 the power to decide which law or royal

RIZAL decree should be implemented or

disregarded.
 Actos acordados
The Philippines in 19th Century
 laws enacted
 must be a Peninsulares
Instability of Colonial Administration
 a spaniard born in Spain.
The instability of Spanish politics since the
turbulent reign of King Ferdinand VII (1808 -
Miguel López de Legazpi
1833) marked the beginning of political chaos in
 first governor general in the Philippines
Spain.
By 1830 all Spain's American colonies have
Diego de los Ríos
became independent except for Cuba and Puerto
 last governor general
Rico.
The Governor General and other government
Isabela became the sole female monarch of
officials had so much power that it was commonly
Spain. But there were frequent changes in the
abused.
government of Spain even after the overthrown of
Isabela in 1868.
To investigate the abuses, there were bodies
created;
The Liberals and Conservatives in Spain took
1. The Residencia
turns in administering their country.
 This was a special judicial court that
investigates the performance of a Governor
Mercantilism
General who was about to be replaced.
 An economic practice by which governments
2. The Visitador
used their economies to augment state power
 The council of Indies in Spain sent a
at the expense of other countries.
government official called the Visitador
General to observe conditions in the colony,
Galleon Trade
and his findings were reported directly to the
 A trade between Manila and Acapulo which
King.
began in 1565.
3. The Royal Audencia
 The highest court in the land.
Laissez Faire or Free Trade
 serve as an advisory body to the Governor
 An economic system in which transactions
General
between private groups of people are free
 had the power to check and report on his
from or almost free from any form of
abuses.
economic interventionism such as regulation
 audited the expenditures of colonial
and subsidies.
government.
 sent a yearly report to Spain
Philippine products such as :
 Sugar
 Coffee
The Archibishop and other government officials
 Rice
 also report the abuses of the colonial.
 Indigo
 Tabacco
Local Government Units (LGU) of the Philippines
Middle class families were able to send their
Under Imperial Spain
children to acquire higher education
.
Opening of Suez Canal
 1869
 brought Europe closer to the Philippines and
enlightenment ideas became more prevalent
among middle class
 became known as “illustrados” or the
“enlighten ones”

Spain reigned over the Philippines for 333 years,

from 1565 to 1898.

Governor General
 Spanish king ruled the Philippines
2 Types of Provinces
 appointed by the Spanish monarch, was head
1. Alcaldias (pacified regions)
of the Spanish colonial government.
 headed by the Alcalde Mayor who exercised
 Had the power to appoint and dismiss public
both executive and judicial powers.
officials, priest in the parish (Vice Royal
2. Corregimientos (unpacified regions)
Patron) , except those personal chosen by the
 headed by a politico-military governor called
King.
Corregidor.
 Supervised all government offices and
collection of taxes.
Though they were paid a small salary, they
 president of the Royal Audiencia
enjoyed privileges such as the:
 supreme court and exercised certain
INDULTO DE COMERCIO
legislative powers.
 the right to participate Galleon Trade.
 Commander-in-chief of the colonial army.
Gobernadorcillos (Little Governor)
 had the power of Cumplase
 Head of each province that was divided into
several towns or pueblos.
The main duty of Gobernadorcillos: Tax
collections. He is required to mortgage his
properties to the government at the beginning of
his term of office.
They were exempted from paying taxes.
Qualifications:
 Any native or chinese meztizo
 25 years old
 Literate in ORAL and WRITTEN Spanish
 Cabeza de Baraangay for 4 years
Cabeza de Barangay
 Head of barrios or barangays
 Each town that was divided
His main functions: maintenance of peace and
order, collection of taxes and tributes in the
barangay.
Qualifications:
 Should be literate in Spanish
 Have good moral character and property.
Cabezas who served for 25 years were exempted
from forced labor.
Ayuntamiento
 Larger towns that became cities has a city
council called the cabildo
 became the center of trade and industry
Cabildo is composed of:
 Alcade (Mayor)
 Regidores (Councilors)
 Alguacil Mayor (Police Chief)
 Escribando (Secretary)
Corrupt Colonial Officials
1. Gen. Rafael de Isquerdo (1871-1873)
 incompetent and cruel, boastful,
ruthless, executed GOMBURZA, the
“Martyrs of 1872”
2. Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera
 a governor general for two terms (1880 -
1883 and 1897 - 1898) - accepted bribes
from gambling casinos in Manila which
he scandalously permitted to operate.
3. Gen. Valerino Weyler (1888 - 1891)
 a cruel and corrupt governor general of
Hispanic-German ancestry, arrived in
Manila a poor man and returned to
Spain a millionaire.
 He received huge bribes and gifts of
diamonds for his wife from wealthy
Chinese who evaded the anti-Chinese
law. The Filipinos scornfully called him
“tyrant” because of his brutal
presecution of the Calamba tenants,
particularly the family of Dr. Rizal.
Frailocracy
 a government by Friars
 union of Church and State
 Friars exercise priestly duties, supervise
elections, inspector of books and taxes,
arbiter of morals, censor of books and
comedias, superintendent of public
works and guardian of peace and order.
 Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena and other Filipino
reformists blamed frailocracy/friars for
obscurantism, fanaticism, and
oppression in the country.
Guardia Civil
 created by Royal Decree of February 12,
1852, as amended byhe Royal Decree of
March 244, 1888; Maltreatment, abuse,
robbers, rapists.
 ill-trained and undisciplined.
 Rizal's Noli Me Tangere exposed the
guardia civil through Elias as bunch of
ruthless ruffians, good only for
disturbing the peace and persecuting
honest men.
Filibusteros
- enemies of the government
Erehes
- enemies of the Catholic Church
Ventura de los Reyes
- first Philippine delegate
- active part in the framing of the Constitution
1812, Spain's first democratic constitution, and one
of its 184 signers.
- abolition of the Galleon Trade.
The representation of the overseas colonies in the
Spanish Cortes was abolished in 1837.
Maladministration of Justice
 Courts were notoriously corrupt. The
Spanish judges, fiscals and court
officials were inept, venal and
oftertimes ignorant at the law.
 Justice was costly, partial, and slow.
Poor Filipinos has no access to the
courts.
 Doǹa Teodora Rizal was jailed on
flimsy ground in 1871; Dr. Rizal was
deported in July 1892 without trial;
Paciano and several brothers-in-law
were exiled without due process.
 Like the GOMBURZA, Rizal was
executed - a noble victim of Spanish
miscarriage of justice.
Force Labor (Polo y servicio)
 compulsory labor imposed by the
Spanish colonial authoriries on adult
Filipino males in the construction of
churches, schools, hospitals, buildings,
roads and bridges, ships, etc.
 wealthy one were able to evade forced
labor by paying falla, a sum of money.
 Spaniards were not drafted to forced
labor, contrary to law, while Filipino
polistas received only a part of teo
pesetas (50 centavos) or worse nothing
at all.
Racial Discrimination
 Spain introduced Christianity's
egalitarian concept of the
BROTHERHOOD OF ALL MEN under
GOD THE FATHER, but Filpinos were
regarded as inferior beings undeserving
of rights enjoyed by the Spaniards.
 Filipinos were called brown-skinned and
flat nosed Indios.
 Lack of opportunities for educated
young Filipinos to rise in the service of
God and country.

Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
 No freedom of Speech, no freedom of
the press, no freedom of association,and
other human rights.
No Equality Before the Law
 Filipinos were abused, brutalized,
presecuted and slandered.
 Leyes de Indians (Laws of the Indies)
rarely enforced - Spanish Civil Code
imposed light penalties to Spaniards but
heavier penalties to Indios.
Haciendas Owned by Friars
 Friars owned the best haciendas and the
folks filling these land even before the
coming of the Spaniards became tenants
- resulted in bloody agrarian upheaval in
1745 - 1746.
 Rizal tried to initiate agrarian reform in
1887 but in vain, ignited the wrath of
the Dominician Friars who retaliated by
raising land rentals.
 Rizal in his “Indolence of the Filipinos”
in substance opined that Friars
ownership of best agricultural tract of
land contribute to the stagnation of
economy.
CHAPTER 1:
The Advent of A National Hero
DR. JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO Y
ALONSO REOLONDA
 spoke over 20 languages
 a hero and political martyr
 many-splendored genius
 a man with many talents
Physician (ophthalmic surgeon)
 He graduate in an ophthalmologic
college in Spain. He treated several
patients not only eye diseases.
Poet
 Rizal wrote over 35 poems
including his famous Mi Ultimo
Adios.
Historian
 His annotation of Antonio de
Morga's Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas entitled him as one.
Farmer - Businessman
 He had a partner in Dapitan in the
Abaca business there (1892 - 1896)
Sculptor
 His works of his father and of
Father Guerrico, S.J. typified his
sculptural ability.
Cartographer
 He drew maps of Dapitan, The
Philippines and other places he
visited.
Bibliophile
 He had a big library and brought
many books abroad.
Philologist
 He loved of learning and literature
is unequalled.
Philosopher
 Rizal not only loved wisdom but
also regulated his life and enjoyed
calmness of the life at all times.
Humorist
 He had a great sense of humor.
There are many humorous
incidents in the Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo.
Traveler
 He travelled around the world
three times.
Sportsman
 fenced with European and Juan
Luna and other friends in Europe
 played chess and bear several
Germans and European friends and
acquaintances
 could shoot a target 20 meters
away
Rizal is also a dramatist, essayist, novelist,
architect, painter, educator, linguist, musician,
naturalist, ethnologist, surveyor, engineer,
economist, geographer, grammarian, folklorist,
translator, inventor, magician, satirist, polemicist
and a prophet.
The Birth of a Hero
Jose Rizal
 born on the moonlit night of Wednesday
 June 19, 1861
 lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna
Province, Philippines
Father Rufino Collantes
 a Batangueño baptized him in the Catholic
church
 June 22, 1861
Father Pedro Casanas
 a native of Calamba
 Godfather of Jose Rizal
“Jose” was chosen by his mother who was a
devotee of the Christian Saint San Jose (St.
Joseph)
Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery
a former senator of Spain (member of the upper
chamber of the Spanish Cortes)
governed the Philippines from February 2, 1861 to
July 7, 1862.
Achievements:
1. Fostering the cultivation of cotton in the
provinces.
2. Establishing the politico-military
governments in the Visayas and in Mindanao.
Rizal's Parents
Francisco Mercado Rizal
 Rizal's father
 Born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818
 Latin and Philosophy at the College of San
Jose in Manila
 Tenant-farmer of the Dominician-owned
hacienda.
 died on January 5, 1898 in Manila
 “a model of fathers”
Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda
 Rizal's mother
 born in Manila on November 8, 1826
 educated at the College of Santa Rosa
 died in Manila on August 16, 1911
  Chinese
The Rizal Children  Japanese
 Spanish
1. Saturnina (1850 - 1913)  He was called “The Great Malayan”
 Nickname: Neneng
 Married Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanawan, Paternal Side
Batangas Domingo Lamco
2. Paciano (1851 - 1930)  great-great grandfather
 joined Philippine Revolution and became a  a chinese immigrant from the Fukien city of
combat general Changchow
 he retired to his farm in Los Baños  arrived in Manila about 1690
 died April 13, 1930  married to a well-to-do Chinese Christian girl
 2 children by his mistress Severina Decena of Manila named Ines de la Rosa
3. Narcisa (1852 - 1939)  took the surname “Mercado” in 1731
 Nickname: Sisa Francisco Mercado
 Married Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father  son of Domingo Mercado and Ines de la Rosa
Leoncio Lopez) a school teacher of Morong  great grandfather
4. Olimpia (1855 - 1887)  resided in Biñan, Laguna
 Nickname: Ypia  married to a Chinese-Filipino mestiza, Cirila
 Married Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph Bernacha
operator from Manila  elected as gobernadorcillo of the town
5. Lucia (1857 - 1919) Juan Mercado
 Married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba  one of the sons of Francisco Mercado and
(nephew of Father Casanas. Cirila Bernacha
 Her husband died of cholera in 1889 and was  grandfather
denied Christian burial because he was a  married to Cirila Alejandro, a Chinese-
brother-in-law of Dr. Jose Rizal Filipino mestiza
6. Maria (1859 - 1945)  elected as gobernadorcillo of Biñan
 Nickname: Biang  13 children, the youngest being Francisco
 Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Mercado (Rizal's father)
Laguna Francisco Mercado
7. Jose (1861 - 1896)  youngest son of Juan and Cirila
 Nickname: Pepe  Rizal's father
 during his exile in Dapitan he lived with  Lost his fatherat the age of 8
Josephine Bracken (Irish girl from Hong  studied Latin and Philosophy in the College
Kong) of San Jose in Manila
 he had a son by Bracken, but this baby boy  met and fell in love with Teodora Alonso
died a few hours after birth. Realonda, a student in the College of Santa
 Rizal named him “Francisco” after his father Rosa
and buried him in Dapitan  they married on June 28, 1848
8. Concepcion (1862 - 1865)  settled in Calamba
 Nickname: Concha  they engaged in farming and business and
 died of sickness at the age of 3 reared a big family
 Jose Rizal's first sorrow in life.
9. Josefa (1865 - 1945) Maternal Side
 Nickname: Panggoy Lakan-Dula
 died an old maid at the age of 80  last native king of Tondo
10. Trinidad (1868 - 1951) Eugenio Ursua
 Nickname: Trining  great-great grandfather
 died an old maid at the age of 83  Japanese ancestry
11. Soledad (1870 - 1929)  married a Filipina named Benigna (unknown
 Nickname: Choleng surname)
 Married Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba Regina
 daughter of Eugenio and Benigna
Dona (if married) or Senora (if single)  married Manuel de Quintos, a Filipino-
 What Rizal always call his sisters Chinese lawyer from Pangasinan
Brigida
Pilosopo Tasio  one of the daughters of Atty. Quintos and
 A character in Noli Me Tangere that Jose Regina
immortalized as respect for his brother,  married Lorenzo Alberto Alonso, a
Paciano. prominent Spanish-Filipino mestizo of Biñan
 5 children named Narcisa, Teodora (Rizal's
In a letter to Blumentritt, written in London on mother), Gregorio, Manuel, and Jose.
June 23, 1888, he regarded Paciano as:
 “most noble of Filipinos” The Surname Rizal
 “though an Indio, more generous and noble Mercado
than all the Spaniards put together”  means “market”

Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria

Rizal's Ancestry  ordered all Filipinos to adopt Spanish
Jose Rizal was a product of the mixture of races. surnames
 Negrito
 Indonesian
 Malay
Their second surname (Rizal) was given by a
Spanish alcalde mayor of Laguna, who was a
family friend.
Ricial
 means “green fields”
CHAPTER 2:
Childhood Years in Calamba
Calamba, the Hero's Town
 Calamba was a hacienda town that belonged
to the Dominican Order, which also owned
all the lands around it.
 It is a picturesque town nestling on a verdant
plain covered with irrigated rice fields and
sugar lands.
Laguna de Bay
 East of the town
 an island lake of songs and emerald waters
beneath the canopy of azure skies
Mount Makiling
 A few kilometers to the south looms the
legendary
 beyond this mountain is the province of
Batangas
Island of Talim
 Middle of the lake towers
Mountain Shrine of Miraculous Lady of Peace
and Good Voyage
 north distant Antipolo
Rizal loved Calamba with all his heart and soul.
In 1876, when he was 15 years old and was student
in the Ateneo de Manila, he remembered his
beloved town.
He wrote a poem “Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In
Memory of My Town)
Earliest Childhood Memories
 The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was
his happy days in the family garden when
he was 3 years old.
 because he was a frail, sickly, and undersized
child, he was given the tenderest care by his
parents.
 His father built a little nipa cottage in the
garden for him to play in the day time.
 He has an aya (nursemaid) to look after his
comfort.
 Second childhood memory of Rizal was the
daily Angelus prayer.
 with nostalgic feeling, he also remembered
the happy moonlit nights at the azotea after
the nightly Rosary.
 Third childhood memory of Rizal was the
nocturnal walk in the town, especially when
there was a moon.
The Hero's First Sorrow
Unfortunately, Concha (her little sister) died of
sickness in 1865 when she was three years old.
Jose, who was very fond of her, cried bitterly at
losing her.
Devoted Son of the Church
Rizal was able to read haltingly the Spanish family
Bible when he was 5 / five years old.
Manong Jose
 Called by Hermanos and Hermanas Terceras
Father Leoncio Lopez
 he is the town priest
 Jose Rizal used to visit him and listen to his
stimulating opinions on current events and
sound philosophy of life.
Pilgrimage to Antipolo
 June 6, 1868, Jose and his father left
Calamba.
 it was the first trip of Jose across Laguna de
Bay and his first pilgrimage to Antipolo.
 Casco (barge)
 “the magnificence of the watery expanse and
the silence of the night”
 After praying at the shrine of the Virgin of
Antipolo, Jose and his father went to Manila.
The Story of the Moth
 Of the stories told by his mother, that of the
young moth made a profound impression on
him
 The tragic fate of the young moth, which
“died a martyr to its illusions” left a deep
impression on Rizal's mind.
First Education from his mother
 Jose's 1st teacher was his mother.
 At the age of 3, he learned the alphabet and
prayer from her.
 He encouraged Jose to write poems.
Artistic Talents
 at the age of 5, Jose began to make sketches
with his pencil and to mold in clay and
objects that attracted his fancy.
 Jose had the soul of a genuine artist.
 He loved to ride on a spirited pony.
First Poem by Rizal
 Rizal possessed a God-given gift for
literature.
 At the age of 8, he wrote his first poem in the
native language entitled “Sa Aking Mga
Kababata” (To My Fellow Children)
First Drama by Rizal
 Rizal, who was eight years old, wrote his first
dramatic work which was in Tagalog comedy
 It is said that it was staged in a Calamba
festival and was delightfully applauded by the
audience
 A gobernadorcillo from Paete, a town in
Laguna famous for lanzones and
woodcarvings, happened to witness the
comedy and liked it so much that he
purchased the manuscript for 2 pesos and
brought it to his hometown. It was staged in
Paete during its town fiesta.
Rizal as Boy Magician
 Since early manhood, Rizal had been
interested in magic.
 He entertained his town folks with magic
lantern exhibitions.
 He also gained skill in manipulating
marionettes (puppet shows)
 In later years when he attained manhood, he
continued his keen predilection for magic. He
 read many books on magic and attended the
performances of the famous magicians of the
world.
Lakeshore Reveries
 During the twilight hours of summer-time
Rizal, accompanied by his pet dog, used to
meditate at the shore of Laguna de Bay on the
sad conditions of his oppressed people.
Influences on the Hero's Boyhood
1. Hereditary Influence
 From his Malayan ancestors, Rizal inherited
his love for freedom, his innate desire to
travel, and his indomitable courage.
 From his Chinese ancestors, he derived his
serious nature, frugality, patience, and love
for children.
 From his Spanish ancestors, he got his
elegance of bearing, sensitivity to insult, and
gallantry to ladies.
 From his father, he inherited a profound
sense of self-respect, a love for work, and the
habit of independent thinking.
 From his mother, he inherited his religious
nature, the spirit of self-sacrifice, and the
passion for arts and literature.
2. Environmental Influence
 The scenic beauties of Calamba and the
beautiful garden of the Rizal family
stimulated the inborn artistic and literary
talents of Jose Rizal.
 The religious atmosphere at his home
fortified his religious nature.
 His brother, Paciano, instilled in his mind a
love for freedom and justice. From his sisters,
he learned to be courteous and kind to
women.
 His three uncles, brothers of his mother
 Tio Jose Alberto, who had studied for
11 years in a British school in Calcutta,
India, and had travelled in Europe
inspired him to develop his artistic
ability.
 Tio Manuel, a husky and athletic man,
encouraged him to develop his frail
body using physical exercises, including
horse riding, walking, and wrestling.
 Tio Gregorio, a book lover, intensified
his vicarious reading of good books.
 Father Leoncio Lopez, fostered Rizal’s love
for scholarship and intellectual honesty.
 The death of his sister Concha and the
imprisonment of his mother, contributed to
strengthen his character, enabling him to
resist blows of adversity in later years.
 The Spanish cruelties and abuses awakened
his spirit of patriotism and inspired him to
consecrate his life and talents to redeem his
oppressed people.
3. Aid of Divine Providence
 Rizal was providentially destined to be the
pride and glory of his nation. God had
endowed him with the versatile gifts of a
genius, the vibrant spirit of a nationalist, and
the valiant heart to sacrifice for a noble cause.
CHAPTER 3:
Early Education in Calamba and Biñan
The Hero's First Teacher
 Doña Teodora was his first teacher.
 He learned the alphabet and prayers at the
age of 3.
 She was the first to discover that her son had
a talent for poetry and she also encouraged
Rizal to write poems.
Private Tutors of Rizal
 Maestro Celestino (first tutor)
 Maestro Lucas Padua (second tutor)
 Maestro Leon Monroy (Rizal's tutor in
Spanish and Latin)
Jose Goes to Biñan
 One Sunday afternoon in June 1869, Jose left
Calamba for Biñan with Paciano.
 They rode in a carromata.
 After 1 and 1/2 hours of travelling they reach
their destination
 They proceeded to their aunt's house.
 Jose with his cousin Leandro went
sightseeing in the town.
First Day in Biñan School
 Next morning, Paciano brought Jose to the
school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz.
 Jose described his teacher in Biñan as
follows: “He was tall, thin, long-necked, with
a sharp nose and a body slightly bent
forward, and he used to wear a sinamay shirt,
woven by the skilled hands of the women of
Batangas. He knew by heart the grammars by
Nebrija and Gainza. Add to this his severity,
that in my judgment was exaggerated, and
you have a picture, perhaps vague, that I have
made of him, but I remember only this.”
First School Brawl
 Pedro (wrestling)
 Andres Salandanan (arm wrestling)
Painting Lesson in Biñan
 Old Juancho - freely gave Jose lessons in
drawing and painting.
 Jose and his classmate, Jose Guevarra , who
also loved painting became apprentices of the
old painter.
Daily Life in Biñan
Jose's daily routine:
 hears mass at 4 a.m. or studies lesson before
going to mass.
 goes to orchard to look for a mabolo to eat.
 breakfast
 goes to class at 10 a.m.
 lunch break
 goes back to school at 2 p.m
 goes home at 5 p.m.
 prays with cousins
 studies lessons, then draws a little
 has supper
 prays again
 plays in the street if moon is bright
 sleeps
Best Student in School
 Jose surpassed his classmates in Spanish,
Latin and other subjects.
 His older classmates were jealous of his
intellectual superiority.
End of Biñan Schooling
 December 17, 1870 - Jose left Biñan.
 Talim - the streamer that Jose rode
 Arturo Camps - A frenchman and a friend of
Don Francisco, he took care of Jose during
the trip.
Martyrdom of GOMBURZA
 January 20, 1872 - Cavite mutiny
 February 17, 1872 - Fathers Mariano Gomez,
Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora were
implicated and executed.
 Paciano quit his study and returned to
Calamba where he told the heroic story of
Burgos to Jose who was nearly 11 years old.
 The martyrdom of the three priests inspired
Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny
 In 1891, Rizal dedicated his 2nd novel El
Filibusterismo to GOMBURZA

Injustice to Hero's Mother

 In 1872, Doña Teodora was arrested on a
malicious charge that she aided his brother
Jose Alberto in trying to poison his wife.
 Jose Alberto planned to divorce his wife
because of her infidelity
 Jose Alberto's wife connived with the
Spanish lieutenant of the Guardia Civil and
filed a case against Rizal's mother.
 Antonio Vivencio del Rosario -
gobernadorcillo Calamba, helped the
lieutenant arrest Dona Teodora.
 50 kilometers - Doña Teodora was made to
walk from Calamba to the provincial prison
in Santa Cruz.
 Don Francisco de Marcaida & Don Manuel
Mazano - most famous lawyers of Manila,
defended Dona Teodora in court.
 After 2 1/2 years - the Royal Audiencia
acquitted Dona Teodora.