VOCABULARY 03/06/2024

WORLD HISTORY
Dynamo: a machine used to generate electricity.
Interchangeable Parts: identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing.
Assembly Line: a production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks.
Stock: shares in a company.
Corporation: a business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount of
their investment.
Cartel: a group of companies that join together to control the production and price of a product.
Germ Theory: the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes.
Urban Renewal: the process of fixing up the poor areas of a city.
Mutual-aid Society: self-help group to aid sick or injured workers.

People/Places:
Henry Bessemer: Henry Bessemer (1813–1879) was a British inventor and engineer. His greatest
invention was the Bessemer Converter, which could create high-quality steel quickly and inexpensively.
In 1956 he patented his process for making steel. His process was essential to advances in
transportation, construction, and defense. Today, steel is still made by a method based on the Bessemer
process.
Alfred Nobel: Alfred Nobel (1833–1896) was a Swedish chemist, inventor, engineer, businessman, and
author. Although dynamite is his most well-known invention, he holds 355 patents. In 1895, Nobel
bequeathed most of his fortune to create the Nobel Prize in order to honor men and women for
important achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace.
Michael Faraday: Michael Faraday (1791–1867) was a British chemist and physicist who made significant
contributions to the field of electricity. Some of his most important discoveries include electricity
generation and transmission, the electric motor, and the chemical benzene. His discoveries have shaped
the modern world.
Thomas Edison: Thomas Edison (1847–1931) applied for his first patent while working as a telegraph
operator for Western Union. Although this first invention was a flop, Edison did not give up and went on
to become one of the world's most prolific inventors. Throughout his life he patented 1,093 inventions
and improvements in several industries, including telecommunications, electric power, mining, sound
recording, automotive, military defense, and motion pictures.
Orville & Wilbur Wright: Orville (1871–1948) and Wilbur (1867–1912) Wright were bicycle mechanics
who used their knowledge of science and their experience in mechanics to create the first flying
machine. After nearly 1,000 flights in gliders and testing in wind tunnels, the brothers built a powered
plane. On December 17, 1903, the brothers tested their machine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The first
flight lasted 12 seconds; the longest flight that day lasted 59 seconds.
Guglielmo Marconi: Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937) was an Italian inventor who received the first
patent for a wireless telegraphy system. In 1900, Marconi proved that wireless waves were not affected
by Earth's shape when he transmitted a wireless signal across the Atlantic ocean for a distance of 2,100
miles. He continued to study waves, which resulted in a beam system for long distance communication,
the first microwave radio, and the principles of radar. He received many honors and awards, including
the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Louis Pasteur: Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) was a French chemist and one of the founders of microbiology.
Pasteur developed the germ theory of disease and identified the causes of many diseases, including
rabies, anthrax, small pox, and chicken cholera. By discovering the causes of these diseases, Pasteur
determined that they could be prevented by vaccines. He helped develop several vaccines, including the
rabies vaccine. He also invented the process of pasteurization for wine, beer, milk, and vinegar.
Robert Koch: Robert Koch (1843–1910) was a German physician who was one of the founders of
bacteriology, or the study of bacteria. Koch discovered the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis and
cholera and determined the cycle of the anthrax disease. Koch also improved methods for studying
bacteria, including cultivating pure cultures and staining bacteria to make them more visible and
identifiable. In 1905 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
Florence Nightingale: Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) was a nurse in the British military hospital in
Crimea. When she arrived at the hospital in 1854, she was shocked by the state of the hospital and the
rate at which the men were dying. She fought to have the barracks cleared, latrines dug, laundry
washed, and the sick cared for. Six months after her arrival, the death rate dropped from 60 percent to 2
percent. When she returned to Britain, she pressured the government to reform hospitals to improve
sanitation and care.
Joseph Lister: Joseph Lister (1827–1912) was a Scottish surgeon who furthered medical knowledge by
recognizing that the lack of cleanliness in hospitals directly correlated to deaths after surgeries. By
studying the works of other scientists, he became convinced that microorganisms in the air entered the
body through open wounds and caused infections that often led to death after surgery. He began using
carbolic acid to clean patient wounds. He also began using an antiseptic liquid to treat dressings and
later developed techniques to clean surgical instruments and keep wounds clean during surgery. He is
known as the "Father of Antiseptic Surgery."