MATH 1700 Problem Workshop 10 Solutions

1. (a) Factoring the denominator x3 + 2x2 = x2 (x + 2) leads to

5x2 + 3x − 2 A B C Ax(x + 2) + B(x + 2) + Cx2

= + + = .
x2 (x + 2) x x2 x + 2 x2 (x + 2)

Hence
5x2 + 3x − 2 = (A + C)x2 + (2A + B)x + 2B.
Therefore 2B = −2 ⇒ B = −1. From there we get 2A + B = 3 ⇒ A = 2 and
from A + C = 5 ⇒ C = 3. Hence the integral becomes

Z Z Z
2 1 3
I= dx − dx + dx
x x2 x+2
1
= 2 ln |x| + + 3 ln |x + 2| + C
x
(b) First using division we get

x3 − 4x − 10 3x − 4
2
=x+1+ 2
x −x−6 x −x−6

Factoring the denominator x2 − x − 6 = (x − 3)(x + 2) leads to

3x − 4 A B A(x + 2) + B(x − 3)
= + = .
x2 −x−6 x−3 x+2 (x − 3)(x + 2)

Hence
3x − 4 = A(x + 2) + B(x − 3).
Let x = −2 ⇒ −10 = −5B ⇒ B = 2 and let x = 3 ⇒ 5 = 5A ⇒ A = 1.

Z Z Z
1 2
I= (x + 1) + dx + dx
x−3 x+2
x2
= + x + ln |x − 3| + 2 ln |x + 2| + C
2
(c) Factoring the denominator x4 − 1 = (x2 + 1)(x2 − 1) = (x2 + 1)(x − 1)(x + 1) leads
to
1 Ax + B C D
= 2 + +
(x2 + 1)(x − 1)(x + 1) x +1 x+1 x−1
(Ax + B)(x2 − 1) + C(x − 1)(x2 + 1) + D(x + 1)(x2 + 1)
= .
(x2 + 1)(x − 1)(x + 1)

1
 Hence

1 = (Ax + B)(x2 − 1) + C(x − 1)(x2 + 1) + D(x + 1)(x2 + 1).

Let
1
x = 1 ⇒ 4D = 1 ⇒ D = .
4
1
x = −1 ⇒ −4C = 1 ⇒ C = − .
4
At this point, let’s equate the coefficients

1 = (A + C + D)x3 + (B − C + D)x2 + (−A + C + D)x + (−B − C + D)

1
From A + C + D = 0 ⇒ A = 0. and (B − C + D) = 0 ⇒ B = − . Hence the
2
integral becomes

Z Z Z
1 1 1 1 1 1
I=− 2
dx − dx + dx
2 x +1 4 x+1 4 x−1
1 1 1
= − tan−1 x − ln |x + 1| + ln |x − 1| + C
2 4 4
√
(d) Let w = 3 x ⇒ x = w3 ⇒ dw = 3w2 dw. If x = 0 ⇒ w = 0 and x = 1 ⇒ w = 1.
Hence we get

1
3w2 dw
Z
I=
1+w
Z0 1  
3
= 3w − 3 + dw
0 1+w
 2 1
3w
= − 3w + 3 ln |w + 1|
2 0
2
3(0)2
   
3(1)
= − 3(1) + 3 ln |1 + 1| − − 3(0) + 3 ln |0 + 1|
2 2
3
= 3 ln |2| − .
2
√
(e) Let w = 6 x ⇒ x = w6 ⇒ dw = 6w5 dw.

2
 6w5 dw
Z
I=
w3 + w2
6w3 dw
Z
=
w+1
Z  
6
= 6w2 − 6w + 6 − dw
1+w
= 2w3 − 3w2 + 6w − 6 ln w + 1 + C
√ √ √ √
= 2 x − 3 3 x + 6 6 x − 6 ln( 6 x + 1) + C

(f) Let u = x, dv = sec x tan xdx. Hence du = dx and v = sec x. Therefore

Z
I = uv − vdu
Z
= x sec x − sec xdx

= x sec x − ln |sec x + tan x| + C

1 x3
(g) Let u = tan−1 x, dv = x2 dx. Hence du = dx and v = . Therefore
1 + x2 3
Z
I = uv − vdu
x3 tan−1 x 1 x3
Z
= − dx
3 3 1 + x2

Using long division we can get that

x3 x
2
=x− .
1+x 1 + x2
Hence the integral becomes

x3 tan−1 x 1
Z
1 x
I= − x+ dx
3 3 3 1 + x2
x3 tan−1 x 1 2 1
= − x + ln(1 + x2 ) + C
3 6 6
√
(h) Using a rationalizing substitution u = 3 x ⇒ x = u3 ⇒ dx = 3u2 du. Hence the
integral is

3
 Z √3
x+1
I= √ dx
3
x−1
(u + 1)(3u2 )
Z
= du
u−1
3u3 + 3u2
Z
= du
u−1

Using long division we get

3u3 + 3u2 6
= 3u2 + 6u + 6 + .
u−1 u−1
Hence the integral becomes

3u3 + 3u2
Z
I= du
u−1
Z  
6
= 3u2 + 6u + 6 + du
u−1
= u3 + 3u2 + 6u + 6 ln |u − 1| + C
= x + 3x2/3 + 6x1/3 + 6 ln x1/3 − 1 + C

(i) 2 ways. Simple subsitution Let w = x2 + 1 ⇒ dw = 2xdx.

Z 2
1 x
I= dw
2 w2
w−1
Z
1
= dw
2 w2
Z  
1 1 −2
= −w dw
2 w
1
= (ln |w| + w−1 ) + C
2 
1 2 1
= ln(1 + x ) + 2 +C
2 x +1

Trig substitution.
x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec2 θdθ.

4
 x3
Z
I= dw
(x2 + 1)2
tan3 x
Z
= (sec2 θdθ)
(tan2 x + 1)2
tan3 x sec2 θ
Z
= dθ
sec4 θ
tan3 x
Z
= dθ
sec2 θ
tan3 x
Z
= dθ
sec2 θ
Let w = sec θ ⇒ dw = sec θ tan θdθ. Hence

tan3 θ
Z
I= dθ
sec2 θ
tan2 θ
Z
= dw
sec3 θ
sec2 θ − 1
Z
= dw
sec3 θ
Z 2
w −1
= dw
w3
Z  
1 −3
= −w dw
w
1
= ln |sec θ| + +C
2 sec2 θ
√
Using idnentities or triangles, we can get that if x = tan θ, then sec θ = x2 + 1.
Therefore the integral is
√ 1
ln x2 + 1 + +C
2(x2 + 1)

(j) Using partial fractions.

1 1
= 2 2
x4 +x 2 x (x + 1)
A B Cx + D
= + 2+ 2
x x x +1
Ax(x2 + 1) + B(x2 + 1) + (Cx + D)x2
=
x2 (x2 + 1)

5
 Hence
1 = Ax(x2 + 1) + B(x2 + 1) + (Cx + D)x2
= (A + C)x3 + (B + D)x2 + Ax + B

Hence B = 1, A = 0 , B + D = 0 ⇒ D = −1, A + C = 0 ⇒ C = 0. Hence

the integral becomes

Z
1
I= dx
x4
+ x2
Z  
1 1
= − dx
x2 x2 + 1
1
= − − tan−1 x + C
x
(k) Let x = 2 sec θ ⇒ dx = 2 sec θ tan θdθ. Hence the integral becomes

Z √
4 sec2 θ − 4
I= (2 sec θ tan θdθ)
4 sec2 θ
Z
2 tan θ
= (2 sec θ tan θdθ)
4 sec2 θ
tan2 θ
Z
= dθ
sec θ
sin2 θ
Z
= dθ
cos θ
Let w = sin θ ⇒ dw = cos θdθ.
sin2 θ
Z
I= dw
cos2 θ
sin2 θ
Z
= dw
1 − sin2 θ
w2
Z
= dw
1 − w2
Z  
1
= −1+ dw
1 − w2
Z  
1/2 1/2
= −1+ + dw
1−w 1+w
1 1
= −w − ln |1 − w| + ln |1 + w| + C
2 2
1 1
= − sin θ − ln |1 − sin θ| + ln |1 + sin θ| + C
2 2

6
 √
x x2 − 4
When = sec θ, ⇒ sin θ = and so the integral is
2 x
√ √ √
x2 − 4 1 x2 − 4 1 x2 − 4
− − ln 1 − + ln 1 + +C
x 2 x 2 x
(l) We can start by rationalizing so we can split up the terms
Z
1
I= √ dx
x + x2 + 4
√
x − x2 + 4
Z
= √ √ dx
(x + x2 + 4)(x − x2 + 4)
√
x − x2 + 4
Z
= dx
x2 − (x2 + 4)
1
Z √
=− (x − x2 + 4)dx
4
R√
For x2 + 4dx we use a trig substitution. Let x = 2 tan θ ⇒ dx = 2 sec2 θdθ.
Hence we get

Z p
= 4 tan2 θ + 4(2 sec2 θdθ)
Z
= 4 sec3 θdθ
R
Let J = sec3 θdθ. Using integration by parts, u = sec θ, dv = sec2 θ which
implies du = sec θ tan θdθ and v = tan2 θ.

Z
J = sec θ tan θ − sec θ tan2 θdθ
Z
= sec θ tan θ − sec θ(sec2 θ − 1)dθ
Z
= sec θ tan θ − J + sec θdθ

= sec θ tan θ − J + ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C1

Hence
2J = sec θ tan θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C1
1

⇒J = sec θ tan θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C.
2
 √ √ 
1 x x2 + 4 x2 + 4 + x
= + ln + C2 .
2 4 2

7
Therefore the integral becomes

 √ 2 √
1 x2
 
x x +4 x2 + 4 + x
I=− −2 + ln +C
4 2 4 2
√
x2 1 √ 2 1 x2 + 4 + x
= − + x x + 4 + ln +C
8 8 2 2