AD—A050 060 41* FORCE INST CF TECH WRISHT—PATTERSON AFB OHIO F/S 4/2

A ST1tY OF TIC CHARACTER ISTICS OF THE DATA SYSTEMS TEST KINEMAT—ETC (UI
AUS YT AJMCII.ASSCN

flU
UNCLASSIFIED AFI T—CI— 76—32

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,P 79 ~~~~

~~V0
C)
C)

t ’w
C)
I ~~ A STUDY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DATA SYSTEMS TEST KINEMATIC FIELDS
• i

by
~
~ Allan Joseph McGlasson
cD
C)

L
I
/
• 1
C-,

I A thesis submitted to the faculty of the

University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DDC
J Master of Sc i ence

.1 Department of Meteorology
B
University of Utah
August 1977

[1ISTBIBUi7ON STATEP.~ NT A
L Appcovsd for public relea3 ;

i ‘D1ab1bu oa Unlimited
~
_- -J_ -_ -
-

- - — ___ __ . —
~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
 UNCLASSI FIE D ~~~~~
•

SECURITY C LA SS IFICA T IO N oYY ~i~ Di~~E (W ~,e,i Data bn ter ed) .1

EkI 1 AIE RFi D INSTRUCTIONS
i~ r v i ~~
~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ rMu
1’~ I~~~ I lUN ~~ BEFORE~ COMPLETING FORM
—
~~SSION NO.
I. REPORT ~~Li~ IDEfl 2. GOVT A CC 3. PF.CIO r~~T~~~ CATA ,.. 0G NUMBER

AF- T -cI-7~~~~~
U/tin .) L T M f -E
~ ~ L~~C
_ _ _ _

PERIOD COVERED
_ _ _ _

~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ R E P O R T NUN B ER

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
—— —_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -- ——
1. AUT 8. CON ’ I R A CT 01 G R A N T NUMBER( S)

~~~ )A]1an JosePh/Mcala5ao~J

Captain Allan J. McGlassOn
9. PERPO RMING O R G A N I Z A T I O N NA ME—*KD ADDRESS 0 P P C O P A M FLE MENT. PROJECT , T A S K
‘Of W O R K UNI T NUMBERS

AFIT/CI Student at the Univers ity of UtahY

• Salt Lake Cit ,’ UT
• II . CONTROLL ING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS

/
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

AFIT/CI ~
~~~~~ 1
~~~~.BER n~
r’
~~
WPAFB OH ~~~~~
69 Pages
SECURITY C A .
~ ~ .
this
~~_ _rL~ I
14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & AOD RESS(II differen t from Controlling Office) 15.

Unclassified
SC HEDULE

16. DISTRIBUTION S T A T E M E N T (of this Report)

Approved for Public Release ; Distribution Unlimited

17. DISTRIBUTION S T A T E M E N T (of th, abstract entered in Block 20, i i different from Report)

IS. S P LEMENTAR’*4 ITES

~~
APPROVED FOR PUBUC RELEASE AFR 190 17.

i ector of lnfoxiflatiO fl , AFIT u2ti.# ~~~~~~ .

i~ 4ipeZ~~1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ 4
19. KEY WORDS (Conlincs. on re vers e side if necessary and id.ntily by block number)

20. A B S T R A C T (Continue on r.v. r.. aide If necessa ry end ld.nttfy by block numb.?)

~Z5 L 2 V ~2
DD JAN 13 1413 EDITION OF I NOV 65 IS OeSOL ET E
, UNCLASSIFIED ii
~.n
SECURITY C L A S S I F I C A T I O N OF THIS PAGE (W
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 I -- --- -• - —-- ,-
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~~

--
THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL
‘a

S U Pt R VISORY COMMITTEE A P P R O V A L

of a thesis submitted by

Allan Joseph McGlasson

1~
Ihave read this thcsis and have found it to be of satisfactory quality for a master ’s

~~~~~
/i1
Date
‘ 4
~ ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~1ta N. Paeg1e~
Chairman,Supervisory Commiltee
——

1. 1 have read this thesis and have found it to be of satisfactory quality for a master’s
degree.

Date
c~ Jan Pa4le

L
Member ,Supervisory Committee

Ihave read this thesis and have found it to be of satisfactory quality for a master’s
degree.
6J3t ~J i 7
~ 3• ’~.d G
Date
Elf ’6rd G. Astling
• Member , Supervi sory Committee

ACC ssi
~

UNANNO ’ ’
JUSTI IC -

..

;y

D~STRfB~!T~NIAYA~.‘~8i~fl ri
~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1. •• A.
-~~

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~~
 •— - .— — - -— , - -.-- -,— - — . .—“-

r”i
~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~

r I THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL

HJ
FINAL READING APPROVAL

To the Graduate Council of The University of Utah:

lhave read the thesis of Allan Jose p h McGlas son in its

. • final form and have found that (I) its format , citations, and bibliographic style are
consistent and acceptable; (2) its illustrative materials including fi gures, tables, and
charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the Supervisory
Committee and is ready for submission to the Graduate School.

Date
ulia N. Paegle
- . Membe r .Supervisory (‘ommitlce

,1

- Approved for the Major Department

- ~~~
.
S.K. Kao
It
Ch ai rm an il )ean
t I

- - Approved lor the (iradua:e Council

Sterling M. McMurrin
Ikan iii Ihe (;raduaie S~ huoI

iii
_ _ _

~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 — ———- —---—— -—- — --— - — ——-—--——----——- —-——- — --— - -——— —
~~~
— - -—--- -- — - - ——- - •
~~ ~~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,._ ._

‘ ii

ABSTRACT
-
‘

ii Winter 1976 Data Systems Test wind data was used to produce a
number of global kinematic fie~~~)
The data was prepared by the
Goddard Inst ut..—for1 ceitudies Atmospheric General Circulation
“
4 .
~
~~
ii Model . 4~~ nterpo1at1on scheme was developed to move the wind data

~ T
from sigma levels to constant pressure levels. Time-averaged fields
-

-.
of the zonal wind component, meridional wind component, divergence,
•

vorticity , steady energy and transient energy were computed for -r

200 mb, 500 mb and 850 mb. In addition , the standing kinetic energy
~
-
and transient kinetic energy were decomposed by wavenumbers into
-

—
energy spectra for 200 mb and 500 mb for different latitudes .
‘a
-
-,
Results of this research were compared with other similar studies
5
-

and showed favorable correlation . Resolution of synoptic scale

features was good. Organized areas were found in the time—averaged
I L divergence fields indicating that divergence features can be re-
- solved in this data. This study shows that the Goddard Model is
wel l suited for glob~ \~tudies of the general atmospheric circulation.

L i:
ii iv
11
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Julia

-
L Paegle for all the help and time she gave me during the preparation
— of this thesis. In addition , I want to thank Drs. Jan Paegle and
Elford Astl ing for their suggestions which hel ped improve this thesis

~~
•

~~
IT -
and for their Interest in thi s work.

--
I also want to thank my wife and children for all the love and
patience they gave me during my work on this thesis. Special thanks

- j are due my wife for typing the draft copy and to Michael for delaying

~ his arrival until after I had finished my thesis defense.

~~~
A special thanks is also due Fred Lewis for his programing
-

assistance and his preparation of the data into horizontal arrays.

- 1. Finally, I want to express my appreciation to Dr. William Quirk and
the Goddard Institute for Space Studies for supplyi ng the data for
-- this research and for providing valuable information about the data

-
I and Its preparation.

~~~~ ~

ii

_ _ _ _ _

--I :...~.
 IL
I

r TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
-
LIST OF FIGURES vii
CHAPTER
-

I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. DESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT OF DATA 3
• I
-
III. TIME—AVERAGED FIELDS 13
IV . KINETIC ENERGY OF ThE STANDING WAVES 54
V. KINETIC ENERGY OF TRANSIENT WAVES 60

s
r VI. SU~ 4ARY AND CONCLUSIONS 65
-
—
REFERENCES 68
~~ ‘
• VITA . 69

itE
r

ii
~

vi

H -

~~~~
.
.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :r .. et ~~ - •;. ‘• -
~~~~~ ~ ,
~~~~~ • .-‘ .
~ - -
 LIST OF FIGURES

Pa ge
Figure 1 GISS Model Grid. Primary grid points are re-
presented by o ’s while the + ‘s denote secondary
grtd points 4
N Figure 2 GISS Model Northern Hemisphere Topography
Terrain heights are given in meters 6
F -

Figure 3 GISS Model Southern Hemisphere Topography

Terrain heights are given in meters 7

Figure 4 Test Wind Profile--wind speed is In m/sec,

-
-

9
~ ~
i.-’ pressure Is In nib
Figure 5 Time-average of u wind component at 200 mb
15
~ 1i
(m/sec)
- Figure 6 Time—average of u wind component at 500 mb
(m/sec) 16

- - Figure 7 Time-average of u wind component at 850 mb

(m/sec); asterisks indicate areas where 850 mb
surface is below ground 17
Figure 8 Time-average of v wind component at 200 mb
-
.. (m/sec) 18
• - Figure 9 Time-average of v wind component at 500 mb
(m/sec) 19
Figure 10 Time-average of v wind component at 850 mb
(m/sec); asterisks indicate areas where 850 mb
-

surface Is below ground 20

Figure 11 Standard deviation of time-averaged u wind com-
I ponent at 500 mb (m/sec ) 21

I
— . Figure 12 Standard deviation of time-averaged v wind corn-
ponent at 500 nib (m/sec) 22

Figure 13 Vertical cross section of time-and—longitude

averaged u wind component (m/sec) 25

~1f l

.
— - I
~‘1
— ‘ —
______
~~~~~ -
‘ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~
 ~
1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-—-
~~

—— ~~~~
-
- --- -—
- -

~~
--— --
_--— - - -

I Pa ge
~ Figure 14 Standing kinetic energy per unit mass for N.H.
at 200 nib (m2/ sec2) ; dashed i sol i nes are for
-~~

values of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000; dotted

isoline denotes a value of 750 28
L. Figure 15 Standing kinetic energy per unit mass for S.H.
m 2/sec 2); dashed Isolines are for a
at 200 mb (
-. value of 500, dot ted i solines deno te 750 values . 29

Figure 16 Standing kinetic energy per unit mass for N.H.

at 500 mb (m 2/sec2); dashed isol ines are for
T values of 200, 300, 400 and 500 30 -J

Figure 17 Standing kinetic energy per unit mass for S.H.

--
m 2fsec2); dashed isolines are for
at 500 nib (
values of 200 , 300 and 400 31
f -- Figure 18 Standing kinetic energy per unit mass for N .H.
~ 4 at 850 mb (m2/sec2); dashe d i solines are for
values of 50, 7 5 and 100; areas where 850 mb
-. surface is below ground are blank 32
Figure 19 Standing kinetic energy per unit mass for S.H.
at 850 mb (m’/sec’); dashed isolines are for
values of 50, 75 and 100; areas where 850 mb
surface Is below ground are blank 33
Figure 20 Time-averaged transient kinetic energy per unit
mass for N.H. at 200 nib (m2/sec 2); isolines are
—
~ for SKE and are from Figure 14 35 :~

Figure 21 Time-averaged transient kinetic energy per unit

mass for S.H. at 200 mb (m2 /sec 2); isol ines are
for SKE an d are from F~gure 15 36

I Figure 22 Time-averaged transient kinetic energy per unit

mass for N.H. at 500 mb (m ’/sec2); isol’Ines are
for SKE and are from Figure 16 37
1 Figure 23 Time-averaged transient kinetic energy per unit
mass for S.H. at 500 mb (m2 /sec 2); i solines are
I for SKE and are from Figure 17
Figure 24 Time-averaged transient kinetic energy per unit
38

T mass for N.H. at 850 mb (m2/sec 2) ; i solines are

I for SKE and are from Figure 18; areas where 850 nib
surface Is below ground are blank 39

viii

~~~~
- -- - - — -
• ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~
 - ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~ ‘ ‘
— -

I
H’
~~~~~~~
-

Figure 25 Time—averaged transient kinetic energy per unit

mass for S.H. at 850 mb (m2/sec2); isolines are
for SKE and are from Figure 19; areas where 850 mb

I surface Is below ground are blank

Figure 26 Posltj.ve time-averaged divergence at 200 nib
40

(xl 0°sec ”) 43
i
I Figure 27 Positjve time—averaged divergence at 500 nib
(xl 0°sec ”) 44
Figure 28 Positive time-averaged divergence at 850 nib
(xl O 6sec l) 45

I Figure 29 Negatjve time-averaged divergence at 200 mb

(xlO °sec l) 46 I

-
Figure 30 NegatIve time-averaged divergence at 500 mb
L 4 (xlo 6sec l)
Figure 31 Negative time-averaged divergence at 850 mb
47

(xlO 6sec l) 48

1
Figure 32 PositIve ti-me—averaged relative vorticity at
500 mb (xl0 6sec l) 49
Figure 33 Negative time—averaged relative vorticity at
1 500 mb (xlO—6sec i)
Figure 34 Standard deviation of time-averaged divergence
50

I at 500 mb (xlO-6sec-l)
Figure 35 Standard deviation of time-averaged relative
51

vortlclty at 500 mb (xlO 6sec-l) 52

—

II

lx

I
- -~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
•- ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~ TT ~~~~~~~~~ - -‘ ~~_ -
 -‘-5-’ —--5 ——5-5— -——

1
1

1
— CHAPTER I

I
INTRODUCTION

The general circulation of the atmosphere is still not wel l under-

I stood. Lorenz (1967) mentions that even though there have been over a
thousand excellent studies on the subject , a full explanation of the
distribution of the atmospheric wind patterns is l acking. The atmos-

I phere is so vast and motions in it are so complex that it was impossible

to coll ect global circulation data until this century. It is obvious

r I from our current knowledge of the atmosphere that to successfully Un-

ravel this mystery we need more clues .
I The cl ues in this case are more complete data sets. Data is need-

1 ed for the ent i re globe a t several leve l s i n the a tmos p here . Th e on ly

way that the required volumes of data can be collected is through inter-

J national cooperation of countries . Although much data is collected and

exchanged daily by many countries , it is not sufficient for the task of
I fully explaining the general circulation.

J Meteorologists recognized several years ago that ‘it was time to

formula te a plan for gathering more detailed global data . As a result,

I the Global Atmospheric Research Project (GARP) was formulated . GARP

will be the most intensive effort yet to collect and analyze atmospheric
I data for the entire globe . It will involve many countries , thousands of

I scientists and much sophisticated equipment when it is implemented at

the end of this decade.

•
•_
--- ~~~~
~~~~:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ —-5~ -5:
 ~ - __________ ::~~~~~~~~~ - ——
~:
~~- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -
--

2
To be useful , the massive amount of data which will be generated
by GARP will have to be placed into a format which will allow computer
analysis. The Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) Nine-Level
Atmospheric General Ci rculation Model has been sel ected for this data
preparation. This study uses a set of data generated by the GISS
model .
The obj ective of this study was to compare the data prepared by
the GISS model to data from other sources. This was done partly to
assess the quality of the data produced by the model and partly to get
a feel for what type features can be resolved by this data . The anal-
ysis of the data was divided into two basic areas . First , a number of
time-averaged fields were generated. These included time-averaged wind
F
com ponen ts , divergences and vorticities . The second area of study in-
volved a wave number decomposition of the kinetic energy for the stand-
ing and transient eddies . The period covered by the data (one month)
was too short to consider any attempt to add to the theory of the
general circulation. However, this study gives an indication of the
type and amount of data which will soon be available.

-
--
‘~ ~~~ -- ~ — - - - • ~~ — --.- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - k -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~’~~ — ------—- --~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ •
~
—— -
-
~~
ii~~ ‘ -‘- —— -— ~~ -----

3
-
‘
I
CHAPTER II

DESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT OF DATA

I Global , synoptic scale wind data, which covers 35 days at 12 hour
p

intervals, was used for this analysis. The data covers the period from
0OU29 JAN 76 until l2Z/3 MAR 76. It was prepared by the GISS atrnos-
pherlc c i rcu l at i on model and is des ig na ted Da ta Sys tem Tes t (DST) da ta .
-t The mo del uses fi ve p r imar y quant iti es to re presen t the behav i our o f
the atmosphere: u--the zonal wind speed (west t~ east), v-—the men d—

i’ ional wind speed (south to north), T--the temperature , q--the specific

humidity of water vapor , and jr--the surface pressure minus the pressure
1 at the top of the model . This study used only the u , v , and ~ da ta.
Three forcing terms are included in the differential equations used by
the !nodel to update the primary quantities . These terms are designed

I to represent the physical processes of earth-atmosphere and sun-atmos-

phere interaction and incl ude a hori zontal frictional force term, a
I diabatic heating rate term, and a rate of moisture addition term. For
detailed information on the GISS model consult Somerville et al. (1974).
The model uses a split global grid in spherical coordinates . The
grid is diagramed in Figure 1. The prima ry grid points , denoted by
o ’s, contain 1, q, and ii data while u and v data is carried at the
:~~ secondary grid points , the + ‘s. The poles are primary grid points ,
while the equator is at secondary gri d points . Gri d points are spaced
every four de grees o f la tit ude and ever y fi ve degrees o f lon git ude on

L IL- ~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
- ‘
~~ ~~~~~~~ - - -5~~~~~~~~~~ - —~~~~~ - --
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- - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ — ~~ ~~~~~~ _ ~~~~~

I 1 80W 175W 5W 0 5E 175E

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‘ I i_ I + + + + + +
.

1 :
1 _ _ _ _
I I _ _ _ __
I _ _ __ _ _ _

1 o— o- -o - —a-- - - — —- -- - —- - - — -0 -- - -
90S

I 1 1 2 ... 1.-i i— i I i 1+1 i+1 ... 71 72 72

I
I Figure 1 GISS Model Grid. Primary grid points are represented by a’s
while the + ‘s denote secondary grid points .

“ I
-

~~
—

~~~~~~~~~~
‘ ‘ - -
— - — - — --- — -
~~
-—- -
~~~~ ~
. - — -
~~~ ~~— -- — ~~~~ -‘— -----
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~
 _ _ _ _

I
• 1 both grids. This makes a total of 3312 points over the globe per g:id.
The primary grid has 46 points from pole to pole and 72 points around
I a latitude circle.

j The secondary grid contains the same number of points , bu t the row
which falls below the South Pole is meaningless so it only has 45

I meaningful latitude circles . Figures 2 and 3 show the prima ry grid

for the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere respectively wi th
• -

1 the topography used by the model given in meters.

-

-: I A sigma vertical coord1nr~te system Is used . Sigma ( a ) is de-

fined by

a = = (2.1)

1
~~~~~~~~~

where P is the pressure at the level of measurement,

is the surface pressure at the grid point,
~

[t
1 Note:
P1 is the pressure at the top of the atmosphere.
is 10mb in this model . There are nine levels above the sun-
~T
I face with sigma at each level (a s) given by Equation (2.2).

1
I aL =
g L = 1, 2 ”9. (2.2)
_ _ _ _

I Level one Is the highest l evel and nine is the lowest. Note that a is
zero at the top of the atmosphere and one at the surface.

Sigma Coordinates Over Mountains

Divergence fields at constant pressure were computed at several
sigma levels using the followi ng equation for divergence:

I
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75 I 5 203 145 335 023 1790 159* 2530 1659 *597 579 305 152 9* 6* 30 0 0 79
61 0 61 152 *54 906 * 3* 1 2662 3353 $633 1951 1360 702 027 2*3 122 01 61 0 0 50
.5 0 5 5 5 037 2076 1416 301*3 3*09 3984 1463 1097 701 364 213 *53 05* 0 * 65
SI I S • 0 *051 3060 6367 3*9* 2184 1076 1463 1067 b7~ 366 396 368 213 I 9 91
04 I 5 657 1040 2164 3*0.6 3993 3240 1225 1059 *737 130* *65 906 549 509 333 0 I 95
500 8 SI I 17o 471 12,0 7134 5957 3200 26.2 2144 1659 1766 1342 023 059 510 5* 5 335 IS 0 5 190
*0 5 6* 313 516 10,01 5503 194* 2134 £920 1666 1605 1*54 1*06 453 569 657 394 149 5 5 *•5
* £16 I 0 699 014 2087 1150 * 0 09 1100 *556 13* 1 21*9 975 610 3% 378 252 5 115
0* 6 6 I 0 *6*. 4 37 400 64 0 794 9*4 *336 1*50 *036 671 335 II) 0 I I 1*5
126 24 I 182 0 0 II
, 640 552 1036 1006 671 36*. *53 0 0 120
£30 S 0 5 223 ‘.07 0*5 671 604 9*4 701 406 305 I 0 125
- £10 5 I 0 0 333 466 690 792 053 763 702 457 0 I *30
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4 £45 5 0 31 0 0 0 795 004 457 0 5 105
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t I *60 3
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5 508 00,0
• 640 702
0
I
0
5
5
5
5 *45
5 270
So ‘5 0
9 * 70 5 0 0 5 0 0 I 0 0 657 5 I 0 5 *75

Figure 2 GISS Model Northern Hemisphere Topography Terrain heights

are given In -meters.

• -~ ‘-~~~ -- ~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~
~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - • -
 —-~~ - - -——- -—- -- — ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .•- ~-~~~-- - —~ ---- - -- —--~ - ---~ - —--- ---—- -----‘- -— -
--

I 7

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*75 0945 1994 I I I I I I *n
“1., 175 6’.61 1963 5 I I S I 0 *70
“4 ;. 4.15 0049 1933 5 5 I I I I I *65
180 044.6 109* S I 9 5 I 4 I 0 *05
•. £65 2469 *633 61 I I S I S I *53
£55 $1.81 10*14 410 163 I I I S I *58
3.5 lo sS 1354 7.2 305 5 I I 5 I 16$
1.5 £‘..9 153* 51’. 857 5 I I I I S I *110
*36 lOSS *546 036
*1159 60S I 0 I 0 0 5 *35
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£41 29.0 1940
1311
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*69 S.s 9 21136 *95* *219 055 I S S S I S S I IS
96 0860 2* 7 7 5020 5300 *5 I s I I I 5 I 69
94 5003 2525 5737 5109 6*1 5
55 5466 *95* 1902 914 905 I - 5 0 ‘~
.0 2,110 1790 £017 345 0 0 I S ~
I 50 623 I I
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55 5889 1707 *53 145 72’ 70 364 5 0 30 115 01 *126 5375 *694 102 *055 76 33 646 41
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SI~~ 2459 1151 918 I I I 216 235 *7 I
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30 00411 5*03 1372 515 S I I 15
46 1649 2426 1476 1SI6 I I I I S 8 15
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16 00.9 2.60 2206 1690 £105 I S I I 11
15 *909 $540 *436 2164 *541 0 I I I II
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3S 21100 2406 *957 0116 2347 1319 S I S I I
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• ~ 3332 3*9* 3655 1633
31 2145 3045 5 I 53 50 149 70 06 109 35
95 *049 3070 *353 3322 0743 1558 I I 655 07 60
95 2049 3*59 33S5 3322 5604 17*7 4 9 0 .54* 205 I
00 5549 3169 3333 3231 2743 1059 79 I 0 5 122 II
55 0959 3100 4295 3109 3591 1761 79 I I 51
86 2669 3149 3581 2926 5204 1452 5 I 65
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75 0989 3170 3365 zoos *sos s S 1 $ 75
70 2969 3170 3353 3141 222$ 1125 0
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-

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I
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$31 6549 5*79 .535 26,35 2649 £921 55 I I 5 213 306 30 1*3 81 S 535
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£45 5949 354* 611*19 5608 3*65 5373 I 5 35 I 315 305 255 15 91 344 14$
£60 2.59 3,30 437 7 *526 196* 1*09 5 0 I 5 163 299 153 5 125 I £55
£ 4 5.119 345* £1.8 20*2 5707 ~~~ 5 5 5 I I I S S I 5 I 155
1~.0 0959 6*03 1554 •J4 & 3169 67 1 I 5 5 5 I I I I I S I 160
565 6569 1337 S 0 955 I I 0 I I S S I I I S £65
171 1909 1551 I - 5 5 5 5 5 I I S I *75
• I I 5 6 *
*76 04..9 lOj9 I I I S I 5 - 5 3 5 I I 5 • 1 272
~ ~ ~

-. Figure 3 GISS Model Southern Hemisphere Topography Terrain heights

are given in meters.
-

ii

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~
-----r
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ m~~~- - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
- _ __
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
 — -
-
•-i-:- --’--- ‘
: TT’ ‘ ‘ “‘ “ ‘ “
~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~

1 l 1 au
Vp \V -
j- + - v tan
•J
I a 1au ( 1 (2 3)
~aa ~a cos • aA 3a a a~

The finite di fference form of Equation (2.3) which was used is

Uj Uj _ . j
(v P V) i,j = 1 1 ~ 1,j
—
~, V j ,j+1 — V. ,J—l
+ ~
a Ecos •j AX

I v 1~~ tan ,...~~ .

U
&+1
r i ,i
L
—
v-i
Ui ,j .
, 1 ‘i+1 ,j —
~
~a cos
—
•j .

~
I
~~

-
~

£+1 L—1
V — V
,j (1V 1 ,j+1 — Tj,j_l
+
j ,j j
~ h,
I ~a
i _i.
~2 4

1 After examining these fields, it was suspected that the values over the
mountains were spurious. Thus, the following test was conducted . A
I vertical wind profile, constant at a given pressure 5 was selected and

• I entered at all grid points . Figure 4 illustrates the wind profile ;

The divergence was then computed for several sigma levels for theii

1 field of 00~/8 FEB 76 using Equation (2.4). Values over the oceans were
small (order 1 0-8 sec~ or smaller) as they should have been. However,
I over mountains such as the Andes , values on the order of 10-6 sec 1

I
were obtained. These values occurred because of the steep slopes of
the sigma surfaces as they cross over the mountains. It is not possible

I to correctly approximate the derivatives involved by finite differences

~ for the coarse grid used in this version of the GISS model . At this
I point the decision was made to interpolate the wind data to constant
pressure levels to partially circumvent this problem .

---
~~~~~~~~ .
— ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 I
-

9
~
LI
~

_ _ _ _ _ _ __
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
— — — — - 0
N-

1 .c;

iiiii :
~~~~~~~
I — ‘ -— - - - - -
~1
.
.11 ~I a
~

I
U)

1
-

~~~~~~~~~~~~

e.msso.i
~
- ..
,.
Li
~

—— ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —— —
_______ J
 _____________________ T IiTTIITI2T— ---

Ir
10
:
-

Inter polat i on Scheme

-- Al though the advantages of sigma coordinates are well known ,
(Phillips ,1957), having the data on constant sigma surfaces proved to
be inconvenient for this study. As seen in the previous section , It
was not possible to produce meaningful divergence fields on constant
-

sigma surfaces in the vicin ity of mountains. Also , if the data was
analyzed at constant sigma l evels, it could not be readily compared
— .. with other data since most analyses of the type performed here are done
at constant pressure levels. For these reasons the decision was made
to -Interpolate the data from the sigma levels to constant pressure
j levels. Three levels were chosen for study , 200 mb, 500 mb, and 850 mb.
—

A cubic spline was used for the interpolation from sigma l evels to
constant pressure levels. The spline was essentially the one contained
in Conte and de Boor (1965). The procedure invo l ves constructing a
piecewise—cubic polynomial which Interpolates the function at each of
~~
.
the known points . This is done by constructing a certain cubic poly—
noinial of the form

P 1 (x) = a1 + a x
21
+ a 3 1x2 + a4 1 x3 (2.5)

for each sub—Interval so that the resulting piece-wise cubic inter—

--
.
I polant is twice continuously differentiable,

P (x ) P (x ) 1 2 , 3,•~ •N—1
11
=
1 1 ,

I T .

where N is the numbe r of known points . A piece-wise cubic interpolant

-. of this form is known as a cubic spline.
~ L. The subroutine developed for use in this interpolation required

I!:
4 —
6-4

_ _ __ _ _ _ -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- - -- - -
 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - 1
~~~

I *

11
1 knowledge of the function values at each known point plus the slope of
the function at the two end points . The end point slopes were found by
finding the derivative of a quadratic polynomial passing through the
end point and the two adjacent points. The subroutine then used Gauss
elim ination to solve for the coeffecients a a
2
a
3’
and a
14~
of . , , .

I
~~ ~~ ~

Equation (2.5). A minimum of four points are needed for the cubic
-
‘
-- spilne of this subroutine.
To Interpolate the winds to constant pressure level s it was neces-
-

sary to have ~r values at the secondary grid points . These values were
derived by sinning the tr values at the four primary points surrounding
a secondary point and divid ing by four. Though simple, this procedure
produced acceptable results.
Once the ir val ue at a secondary grid point was known , the pressure
at each sigma level was computed . The nine pressure values were then
passed to the spline as the xj values and the wind components at each
level were passed as the f(xj)values. The cubic spl ine then computed
f(x) values at 200 mb , 500 mb , and 850 mb.
For levels which were below ground , a value of 999999 was assigned
as a flag. The effect of this flagging appears in the 850 mb charts
presented in the following chapter.
( The cubic spline was tested on several known functions. Table 1
~
shows the functions , the exact val ue of the function , and the interpo-
la ted value of the function , and the error. From the results ~one
~~~~
can
i ~

V see that the cubic spline Is sufficiently accurate for any reasonably

smooth wind profile. The results presented in the next chapters sug-
-

gest that this interpolation scheme was very successful .

_ j _ .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
r’ ~~~~~~~~~~~~

I
12
i
I
0 ~~ — 0~~- 0 N ( C’ s C” C’.) —
• O~~~~0 ~~
O 0 0 0 Q
~~~ 0 0 0 0 ~~0 ~ 0~ 0 0 0

%I . °
—I~~~~~
-4.. 4-~~~
a’.”~~
I .— cO C’.) — (‘ir\ C’— N C’) —
• C’~— • • • S S • S

I N
~~~ 6
0 0 p.
-
~~~ 1
I I—I
2 0
4 0 ~~~~~
P4 -~~
6~~
0 N 0 CO CO s — 0 U) ‘.0 ‘-‘ 0 a’‘.0 N.4- 4- N- 0
a’‘.
as sn 0 0 U) ‘(‘v.0 0 N. N — 4- N C’.) 0’. — .-~~‘.c’~ 0

0’— —
43 .- I 0 .
I N. 0 0’ N 4- Cl) C’- N- ‘(‘I ‘-.0 0’ N- CO C~~ Ov.0 4 .
I H ~~ 0 N N 4. C”\ .- 4- (\
I I I
14.
S
.r4
U)
‘t C~~ N —

0 0
5 C) . •r-4
I w +) o a( ~
.5-) r~ tr’.0’.’
.O N- CX) (~~ a’4- +3 0 N- 4- (r\a) 0’
N- C’) 0 ‘
N- ‘t\ ’.O .— a’
I 0 ~ ~3 C) 4- C—
• • • • 0 ’0 0” S
N- o ~oS N•c~• • 5 0 ~• ‘.( \ a’
3
C.
S.-. I • S
X 5 0’N .1- N- C- N- N
•
I
~ 0 ’ ‘-0 0’N- CO C’~ a”.0 4- N
0.
(/, ~~ ~~
1k. N— — 4-~~ S C \ C’)
~

-,
0
I
I
C
.9-
.0
‘ U N C’~ C”. ~ \ C’\ C’) 9 - 9 0 N C 4- C N N
~~ 0 0 0~~0 0 ~~ 0 0 0 0
L i ~i • 0 0 0 00 0 0 0
I _
5 0 4 - 0’ 4- ‘0 ‘-0 C’) N- (~~ 0’.0 N- %4 U 0 ‘.0 0’.

-—
~~ 0 ~ ~
1 1~ 0 C’) %f\ N C’) o- q- s- ‘1\ N N 4- ~~ .
-
In • S S •
5 0 S I S
4.
S S S
• S • S
• 0
4-) —S
9- —S
I p. 0
I In 0 I 0
I 0) +3 0
t’2 —5
Fl ~
0
-

13..

I
4.2 0 .—
(I) Po
, s.. 0 —.
‘ — 0 W~ N 4. c~ ’.o‘t\ C’-. 0 CO c 0 0 U~~ 4- N.
~~ 0 %f
0)
~ U’~4..— C’— 0 0 ‘( ‘*
~~~
0 0 4-S N- .-0 4- ~ W * aD 0
.eS rI yM I S S 5 0 0 I • • • 0 • I

1•
S I 5
~ S
~ C’) 0 CO C’— ‘(‘* C’) (7’4 . ,
~1”.C~ i C~ l ‘0 0’.O C’~ N

i
H ~~ 0 N N N . - ‘ -— 9 - ‘
04- N. --.

I 42
0 ~ b~
0 4’
0
0 ‘ N
tt’.4—~~ N- ~~
4- C’) C’) N
0 0 ~$~IC’) CO
+~
0
.
—
U’v.0
CO C’\ 0 0 3t\ 2t\ 3r ~
a-’.
—5 4 5-00 ‘(S‘I‘1\CO 0
ar— I ~~
I I I S S 0 5 I I S 9 • I S
~ S N . —0 U) N- %P* N a’C~~ ~~
~~
W ( C \ \ 0 0 ’ . OC \ N
~ ~~ ~
t~I ~~ 1k. C’) N N .— ,— .— 1k. ‘.0 4- C~\ N ~ — .—

I1 S

~~ s-I .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 ) 05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
— C’) C~ 4- ‘
(‘
v.0 N-CO 0’.

I
• ~ q— N (“I4- ‘(t’.O N.0) CI’.

I
I
I
- - ,
~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .
. - - - .-
 1
I
I CHAPTER I
I
I

I TIME-AVERAGED FIELDS

Time—averaged fields of severa l quantities were constructed for

1 200 mb , 500 mb , and 850 mb levels. These fields are presented in this
chapter wi th a discussion of how they compare with similar fields com-

J puted from other data. It should be noted that for both hemispheres
positive values of u denote flows from west to east and positive v
-
-
IL values Indicate flows from south to north.

Wind Fi elds
For each grid point the time-averaged zonal and meridional wind
components were defined in the usual manner with Equations (3.1) and

1
-

(3.2).

4
T
1
I

11 =
f udt ( 3.1)

4 J vdt (3.2)
1
=

I u =

=
zonal wind
time-averaged zonal wind
v = meridional wind

= time-averaged meridional wind

1- T = time interval

- T

• . - ‘ - ‘
;i._ :
~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~ - ~~~~ -~~~~~~~ - -_
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ - -
-
 14
--

The quantities ~i and iwere evaluated by Equation (3.3);

L

_ 1 N
x = 1x 1 (3.3)
— ~

wi th x = u or v. For this sample N = 70. FIgures 5, 6, and 7

show the ~ fields for 200 mb , 500 mb, and 850 mb respectively. Figures
8, 9, and 10 display the corresponding ~ fields . The asterisks
on the 850 mb charts represent grid points where the 850 mb surface is
below the surface of the earth in the model .
~~
-

At each grid point the standard deviation (SD) for the above
r fields was also computed as follows :

SD = {
~(

~i~ l
~~~~
-

~
(J1 2 1/2
1 fl
x ) (3.4)

— where N = 70 and xi = or vi .
Figures 11 and 12 present the standard deviations of the ii and
~
fields respectively at 500 mb . The standard deviations at the other

I
levels showed similar patterns so they are not included .
A comparison of the time-averaged fields with fields from other
data sets, (Van Loon , 1971), (Sadler, 1975), showed good agreement and
indicated that the time-averaged wind patterns for February 1976 con-
formed closely to expected values. Some points of interest on the u
—

char ts , include the band of pronounced westerly flow at all levels in

the Southern Hemisphere centered around 48° S latitude, the strong
westerly flow at 200 mb in the Pacific centered about 40 s , and the

V easterly flow at 200 mb in the Southern Hemisphere tropics which seems

4-

1..

~~~~~~ -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -
 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~

15

1
I 64 59 56 52 4u 44
SOUTH L A TI T U O E
.0 3~. 34 20 44 20 2.. 02 5 4 0 4
HOST.. LATIT UO S
5 12 26 20 24 20 37 36 40 44 48 52 16
-

(.0 45 68

7 01 07 12 34
2* &‘ ) 23 2’. IS 5 3 —1 —4 5 6 3 2 5 ‘3 lb 22 31 35 39 34 30 21) 25 20 14 IS 10 8 * 7 7 . ~~
7 12 07 22 29
23 23 4’* 23 14 5 1 0 4 5 II 12 9 *5 25 30 34 32 30 2’) 29 2’. 20 I’) IS 19 9
7 10 * 12. 4
7 II 17 .3 2..
20. 26 2 —3 •1 —1 12 70 1.. *3 22 25 27 31 27 21. 20 29 26 7,p-. 16 It 1’— _,,Q
9 12
~1 *2 *0 197 . ’
0 01 10 ..9 24
34. 77 19 03 7 0 —4 —4 5 20 22 jl I. 17 20 24 24 23 23 2’) 39 2 6 ~b .
12 14 ’.V~ “.
-t’ *0 l’.2.’
4 II 17 31
2 o7 20 II 3 — 0 .3 —.. 10 22 24 22 20 1. 28 20 19 2 ; 22 27 2’) 21 2* l’ ¼-.2 3 1
24 10- 9 I47.
4 9 26 so ~
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2’. l ” 2 . ’)
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7 7 9 05 2-4 27 26 10 8 0 7 2 1 13 2? 33 31 26 22 24 12 24 * 9 16 15 19 7* 23 23.-83 24 21 2 1 15 0” . ’
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6 5 00 16 4* . 22 35 11 14 02 0 0 2 5 18 2’ . 29 2¼ *4 22 22 23 23 2I~..2’~~~~ 9 7 ) 7~~ 26 2 5 7’. 22 14 * 3 117. ’ £
• 5 10 I
I 4, ‘.7 25 1 1~ . 13 9 1 0 ‘. 14 26 26 20 23 22 * 0 19 2.),-s ’i 25 20. 25 2 0 27 78 25 22 1’ 10 1* 7 . 9 S
5 6 *1 10 .
~~
20. 25 21 11 *4 9 4 .4 1 2* 27 24 22 19 19 20 14.. ~32 26 21. 27 2’.
30 29 21) 25 1° I’ 10 107 . ’. 7
• I 17 21 78 26 20 7 3 16 20 23 20 * 7 0~~~I5 27 2’. 78 31 30 32 31 29 :-‘. ~ 0 12 I l

.
2*. 19 12 1 —3 *02 .5
7 7 * 1 17 5 2,. 44 74. 22 20 07 ¼ —1 —9 —Z 9 19 21 16 * 3 9 il.—25 2(. 31 34 33 24 33 29 25 10 12 11 97.4 4.
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* 22 23 24 7 ,21 23 30 3~~~35 3* ‘.0 7~~~07 32~~’4 13 ~
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~~ ~~
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77.~ I
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S 9 I S 09 26 2~~~1°
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o 33.-iA—
~
2.0 35 13 0
iE 1 3 — 1 0 . - l 7 l3 4
1 1— 1 9 — I 5 I ’ — 1 4 —4
~~
14 1’, 25 30 32 37 35 40 40 33 30 24 I3..~ ¼
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0
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Figure 5 Time—average of u wind component at 200 mb (n/sec).

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FIgure 6 Time-average of u wind compenent at 500 mb (m/sec) .

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asterisks Indicate areas where 850 mb surface is below
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* 182.8
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2 — a t — a . — 3 ~~
\0...
—l I 5 1 1 5 1 1JI —2 2 —, J)..
—
4. W~~”O J —‘a 2 3 1 —2 0 I —2 — 2’ —l —1
~ 147. ’
8 1 I 5 1 1 1 1’-”a.- I 1 41 Ia ~~~~~~~
O.— .3 —7 — 1 1 0 3 0 I 0 2 —I 0 3 J1 41 *32 . 3
0 I 6 U I (0 1 ( 0 2—2 —’a —4 —2 0 I ‘a 3 I 0 (0 1 2 1 0~~ 2 . ~2~~ I* ”I .. 157.4
1 S S S I I 1 4 2 1 —2 —2 .3 3 .3 —? —1 2 1 2 2 P 2 * 2 3 2— 3 . _ I’. . 1542.3
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— 1 5 0 0 * 1 2 * 4 1 1
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0 0 — 2 —3 — 1 —I —I
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2 2 2 ~~ fl
167.’
072 . ’
— 1 0 0 ( 0 4 1 2 2 1 1S 0 — 2 —J —2 —3 — 3 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 1 3 3 1 0 - 2 —2~~~I — 17?.3

FIgure 10 Time-average of v wind component at 850 mb (m/sec);

asterisks indicate areas where 850 mb surface ts below
g roun d .

~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ & .

~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -
~~ ~~~~~
- - ----
~~ ~~~~
--
 — - - -
-
‘ : ‘ — -
~~~~~~ T~~~~~~~ ”T~~~~

Sas4,itH LATZTI*1(. 5*04TH L*TITI*)C

a 6 S se ba ’5. 8’a ’ao s0. 3z 241 28 22 1(5 Ia
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1*

Figure 11 Standard deviation of time-avera ged u wind component at

500 mb (m/sec).

i. ,. i..~
-
.~ :- ~~~~~~ L
‘
~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 — ~~~~~~ - ‘‘ - -—----—--- ‘----— - -- ---------

22
— 23

7
-

5as4UTII LATITUI* IlOftTla 6*1114-lOT

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~~~~~~~
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,~~_ ‘ _ ~ S 10 10 10 II II 0 9
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7 7 9 6
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Figure 12 Standard deviation of time—averaged v wind component at

500 mb (m/sec).

1,,
~

~~~~~~~~~ ~~-~~- ~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- - ‘ -~~

~
~~~~~~~ --- -

I to correspond with the continents. Al so, the ~ fields show that th:
expected maximums of westerly flow In the Northern Hemisphere are
I visible at all levels. They occur along the eastern United States,

I over nor thern A fri ca , and off the coast of Asia.

Extensive easterly flow is evident at 850 mb throughout much of the

1 tropics. This 850 mb easterly flow shows a distinct maximum near the
‘ equator under the maximum of the 200 mb westerly jet. This may repre-
-~ 1
sent the Walker circulation described by Krishnamurti et al. (1973).

J At all levels standard deviations of ~ are generally smaller than

the corresponding value of i. For the 200 mb and 500 mb levels the SD
~
j val ues are 25 - i‘
50 % of .
The standard deviations of ~ are generally
larger than at all levels. Many SD values are twice the value of ~
‘

~~~

.1. and sometimes the SD -is an order of magnitude larger than ~~. The fac t —

that ishows more variability than i

i is consistant with a pattern of
waves traveling around the latitude circles .

I
The ~ fiel ds show a high degree of vertical continuity when the
three level s are compared and indicate good resolution of the vertical
characteristics of the waves. A comparison of the long wave patterns

I with the continents supports the hypothesis that l arge land masses play
a primary role in the production of the long waves .

V I It is interes ting to note that there are many climatolo gi cal char ts
of zonal flow available for many levels, but global charts of the time-
I averaged meridional flow are not readily available. More charts of this

I type will probably appear because of the relative ease of producing them
from a global model such as this.

I Longitude-and-time averaged values of u and v, which are defined by

Equation (3.5) were computed using Equation (
3.6).

—
- -~~~~~~~~~- - - T - 1~~~~~~.T
~~~: ~~~ -I _ _ _
 ,
- - ___________

I 24

I 1
x f 2w f T, xdTdx (
3.5)
i ~ ~
=
0 ~~~~~~~~

= (xj)j (3 6)
~~~~ ~~~

where A = long itude ,

(x j)j = (Uj)j or (vj )j~
M = 70 (number of time periods)
and N = 72 (number of longitudinal grid points).
Figure 13 is a vertical cross section for u0. Values were comput-
ed at 200 mb , 500 mb , and 850 mb . The x ’s alon g these three axes
represent the poin ts where the isotach values occurred. The M’ s alon g
the axes indicate points where relative positive maximums occurred , and
the N ’ s indicate where the largest absolute values of negative u01 s
occurred. The results for v0 at the three levels are tabula ted i n
Table 2.
Figure 1 3 agrees very closely wi th resul ts obtained by Heastie
and Stephenson (1960) for January 1958. There is a slight Indication
--
of both the polar jet and the subtropical jet at 500 mb in the Northern
Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere the only jet indicated is
e located about 48°S latitude.
The v0 values are generally smaller than those of Sadler, (1975),
and Oort and Rasmusson (1971), for the tropical lati tudes, bu t are
-.
comparable to those which may be inferred from Fig. 1 of Krlshnamurti
et al , (1973). There is good Indication of the northern Hadley cell
-In the v0 field and also of the position of the ITCZ at about 20°S

I
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~ 7

I 25

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J
-
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4) ‘
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 26
•- TABLE 2
Time-and-Longitude Averaged v Wind Component

-. Latitude 850mb 500mb 200mb

84N — .0 ~ .2 .1
80N .1 —.
3 — .0
76N — .3 — .3 —. 1
72N — .3 —.1 — .5
68N —2 — .2 —.
3
6)~-N — .2 — 2 .3 a

60N — .3 .,
.4 ..
k
56N .5 — .5 2
—.

-
.. 52N .3 -.2 — .2
4-8N
‘ .1 2
—. 2
—.
• 14N .1 .0 -.3
40N .2 .2 — .1
36N .0 .1
32N .2 .3 2
—.
28N .1 .2 — .0
211.N .0 4
. .8
20N — .0 .3 1 .2
16N — .1 .4 1. 6
12N — .3 .6 1 .3
8N — .5 .7 1.4
— .5 .3 1. 0
0
43
— .8
-.1.0 ...3.3 .7
4
BS — .7 — .3 1
.
12s — .6 — .3 .0
16s — .5 — .2 — .2
20S — .2 2
—. — .7
245 — .1 — .2 4
—.
28S .0 — .1 4
—.
32S .0 .0 .1
365 .1 — .0 .1
405 .1 _ .1 — .3
i4S
~
—.1 .1 — .3
48s — .0 .1 .0
52S — .1 .1 .1
56s — .1 .1 0
—.
- -
60s .0 — .1
-- 61i-s — .1 2
~. 2
—.
683 — .2 — .1 — .2
-
- - 72S ~.2 — .0 2
—.
763 .1 — .1 — .1
F 8os ~.
2 .0 —.
0
-

84S .0 .1 — .0
Units are rn/sec

F
-- -
- ~~~~~~~~ - - *-
~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~
‘ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ --
 _ __
~ _ _ _ _ _ _ - .
~~‘-- ~~ “ ~~~~~~~ w~ r- - -‘- -

1 27

at 850 mb. It also appears that an equator-ward slope with height is

detectable for the ITC~ .

Time-Averaged Kinetic Energy Fields

The standing kinetic energy per unit mass (SKE) at each point -Is
defined as:

-2 -2
U +V (3.8)
SKE = -

SKE fields for the three l evel s were computed from the time-averaged
wind fields. Figures 14 and 15 are the 200 nib SKE fields for the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres respectively. Figures 16 , 17,
18 and 1 9 are the corresponding fields for 500 mb and 850 mb.
These charts show the average jet stream positions. Three dis-
tinct jets are detectable in the Northern Hemisphere in mid-latitudes
at 200 nib and 500 nib. One along the East Coast of the Un i ted States,
one over northern African and the Middle East , and the strongest one
off the coast of Asia. At 850 nib there are only two wind maxima , the
one off the East Coast of the United States, which is the strongest,
and the one off the coast of Asia. The 500 nib chart shows some indica-
tion of the flow splitting and going around the Tibetian high country .
The locations of the j et cores are In good agreement wi th climatologi—
cal charts for January and February, (Namias, 1963), (Sadler, 1975).
In the Southern Hemisphere only one mid-latitude jet is detectable
but it appears at all three levels. This jet is centered along the
48° S lat itude line and runs west to east. This is in constrast to the
Northern Hemisphere jets which are oriented from southwest to northeast.
The position of this jet core, centered about 48° S latitude and between

~~~~~
, _Ji ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —
~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ --
- - -
 28

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11 31 4141 120 006 34.3
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385 ~~
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~ ~ ., 44,5 607 580444 A 6 390 259 123 123
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Figure 14 St~nd incj kinetic energy per unit mass for N .H. at 200 mb
/sec2); dashed isolines are for values of 500, 1000,
(m ’
1500 and 2000 ; dotted ‘fsol’Ine denotes a value of 750.

— --
~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ ~~~—~~~~~~~
---- -~~- - ~~~~~
 -—- ~
_ - - ‘- — - _
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ‘— ~~~~ -~~~~~ — _ ~~~~ —_ -—— - -

29

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*

Fi gure 19 St ndina kinetic energy per unit mass for S.H. at 850 nih
(m~
’/sec 2); dashed lsol ’tnes are for valuesof 50 , 75 , and
100 ; areas where 850 mb surface ‘Is below ground are blank.

_11I~
-
 ,
—
F —- -‘— —
- ~~~
- -— .
-- -~ — - -~~--‘-— ---- — -‘ - -- —--— -- “T

I
I 37° E and 78° E longitude Is also in agreement wi th other similar
analyses, (van Loon , 1971).
In the tropical Pacific area , the westerly jet at 200 mb , wh i ch

I crosses the equator is of interest. The core is at 4° S latitude and

the wind speeds are considerably stronger than the February average

I given by Sadler, (1975). He shows about 45 knots as the maximum where

this data has an area with wind speeds of near 60 knots with the maxi-
I mum about 65 knots. An examination of the ii, ~ and s tead y ener gy

I charts for 200 mb reveals a large Pacifi c trough associated with this
j et .

I Equation (3.8) defines the time-averaged transient kinetic energy

(TR~)per unit mass as

T 2 2
v* dt
j u~
i (3.8)
+

J with u* = u _ ~ i and v* = v _ ~~.

The IKE was computed directly from the standard deviation fiel ds
of the time-averaged wind components as follows :

N
2
= .
Z (x.
1
- ~) (3.9)
r •

x1 = u 1 or v 1 and N = 70.

: =
2
(3.10)

where ~ tT and TiV are the standard deviations of iT and respectively.

‘
-
~
~ ~~

These fields are depicted in Figures 20, 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 and 25.

-
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~

I Figure 20 Time-averaged transient kinetic energy per unit mass for

N.H . at 200 mb (m’/sec2); ‘isol ines are for SKE and are
-
from Figure 14.
~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~

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FIgure 21 Time-averaged transient k1net~c ener gy per un it mass for

S.H. at 200 nib (m 2/sec2); i sol i nes are for SKE an d ar e
from Figure 15.

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Figure 22 TIme-averaged transient kinetic energy per unit mass for

N.H. at 500 mb (in’/sec ’); isolines are for SKE and are
from Figure 16.

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Figure 23 Time-averaged transient kinetic energy per unit mass for

S.H. at 500 mb (m 2 / sec 2); i sol i nes are for SKE an d are
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Figure 24 Time-averaged transient kinetic energy per unit mass for

-

4 , N.H. at 850 mb (m’/sec 2); Isol ines are for SKE and are
from Figure 18; areas where 850 mb surface Is below ground
are blank.

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-Figure 25 Time-averaged transient kinetic energy per unit mass for

S.H. at 850 mb (m 2 /sec 2); isolines are for SKE and are
from F ig ure 19; a rea s where 850 m b sur face i s below ground
are blank.
I 41
I
I The isotachs from the corresponding standing kinetic energy charts
TR~ fields ,
I are included on the This makes ‘It possible to compare
the transient energy wi th the average position of the wind maxima .

I By usin g the 11charts it i s possi b le to com pare the trans i ent

energy on the upwind and downwind sides of mountains in several l oca-

I tions. By following along the 44° N latitude circle it is possible to

detect a drop in the transient energy to the east of the Rockies and
I the Himal ayas. This suggests that the mountains are responsible for

I deflecting the transient eddies .

Time-Averaged Divergence and

Relative Vorticity Fields
Divergence and relative vorticity fields were produced from the
time-averaged wind fields. In spherical coordinates, the horizontal
divergence and vor ti ci ty alon g a constan t pressure surface are gi ven by

DIV
1 !a+li!. _ v tan , 3 .1 1
a cos q
—
—
ax a a~ a
~

-
and

1 av lau u tan
VOR —
a cos ~ ax a a + a ~~ 3.12
~

where a is the radius of the earth , x ‘Is longitude and q is latitude .

To compute the divergence and the vorticity , E q ua ti ons ( 3.11) and
(3.12) were put into the following finite-difference form:
u ~~~~~ U j 1 2j v~ ,~+1 - v ij..l
1- v j~ tan
DIV i j = ~
~
+ -

(3. 13)

‘‘

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~

.
“ ‘ “
~~~~~
“.‘
~~~ ~~~
- —-- ‘..-‘ - - - -.
 “ - -“—.--“—-- — -- - .—““‘— — — ‘ - - .-,--- ‘-.--‘—-.‘—- “— -“-“——- — —,‘- - ‘ -— -‘ --,.—- ‘ - -- .-
‘ ‘

-
~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~

I 42

1
I VOR 1
~~
V
l [V 1+~,J~~ 1..L~ -
U U
1 6j 41 ~~ j , j 1
+ u jj tan ,
j}.

I (3.14)

Centered space dtfferenclng was used to approximate the derivatives .

I To aid in the identIfication of clusters , these fields were out-

put in two parts. One part has the negative values blanked out and

I the other omits the positive values. The positive, time-averaged di-
vergence fields are contained in Figures 26 , 27 and 28, Figures
29 , 30 and 31 show the corresponding negative divergences. Posi-
tive time-averaged vorticities for 500 mb are in Figure 32, wh i le
I Figure 33 has the negative values . The vorticity charts at 200 mb
and 850 ut showed similar patterns so they were not included. It
should be noted that positive relative vortici ties correspond to
cyclonic vorticity in the Northern Hemisphere and anticyclonic vortici-
ties in the Southern Hemisphere. Standard deviations for the above
charts were calcula ted using Equation (3.4) with Xj replaced by the
divergence or the relative vorticity. Figures 34 and 35 are the
standard deviations of the time-averaged divergences and vorticity
fields at 500 mb .
A comparison of the time-averaged divergence fields wi th their
standard deviations shows that the standard deviations are generally
larger than the time-averaged divergences. At some points the standard
deviations are an order of magnitude larger. This suggests that the
time-averages are small numbers resulting from oscillations between

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43

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Figure 26 Positive time-averaged divergence at 200 mb ( x l 0 ”-6 sec ”1 ).

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Figure 27 Positive time-averaged divergence at 500 nib (xlO 6 sec ””1 ).

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Figure 28 Positive time-averaged divergence at 850 mb (xl0’~’6 sec ’~”~).

~~~~~~ ‘~~~~ r’~~~~ ‘ 5 ~ 5~’2, -~. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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I 46

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Figure 35 Standard dev atio of time—averaged relative vortic’Ity at

-

~~~
500 mb (x10 ~sec ~’).

-_ -~~ ‘~~~~~z~- . ,xr.~~ :-

~~~~~~’
.

~~ L,~~~
-‘
~~~~~~~ - ‘--—- — ‘ ~‘ ~~~~~~~~~
rPi!
“S:’5 -~ , ,~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -. ,‘- - -—- ‘- ‘—“~~~~
‘ ‘ .1. , _ ,,__-, -,-,___
~ — ‘-‘
- - , ,- - —
~~~
‘ -—‘ —---- , ,‘ ‘
—‘5’

~~

1’
l
‘ 53

I~ -
~
relatively large positive and negative divergence values .
A l though the time-averaged divergence fields do not show patterns
I ~
-
2”
which are as organized as the patterns on the time—averaged vorticity
‘
charts , there are several clusters of interest. These clusters are best
seen at 200 nib where organized areas of positive devergence are present
‘,

1.
~
in the tropics over South America , Africa and in the vicinity of Aus-
“4
’
tra li a. These areas are sim i lar , except for an eastward shift of
about 30° longitude , to those which may be inferred from Fig. 1 of
-
Krishnamurti et al , (1973). A smaller cluster is found over and south
‘
o f Indi a. Also , there is some evidence of organized patterns associated
with the Northern Hemisphere jet streams in the Pacific and Atlantic
Oceans.
In the Southern Hemisphere tropics , it is interesting to note that
the largest standard deviations of the time-averaged divergences gener-
ally occur in conjunction wi th the cl usters mentioned above . GOES
mov i e loo p s show tha t these regi ons i n Sou th Amer ica and A fr i ca o ften j
experience extensive diurnal convective development. Thus , one may
speculate that the large standard deviations in these areas reflect
diurnal oscillations associated with the growth and decay of large scale
convection .
Distinct , organized patterns appear in the time-averaged relative
vorticity charts in both hemispheres . These patterns correlate well
wi th the jet stream positions which produces confidence in the credi-
bility of the time-averaged vorticity fields . The standard deviations
of these fields are of the same order of magn i tude as the fields them-
selves. These patterns imply that the vorticity fields do not vary with
time as much as the divergence fields.

- ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -

 --‘

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~

SI’

I
I
CHAPTER IV

KINETIC ENERGY OF THE STANDING WAVES

The distribution of the kinetic energy of the standing eddies

and the trans i ent ed di es , as a function of wave number was computed.
This was done for wave numbers 0 to 36 at both 200 m b and 500 mb by
using a Fourier analysis to decompose the time-and-longitudinall y

-
-

averaged kinetic energy into an energy spectrum. Contributions to

the k i n e t i c energy from the zonal and meridional wind components were
calcula ted se para tely.
The energy spectrum for the transient energy is presented in
Chapter V .while the spectrum for the standing eddies is covered i~
this chapter. A comparison of the two energy spectrums is included in
the discussion of the results in Chapter V. It should be noted that
-
‘
throughout this discussion the term kinetic energy implies kinetic
energy per unit mass, since the total kinetic energy has been defined
as -‘

2 2 :.
U V
’
KE , (4.1)
I

Equation (3.6) defined the time-averaged kinetic energy of the

each grid point in terms of ii~and
s t a n d i n g eddies (SKE) for ~~~. How-
ever , ‘ii and ~ are def i ned by :

i = u0 + u (4.2)

I
- ‘-- -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~ z=i ~~~~~~
‘_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~
‘1
~~~~

and V = v v (4. 3)
0
+

where u0, v0 are the time-and-lon gitudinally averaged quantities defin-

L
ed by Equation (3.5) and u 2 , v ’represent deviations from the average
values. Subsitution for ~i and V in Equation (3.5) yields

2 v)2
—
(uo + u~ ) + (vo +

To find the longitude-averaged standing kinetic energy for a

given latitude , Equation (4.4) needs to be integrated around the lati-
tude circle. Since u0 is independent 0f longitude and u averaged
around a la tit ude c i rcle i s zero , the follow i ng result i s ob ta i ned for
the u-component:

2ir —2 u2 2ir
~
2
.)dx . (4.5)
(
~ = +

~~~ ~~~
~~ ~~~

w here Q.represents the kinetic energy of the stationary zonal motion ,

wave number zero, and the integral on the right hand side gives the
total longitude-averaged kinetic energy of the standing eddies .
It is possible to express iRxr) in terms of a Fourier Series as
fol l ows :

21TX r
u(xr) cos sin (4.6)
,J1 ~m
=

~m
+

-‘-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 56

where ~~
= a cos $ AX,
Ar rAX
a = radius of the earth ,

•= latitude,
N = number of points around latitude circle (72 for this
analysis),
n= N /2 ,
7
.

and r = index denoting the point on the lati tude circle.

The coeff i c i en ts A~ and ~~~~ , for in ~ o, are def i ned as:

n—i
=
’ ” cos 2irmr (4.7)
”
~ r~ -n ~

and

n-i
= stn 2nmr (
4.8)

Since n is even , ~~~~~

is zero. For m = o,
n— l
X~ = and B0 =o.
k r= -n ’
~ ~~
Using the Fourier Series expansion for u and Parseval ’s Theorem ,
it is possible to express the longitude—averaged standing kinetic
enger gy as:

~~ .)dA
( : (
~N
= + +

~~~ ~~ ~ m~1 ~~

~~~~-- - -

“~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,,,.,~~~~~ ~~~~~
F__ pr—,5 - -- --- -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- ‘- — — -
~ ~~~~~~~ ~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~

,,
1 57
~ ~

-
Comparing Equation (4.5) and (4.9) leads to the conclusion that

,
~ = u~ (4.1 0)
~

and
~
2ir n
~
:.
;I ( u ) 2dx = -
z (
A~ + ) . ( 4.11)
~ 0
~~ ~~~~
~6 m=1
!

From Equation (4.11) It is evident that the contribution to the longi-

~
tude-averaged kinetic energy of the standing eddies for a given wave
~
‘ number (SKEm )can be computed as fol l ows:
~
:- 2 —2
SKE~ =
B m . (4.12)
~
~
‘,

Longitudinal averages of kinetic energy for the meridional wind com-

ponents are found in the same manner by replacing u quantities by the
correspondIng v quantities .
Equa tion (4.12) was used to calcu l a te the values of SKEm for wave
numbers 0 to 36 at fourteen latitudes . Values for u and v components
were computed separately. The results for wave numbers 0 to 18 are con-
tained in Table 3.
Anal ysis of these results did not produce anything unexpected . In
mid-latitudes much of the standing kinetic energy is contained in wave
number zero of the ii component. At 200 mb for the u component, there
i s a shift o f t h e ener gy to wave numbers 2 , 3, and 4 near the equator.
In fact , at 40 S and 40 N wave number zero contains essentially no

( energy at 200 ‘ib . However, at 500 nib the maximum energy is still con-
tam ed In wave number zero. The increase in the total 200 mb standing

‘~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ “~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~
,, ‘ ‘ -
~~~~ -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~ - - -‘A
 - --‘ -- -- -- ,-‘
- “S -- - ’ - ’- — — ’- - ’ - - - - --’5’
------- - ‘-:-- —- ---—-“———‘
- - -
- -‘- ------—-- - —‘--‘--- —--
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-
!
“ ~~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~
~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~

58

~ TABLE 3
Decomposed Standing Kinetic Energy
.
for W~aye Nunjbers 0—1 8
‘
-

KS FOR U CO38 O*ENT AT 200 MI

~ ~
LAT TOTAL
- 52 206 12 1 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 S
- 4 4 3 1 6 19 25 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0
36 497 3 4 U 2 2 0 1 ooooo 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 7 4
~ 28 72* 9 8 1 3 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00860
~ 20 349 1 9 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 003 77
12 45 2 5 3 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 3
4 13 6 28 1 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5
~
‘ -4 0 3 2 43 20 8 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 110
1 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 049

..
“ -12 4514 1 0 7 1
~ -20 2 1 1 0 4 2 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5
~~
-‘ b ’ -28 91 0 1 2 6 8 I 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 122
“ ~ -36 213 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O ’O 0 0 217
~~ -44 404 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 1 5
‘
I —52 313 15 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 332

,:~ K 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ‘7 13

KS FOR V cOMPONENT AT 200 HI

~ TOTAL
‘~ tAT
I 52 0 1 1 0 12 2 1 00 0 0 0 0 0 02 7
44 0 1 8 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4
I‘ 36 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 9
28 0 1 2 7 0 I 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4
- 20 5 3 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4
52 2 3 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 8
~ 4 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
. -4 0 1 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 00 0 8
S. -12 2 4 0 0 1 1 00 00 01 7
~ -20 2 3 4 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 02 7
-28 0 0 1 5 3 1 0 0 0 00 02 2
-36 0 0 0 4 5 1 1 0 0 0 00 013
-44 0 0 0 4 2 3 0 0 0 0 00 00 0 10
-52 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 7

K 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 03 14 55 16 17 18

CE FOR U C018’ONENT AT 500 Ml

4
‘ tAT TOTAL
52 7 6 6 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 5
5- 44 148 14 1 2 6 1 10 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 2
-

36 122 5 3 7 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 ~ 0 0 0 139
‘
‘
28 107 18 I 11 0 0 ,. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 139
20 67 1 3 2 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 88
12 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 9
4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
-4 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
-12 3 0 1 00 0 0 00 0 0 0 9
-20 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
-28 12 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
-36 70 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 7 7
-44 2*2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 00 000218
-52 165 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 172
5 0 1 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 *3 14 15 16 17 18
~

U FOR V COIcONEIT AT 500 MI

LAT TOTAL
52 1 4 6 1 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 6
44 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
36 * 0 3 I 1 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 1 1 7
28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
20 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0
-4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
-*2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
-20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
-28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 4
-36 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
-44 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
-52 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
5 0 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 *6 17 18

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -
‘ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 — ‘5-— — .-
—‘~ i~~~— :’’ ~5
‘5—
~~ !F~
—-----‘5-’-—- —
.~ ’ —
~~~“-
‘- ‘~‘5-’5—- —-‘ — ‘5’r-—
~~~~~——-— -
- -‘ -‘ - —-- —‘5-’— —
~~~~~ ‘:“~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

59

kinetic energy at 4° S is a reflection of the mid-Pacific jet.

‘

For all latitudes there Is little detectable energy above wave

number 5. Another contrast between 200 mb and 500 mb ‘is the latitude
at which the m’ximum total KE occurs in the Northern Hemisphere . At
200 mb the maximum occurs at 28° N latitude , while the 500 mb maximum
- occurs at 44° N. The same trend appears in the distribution of maxi-
mum energy for wave number zero. This indicates that the maximum

-
kinetic energy at 200 mb is associated with the sub—t ropical jet, while
~

‘
the maximum energy at 500 mb occurs in conjunction wi th the polar jet.
)
:- It is obvious from this example that an apparent trend at one level
of the atmosphere cannot always be extrapolated to a different l evel .
T he v com ponen t s hows a p re ference for wave numbe r th ree i n th e
Northern Hemisphere and wave number four in the Southern Hemisphere at
both 200 mb and 500 mb . The 200 mb total column shows a maximum in the
sub-tropics in both hemispheres , but the 500 mb v component has only
.
one significant maximum at 52° N. This again suggests that the maximum
‘
energy at 500 mb is associated with the polar front. At 200 mb it
- appears there is about as much standing kinetic energy of the v compon-
ent associated with the polar jet as wi th the sub-tropical jet. The
results obtained from the spectral analysis of the DST data agree with
the general features of those reported in other investigations (see
i.e., Kao an d Wen dell , 1970).
~
A l so , Winn-N ielson (1967) found that the N.H. maximum of the zonal
kinetic energy occurred in February and the minimum occurred in July.
Thus , It can be assumed that the values given in Table 3 represents
~
approximate maximum values for the Northern Hemisphere and minimum
values for the Southern Hemisphere .

. . ‘:‘ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - - :- -f - ._- ,- -

~~~~~~~~~ --
- ---.
~ ~~~~
- - - ~~~
-U-’ --’ , ,
-

~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ - —

 ~~~~‘-‘~~ — - - ~ -~ 5~3

:~~
Co

CHAPTER V
~

KINETIC ENERGY OF TRANSIENT WAVES

~

-
“S
.
The time-and-longitude averaged kinetic energy for the transient
waves was decomposed in wave number space in a manner similiar to that
~
described in Chapter IV. The transient part of the fl ow is defined as
4
~ ~
‘
.
the instantaneous departure from the time-averaged flow as follows :

u* = u-u (5.1)
~
T~~ and

v* = v-V (5.2)
~
where ti, V are defined by equations (3.1) and (3.2),
.

~i
U, V are the actual wind components for each observation
~

~~
.
an d u~ , v~ are the components of the transient flow.
Substitution of u~ for U r in Equation (4.9), results in the follow-
~
ing equation for the longitude-averaged transient energy :
~-:

~
; ~~~~~~~~~
U;
i
2~
2
~~ (u~ ) çL 2 m~l (m ~
B~2)
~ ~ (5.3)

- where A~ and B~ , for in ~ 0, are defined by

A~; = cos ~!
~L (5.4)
~ ~~~~~~~~

‘~
- :-- - -
:
_ _ _ _ _ .•$
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ I
r-” ’ - ’ ------
5‘”
-‘ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-‘ 5-~--5

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

6
~

~ and

4
n-i
8*
m : u*r sIn 2-*rmr
N r=_n
, .

~ N
~~

I . (5.5)

n-i
~
~:
_
F o r m = o ,A ~~=~ - I u~ and B~~= o .

~ 7.

All quantities except the s tarre d ones are def i ned the same as i n
~
Chapter IV. To calculate the time—and—longitude averaged transient

f
~
energy, it Is necessary to integrate Equation (5.3) over the time
period in the followi ng manner :
~

I 2ir 2 T n-i
or
‘

~~ dxdt
- 1 ’
1 .u 2) dt
~
~~

~T
=
2
oL -n ~
~ ~ ~

~~~ ~ B~2))dt
=
r i:~~~~ + : (5.6)
~
.

~~
~ m~l

Moving the Integral on the right hand side of Equation (5.6) inside
the wave number summa tion and re p lac i ng ~t with a sumation over time
yields :
~

2 ÷ B~2)1 ]
~ ~:
( u )dt
~i il
= ‘ +

~ ~~~
~~
:n ~ ‘
~~ ~ ~~
~~~~~~~~~~

~ (5.7)

‘ w here M=7 0 .

If it is considered that the transient flow is composed of a

~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

—- -
~~~~~~~~~~~~
— ‘-
~~ ~~~~~~
--- - - --- - -
 r r-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -—
~
5— —-- ~~~~~ ~~~ --- —5 - —
~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~
- - --‘5-”5—
~
5~~~ ----- -— ---- ----
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -

1 62
-
zonally average value and a deviation from this average , u* can be
wri t ten as
~

::- u* = u~~+ u *
~
where u~ transient part of zonal average
I
:~

~~
. an d u~ transient eddy.
‘
‘ “ Applying the above definition to the terms on the right hand side of
~~*~~
~
- Equation (5.7) results in A~2 = u~2 and
~~
~

2
1~ f~~(u;~)dxdt =
£ 1 ~~2
( + B~2)
~] .
~ ~~ m l
~ ~ ~~ l l

~ Thus , the contribution to the time-and-longitude average transient

kinetic energy for each wave number ( m ) can be comp uted from
~~
M
~~~ ÷ B;~2
—,
TKEm ~
(5.8)
~M j~ 1
.
-

The results of using Equation (5.8) to compute the values of TKEm

~
.
are presented in Table 4. The latitudes and wave numbers are the
same as for the standing eddies.
Again the results are not unexpected. Table 4 shows several
.

contrasts when compared with Table 3. The total transient kinetic

‘
energy of the u component Is much smaller than the standing kinetic
~

en~”gy in mid-latitudes . At the equator , the contributions from the u

components are about the same magnitude for the transient ant! standing

~5 kinetic energies . For the v components the transient kinetic energy is

significantly larger than the standing kinetic energy at all latitudes.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I

•
~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 ‘ --‘-:‘ii
r’
- - ‘ -- --
-- --. ‘.-- ‘-.‘5-- - -
-
:: :-- -
:~~ ~~~
.
‘ :T—

~
~~~~ - ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~ ~~~~

63
~
-
TABLE 4
Decomposed Time-averaged Transient Kinetic
~
Energy for Wave Numbers 0-18
I;
r CL FOR U COMrONLNT AT 700 Ml

LAT TOTAL
~ 52 818 *1 17 9 0 7 4 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 94
) 44 22 14 20 11 10 4 6 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 111
- 36 824 19 0 0 9 7 0 32 111 1 110
-
28 1 7 1 7 19 13 10 1 6 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 I 1*/
~- 20 * 0 9 5 6 6 4 4 22 1111 1 7*
12 9 9 6 3 6 4 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 i~7
~
-,‘
4 6 6 8 5 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 69
.4 6 5 6 5 5 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 * 75
_ 12 6 4 6 4 6 4 3 2 2 3 2 1 * 1 0 2 66
‘ ‘4. -20 4 6 6 8 4 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 63
-.
-28 5 9 6 5 7 4 5 3 2 2 1 1 2 0 1 69
~~ -36 4 0 2 13 81 0 5 4 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 84

p
I -44 1 1 7 6 7 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 1 GO
-52 9 9 5 5 7 3 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 ) 0 0 S 6
7
K 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

CT FOIl V 00020#INT AT 200 NB

, tAT TOTAL
52 0 2 8 12 21 16 10 11 6 4 2 2 1 1 1 I 0 105
~
-‘
44 0 1 4 10 14 *6 13 15 12 6 3 3 1 1 1 1 I 1*3
~ 36 0 2 2 5 9 1 9 12 16 15 8 4 4 1 1 I 1 1 112
~ 28 0 1 4 4 5 1 6 9 1 5 13 8 3 2 1 1 1 I Ill
‘ • 20 1 1 4 5 4 8 6 8 8 6 3 1 0 1 1 8 1
12 1 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 61
. 4 1 2 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 s*
‘~
-4 1 1 2 3 2 4 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 * S 4
: .12 1 * 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 1 1 2 0 ~~~~4
~ -20 0 1 1 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 2 6 S
-28 1 1 1 2 3 5 6 4 5 5 5 2 2 1 * 0 73
—36 1 1 2 2 4 9 7 7 5 5 4 1 * 1 1 71
-44 0 1 2 4 61 4 7 1 2 S 4 4 2 I 1 1 1 *5
-52 0 1 2 5 6 9 6 7 5 4 4 2 2 1 * 1 1 6 8

-~ C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 *3 *4 *5 *6 17 18

,
-
SE FOR U CO’-0’08(NT AT 600 MB

LAT TOTAL
t 52 7 1 4 11 15 8 7 4 3 3 1 I 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 82
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 77
:
44 3 1 5 914 6 6 3 3 3 2 2
~ 36 4 6 8 6 6 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 I 1 I 1 0 0
28 3 7 8 9 6 4 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 5 8
20 2 3 5 4 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 ) 1 0 0 0 1~
12 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 11
4 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
.4 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 33
—12 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 * 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) 35
—20 2 3 2 3 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 027
-28 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 74
—36 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 1 * l l I 1 0 0 0 0 0 37-
-7 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
44 ~~~6 3 5 4 2 2 2 2
3~
.52 1 6 4 2 4 4 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
I
K 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10 11 *2 1 3 14 11. 16 * 7 18

CE FOR V W4POI3FNT AT 500 P81

~
tAT TOTAL
52 4 7 1 5 13 810 4 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 61
44 3 6 1 0 9 8 * 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 84
36 1 4 5 9 7 9 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 f’S
28 1 2 2 5 3 5 3 2 2 1 ) 1 1 1 43
20 * 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 * 1 1 0 1 32
12 1 1 1 * 2 1 II 1 1 1 27
4 1 1 * * 1 I I i I l l 33
-4 1 1 1 2 * 1 1 Il I l l 3*
— 1? 1 1 1 * 1 1 1 * * 1 1 26
~ -20 0 0 1 * * 1 I 11 1 1 1 2*
-28 0 0 1 1 2 1 I 1 1 0 0 0 2 1
-36 0 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 11 1 0 0 0 2 7
-
-44 0 * 2 3 6 3 4 2 2 2 1 * * 1 0 0 3 7
—32 0 1 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 2 ) 1 1 * 1 40

K 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 11 *2 13 14 IS 16 17 16

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~
‘
-
-
 _ ‘_“___ ‘5’_ ___
;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- -
~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~

-
64

Also, the distribution of energy with respect to wave number Is differ-

‘ ~

~:.

ent for the transient energy.

-
. -
The transient kinetic energy of the u component is concentrated
in wave numbers 1 to 4 wi th only a small amount of the total in wave

-
number one. For the v component the transient kinetic energy is
clus tered between wave numbers 3 and 8. However, in the tropics, the
~
-
-
- transient energy is spread out fairly evenly over all the wave numbers .
~~ ~~

This implies that there is no dominate mechanism in the tropics in

~
this data set which can be associated with the transient kinetic
energy.
‘

It should also be noted that some of the kinetic energy in the

~ larger wave numbers may be due to gravity type waves . Some are pro-
‘:
bably real but others may be induced by the numerical approximations
_ of the model .
;
~~

The supposition that the model is producing some spurious waves

~,
results from the fact that at some latitudes there was an increase in
_

~ -; the kinetic energy around wave numbers 33-36.

~F

-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
___________
~ - -- —-
~~~~~~~~~~~
‘
~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ --- -
_

~~~~
“‘“
_ _
‘ _ ‘ _
‘
~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~
- ‘_
 ‘ ‘ :
:~ :~~~~r TT ~~~~~~~~~’ -‘5--- - - --- --
~
- --

;:
‘ ~ ~~
_ _ _

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

“~

. CHAPTER VI
•

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

~
~: The analyses presented here indi cate that the DST data assimilat-
c- ’~
‘
ed by the GISS model is useful for global studies of the general
~ ~
atmospheric circulation . The time—averaged charts presented in Chap—
~
ter III correlated very wel l with previously produced charts . A close
~
i look at the time-averaged charts reveals that this data set is only
valid between about 600 5 and 600 N. Poleward of these latitudes
~
~‘
,
there are many places where two or more grid points have the same
values . Lack of sufficient data and the closeness of gri d points pro-
bably contributed to this duplication . Given sufficient data to
totally initialize the grid, the GISS model should provide fine qual-
~
ity data for the entire globe . A positive feature of the DST data is
~
:
the ease with which it can be handled in hori zontal arrays .
In terpoletion of the wind components from sigma l evels to constant
pressure levels by a cubic spline appears to have been very successful .
There was some concern as to the effectiveness of interpolating the ~r

‘
fiel ds to wind data points , however, the resul ts support the technique
~‘
used here .
The success of this technique suggests it could be used to gener-
ate winds at most any level , between the top and bottom sigma levels ,
‘
H, for which winds are desired . By making full use of the vertical reso-
lution of the model, it should be possible to see the time—and-longitude
~

~~.,,.., ~ ~
:
. ‘
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
;—
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ , ~~~~~~ - - ~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~~i:
 r- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~-- ~~~ ~~~~~~~~

-
‘
66
-

averaged meridional circulation In more detail.

It was encouraging to see slgnificate , though small , values o f
S

.
the time-and-longitude averaged meridional wind component which were
‘~

organi zed into patterns. Also, the time-averaged values of the

~
meridional wind show organized wave patterns in both hemispheres
‘

~
-
which are very well defined . Thus , the winds in this data set are

~? much less constrained than In earlier studies.

An original objective of this research was to study the DST

It
~
divergence fields. The time-averaged divergence showed areas of organ-
ization, especially at 200 nib, indicating that the 051 data can be
used for divergence studies . However , it is uncertain how much detail
~
,~:- can be resolved in the divergence fields . The randomness observed in
some areas of Figures 26 to 31 may be due to some partial contamin-
ation by gravity type waves. This conclusion results from the fact
that an increase was observed in the kinetic energy for high wave
~
i

numbers at some latitudes. Another source of uncertainty for both

‘
the vorticity and divergence fields is the mountain effect on the
fields . This effect was discussed in Chapter II and was probably
greatly reduced by the interpolation to constant pressure l evels.
-

Wave number decomposition of the kinetic energy spectrum around

~
~1 latitude circles is easy to accomplish because of the structure of the
~ grid. Al though there were no surprises in the results from Chapter IV
-
and Chapter V, it was noted that there is some difference between the
relative amounts of energy carried by waves of a certain wave number
~
at different levels. Thus , to adequately describe the energy trans-
~
: port in the atmosphere, it is Important to consider several vertical
levels.

h1~
. -
:~~~~t-’. ~ ~y _L ..~~~~L.
~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~
--
_ ~~~ ‘~- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ — --- - --.-
 -- ..- -.
~—
---- ..- -- -

r
--~~ -— - -- — -~~~~~~~~~~ — - -~~~~~~~~~
~—
- -~~~~~~~ - -~~~ “~~~~~~~~~~ -. -- ‘-~~--— - - -—~
-- ‘-. - -‘5- ~~ ‘~~~~ ~ ‘~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~
--

-
~ ‘
-~ - ‘

67
~ Ii
. Most of the features observed In the data conformed to previously
‘
~
. calculated averages . The 200 mb mid-Pacific trough over the equator
~ .. stands out as a subject worthy of future research. From this data It
~
appears that flow from south of the equator is feeding into the sub-
~
tropical jet which extends across Central America . A study of the

i. energy transfer involved in this process could prove to be very inter-

~
-
esting and informative.
.

7 3.

~
-

:L
-
~[1 I

Lj:—:~
- -- -- -~~~~~ . - -- -
~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~

- j - - —- -
-~~~~ -a~
_ _

~~~~~~~~~
-
1~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
‘ -
. ~-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .-- - .
~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
P. - -
~
-
- —
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
------------- -- -- ---.----‘5

68

~- REFERENCES

: Conte , S.D. , and Cari de Boor , 1972: Elementary Numerical Analysis:

-
An Algorithm ic Approach, McGraw -HVI1 Book Company , New York ,
233-240.
~
L Heast i e , H., and P.M. Stephenson , 1 960: Upper winds over the world.
Parts I and II. Geophys. Mem. No. 103, Meteor. Off. London , H .M.
~ ~ Stationery Off., 2 17 pp.
~ Kao , S.K., and L.L. Wendell , 1970: The kinetic energy of the large—
~
I scale atmospheric motion in wavenumber-frequency space , Journal
of the A tmospheric Sciences, 359-375.
~ ~
~ Krlshnamur ti , T.N., M. Kanamitsu , W.J . Koss, and J.D. Lee, 1973:
‘- Tropical east-west circulations during the northern winter ,
~ Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Q, 780-787.
~
‘
Lorenz , E.N., 1967: The Nature and Theory o f the Genera l Circulat i on
of the Atmosphere, World Meteorological Organization.
Nam ias , J., 1963: Interactions of circulation and weather between
‘
hemi spheres , Monthly Weather Review, 91, 482-486.
, Oor t, A.H. , and E.M. Rasmusson , 1 971 : Atmospheric circulation statis-
tics , NOAA Professional Paper 5, Rockv i lle , Md .
-

‘~.
Phillip s , N.A., 1957: A coordi nate system having some special advant-
‘ ages for numerical forecasting , Journal of Meteorology, 14,
184-185.
Sadler , J.C. , 1975: The upper tropospheric circulation over the
global tropics , UHMET-75-05, Dept. of Meteorology , Un i versity
-
of Hawai i.
‘ Somerville , R.C.J., P.R. Stone, II. Halem , J.E. Hansen , J.S. Hogan ,
.
~
1.14. Druyan , G. Russel , A .A. Lac is, W.J. Quirk , an d J. Tenenbaum ,
‘ 1974: The GISS model Of the gl obal atmosphere , Journal of the
~tmospheric Sciences, 84-117. ~~~~~~

Van Loon , H., J.J. Taljaard , R .L. Jenne , and H .L . Crutcher , 1971 :
Cl imate of the upper air: southern hemisphere . Vol . II , Zona l
Geostrophic Winds. NCAR TN/STR-57 and NAVAIR 50—lC-56, Boulder ,
~ Cob ., National Center for A tmospheric Research , 43 pp.
Winn—Nielson , A. , 1967: On the annual variation and spectral distri —
butlon of atmospheric energy , Tellus , ~~ (4), 540-559.

.,

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - ----- - ‘ - ‘ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

i - -
:i~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~
 --‘— ____ ____7__ _ ’~ _’5’_ _ _ -‘: --— i- -, T:, ---::_’- - - ‘ — -‘—-‘———-- - — ‘----, --7 ’5-
~~~- -
----- - - ‘ ,- -—.--—---——----
- -
-. ~:
— ‘ - -r,’5—7 - -~~ ~~~ ~ ~:
: ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~
r’—’ ‘ ~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~
—
~ ~~~ ~~~

69

VITA
~

Name Allan Joseph. McGlasson

Birthplace Corvallis , Ore gon
:~ Birthd~te Apr i l 13 , 194 5
-
~
High School LaGrande Senior High School
LaGrande , Oregon
~
1
University Oregon State University
1963-1967 Corvall Is , Oregon
~
I
College Eastern Oregon State College
1967—1969 LaGrande, Oregon
~
University Un iversity of Utah
-

1969-1970 Salt Lake City , Utah

.
-

1976—1977
Degrees B.S., Oregon State University
1967 Corvallis , Oregon
1970 B.S., University of Utah
-

-
Salt Lake City , Utah
Honorary Societies Phi Kappa Phi , Chi Epsilon Pi
Professional Posit i on Weather Of fi cer
‘ United States Air Force

~
‘

~*

I
~i: —

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -a— -

-