Cambridge Cambridge International Examinations

International Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

AS& A Level

CANDIDATE
NAME AbdelRahim Hisham
CENTRE CANDIDATE
NUMBER NUMBER

BIOLOGY 9700/21
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions October/November 2018
1hour 15 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Answer all questions.

Electronic calculators may be used.
Youmay lose marks if you do not showyour working or if you do not use appropriate units.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets |at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page.

DC(SCISW) 148754/3
© UCLES 2018
EECAMBRIDGE
International Examinations [Turn over
 2

Answer all questions.

1 Fig. 1.1 shows the human gas exchange system.

Fig. 1.1
(a) Name the structures labelled A, B, and C in Fig. 1.1.
A..t.tachea.
B ........!Beanshiale.

C..A.ellvs. (3]

(b) Name a non-infectious disease that atfects the human gas exchange system.

.Lung-cancenfemphse.noa.GaP.D.9
chronic bronchitiS
(c) Malaria is an infectious disease.

Name the pathogen that causes malaria.

Plasmadia. (1)
(d) There are a number of vaccines being developed to help control the spread of malaria.

Explain why vaccination programmes have not been able to eradicate malaria.
Cle.so.adm. A..ak..uk.aystc.k.hist...s.a.
mluny.itks.rent. spsits...La..enest..anhgtn.
.aay..a..smhQusly..sttbog..ahish...shaqes
.tht..hape....nt eA.s..Mere..than.ne.hpe
.o..N.a.ccine...is..needed.and..as.o.f...ll.:ng, mess
.t.e0.ple...t be..Lnttd...lbers...s. (3)
eUcLES 2018 shtye ot pepl r021y
enovgh peeple are
 3
la) Fig. 1.2 shows the distribution of malaria in the
Americas in 2012.

Key
area P = cOuntries where
malaria is always present
area Q = COuntries where
malaria is not present

Fig. 1.2
Suggest the factors, other than lack of vaccines, that could be
malaria to area P. restricting the distribution of
Th.
.k..A.a..s....a.s.v.er.4..am..n.a.
..humi...s..t..s.a. sudable...cima. be.for
.A.nepbele..o..res.d...Iher.c...s.ld.he.
...k...a..r..4....tD..eAt..2ase.s..here
..AS..l4ck.gk.. Ls4.h.he..n.t..plasnadikm.
..2.4m......eSistant...s.hcut.
.....9.ese..estasease.ue.ta.lack..at.
..Mne..personnelPoorleducata.
t w ses
.Pe0....o.nt..k.haa.Ao.L.decl
.......,,,.

bat.them.. (4]
[Total: 12)

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 4

2 Fig. 2.1 shows the disaccharide lactose, which is found in milk.

CH,OH CH,OH
OH, H -0 H
H
OH H OH
H H OH
H OH H OH

Fig. 2.1
(a) Name the type of bond that joins the two
monosaccharides in lactose.
.gyeaidis...aend. ()
(b) The enzyme lactase catalyses the
in lactose.
breakage of the bond between the twO monosaccharides
() Name the type of reaction that breaks this bond.

(i)
.bayanalysis.
Some people do not
....

[1)
produce the enzyme lactase, so cannot digest lactose.
The presence of lactose in the lumen of the
absorbed into the blood, resulting in diarrhoea. intestine reduces the volume of water
Suggest why the presence of lactose in the intestine reduces the volume of
absorbed. water

.asd.ese....r.s.te..Ne..eotnt.
he...ntsane..so....tt..movento .....

he ntestne by ósnesJ..nn..1ht..waten.
(c) eoten tifor usein
Enzymes, such as lactase, are often immobilised 9thdústry.
the t
A scientist carried out an investigation to determine the effects of
temperature
of lactase when it was immobilised and vhen it was free in solution.
on the activity

The scientist produced alginate beads containing lactase for use in this investigation. The
beads varied in size. The scientist selected small beads for the investigation and put
them
into a glass column.

(0) Suggest the advantage of using small beads rather than large beads.
..bmall..ea.d...praxid..araR..Suctase.
...4ea. and Mere.. beads..cantit.Mk..
the.colwmn.5.tae...a..0r.ccahan.
UCLES 2018 ..mCCAAcs..Sa...less..tme.neces...ollet
nesut5. 9700/21/0N/18
 6

N Fig. 2.2 shows the results of the investigation to

the activity of lactase when it was immobilised, I, determine
the effects of temperature on
and when it was free in solution, F.

100

Key
limmobilised
90 lactase
F lactase free
in solution

80

70

60

percentage
of maximum
activity
50

40

4
30

20

10

F
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
temperature/°C

Fig. 2.2

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 7

With reference to Fig. 2.2, compare the effect of temperature on the activity of immobilised
lactase, I, and lactase free in solution, F.

he.hghest..ativity... mmabilised.
Lastase.S.t5oe whilets...at.40"
fac..lada se..AsG.salethoA.Ehs.niteial.

.t...a..s..sne.....ketta..mAAhilsed..
Lastased..aen..salutian..hers.AS.n.
..ast.Mit at0.s....ut.therS...
...n.Aatty..s..anmelailiSs.
(3]
(Total: 9)

8 9700/21/ON/18 (Turn over

 8

(a) Fig. 3.1 is a transmission electron

micrograph showing two adjacent cells in a leaf.

cell wall

Fig. 3.1

() Cellulose is the main polysaccharide in cell walls of plants.

Describe the structure of cellulose.

Gellelosc.s...ae...a......
Ja.ine.d..s..Caate.d....dh..ach...
..ettatt.. Ihc.y.a.. einc.l..y.f..a..
.bah.d..this.h..A.MSe. S.Ss.elulose.a. .............. .

.kana.lang...stcaight.h.in..c...ablysacehaaide
..wbich.s..iAsolubl...
**** ***.

[3]

(ü) State one feature visible in Fig. 3.1, other than the cell wall, that identifies the cells as
plant cells.

thylokoid/ueleyS at the edge.

UCLES 2018 9700/21/0ONN8

 ATP need to pride encrgy
(ii) Outline the role of ATP in a leaf cell.

..T...is...cGe..te.ths.nasie..s.part.. . . . .
.at.4roSta..kee...eurcc...ta.sin.k..a.b..
.MA.Gs..MSA.S.a...ampniem.Cals.usc...A.P...
pse.m..As.ut.e.the..kel...sh.is..Mae.
la.aa.k...nt.the.sel...k..tacillitate.. Jthusu.a
ar.tn.giin.a,......Suenes..th.knAIPis.

Water is a main component of plant cells. Ion s r om the soilnt the

concentrati
(b) Fig. 3.2 shows two water molecules linked by a hydrogen bond. aient,
hydrogen bond

Fig. 3.2
moleele
Explain how hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules.
...aM4tn.atom...panti.ally..5atbue
...whe..s..s..y.cag.e..Ata.
..p0.s.ta.xs.a.a..iheee...s..Ah.A.attacti.A.
atthesn..th..al.s.uds...n..bys.ragen.
[2]

(c) Suggest why water is an excellent solvent for ions.

....ate..s...Pola..an. (nS...an.......
.Lh..ge......t.ere...atractiaa..
beben...teO. mo.lecudes..anal.
...mS
(2]
(Total: 11)

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 10

Fig. 4.1 is a photomicrograph of a cross-section of a tubular structure the kidney made from
epithelial cells.

cell A

Fig. 4.1
(a) The actual length of epithelial cellA along the line P-Q is 35um.
formula and use it
Calculate the magnification of the image shown in Fig. 4.1. Write down the
to make your calculation. Show your working. 4
magnhcati m 3. 5X1o
formula
35
mgnihehin: Jnage lengta
Aciv length

magnification x .lo.9... 2

CUCLES 2018 9700/21/ON/18

 11
growth factor
epithelial cells in the kidney release the protein vascular endothelial in endothelial
(b) Some
protein is a cell signalling molecule that stimulates cell division
(VEGF). This
cells in blood vessels.

interphase to prepare a cell for division.

() State what occurs during
Gn d ..PNA s
..Ihe..tad..grawb.
.Ceplis.ats.d.he..chmas.mcS..as.Ome
..chrem.atiss...Aand.DNA..S.checked.
fu.se.CeA.9.s..enhos.S...eplic.ett...
(2)
lead to a response in a cel.
(ü) Explain how a cell signalling molecule, such as VEGF, can
...Ihe..el..sa.ghsdl.ng..alc.sle..hint..
t.thc..neee.etar..ahieh.the.y.ane.
.(ommplknnent.Ay...aas.iggens..secomdouny.
messeangsA..his..s.Mates..AZye..2
respond to VEGF.
(c) Uncontrolled cell division may result in a tumour. Tumour cells in the kidney
antibodies bind
Kidney cancer can be treated with monoclonal antibodies. These monoclonal
to VEGF.
VECnF
for the production of monoclonal antibodies that will target the
The i sOutline the hybridoma method
otein VEGF protein.
iIh..lasn.a..ss....e..allestcd..nhish
&
wouse

...k..radNs.hy.brisom.A.es..2.Sing.
el.ect.íc..urrCnt..Ihka. the...asne
...sl.enc....snd...s. trs...n.dikidua. well.
kells..ere..sNGeN
(d) Monoclonal antibodies used as a treatment need to be given more than once. Repealed
treatment can cause side efects to the person or can become less effective.
Suggest why repeated treatment with monoclonal antibodies may have these effects.
Monosler.ad..ai.badic.s..s...identhie..
a.s...r.ga. .Mns..smy.lat
(1]
[Total: 11)
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 12

E (a) Fig. 5.1 shows the structure of a prokaryotic cell.

capsule
cell surlace membrane
DNA

cytoplasm ribosome

cell wall

flagellum

Fig. 5.1

Fig. 5.1 has not been fully labelled to confirm that the cell is prokaryotic.
labels to confirm that this cell is
State what other information could be added to two of the
prokaryotic and not eukaryotic.
..Siccula..DNA..an.s...24e.s..eik0s9me..

[2)

(b) Some prokaryotes are plant pathogens.

a variety
Liberibacter is a group of prokaryotic plant pathogens that causes severe damage to
of plant crops across the world.
compared to
Scientists made observations about plants infected with these pathogens
uninfected plants:
starch accumulates in the leaves

starch does not accumulate in roots and other storage organs

fruits are smaller

the plant and is found in a number of
the pathogen is widely distributed throughout
different organs including the root and leaf.
The scientists deduced that the pathogen infected the phloem tissue.

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 13

Suggest why the scientists were able to deduce that the pathogen infected the phloem tissue
Phloem.tr.a.s.P.enk...A.s.S.m.Aat.s.s.
...fsc.A..h.e..le.aNes...h.k....s.in..k.dut.
...t.MCnts...starch..uo..eaca.
...s.at.ska.v.Canttan.2.2.
(2

(c) DNA and RNA both contain nucleotides with adenine.

Complete Table 5.1 to compare:

a DNA nucleotide with adenine
an RNA nucleotide with adenine
ATP.

Table 5.1

DNAnucleotide RNÁnucleotidewith ATP

feature
with adenine adenine

contains nitrogen
(yes or no) Yes es Yes
contains a
pyrimidine base No No No
(yes or no)
number of
phosphate groups
3
name of the sugar
ribose
component
deoxyri bosd ribose.
(5)
(Total: 9]

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 14

6 (a) Haemoglobin is a globular protein which is able to transport oxygen and is soluble in water.
(i) Explain how the structure of a haemoglobin molecule makes it able
transport oxygen
eficiently.

k.etaninq...A.A...sh...se.an..bin...
.ta..an...A49c.n....le.s.wl..ehe.hakmeglolai
mulecule Ca.r.AS.p.e..........AM.........a.en.a...

(3]
() Explain how the structure of a haemoglobin molecule allows it to be soluble in water.

gav..sr.k..aA.tha..autsde..he

(b) Llamas are mammals that are adapted to live at high altitudes.
Asaten
Fig. 6.1 shows oxygen dissociation curves for haemoglobin of llamas and humans.

(0) The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs of mammals at 3500 m is 6.4 KPa.
Use Fig. 6.1 to state the percentage saturation of haemoglobin of llamas and humans at
an oxygen partial pressure of 6.4 KPa.
llamas 40.5 %
humans ..2.3.5. % [1)

(ii) With reference to Fig. 6.1, explain the advantage to llamas of having an oxygen
dissociation curve positioned to the left of the curve for humans.

24.4.cn...As..hig.h.e..ffiAnkg...t.
ha.e.magla.aia...aad.tost..ar:ti.ad.
..pcess.w.Rc..t..cak.aa...A%.i.de..
bl.aa..nde.cetates.a.A.....Pa..thc.la.
SeteratiA...h.cmolak.iA...ae..emas...
S..nhee..6.2.DIn..han...2
[Tolal: 8]
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 15

100
llama

90 human

80

70

60
percentage
saturation
of haemoglobin
with oxygen 50

40

30

20

10

2 4 6 8 10
Oxygen partial pressure /KPa

Fig. 6.1

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