VOCABULARY 03/08/2024

WORLD HISTORY
Cult of Domesticity: idealization of women and the home.
Temperance Movement: campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages.
Women’s Suffrage: right of women to vote.
Racism: belief that one racial group is superior to another.
Social Gospel: movement of the 1800s that urged Christians to do social service.
Romanticism: 19th-century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason.
Realism: 19th-century artistic movement whose aim was to represent the world as it is.
Impressionism: school of painting of the late 1800s and early 1900s that tried to capture fleeting visual
impressions.

People/Places:
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902) was an author, lecturer, and activist who
played a major role in the women's right movement. She drafted speeches and many of the movement's
important documents, including the women's "Declaration of Rights." Stanton helped plan and lead the
1848 Seneca Falls Convention. Later in life, she began to focus more on social reforms, including child
care, divorce laws, and temperance. Stanton died 18 years before women were granted the right to vote.
Sojourner Truth: Sojourner Truth (1797–1883) was one of the most well-known African American
women during the 19th century. She was born a slave, and when she earned her freedom in 1826, she
changed her name to Sojourner Truth. In 1843, she began travelling the country to spread the truth
about injustice and to preach for human rights. Truth was an important figure in several movements—
including the women's rights movement, temperance, racial equality, and prison reform—and she was
not afraid to petition the government for reform.
John Dalton: John Dalton (1766–1844) was an English teacher, lecturer, meteorologist, physicist, and
chemist. His interest in the atmosphere led to his development of the Atomic Theory in 1803. His theory
stated that atoms have mass, that elements are made up of atoms, and that chemical reactions could be
explained by the combination and separation of atoms. Although parts of his theory have now been
proved wrong, it remains the foundation of modern chemistry and physical science.
Charles Darwin: Charles Darwin (1809–1882) was an English naturalist who developed the theory of
evolution through the process of natural selection. In 1831, he set sail on a five-year voyage around the
world. While in the Galápagos Islands, Darwin observed that the four species of finches on the islands
had different beaks and eating habits. He theorized that isolation, time, and adapting to local conditions,
leads to new species. His observation and the samples he collected helped him develop his theory of
evolution.
William Wordsworth: William Wordsworth (1770–1850) was instrumental in launching Romanticism and
wrote some of Western literature's most influential poems. While touring Europe, he encountered the
French Revolution, which sparked in him an interest in the plight of the "common man." His sympathy
for people and recognition of societal ills—particularly in urban areas—served as an inspiration for his
work and his strong focus on emotion. It also inspired his view of the poet's role in society and his
political ideals.
Lord Byron: Lord Byron (1788–1824) was a member of the House of Lords, a political and social satirist,
and one of the most memorable, fashionable, and captivating Romantic poets. He became the model for
the Romantic hero and the embodiment of the movement. Byron believed in liberty, which he often
focused on in both his works and deeds. Although Byron died before he completed his poem Don Juan, it
is considered to be his masterpiece and one of England's great long poems.
Victor Hugo: Victor Hugo (1802–1885) was a leading literary, intellectual, and political figure in France.
His works were not only extremely popular—most notably Notre Dame de Paris and Les Misérables —
but also highly influential and respected. Hugo believed in the cause of the common people and saw in
them both strength and potential. He sought to portray both their virtues and their plights in his works.
Although Hugo did not live in poverty, he associated with the lower class, and, according to his wishes,
he had a pauper's funeral and grave.
Ludwig Von Beethoven: Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) was a German composer trained in piano
and violin by his father Johannes. At the age of 12, he published his first work and began playing viola in
the symphony orchestra in Bonn, Germany. In 1792, he went to Vienna and began studying with Haydn.
Beethoven remained in Vienna, where he wrote most of his symphonies, concertos, sonatas, and string
quartets. Although he began to lose his hearing 1798, he continued to compose music he could hear
only in his mind.
Charles Dickens: Charles Dickens (1812–1870) was an English author who began his writing career as a
freelance reporter. In 1836, he began publishing installments of his first novel, The Pickwick Papers,
which launched his career as a novelist. Dickens created some of literature's most famous and vivid
characters. As a realist, Dickens was dedicated to depicting real life. He hoped to bring about reform, so
his novels often focused on the problems of the poor to expose social ills.
Louis Daguerre: Louis Daguerre (1787–1851) was a French painter and physicist who invented
photography. Before Daguerre invented the camera, he was a printmaker and painter. For years he had
been experimenting with ways to capture detailed, photographic images. Finally, in 1839, he showed his
process to the Académie des Sciences and the Académie des Beaux-Arts. He astounded everyone, and
his invention revolutionized both the arts and the sciences.
Claude Monet: Claude Monet (1840–1926) was one of the leading figures in the French Impressionist
movement. Much like the Romantics, the Impressionists found inspiration in the outdoors and rejected
traditional European artistic conventions. Monet sought to create an accurate depiction of nature
through his use of color, tones, texture, and brush strokes. He often painted the same object or scene at
different times of day to see how light and shadow changed its appearance. Two of his most famous
series are the grain stacks and water lily pond.
Vincent Van Gogh: Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) was an artist for only ten years, yet he produced more
than 2,000 drawings, sketches, and paintings. Early on, the Impressionists greatly influenced his style.
Van Gogh later moved to Arles, France. While there he had a breakdown and committed himself to an
asylum. During this time, he began to use more vibrant colors, wide brushstrokes, movement in form
and line, and thick layers of paint. He was released in May 1890 and died two months later.