. We write f --- for this modified F.T.; then maps
-
L2(H') onto V, a certain subspace of L2(hl), and Zg = Jag,
Zg = -s*ta for any g C *(Hl) (we have extended the defi-
nitions 4 and 5 linearly and by passing to closures).
Contraction of H n
Group contractions were studied by Inonu and Wigner in ref.
4, mainly in connection with the rotation and Lorentz groups.
In our case, the F.T. and the dilation structure considerably
clarify the theory. We will see that, not only is there a close
analogy between the F.T. on Hn and on Cn, but that the F.T.
on Cn is a limit of the F.T. on Hn.
The simplest example of the contraction process is the fa-
miliar approximate identity process, which we briefly review
on Hn. Iff C L'(Hn), g & C,, Djf(t,z) = E-(n+ ')f(t/Ez/V/_)
if e > 0, then (g*DJ)(u) -- (5fdV)g(u) as E 0; we take the
view thatf on Hn has contracted to the function c = ffdV on
the zero-dimensional space, the origin. On the F.T. side, one
dually finds g*Dsj(X,x) cg(Xx) as e 0. [Note
DJ(X,2aI XIw) = f(XE,2a AI Je,@). ]
Matters are more interesting if we also dilate g in the z
variables: we set MZg(t,z') = g(t,z'/1V'), and study Mzg*DJ
as e -O 0 suitably. We will be contracting to Cn, passing through
Lie groups which are isomorphic to Hn. Thus, we let HEn de-
note the Lie group with manifold R X Cn and multiplication
(tZE)-(t',z,') = (t + t' + 2cImz,-z'Ez, + ZE,). The change of
variables (t,z) = (t,v'cz) gives an isomorphism between H"
and HE". We let fE(t,zE) = (I/e)f(t/E,z,), and let *,*E,*o denote
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74 (1977)
convolution on Hn,Hfn,Cn, respectively. Then Mzg*DJ(t,z)
= g*jE(t,z,) if we make the change of variables (t,z) =
0 and vary z with e in such a way that ZE Zo C Cn. Then
limE_-o g*JE(t'ZE) = g9()*4o(zo) where g(t)(Z'o) = g(tz'o),
fo(z'o) = f if(t,z'o)dt.
We study the dual process on the F.T. side. We define hEn
{(X,X)IX C= R, x C CA n. It turns out that the (naturally de-
fined) F.T. -E on L2(HEn) maps L2(HEn) to CVy, a certain sub-
space. of L2(hEn), and has the property that
"-nMZeg(X,2a I X 1,W) = (,2alxlE|w). Then
M-nzg*D(X,2a I X |,,w) = goof (X,2al A| ,w). For fixed
X, we takethe limit ase --O0 and (2aE,w) In,(l12i-.InnI2,W)
= C Cn [we have againused the identification (R+)n X (S')n
- C"]. One finds that g*J E(XA,2a X |W,) (9'g)(x)(v'[XTn)
7'fo(V[ Tn) where we have written (51'g)(X)(v) =
f5ei1tX7'g(t)(v)dt for v C Cn.
The proof of the last statement is easy on a formal level; we
simply use the fact that VWA, and W*eaf strongly approach
multiplication by and n, respectively. Specifically, we assume
n = 1, and define Ex = so that EX(2aI XA,w) = 1. Now if (X,X)
C h',J(X,x) = Cf(6)(Xx), so
DJf(X,2a1 XAI )= ( SH' exp (iXEt' - Z'WXE + F'*X )
X f(t,',z')dt-'dz,'dz-] Ex,) (XE,2aJXAl ,@).
As E 0, (2aE,w) - n, the limit is then just 7'fo(V[$$).
Similarly, (_nMzzg contracts to (97g)(x).
There are similar limiting formulas for A instead of -. The
justification is easy if the Fourier series of f and g converge
absolutely in L'(Hn). The classical formula which results is lim
lam(21 X Je) = Jm(2V/]Ti), as e -*0 and 2ac- p.
The contraction process explains why Qx contracts to A,
etc.
Schwartz space
If R = 2;tnRpqm (jn7)Ppp,
I ( is a function on Cn, with PPqw
C Ip,,M,, let R # be the function on hn defined by:
R#(X,2aJ XI,w)
Z Rpq,[(2a
= Pqm + n + ImJ)|XA|]rx(Ppqm)(2alXl,w)
(provided the series converges).
Recall e?(hn) = f|f CE eV(Hn)l. Then we have:
Theorem 1. R C J'(C n) R# CE R(h n). The proof of The-
=
orem 1 is lengthy and computational. We obtain preliminary
criteria for a function to be in V(hn), and verify that R# satisfies
the criteria; we will say no more here.
In the discussion that follows, we restrict to the case of radial
functions [functions on Cn,Hn,hn which are functions of
nl2,(t, lz 12),(X,2 Ial Xl ), respectively], though almost every-
thing extends to general functions. Let So = {radial functions
in SI?.
The canonical example of a function g C eV(Hn) with g =
R# for some R C SV(Cn), is the kernel of the heat equation.
Thus, if Rh = e-hl 1712 for each h > 0, and gh = Rh#, then (d/
cdh)gh = -.Logh and ghEC eV (Hn) for each h by Theorem 1.
That ghC eV (Hn) can also be verified by computing the F.T.
of gh in the t variable.
The importance of Theorem 1 is that it gives us a simple way
of picking out an element of eV(hn) (namely, R#), which con-
tracts to a given element R of S(Cn).
 Mathematics: Geller
The main result is Theorem 2 below, which provides an as-
ymptotic expansion of functions in e?(hn) in terms of the easily
handled functions R #. Let
ev'#o(hl)= hE '?(hn)lh = k=OEN xkRk #
for some N E Z +,R1,... ,RN C 'O(Cn)J.
Theorem 2. The following are equivalent:
(i) h C 4V(hn).
(ii) There exist functions Rk C eO(Cn) (for each k E Z+)
and hj C No(hn) (for each j C Z+) such that, for each
K C Z+:
K Theorem 11 of ref. 5. The difficult part of the proof, for which
h = Z XkRk#+ AK+lhK-
k=O
(iii) For each N E Z +, h = GN + EN, where GN C eV#o(hn)
and EN C 60N.
W0N is an error class, which we will define presently. For the
proof of i = ii one uses Theorem 1: say that h contracts to R C
NCn9), h = g, R# = I. Then g-J contacts to zero, so f ,(g -
f)(t,z)dt = 0 for each z. Then g - f = Tgj where gl(t,z) =
-Jt (g-f)(t,z)dt = S (g-f)(t,z)dt C V(Hn). This proves
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ii for K = 0; the general case is proven at once by induction. The
expansion in ii is seen to be unique.
ii * iii follows from the fact that XK+ Igo C 60K+ 1. iii
i is technical.
Via Theorem 2, we see how to understand the behavior of
h C No(hn) near X = 0, which is critical since it, in part, reflects
the decrease of g at co (where A= h).
Write I 1 Ilkj(k C Z+) for the norms that define the topol-
ogy of eV(hn) _ e(Hn). For any k C Z+, there exists K > 0 such
that if L > K, then for any h C (h n),Ih IIk can be estimated
by the e?(Cn) norms of the Rj(I < j < L) and the 60L+1 norm
of XL+ 'hL. (The Rj and hL are as in ii.) This is the importance
of eoN-the error norm is very easy to handle.
To define eoN, one first sets
0 N = Ih radial on hn Ih(X,2a X)
< CkjXjN[(21a| + n)IXI] k
for each k C Z+}. Set @o = @oA; clearly eoN c @o for all N. @0
is important because the proof of the inversion theorem shows
that @o c L2(hn), and if I = h E @o, then f satisfies the con-
clusion of the inversion theorem. Set
6'N = JE radial I (d/dX)kE C eoN-2k whenever 2k < N1.
The rather trivial behavior of G0N functions near X = 0, and
their differentiability, guarantee some order of decrease at o
of their inverse F.T.s.
Here are some applications of Theorem 2.
Partitions of Unity. Given radial functions Rk(77) & C,(Cn)
for k C Z+, such that, for each iq C Cn, 2;k=ORk(q) = 1 and only
finitely many Rk(fl) # 0. Then the Rk# provide a convenient
partition of unity on hn. If the Rk are chosen properly, the Rk#
enable one to cut up (by "multiplication", i.e., convolution on
the Hn side) a general function G in eV(hn) into a sequence of
functions Gk which decrease rapidly in 1 Ili for all j. [To prove
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74 (1977) 1331
this, one expands the general function asymptotically and es-
timates the IIGk I .| by appropriate &(Cn) norms and error
norms.]
Inversion. Given f C *o(Hn), fH. fdV = 1. It is required
to construct a g C ejo(Hn) such that, for some E > 0,
1g(X,2a|IX 1) = 1 if (a + n/2)1AI <,E. The analogous problem
on Cn is readily solved by setting 9Ig = 0/.7f where 0 is an
appropriate cutoff function. Theorem 2 allows one to analo-
gously solve the problem for Hn, because the inverse of the
asymptotic series in ii has the form specified in iii.
These techniques enable one to imitate the arguments in ref
5 and do real-variable HP theory on Hn. As on Rn, one says that
a tempered distribution f C HP(Hn) if its area integral (ap-
propriately defined) is in LP(Hn). We prove an analogue of
we use the techniques we have sketched, in imitation of the
Euclidean case, is the following. Say p > 0, f C 8e'(Hn) and /i
C o(Hn) with .fHnk(v)dv = 1. Suppose that
u*(v) = sup Jf*Dq(w)I C LP.
Iw'lvl2<r
Then
f*(v) = sup sup If*D,4(w)I C LP
D-&A lw-lv12<r
where .A = (4 C R1 114'11 = 1,... ,Nol. [For (t,z) C Hn,
k < 1, k
we write I (t,z)I = (t2 + IZ 1 4)1/4. No depends only on p and
n. The conditions are equivalent to: f C HP(Hn).] We then
derive an analogue of Theorem 12 of ref. 5, that PV distribu-
tions map HI(Hn) to HI(Hn).
As a separate application of the exact formulas, we are also
able to give a formula for the F.T.s of a wide class of regular
homogeneous distributions. We give a full classification by
asymptotics. A number of earlier formulas, notably those of
Folland and Stein (6), are special cases. Certain kernels on the
generalized upper half plane can also be dealt with; Whittaker
functions play a role here, as in Greiner and Stein (7).
I would like to thank my thesis advisor, E. M. Stein, for his advice
and encouragement. This work was supported by a Sloan Foundation
Grant to the Courant Institute.
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