Contemporary World

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Written Reports
Group 1
(Global economy)
Economic Globalization
- this refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly
through the movements of goods, services and capital across boards.
2 different economies
A. Protectionism.
- Protecting one economy from foreign competition by creating trade barriers.
B. trade liberation.
- Act of reducing trade barriers to make international trade easier between countries.
Actors that facilitate economic globalization
- these are the actors that stand at the core of contemporary conflicts, promoting their
interests on different scales, in many different forms, with various rationale.
Two types of actors
A. International Governmental Organizations. (IGO's)
- It refers to an entity created by treaty, involving two or more nations, to work in good
faith , on issues of common interest.
B. International Non-Governmental organizations. (NGO's)
- they include charities, non-profit advocacy groups, business associations, and cultural
associations. International charitable activities increase after world war II and on the whole
NGOs provide more economic aid to developing countries than developed country
governments.

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Modern World System Analysis
- The world-system is dynamic and constantly evolving, with conflicting forces which
hold it together by tension, and tear it apart as each group seeks externally to remold it to its
advantage"
- According to Immanuel Wallerstein in 1970. The World-system is dynamic and

constantly evolving with "conflicting forces which hold it together by tension, and tear it apart
as each group seeks externally to remold it to its advantage" Wallerstein's defines the world-
system as a geographical division of labor. While the basic linkage is reinforced by political and
cultural factors.
The Tripatite World System.
A. Core Nations
● High income
● Industrialized
● Control global markets
● Have skilled labor force.
● Need labor and natural resources from periphery and semi-periphery nations.
B. Semi-periphery Nations.
● Middle income
● Industrializing
● Mostly capitalist
● Share characteristics of core and periphery countries
● Moving towards becoming core nation

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C. Periphery Nations.
● low income
● Less skilled labor force
● export labor and natural resources
● need investment from other countries
Hegenomy.
- refers to those situations in which one static combines economic, political, and
financial superiority over other strong state, and therefore has both military and cultural as well
as economic and political power. (Wallerstein, 2004)
- leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.
Economic Global Integration.
- Is an arrangement among nations that typically includes the reduction or eliminations of

trade barriers and the coordination of monetary and fiscal policies.
- There are several stages in the process of economic integration, from a very loose
association of countries in a preferential trade area, to complete economic integration, where the
economies of member countries are completely integrated.
- aims to reduce costs for both consumers and producers and to increase trade between
the mcountrie involved in the agreement.

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REFERENCES
https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_backgr
ound_papers/bp2000_1.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiqh-
iK6v3nAhX36nMBHXnRCScQFjANegQIDBAw&usg=AOvVaw1YN_QYaUhkDW7S7sXUX
oue
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://simplicable.com/new/protectionism-vs-free-
trade&ved=2ahUKEwjG5ZaO6_3nAhUFheYKHcS2ABwQFjADegQIDhAL&usg=AOvVaw2b
UFiY4fZM0kkjZF7c4Gqk
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.thebalance.com/what-
is-trade-protectionism-
3305896&ved=2ahUKEwjG5ZaO6_3nAhUFheYKHcS2ABwQFjALegQICBAB&usg=AOvVa
w063WFOTCt2tfVoNlutHO4T
https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520267572/the-modern-world-system-i
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_theory

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Group 2
(Market Integration)
The Role of International Financial Institution in creation of Global Economy
Global Economy is the exchange of goods and services integrated into a huge single global
market. It is virtually a world without borders, inhabited by marketing individuals and/or
companies who have joined the geographical world with the intent of conducting research and
development and making sales.
International Financial Institution(IFI’s) are institutions that provide financial support and
professional advice for economic and social development activities in developing countries and
promote international economic cooperation and stability.
Role of International Financial Institution
In many parts of the world, international financial institutions (IFIs) play a major role in
the social and economic development programs of nations with developing or transitional
economies. This role includes advising on development projects, funding them and assisting in
their implementation.
Main Objectives of International Financial Institution
• To reduce global poverty and improve people's living conditions and standards
• To support sustainable economic, social and institutional development and
• To promote regional cooperation and integration.
Different types of International Financial Institution
1. THE WORLD BANK

2. EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL BANK
3. ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK
4. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
5. EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

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6. CAF – DEVELOPMENT BANK OF LATIN AMERICA

7. INTER – AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP
THE WORLD BANK
 Established in 1944, The World Bank Group is headquartered in Washington, D.C. We

have more than 10,000 employees in more than 120 offices worldwide.
 The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing
countries around the world. We are not a bank in the ordinary sense but a unique
partnership to reduce poverty and support development. The World Bank Group
comprises five institutions managed by their member countries.
The World Bank Group has set two goals for the world to achieve by 2030:
• End extreme poverty by decreasing the percentage of people living on less than $1.90 a
day to no more than 3%
• Promote shared prosperity by fostering the income growth of the bottom 40% for every
country.
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONALBANK
The European Investment Bank is the lending arm of the European Union. We are the biggest
multilateral financial institution in the world and one of the largest providers of climate finance.
We help the economy, create jobs, promote equality and improve lives for EU citizens and for
people in developing countries.
The European Investment Bank focuses on four areas:
• Climate and environment
• Innovation and skills
• Small businesses

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• Infrastructure
All the projects we finance must be bankable. But they also must comply with high technical,
environmental and social standards.
ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK
The Islamic Development Bank is a multilateral development bank (MDB), working to improve
the lives of those we serve by promoting social and economic development in Member
countries and Muslim communities worldwide, delivering impact at scale.
We provide the infrastructure to enable people to lead better lives and achieve their full
potential.
Mission of IsDB
• We believe all people have the right to live in dignity and prosperity, and that nurturing
economic growth is the best route out of poverty.
• We equip people to drive their own economic and social progress at scale, putting the
infrastructure in place to enable them to fulfill their potential.
• We build collaborative partnerships between communities and nations, across the public
and private sectors.
• We foster innovative and sustainable solutions to the world’s greatest development

challenges, as we work towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) envisions a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and
sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty in
the region. Despite the region's many successes, it remains home to a large share of the
world's poor: 264 million living on less than $1.90 a day and 1.1 billion on less than $3.20 a
day.
Operational Priorities:

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• Addressing remaining poverty and reducing inequalities
Supports the Sustainable Development Goal agenda to tackle poverty and inequality and
leave no one behind.
• Accelerating progress in gender equality
Support for gender equality and women’s empowerment is also central to the 2030 Agenda
for Sustainable Development.
• Tackling climate change, building climate and disaster resilience, and enhancing
environmental sustainability
Thirteen of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals are relevant to or will be impacted
by actions on climate change, climate and disaster resilience, and the environment.
• Making cities more livable
Cities in Asia and the Pacific have unprecedented opportunities to transform the well-being
of their citizens and to catalyze economic development through increased urbanization by
2030.
Promoting rural development and food security
• Although significant progress has been made in meeting food security, in Asia and the
Pacific, hunger and malnutrition persist.
Strengthening governance and institutional capacity
• Governance and institutional reforms are needed to sustain development momentum in

the region and to ensure that the benefits of growth are equitably and widely shared.
Fostering regional cooperation and integration
• Operations are expected to enhance connectivity and competitiveness, promote regional

public goods, strengthen cooperation in the finance sector, and strengthen sub regional
initiatives.

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EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) was established to help build
a new, post-Cold War era in Central and Eastern Europe. It has since played a historic role and
gained unique expertise in fostering change in the region - and beyond -, investing more
than €140 billion in a total of over 5,600 projects.
The EBRD's unique mandate
• Uniquely for a development bank, the EBRD has a political mandate in that it assists only
those countries ‘committed to and applying the principles of multi-party democracy [and]
pluralism’.
• Safeguarding the environment and a commitment to sustainable energy has also always
been central to the EBRD’s activity. A commitment to promote ‘environmentally sound
and sustainable development’ was made explicit at its founding.
CAF – DEVELOPMENTBANK OF LATIN AMERICA
The CorporacionAndina de Fomento (CAF) – Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina is

a development bank that has a mission of stimulating sustainable development and regional
integration by financing projects in the public and private sectors in Latin America, and
providing technical cooperation and other specialized services.
INTER – AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP
IDB works to improve lives in Latin America and the Caribbean. Through financial and
technical support for countries working to reduce poverty and inequality, we help improve
health and education, and advance infrastructure.
• The Bank’s current focus areas include three development challenges – social inclusion
and equality, productivity and innovation, and economic integration – and three cross-
cutting issues – gender equality and diversity, climate change and environmental
sustainability; and institutional capacity and the rule of law.

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References:
1. Overview of International Financial Institutions

(https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/development-developpement/mdb-overview-bmd-
apercu.aspx?
lang=eng&fbclid=IwAR14VBjtoaD2np2n5RVNNW4xa2PSeaKGBqkVcx7w9nzioZDI1fknM_
3-6As)
2. The World Bank (https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/what-we-do?

fbclid=IwAR0PnpmpedhfgulGKp5s_aP9an1--WsbwSiKrLeix2-fRfQoTnnDd_9MEPk)
3. European Investment Bank (https://www.eib.org/en/about/index.htm?

fbclid=IwAR28U_On9NNcj57vowhEs3nTlSxbfPoTQIgzCaUS1yVx8xbeA_t8qbMNLQE)
4. Islamic Development Bank (https://www.isdb.org/what-we-do?

fbclid=IwAR11IhvFGE4M0z3bnJYXgUfWmu9n0AV9qjNW32ntnxOzCOlZTmZ8x5KWsRc)
5.Asian Development Bank (https://www.adb.org/what-we-do/operational-priorities?

fbclid=IwAR3BjVGB5okC7D87H7Rmwgs6gtepBEGn8YqJslixmxuo6WEvcbmVHe36dgg)
6. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (https://www.ebrd.com/who-we-

are/history-of-the-ebrd.html?fbclid=IwAR15PO70ool4wTTrNu-
nPqX4OTXoLNFFbBu69xyKu9MgahhvJyU8ZFmPxes)
7. Development Bank of Latin America (https://www.caf.com/en/about-caf/who-we-are/?

fbclid=IwAR38i6Tl6xZe4TLt_U6ZO5DKhzEORcpWMUgoKfe3ABddreD4L958uUsY6hE)
8. Inter-American Development Bank, IDB Projects (https://www.iadb.org/en/projects?

fbclid=IwAR28U_On9NNcj57vowhEs3nTlSxbfPoTQIgzCaUS1yVx8xbeA_t8qbMNLQE)

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9.Inter-American Development Bank, Who We Are?/Goals and Objectives

(https://www.iadb.org/en/about-us/who-we-are?
fbclid=IwAR0VXfJpltd2Fjd2aSXRd_401_gjdtUepWTH3vjVOwZfRF9wIPmRDP4UVyk)
HISTORY OF GLOBAL MARKET INTEGRATION
BIRTH OF CAPITALISM
Capitalism - is an economic system where private entities own the factors of production.
The four factors of Capitalism are:
1. Entrepreneurship
2. Capital Goods
3. Natural Resources
4. Labor
HOW DID CAPITALISM PROSPER?
1. Burgeoning industrialization and urbanization further weakened the feudal economy.

2. Innovations in sailing led to long distance trading.
3. Sending a vessel abroad for years facilitated the growth of the modern capitalist system.
WHY IN THE “WEST”?
Some of the factors contributing to these changes were:
1) The Protestant Reformation - note that industrialization began in northern Europe. Protestant
work ethic - fostered hard work, frugality, sobriety and efficiency, virtues which facilitated
capitalism.
2) Rise of strong nation states - 16th through 19th century. The rise of strong nation-states
created conditions conducive to capitalism. It provided domestic markets free of barriers to
trade, a uniform monetary system, contract and property laws, police and militia protection, as
well as, basic transportation and communications infrastructure.

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3) The Enlightenment - during the 17th and 18th century there were great scientific and social
advances. Discoveries of oxygen, electricity, calculus, among many other findings led to
practical applications in agriculture and industry. This period laid the scientific foundation for
the industrial revolution. This weakened the power of institutions such as the church and state,
which had patronizing relationships with the masses. It eventually led to political revolutions in
not only in the United States, but also in England, Holland, and France.
FACTORS WHICH SPURRED THE GROWTH OF CAPITALISM
1. Principle of Private Property

2. Deposit Banking
3. Insurance
4. Formal Contracts
5. International Financial Markets
6. Government Support of Opening Markets
7. Merchant Associations
CAPITALISM AND COLONIALISM
• Colonialism is a methodology of spreading capitalism.

• Colonialism laid the basis for global trade and the expropriation of the commons in
Europe.
• The colonists created an administrative structure which coerced the indigenous
peoples to produce primary products for export to the home countries.
 Capitalism as an economic system spread beyond Europe, mainly to North

America and Australia. One may ask why capitalism and new technologies did not
spread elsewhere. One possible answer is that the indigenous peoples of North
America and Australia were not particularly numerous as compared to other
regions. As the descendants of the English and French colonists grew in number
and with new immigrant waves, primarily from Europe, the European population
overwhelmed the indigenous peoples who were (at best) pushed aside. The

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European immigrants using their skills and by acquiring technologies from their
home countries embarked on creating new industries. However, in Africa, the
Indian Subcontinent, East Asia, and in Latin America the indigenous peoples were
relatively numerous. Being greatly outnumbered, the colonist created an
administrative structure, which encouraged or more likely coerced, the indigenous
peoples to produce primary products for export to the home countries. These
primary products were then transformed in the production process into
manufactured goods, some of which were re-exported back to the colonies. Under
these conditions there was little incentive to create new industries in these
colonies.’
CAPITALISM: FAR EAST
Japan proved to be an exception. Until the Meiji Restoration (1868) Japan was basically a
closed society. Feudal structures and a strong caste system were the main characteristics of this
island nation. Being isolated and having an insular culture, which mistrusted foreigners, the
Japanese were caught unaware of the economic and military power of the Western nations when
Admiral Perry sailed into Yokohama harbor. The Japanese, understanding their great
disadvantage, began a frantic and zealous campaign to industrialize in the latter part of the 19th
century. Borrowing western technologies, the Japanese managed to build steel industries, create
a modern navy and in1906 defeat the Russians in a naval battle in the Sea of Japan.
CAPITALISM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
 At the beginning of the 20th century the global economy was in turmoil. Financial
crises were common. Policies to protect domestic industries such as tariff measures
stifled trade. Political alliances in Europe divided the continent into two camps.
The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in the Balkans sparked the century’s first
World War.
 The advent of technology in warfare had devastating effects. The machine gun,
armored tanks, and the use of poisonous gas brought warfare to a new level of
barbarity, shocking the world.

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 In its aftermath, President Woodrow Wilson advocated a new-world order centered

on the League of Nations. While grand in concept the political realities of the day
made it ineffective. The cost of WWI to Britain resulted in the abandonment of the
gold standard, a system of exchange rates backed by gold.
 The post WWI era was marked by a resurgence of economic prosperity,
particularly in the United States. However, Germany saddled with reparations,
payments to Allied powers (France in particular) for damages caused during the
war faced devastating hardship. The Germany currency suffered a hyperinflation
making it near worthless. At the end of the 1920s Germany began to get back up on
its economic feet. The US stock market crashed in 1929.
 Inappropriate policy responses led to the Great Depression. Its repercussions
spread to Europe as competitive policies of trade protection and currency
devaluations were implemented in vain attempts to protect domestic economies.
The US Congress passed the Tariff Act of 1930, better known as the SmootHawley
Tariff Act.
 Germany, resurfacing after a decade of deprivation, now faced a new economic
challenge. Political turmoil ensued and the 1933 Germany elections saw the rise of
the National Socialist Party headed by Adolf Hitler. Embarking on a re-
industrialization policy, the Nazis expanded their military capacity, built the
famous Germany highway system, the Autobahn, and encouraged production of
the peoples car, Volkswagen. Flexing their new Page 5 of 5 found military might
Germany under the Nazis, invaded Czechoslovakia in 1937 and latter precipitated
World War II with the invasion of Poland in 1939.
POST - WORLD WAR II
In 1944 it became clear that the war was coming to an end, and the western Allied powers
decided to again to attempt building a new world order. Meeting at the Mount Washington Hotel
in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, the US and English representatives, H.D. White and J.M.
Keynes respectively, (yes, Keynes of the Keynesian Macromodel set out to create institutions so

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to prevent the reoccurrence of the conditions which led to WWII. They proposed the creation of
three organizations, with each organization playing a role in the smooth functioning of global
economy.
These were:
1.) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD or more commonly the
World Bank) whose original mandate was to rebuild the war torn economies of Europe and
Asia. It has evolved into the world’s most influential lender of foreign aid to developing
nations.
2.) The International Monetary Fund (IMF ) whose primary purpose was to maintain a fixed
exchange rate system known as the Bretton Woods System. After the dissolution of the Bretton
Woods System in the early 1970s the IMF has become the world’s overseer of the international
financial system, recently playing a highly visible and controversial role in the aftermath of the
East Asian financial crisis.
3.) The International Trade Organization (ITO), which was not ratified by the US Congress and
consequently did not become a reality. However, it’s primary function of liberalizing world
trade was given to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Several GATT trade
negotiations are of note. The Kennedy Round (early 1960s) originated due to US concerns with
respect to the newly formed European Common Market.
DECOLONIZATION
⦁This period saw the birth of many new nations as the European powers decolonized.
⦁This means that many developing countries are relatively young, especially those in Africa,
the Middle East and South Asia.

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⦁These newly liberated countries had to choose which economic structure to adopt to achieve
their developmental objectives. Many of these countries adopted Socialist policies.
IMPORT SUBSTITUTION
⦁New nations adopted government controlled economies that relied on import substitution
industrialization strategies to achieve industrialization.
⦁While the notion might appear to be compelling, it is a movement away from efficient
resource allocation.
⦁Newly formed manufacturing industries in the young nations were relatively inefficient and
required fairly high levels of protection from imports.
⦁Import substitution policies did initially succeed in producing some economic growth. Still,
they were not sustainable.
OIL PRICE SHOCKS
⦁The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) proclaimed an oil embargo.
⦁The economic sanctions was targeted at nations perceived as supporting Israel during the Yom
Kippur War.
⦁By the end of the embargo in March 1974, the price of oil had risen nearly 400%, from 3 U.S
dollar per barrel to nearly $12 globally.
⦁Many exporting countries saw their export earnings rise faster than they could spend. These
earnings eventually found their way into the global financial system.
International Debt Crisis
⦁Rooted in economic policies and development choices going back to the 1970s and 1980s.
⦁At that time, the inflation in the U.S subsequently arose.
⦁Many developing countries' debt ballooned and were hurt the most in the worldwide recession
REFERENCE: History of Global Economy/Market Integration, University of Southern Indiana

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(https://www.usi.edu/business/cashel/241/text%20files/History.pdf)
ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL INTEGRATION
Global Integration
 the process by which a company combines different activities around the world so that
they operate using the same methods, etc.
 Global integration can involve the processes of product standardization and technology
development centralization
 Global Integration is about collaboration, not centralization. Global Integration is about

active local units abroad, not drones. But it is about “local performance” as a means, not
an end.
Advantages of Global Integration
• PROMOTE IMPORTS
• ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
• ECONOMIC GROWTH AND EMPLOYMENT
• DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION, SOCIETY AND CULTURE.
• RESTRUCTING THE ECONOMY
Disadvantages of Global Intgration
• IMPORTS SURGED
• AGRICULTURAL EFFECT
• ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

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• INCREASE GAP BETWEEN POOR AND RICH
• POLICY ADJUSTMENTS
• GREATER COMPETITIVE PRESSURE FROM FOREIGN COMPANY
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/global-integration
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-229-managing-global-integration-
spring-2012/lecture-notes/MIT15_229S12_lec06and07.pdf
Group 3
(Global Interstate System)
What is Global Interstate System?

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 The modern world-system is structured politically as an interstate system – a system of

competing and allying states. Political Scientists commonly call this the
international system, and it is the focus of the field of International Relations.
 It was also referring to relationship between different union.
 The regional alliances and world-wide organizations of the state.
Examples of World Organizations or International Organizations
 United Nations - is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international

peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international
cooperation, and be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.
Functions of United Nations
1. Maintain International Peace and Security
2. Protect Human Rights
3. Deliver Humanitarian Aid
4. Promote Sustainable Development
5. Uphold International Law
 World Tourism Organization - is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for
the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism.
 World Health Organization - is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is

concerned with world public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, and is
headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO is a member of the United Nations
Development Group.
 World Trade Organization - is an intergovernmental organization that is concerned with

the regulation of international trade between nations.
Examples of Regional Alliances

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 ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) - a regional intergovernmental

organization comprising ten countries in Southeast Asia, which promotes
intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military,
educational, and sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in Asia.
 African Union - a continental union consisting of 55-member states located on the

continent of Africa. The AU was announced in the Sirte Declaration in Sirte, Libya, on 9
September 1999, calling for the establishment of the African Union.
 Arab League - is a regional organization in the Arab world, which is located in Africa
and Western Asia. The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 initially with
six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria.
 European Union - a political and economic union of 27-member states that are located
primarily in Europe. Its members have a combined area of 4,233,255.3 km² and an
estimated total population of about 447 million.
Global Governance in 21st Century
What is Global Governance?
 Global governance or world governance is a movement towards political cooperation

among transnational actors, aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more
than one state or region.
 Global governance is understood as “…the way in which global affairs are managed. As
there is no global government, global governance typically involves a range of actors
including states, as well as regional and international organizations. However, a single
organization may nominally be given the lead role on an issue, for example the World
Trade Organization in world trade affairs.

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Role of Global Governance
 Trade, climate change and the role of values in global governance.
 The emerging field of global governance has produced a number of breakthroughs, as

well as failures, aimed at managing global problems through the voluntary and ad hoc
cooperation of a diverse range of international actors.
Is There A Need for Global Governance?
 Global governance is necessary because humanity increasingly faces both problems and
opportunities that are global in scale.
 Today, transnational problems such as violence and pandemics routinely reach across
borders, affecting us all.
 The most important challenge for humanity is to overcome that existential risks.
Challenges in 21st century Global Governance
1. Climate Change
 Climate Change is the defining issue of our time and we are at a defining moment.
From shifting weather patterns that threaten food production, to rising sea levels
that increase the risk of catastrophic flooding, the impacts of climate change are
global in scope and unprecedented in scale. Without drastic action today, adapting
to these impacts in the future will be more difficult and costly.
2. Food
 After decades of steady decline, world hunger has slowly been on the rise since
2015. An estimated 821 million people in the world suffered from hunger in 2018.
If nothing changes, the immense challenge of achieving the Zero Hunger Target by
2030 will not be achieved. At the same time, overweight and obesity continue to

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increase in all regions of the world, according to The State of Food Security and
Nutrition in the World 2019.
Hunger in Numbers
 The latest available estimates indicate that about 821 million people in the world
were undernourished in 2018. One in nine people do not get enough food to be
healthy and lead an active life. Hunger and malnutrition are biggest risks to health
worldwide — greater than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined.
3. Health
 The World Health Statistics 2019, WHO’s annual snapshot of the state of the
world’s health, highlights that while remarkable progress towards the SDGs has
been made in some areas, in other areas progress has stalled and trends are even in
the wrong direction for some indicators. The latest data available shows that:
 At least half of the world’s 7.3 billion people are not receiving the essential health
services they need.
 In 2010, almost 100 million people were pushed into extreme poverty because they
had to pay for health services out of their own pockets
 The risk of a 30-year-old person dying before the age of 70 years from a
cardiovascular disease, a chronic respiratory disease, diabetes or cancer was 22 per
cent for men and 15 per cent for women – most in low and middle-income
countries.
 In 2017, an estimated 5.4 million children died before reaching their fifth birthday.
1 in 14 children dies before reaching age five. Yet, substantial progress has been
made in reducing child deaths, with the global under-5-mortality rate having
dropped by 49 per cent since 2000.

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4. Population
 The world in 2100
 The world population is projected to reach 8.5 billion in 2030, and to increase
further to 9.7 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100.
 problems associated with overpopulation include the increased demand for

resources such as fresh water and food, starvation and malnutrition, consumption
of natural resources (such as fossil fuels) faster than the rate of regeneration, and a
deterioration in living conditions.
5. Ending Poverty
 736 million people lived below the international poverty line of US$ 1.90 a day in
2015.
 In 2018, almost 8 per cent of the world’s workers and their families lived on less
than US$1.90 per person per day.
 Most people living below the poverty line belong to two regions: Southern Asia
and sub-Saharan Africa.
 High poverty rates are often found in small, fragile and conflict-affected countries.
 As of 2018, 55 per cent of the world’s population have no access to at least one
social protection cash benefit.
6. Water
 2.2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services.
(WHO/UNICEF 2019)
 Over half of the global population or 4.2 billion people lack safely managed
sanitation services. (WHO/UNICEF 2019)
 297,000 children under five die every year from diarrhoeal diseases due to poor
sanitation, poor hygiene, or unsafe drinking water. (WHO/UNICEF 2019)

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 2 billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress. (UN 2019)
7. Migration
 Today, more people than ever live in a country other than the one in which they
were born. In 2019, the number of migrants globally reached an estimated 272
million, 51 million more than in 2010. International migrants comprise 3.5 per cent
of the global population. Compared to 2.8 per cent in 2000 and 2.3 per cent in
1980, the proportion of international migrants in the world population has also
risen.
 While many individuals migrate out of choice, many others migrate out of
necessity. The number of globally forcibly displaced people topped 70 million for
the first time in UNHCR's almost 70-year history at the end of 2018. This number
includes almost 26 million refugees, 3.5 million asylum seekers, and over 41
million internally displaced persons.
References
 African Union
https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-Union
 Arab League
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League
 ASEAN
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN
 Challenges in 21st Century Global Governance
https://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org/latest-insights/latest-insights/news-
brief/challenges-of-global-governance-in-the-21st-century/
 European Union
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union
 Global Challenges
https://globalchallenges.org/global-governance/
 Global Governance

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance
 Global Interstate System

https://prezi.com/vrcobfoauacc/global-interstate-system/
 Global Issues
https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/poverty/index.html
https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/water/index.html
https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/migration/index.html
https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/climate-change/index.html
https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/food/index.html
https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/health/index.html
https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/population/index.html
 United Nations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations#Founding
 United Nations Members
https://research.un.org/en/unmembers/founders
 United Nations 1945 Member States
https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/growth-united-nations-membership-1945-
present/index.html
 World Health Organization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization
 World Tourism Organization
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/whatis_e.htm
 World Trade Organization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization

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INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL RELATION
What is International Relation?
 The interconnectedness of politics, economics and law on a global level.

The scope of international relations encompasses issues such as:
 Globalization
 Diplomatic Relations
 State Sovereignty
 International Security
 Ecological Sustainability
 Economic Development
 Global Finance
 Terrorism
 Human Rights
What are the Institutions that Govern International Relations?
1. UNITED NATIONS
 an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security,

develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a
center for harmonizing the actions of nations.
2. NATO
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization or North Atlantic Alliance, is an Intergovernmental

military alliance between 29 North American and European countries.
3.ORGANISATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION(OIC)
 The organization states that it is "the collective voice of the Muslim world" and works to
"safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting
international peace and harmony"

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4. ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)
 is a regional intergovernmental organization that promotes intergovernmental cooperation

and facilitates economic, political, security,military, educational, and sociocultural
integration among its members and other countries in Asia.
5.EUROPEAN UNION
 a political and economic union that aims to ensure the free movement of people, goods,
services and capital within the internal market enact legislation in justice and home
affairs and maintain common policies on trade agriculture, fisheries and regional
development.
References
 Association of Southeast Asian Nations
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN
 European Union
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union
 International Relations
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations#Institutions_in_international_relatio
ns
 Intergovernmental Organization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization.
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO
 Organization of Islamic Cooperation

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation
 United Nations
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations
WHAT ARE THE INSTITUTION THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS?
1.International court of Justice (1945)
 Sometimes called World Court

 World highest international court
 One of the principal organ of United Nations
 ICJ is the successor of The Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)
ICJ settles disputes between states and gives advisory opinions on international legal
issues referred to it by the UN
2.United Nation of Security Council (1945)
 One of the principal organ of United Nations

Its powers include the establishment of peacekeeping operations and international
sanctions as well as the authorization of military actions through resolutions
 Consist of 15 members
PERMANENT NON – PERMANENT

o FIVE MEMBERS o 10 MEMBERS
o RUSSIA, FRANCE, UK,
CHINA, UNITES STATES
 Resolutions of Security Council are typically enforced by UN peacekeepers
3.International Monetary Fund (1945)

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 Consist of 189 countries

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered
in Washington, D.C., consisting of 189 countries working to foster global monetary
cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high
employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world
while periodically depending on the World Bank for its resources.
 “Management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises”-
Central role
 Low income countries can borrow with 0% interest
References
International Court of Justice
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice
International Monetary Fund
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund
United Nation Security Council
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Counci
THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO GOVERNMENT
Introduction
 One of the key aspect of state sovereignty is the government. It is a group of people who
have the ultimate authority to act on behalf of a state. Each state has its own right to self-
determination and that other country should not intervene unless there are extraordinary
reason to do so. Other countries must recognize sovereignty or the right to one’s

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territorial borders. The decisions, the conflict , and the resolution of that conflict are done
through the institutions of government established and codified in that particular state.
Globalization
 Globalization is the spread of products, technology, information, and jobs across national
borders and cultures. In economic terms, it describes an interdependence of nations
around the globe fostered through free trade. On the upside, it can raise the standard of
living in poor and less developed countries by providing job opportunity, modernization,
and improved access to goods and services. On the downside, it can destroy job
opportunities in more developed and high-wage countries as the production of goods
moves across borders.
 Globalization motives are idealistic, as well as opportunistic, but the development of a

global free market has benefited large corporations based in the Western world. Its impact
remains mixed for workers, cultures, and small businesses around the globe, in both
developed and emerging nations
Challenges to the Government
Traditional National or Identity

Challenges Movements
Global Economic Global Social

1. Traditional Challenges
Movements
2. External intervention
 External intervention can generally be described as invasion by other countries. For

example, when Saddam Hussein was the ruler of Iraq in 1990, he decided he was going to
take over the oil fields of Kuwait. He invaded Kuwait and took it over. As result, he was
dislodged by an international coalition led by Unites States.

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3. Internal Political Challenges
 Internal political challenges can also happen. For example, In Syria, the original rebellion
against Assad came from the country’s own internal dissenters who wanted to replace the
government even though they were also Syrian nationals.
4. National or Identity Movements
 The era of globalization is posing a variety of challenges to national identity. A scrutiny

of national identity as a concept reveals that national identity is actually a “four in one”
combination of institutional identity, interest identity, cultural identity and non-national
community identity, with formative mechanisms characterized the unity of the primordial
state and the constructive, expressive forms characterized by the unity of consciousness
and action, content characterized by the unity of politics and culture, and maintenance
mechanisms characterized by the unity of emotion and self-interest.
 In the global age, national identity crisis usually arises in political, economic and cultural
levels. The root cause for national identity crisis lies in the ineffectiveness of nation
states’ self-governance. In order to promote the construction of national identity in the
global age, we need to:
i. Promote reform of the political system, explore democratic models of governance,

and create the institutional preconditions for national identity;
ii. promote economic development, ensure fairness and justice, and guarantee
interests in national identity;
iii. develop national culture, strengthen value integration and enrich the cultural
significance of national identity; and
iv. recognize different levels of community development and promote community

integration in national identity
Global Economic

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The third major source of challenge comes from global economic. Global economy demands
the states to conform to the rules of free market capitalism. Government austerity comes from
developments of organizations that cooperate across countries, such as World Trade
Organization (WTO) and regional agreements, North American Free Trade Agreements
(NAFTA), the European union (EU), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Global Social Movements
Global social movements are not seen as a threat, but they challenge state sovereignty. Social
movements are movements of people that are spontaneous or that emerge through enormous
grassroot organization. These social movements are transnational movements which means they
occur across countries and across borders. Therefore, state have less control over them.
Example of social movements:
 Abolition of Slavery
 Civil Rights movements
 Animal Rights
 Environmental Movements
 Peace Movements
 Anti-Poverty
 LQBT Rights
References
 Challenges in National or Identity Movements
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02529203.2014.900889?
scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=rssc20
https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/spero.htm

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 Global Economic
https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Global_economics/Global_problems.html
 Global Social Movements
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14747731.2012.739343?journalCode=rglo20
 Tradional Challenges
https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/archive/dialogue/1_11/relevance_social/588
THE DIFFERENCE OF GLOBALISM AND INTERNATIONALISM
GLOBALISM
 refers to various systems with scope beyond the merely international. It is used by
political scientists to describe "attempts to understand all the interconnections of the
modern world.
History of the concept
 The term first came into widespread usage in the United States. Many of these early uses
of the term "globalist" in American English were pejorative uses by marginal political
groups like the Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazis.
 The modern concept of globalism arose in the post-war debates of the 1940s in the
United States. In their position of unprecedented power, US planners formulated policies
to shape the kind of postwar world they wanted, which, in economic terms, meant a
globe-spanning capitalist order centered exclusively upon the United States. This was the
period when US global power was at its peak: the country was the greatest economic
power the world had ever known, with the greatest military machine in human

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history. As George Kennan's Policy Planning Staff put it in February 1948: "We have
about 50% of the world's wealth but only 6.3% of its population. Our real task in the
coming period is to devise a pattern of relationships which will permit us to maintain this
position of disparity". America's allies and foes in Eurasia were still recovering from
World War II at this time.
 Globalism emerged as a dominant set of ideologies in the late twentieth century. As these
ideologies settled, and as various processes of globalization intensified, they contributed
to the consolidation of a connecting global imaginary. In 2010, Manfred Steger and Paul
James theorized this process in terms of four levels of change: changing ideas, ideologies,
imaginaries and ontologies.
 The imaginary (or social imaginary) is the set of values, institutions, laws, and symbols
common to a particular social group and the corresponding society through which people
imagine their social whole.
 Ontology is the philosophical study of being. More broadly, it studies concepts that
directly relate to being, in particular becoming, existence, reality, as well as the
basic categories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as a part of the major
branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology often deals with questions
concerning what entities exist or may be said to exist and how such entities may be
grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and
differences.
EXAMPLES OF MODERN GLOBALISM
UAE – As the top or as one of the top producers of oil, they hold multiple reins with countries
desiring their resources (legally and formally) by having the control on their products prices
and to whomever they want to deny access to their products.
China – As a trade-superpower, China, having a big reserve of income, they could offer loans to
transitioning and developing countries while including agreements that are favorable to their
end.

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USA – Their military offensive roots from their post-war vision during the late recovery of the
First World War, they amass resources from different strategic points with resources to
enhance their military might. (Obviously, The Philippines with its geographical advantage and
Middle East with its oil and other resources which are very valuable to them as it enables their
machineries.)
INTERNATIONALISM – Is the feeling in the minds of people of different countries in the

world that we are human beings regardless to their nationality, ethnic status, linguistic aspects
and any other socio-cultural features.
In 19th-century UK there was a liberal internationalist strand of political thought

epitomized by Richard Cobden and John Bright.
Cobden believed that Free Trade would pacify the world by interdependence, an idea also
expressed by Adam Smith in his The Wealth of Nations and common to many liberals of the
time. A belief in the idea of the moral law and an inherent goodness in human nature also
inspired their faith in internationalism.
1. Is when different countries or nations work together to promote similar causes or

interests. They work together because all of the nation’s benefit in some way. Often these
causes, or interests are promoted by international organizations, such as the UN or the
International Energy Agency.
2. May refer to: Multilateralism (international relations), multiple countries working in
concert on a given issue. Internationalism (politics), a political movement that
advocates a greater economic and political cooperation among nations.
HALLIDAY’S THREE VISIONS OF INTERNATIONALISM
 Hegemonic internationalism is a paradox within itself. Internationalism suggests

cooperation among nations for common good, while hegemony is an instance when one
nation has power over another nation.
“Is indeed paradoxical, it tackles how an autocratic perspective values their status over
others while enhancing relation to the latter.”

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 The Revolutionary Internationalist Movement (RIM) was an international Communist

organization founded in France in March 1984 by 17 various Maoist organizations
around the world. It sought to "struggle for the formation of a Communist International of
a new type, based on Marxism–Leninism–Maoism.
“Internationalism is an important component of socialist political theory,[5][6] based on

the principle that working-class people of all countries must unite across national
boundaries and actively oppose nationalism and war in order to overthrow
capitalism(see entry on proletarian internationalism). In this sense, the socialist
understanding of internationalism is closely related to the concept of
international solidarity.”
 Proletarian internationalism, sometimes referred to as international socialism, is the

perception of all communist revolutions as being part of a single global class
struggle rather than separate localized events.
 Liberal internationalism is a foreign policy doctrine that argues that liberal states
should intervene in other sovereign states in order to pursue liberal objectives. Such
intervention can include both military invasion and humanitarian aid.
“Liberal yet confining in a sense that it control others while imposing that these ‘others’
needs to be liberal or open too.”
International organizations and internationalism
For both intergovernmental organizations and international non-governmental

organizations to emerge, nations and peoples had to be strongly aware that they shared certain
interests and objectives across national boundaries and they could best solve their many
problems by pooling their resources and effecting transnational cooperation, rather than through
individual countries' unilateral efforts. Such a view, such global consciousness, may be termed
internationalism, the idea that nations and peoples should cooperate instead of preoccupying
themselves with their respective national interests or pursuing uncoordinated approaches to
promote them.

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Sovereign nations vs. supranational powers balance
Internationalism, in the strict meaning of the word, is still based on the existence
of sovereign nations. Its aims are to encourage multilateralism (world leadership not held by
any single country) and create some formal and informal interdependence between countries,
with some limited supranational powers given to international organizations controlled by those
nations via intergovernmental treaties and institutions.
The ideal of many internationalists, among them world citizens, is to go a step further
towards democratic globalization by creating a world government. However, this idea is
opposed and/or thwarted by other internationalists, who believe any world government body
would be inherently too powerful to be trusted, or because they dislike the path taken by
supranational entities such as the United Nations or the European Union and fear that a world
government inclined towards fascism would emerge from the former. These internationalists are
more likely to support a loose world federation in which most power resides with the national
governments.
References
 Conflict between Nationalism & Internationalism (2017)

blog.daffodilvarsity.edu.bd
 Education and internationalism (2016)

www.SlideShare.net
 Globalism (2011)
en.wikipedia.org
 Globalism Versus Globalization (2013)

www.theglobalist.com
 Globalization (2013)
simple.wikipedia.org

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 Globalization and Internationalism (2019)

www.jstor.org
 Globalization vs Internationalization. Globalization (2017)

www.educba.com
 How Globalization Impacts Local Culture & Society (2017)

study.com
 Internationalism - Dictionary Definition (2017)

www.vocabulary.com
 Internationalism | Definition of Internationalism (2015)

www.Dictionary.com
 Internationalism (politics) (2016)

en.wikipedia.org
 Is globalism the opposite of nationalism (2013)

www.quora.com
 Isolationism vs. Internationalism: False Choices (2014)

www.mauldineconomics.com
 Political globalization (2014)

en.wikipedia.org
 Types of internationalism (2014)

www.prezi.com
 What does internationalism mean? (2012)

www.definitions.net
 What is the difference between globalism and globalization? (2019)
www.quora.com

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Group 4
(Global Governance)
 Global governance or world governance is a movement towards political cooperation

among transnational actors, aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more
than one state or region.
 Institutions of global governance—the United Nations, the International Criminal Court,

the World Bank, etc.—tend to have limited or demarcated power to enforce compliance.
Global governance involves multiple states including international organizations with one
state having more of a lead role than the rest.
Aims of Global Governance
 To ensure that we as citizens of this earth, are able to accomplish our shared human aims.
 To ensure fair economic and political policies that are free from exploitation.
 To ensure every citizen is skilled, proficient in behavior.
 To establish national and international relations

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 To ensure that this world will be intact as one undivided unit.
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an organization between countries established on 24 October 1945
to promote international cooperation. It was founded to replace the League of Nations following
World War II and to prevent another conflict. When it was founded, the UN had 51 Member
States; there are now 193. Most nations are members of the UN and send diplomats to the
headquarters to hold meetings and make decisions about global issues.
History of United Nations
• On January 1, 1942, the name “United Nations,” was coined by United States president
Franklin D. Roosevelt and was first used in the declaration by United Nations of January
1, 1942, during the second world war, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their
governments to continue fighting against axis power.
• On October 24, 1945, the United Nations officially comes into existence. In this day
representative of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on
International Organization to draw up the United Nation Charter.
• The charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries.
Poland, which was not represented at the conference, signed it later and became one of
the original United nations member states.
• The charter officially ratified on October 24, 1945, when the charter had been ratified by
China, France, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, United states and by a majority of other
signatories.
• THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF UNITED NATIONS Maintaining International Peace To

maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of
the United Nations. To determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression

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and to recommend what action should be taken. To formulate plans for the establishment of
a system to regulate armaments.
Organs of the United Nations
 The General Assembly
 The Security Council
 World Economic and Social Council
 Trusteeship Council
 International Court of Justice
 The Secretariat
General Assembly
 The General Assembly is one of the principal organs of the UN, the only one in which all
the member nations have equal representation. It is the main deliberative, policy making,
and representative organ of the UN.
 All 193 Member States of the Organization are represented in the General Assembly -
one of the six main organs of the UN - to discuss and work together on a wide array of
international issues covered by the Charter of the United Nations, such as development,
peace and security, international law, etc. Every year in September, all the Members meet
in this unique forum at Headquarters in New York for the General Assembly session.
Sitting arrangements in the General Assembly Hall change for each session. During the
74th Session (2019-2020), Ghana occupies the first seat in the Hall, including in the Main
Committees (followed by all the other countries, in English alphabetical order).
Inside the General Assembly they talk about the following:
• How to reach specific goals
• Safeguarding human rights

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• To protect our common environment
• Strengthening the United Nations
Security Council
 The Security council is the one of the principal organs of the United Nations and whose
primary responsibility is the maintenance of international peace and security.
 The Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international
peace and security. It has 15 Members, and each Member has one vote. Under the Charter
of the United Nations, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council decisions.
 The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace
or act of aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means
and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement. In some cases, the
Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to
maintain or restore international peace and security.
Functions of Security Council
 to maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and
purposes of the UN;
 to investigate any dispute or situation that might lead to international friction and to
recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement;
 to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or an act of aggression and to

recommend what action should be taken;
 to call on members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use
of force in order to prevent or stop aggression;
 to take military action against an aggressor; and
 to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments.

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Economic and Social Council
 The Economic and Social Council is the one of the principal organs of the United
Nations, and is responsible for the direction and coordination of the economic, social,
humanitarian, and cultural activities carried out by United Nations.
 ECOSOC was established by the UN Charter (1945), which was amended in 1965 and
1974 to increase the number of members from 18 to 54. ECOSOC membership is based
on geographic representation: 14 seats are allocated to Africa, 11 to Asia, 6 to eastern
Europe, 10 to Latin America and the Caribbean, and 13 to western Europe and other
areas. Members are elected for three-year terms by the General Assembly. Four of the
five permanent members of the Security Council have been continuously reelected
because they provide funding for most of ECOSOC’s budget, which is the largest of any
UN subsidiary body. Decisions are taken by simple majority vote. The presidency of
ECOSOC changes annually.
 The council was designed to be the UN’s main venue for the discussion of international
economic and social issues. ECOSOC conducts studies; formulates resolutions,
recommendations, and conventions for consideration by the General Assembly; and
coordinates the activities of various UN organizations. Most of ECOSOC’s work is
performed in functional commissions on topics such as human rights, narcotics,
population, social development, statistics, the status of women, and science and
technology; the council also oversees regional commissions for Europe, Asia and the
Pacific, Western Asia, Latin America, and Africa.
Functions of ECOSOC
• Promote Sustainable Development
• Advancing Policy Integration
• Coordinating Humanitarian Action

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• Building Partnership
• Engaging Youth
Trusteeship Council
 The United Nations Trusteeship Council is one of the six principal organs of the United
Nations. It is established to help or ensure that trust territories were administered well in
their best interests of their and inhabitants and of international peace and security.
 In setting up an International Trusteeship System, the Charter established the Trusteeship

Council as one of the main organs of the United Nations and assigned to it the task of
supervising the administration of Trust Territories placed under the Trusteeship System.
The main goals of the System were to promote the advancement of the inhabitants of
Trust Territories and their progressive development towards self-government or
independence. The Trusteeship Council is made up of the five permanent members of the
Security Council -- China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the
United States. The aims of the Trusteeship System have been fulfilled to the extent that
all Trust Territories have attained self-government or independence, either as separate
States or by joining neighbouring independent countries.
 Under the Charter, the Trusteeship Council is authorized to examine and discuss reports
from the Administering Authority on the political, economic, social and educational
advancement of the peoples of Trust Territories and, in consultation with the
Administering Authority, to examine petitions from and undertake periodic and other
special missions to Trust Territories.
There were eleven trust territories under the administration of the UN Trusteeship Council:
1. Western Samoa
2. Tanganyika
3. Rwanda- Urundi

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4. Cameroons under British Administration
5. Cameroons under French Administration
6. Togoland under British Administration
7. Togoland under French Administration
8. New Guinea
9. Nauru
10.Strategic Trust Territory/ Trust Territory of the Pacific Island
11.Italian Somaliland
International Court of Justice
 The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the UN. It began to
work in 1946, and it is composed of 15 judges elected to nine year terms by the United
Nations General Assembly.
 The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes
submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by
authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. The Court decides disputes
between countries, based on the voluntary participation of the States concerned. If a State
agrees to participate in a proceeding, it is obligated to comply with the Court’s decision.
 The International Court of Justice is composed of 15 judges elected to nine-year terms of

office by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. The Court may
not include more than one national of the same State. Moreover, the Court as a whole
must represent the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world.
These organs vote simultaneously but separately. In order to be elected, a candidate must
receive an absolute majority of the votes in both bodies. This sometimes makes it
necessary for a number of rounds of voting to be carried out. In order to ensure a measure
of continuity, one third of the Court is elected every three years. Judges are eligible for

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re-election. Should a judge die or resign during his or her term of office, a special
election is held as soon as possible to choose a judge to fill the unexpired part of the term.
Functions of International Court of Justice
• Function as international court for international law.
• Settle legal disputes
• Renders judgement by relative majority
The Secretariat
 The Secretariat is the United Nations executive arm. The Secretariat has an important role
in setting the agenda for the UN’s deliberative and decision making bodies of United
Nations also the implementation of the decision of these bodies.
Functions of TheSecretatriat
• To gather and prepare information.
• To help carry out decisions made by the other organs.
• To organize international conferences.
• To keep the public informed.

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REFERENCES
Organs of the United Nations:
https://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/main-organs/index.html
Global Governance:
https://www.visionofearth.org/politics/global-governance-2/
The Main Objectives of United Nations
Maintaining International Peace
To maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of
the United Nations.
To determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what
action should be taken.
To formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments.
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-
do/&ved=2ahUKEwiZu9rCn_znAhWvGKYKHQZkDn4QFjAEegQIDxAI&usg=AOvVaw3t7L
4B8lFGZdA0RSNU4hKI&cshid=1583167784133
Promoting Human Rights
The right to work in just and favourable conditions.

the right to social protection, to an adequate standard of living and to the highest attainable
standards of physical and mental well-being.
The right to education and the enjoyment of benefits of cultural freedom and scientific progress

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Reference:
.https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/human-
rights/&ved=2ahUKEwj-
oa7xn_znAhWJGqYKHUV6Aj0QFjAKegQIAhAB&usg=AOvVaw0Kk_YTyqODvbPME06B
Y2x3
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/education/human-
rights-explained-fact-sheet-8promoting-and-protecting-human-rights-un&ved=2ahUKEwj-
oa7xn_znAhWJGqYKHUV6Aj0QFjALegQICRAB&usg=AOvVaw2BvYeAZFgShA01aWU6
Wiqp&cshid=1583167888036
Fostering Social and Economic Development
No poverty
Zero hunger
Good health
Quality education
Gender equality
Clean water and sanitation
Affordable and clean energy
Descent work and economic growth
Industry,innovation and infrastructure
Reduced Inequity
Sustainable cities and communities
Responsible consumption and production
Climate action
Life below water
Life on land

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Peace and justice strong institutions

Partnership to achieve the goal
Reference:
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/about-us/united-
nations-social-development-network-
unsdn.html&ved=2ahUKEwilr_iooPznAhVvwosBHaZmCW4QFjABegQIDhAG&usg=AOvVa
w27Msaeod4zDWC2jD8u4W6k&cshid=1583167994406
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/10/569202-un-urged-help-
countries-devastated-recent-natural-disasters-build-back-
better&ved=2ahUKEwj9iNHuoPznAhUOVpQKHXhNDK0QFjAAegQIBRAB&usg=AOvVaw
1MEtBeIz2UlDhBMhEj7dLY
Developing friendly international relations among world nations
Possibility of good trading relationship which could generate for both parties
Less chance of war that could cost millions of citizens lives and cause massive destruction
Ability to tackle things too big for a single nation alone.
Reference:
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/deliver-
humanitarian-
aid/&ved=2ahUKEwiK17WMofznAhVrxosBHbq3CXMQFjAAegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw0v-
-cOs1k0astctkePIh1L

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Solving International problems of any nature ( economic ,culture, social)
Greenhouse gases emissions.
Energy use and management.
Waste generation and management.
Fresh water use and management.
Staff awareness.
Reference:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.unocha.org/our-
work/coordination/un-disaster-assessment-and-coordination-
undac&ved=2ahUKEwiK17WMofznAhVrxosBHbq3CXMQFjACegQIDBAK&usg=AOvVaw3
awprtkFTW8hLqNaiND6RH
CHALLENGES IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN 21st CENTURY
 Challenges to practical solution ideas for the big and severe violations of people's rights
and freedoms during inter-or intra-state wars or conflicts continue to erode human security in
different parts of the world.
 Economic and Political Inequality have long lasting implications towards the Global
Governance.
 The changing character of global governance and where it is located;
 The geopolitics of the right to development stemming from the rise of the “Rest”,
including BRICS, and the transformation of the global development agenda due to their rise;

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 The reorientation of the third world—the traditional constituency of the right to

development and the emergence of a more counter-hegemonic form of the third world;
 The global crisis of ends and means, most visibly seen in the global financial and
economic crisis that burst forth in 2008 and which strongly suggests that the right to
development can no longer rest on a conception of development that is merely rights- friendly,
humane and participatory and otherwise neoclassical, but must reckon with the limits to
development itself and with the implications of such an approach for human rights.
CURRENT PROBLEMS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN 21st CENTURY
• Inequality has grown trememdously.The least developed countries are continuously

losing terrain to fast growing economies.
• Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and global warming.Temperatures are still rising
while biodiversity is decresing at a dangerous pace.
• Security risk as the continued deterioration in the Middle East challenges the principles
of Global Governance.
• Combat Terrorism
• Pevent Nuclear waepon proliferation
• Poverty etc.
GAPS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE :
 Knowledge Gaps
 Normative Gaps
 Policy Gaps
 Institutional Gaps
 Compliance Gaps

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References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/
http://internationalrelations.org/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
The relevance of state amidst globalization
What is state?
A state is a distinctive political community with its own set of rules and practices. More or less
separate with other countries. It has its four elements which are people, territory, government
and sovereignty
The first element which is people is considered to be in a permanent population which is not a
nomadic.This permanence is strengthened by a second element which is the definite territory

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and a territory is effectively controlled by the third element which is the government.
Ourgovernment is handling relation among its people inside and outside its territory.This is why
our state is constituted sovereign political structure encompassing people, territory, constitution
and autonomy from other state.
What is the relevance of state amidst globalization?
State is irrelevant because it cannot keep pace with the economic force.Then there are the critics
who assert that the state is relevant because it can influence the direction that those forces take.
"State is considered to be the major players of global stage."(Gilpin 2001).
How does the role of the state is affected with Globalization?
 Less relevant
 Become dependent
 Allow to break barriers all over the world
“The state legitimacy is not how effectively it can handle Globalization but how effectively
provisions public good”.
“It is not the strongest of the species that survives or the most intelligent but rather the one most
responsive to change” Charles Darwin
References:
Https://www.thenewfederalist.eu
Https://www.bbcworldwide.com
Https://www.e.ir.info

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Group 5
(Global North and South)
Global South
• The term "Global South" emerged in the 1950s but Carl Oglesby became the first person
to give it a contemporary political use when he commented on the US’s dominance over
the global south. It is a social and political movement against global inequalities which
often lead to categorizing states as developed and developing or First and Third World.
• The term Global South is a dynamic term that does not consider geographic locations,
meaning that, members of this grouping who reach a certain development threshold may
cross over to the Global North.
• Even in the Global North, some regions within the developed countries live in conditions
that resemble the conditions of the Global South.
South-South Cooperation
• After the initial references for the term, it has emerged as a unifying identity that
politically and economically brings together countries within the southern hemisphere.
This unity also extends to cultural, social, technical, and environmental cooperation is the
framework called South-South Cooperation (SSC).
Global North
• The Global North include the G8 countries, the United States, Canada, all member states
of the European Union, Israel, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, as well as Australia and
New Zealand and four of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security
Council, excluding China.
• These countries were called the FIRST WORLD , plus much of the SECOND WORLD
Global South

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• The Global South is an emerging term used by the World Bank to refer to low and middle
income countries located in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean which
contrast to the high income of nations of FIRST and SECOND WORLD countries.
• These countries were called the THIRD WORLD
First World Countries
• United States • New Zealand
• Canada • Japan
• Australia • Western Europe countries
First World
• While the term was initially used during the Cold War to describe countries that were in
alignment with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and opposed to the Soviet
Union, we use “First World” today to describe highly developed countries.
• According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, First World countries are known as “the
highly developed industrialized nations often considered the westernized countries of the
world”. They’re typically considered those with low political risks, a high standard of
living, a well-functioning democracy, and economic stability. They can be identified
through various measures, such as life expectancy, literacy rates, GDP, GNP, and the
Human Development Index.

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Second World Countries
• Bulgaria
• Czech Republic
• Hungary
• Poland
• Romania
• Russia
• China
Second World
• But there are also countries that aren’t at the top in a political and economic sense but
aren’t quite at the bottom, either. These countries are somewhere in the middle and are
called Second World nations. We don’t use the term “Second World” very often, but as
mentioned earlier these were originally defined as the socialist, industrial states that were
under Soviet influence during the Cold War.
• Second World countries are more stable and developed than the Third World, but aren’t
quite on the same economic and political level as countries in the First World. They are
also sometimes referred to as “emerging markets” as their economies are gradually
developing and moving closer to developing First World status.
Third World Countries
• Third World countries included nations mostly in Asia and Africa that were not aligned
with either the United States or the Soviet Union.
• During the Cold War, Third World countries were seen as those that were neither aligned
with the Soviet Union or NATO. Today, our usage of “Third World” is a little broader.

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• The dictionary defines Third World countries as “the aggregate of the underdeveloped
nations of the world”. Today, they are commonly referred to as “developing” or
“undeveloped” nations. While there isn’t one definition that’s been agreed upon
universally, Third World countries can be identified by a low Human Development
Index, an industrial base that’s not very developed and a low GDP per capita in
comparison with other nations. They can have various factors in common, such as high
levels of pollution, low access to safe drinking water and hygiene, many road traffic
accidents, low education levels, government corruption, and poverty.
GLOBAL STRATIFICATION
• Global stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups in

societies around the world. Global inequality refers to the unequal distribution of
resources among individuals and groups based on their position in the social hierarchy.
Human Development Index (HDI)
• The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index that measures key dimensions of
human development.
• The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical tool used to measure a country's
overall achievement in its social and economic dimensions. The social and economic
dimensions of a country are based on the health of people, their level of education
attainment and their standard of living.
BY THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX:
1. Norway (0.949) 6. Singapore (0.925)
2. Australia (0.939) 7. Netherlands (0.924)
3. Switzerland (0.939) 8. Ireland (0.923)
4. Germany (0.926) 9. Iceland (0.921)
5. Denmark (0.925) 10. Canada/USA (0.920)

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REFERENCES:
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-global-south.html
https://www.slideshare.net/kmrizon/the-global-north-vs-the-global-south-32554915
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSbwHg1RjUQ
tps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSbwHg1RjUQ

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Group 6
(Asian Regionalism)
Asian Regionalism
 Asian regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political planning. As a

result of successful, outwardoriented growth strategies, Asian economies have grown not
only richer, but also closer together
 In Asia, regionalism—a development attracting growing international interest—is

characterized by plurality and contest. The building of regional institutions is not only a
response to the need for practical co-operation in commercial, security and other matters,
but is also shaped by specific national interests and national rivalries, and by different
ways of thinking about ‘region’.
Difference between Regionalization and Globalization\
 Regionalization - In economics, regionalization or sometimes termed as localization – is

a strategy in economics which focuses on a particular region or area - it employs
differentiation based on regions. Regionalization is the concentration of economic
activities – trade in goods and services, movement of capital and people – within a
particular region or country.
 Globalization - Globalization is a strategy that refers to the use of the same business
strategies by multinational companies in all the markets they operate in. Globalization
exceeds regional boundaries, products are being promoted without region-specific focus.
Globalization entails a well-known set of benefits – economic growth, improvement in
resource allocation, and the promotion of technological progress – while its costs include
greater income inequality
History of Asian Regionalization in Southeast Asia
 After the Great War, regional leaders around the world look for new structure on how
they will manage their shared interest, threats, and opportunities.

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 On 8 August 1967, five leaders of Southeast Asian countries – the Foreign Ministers of
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand – meet together in the
Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok, Thailand and signed a document.
 And by virtue of that document, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
was born.
 The five Foreign Ministers who signed it – Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso R. Ramos
of the Philippines, Tun Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore and
ThanatKhoman of Thailand- would lter be hailed as the Founding Fathers of probably the
most successful intergovernmental organization in the developing world today.
 And the document that they have signed will be known as ASEAN Declaration.
Primary Regional Organization in Asia
1. ASEAN
2. ASEAN+3
3. East Asia Summit
4. Asia-Europe Meeting
5. ASEAN Regional Forum
6. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
7. Pacific Islands Forum
8. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
9. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Factors Leading to a Greater Integration

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1. MUTUAL BENEFIT - when it comes to trade, these nations can readily supply each
other’s needs.
2. TRADE - The world economy is intertwined with each other whether we like it or not.
We all want or need something from another part of the world, and global trade facilitates
that.
3. SIMILAR CULTURE - The cultures of Asia is diverse but they do share many things.
This makes it an easier fit during times of negotiations.Tthe people of this region are
generally alike in appearance, temperament which is seemingly peaceful. They tend to
get along quite well even on an individual level
4. COMMON GOALS - The Asian region recognizes the mutual benefit of a slow
integration. The territories involved are not far from each other and the industriousness of
its population can work as a powerful negotiating block against those from other parts of
the world.
5. SIMILAR SECURITY NEEDS - aside from small localized rebels, this association needs
only to contend with foreign-supported terrorist groups which are usually handled well.

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Compiled-W.R - Lecture notes 5,6,7

BS accountancy (University of Cebu)

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- Protecting one economy from foreign competition by creating trade barriers.

Actors that facilitate economic globalization

Two types of actors

A. International Governmental Organizations. (IGO's)

B. International Non-Governmental organizations. (NGO's)

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Modern World System Analysis

- According to Immanuel Wallerstein in 1970. The World-system is dynamic and

The Tripatite World System.

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- leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.

Economic Global Integration.

- Is an arrangement among nations that typically includes the reduction or eliminations of

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The Role of International Financial Institution in creation of Global Economy

Role of International Financial Institution

Main Objectives of International Financial Institution

• To support sustainable economic, social and institutional development and

• To promote regional cooperation and integration.

Different types of International Financial Institution

1. THE WORLD BANK

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6. CAF – DEVELOPMENT BANK OF LATIN AMERICA

THE WORLD BANK

 Established in 1944, The World Bank Group is headquartered in Washington, D.C. We

The European Investment Bank focuses on four areas:

• Climate and environment

• Innovation and skills

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ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK

• We foster innovative and sustainable solutions to the world’s greatest development

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

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• Addressing remaining poverty and reducing inequalities

• Accelerating progress in gender equality

• Making cities more livable

Promoting rural development and food security

Strengthening governance and institutional capacity

• Governance and institutional reforms are needed to sustain development momentum in

Fostering regional cooperation and integration

• Operations are expected to enhance connectivity and competitiveness, promote regional

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EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

The EBRD's unique mandate

CAF – DEVELOPMENTBANK OF LATIN AMERICA

The CorporacionAndina de Fomento (CAF) – Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina is

INTER – AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP

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1. Overview of International Financial Institutions

2. The World Bank (https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/what-we-do?

3. European Investment Bank (https://www.eib.org/en/about/index.htm?

4. Islamic Development Bank (https://www.isdb.org/what-we-do?