Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sets
Sets
Content:
Subsets and the Universal Set. Complement of a set, Venn Diagrams,
Intersection and Union of Sets, Problem Solving.
The diagram shows that P is contained in U, i.e. P C U. There can also be other
Subsets of U. The elements of U which are not contained in P form the Complement
of P. This is written as P1.
Example 8a
A = {Factors of 18}
Solution:
A = {1, 2, 3, 6, 9}
You should notice that the factor 18 was not listed. This is because A should only
contain factors which are in U.
U
4
A 5 7 8
1 2
3 6
The numbers {1, 2, 3, 6, 9} are within the circle but {4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11} are outside
the circle but within the rectangle. They make up the Complement A1.
(i) A1 = {4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11}; the elements which are outside the circle but in the
rectangle.
Notice in the Venn Diagram that the numbers 0, 9 and 15 belong to neither
A nor B whereas the number 2 belong to both A and B.
(c) (i) A ∩ B = {2}
(ii) A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}
Notice that n(A) = 9, n(B) = 10, N(A∩B) = 1 , n(A ∪B) = 18 and 18 = 9 + 10 –
1. We have the relationship
Activity 8a ¡ 10 Minutes
No. of
elements 1 2 3 4 .......... n
No. of 2 4 8 16
Subsets = 21 = 22 = 23 = 24 ........... 2n
See that the number of Subsets can be expressed as a power of 2. The power
corresponds to the number of elements in the set.
No. of Subsets = 2n where n represents the number of elements in the set.
Example: if P = {a, e, i, o, u} then
n(P) = 5, number of Subsets would be 25, which is 32.
Every increment of 1 in the number of elements results in an increase by a power of 2
in the number of Subsets. We say that the number of Subsets increases exponentially.
Checkpoint
In the Venn Diagram shown, the regions 1 – 4 represent the following:
2 – Members in A ∩ B
3 – Members in B Only
This is the general relation between the Union and Intersection of two Sets. It is
commonly called the Two Set formula.
Activity 8b ¡ 15 Minutes
1. A survey was carried out among 50 persons to find out which daily
newspapers they read. 35 claimed they read the Chronicle and 30 claimed they
read the Stabroek. Every person read at least one paper.
How many read:- (i) Both papers
(ii) Chronicle Only
(iii) Stabroek Only
(iv) Only one paper
Use a Venn Diagram to show your information.
2. In a club containing 25 adults, 17 played Lotto and 20 played Bingo. 4
played neither of these games.
How many played:- (i) At least 1 game
(ii) Both games
(iii) Lotto Only
(iv) Bingo Only
Summary: Sets
Answers to Activities.
Activity 7a
1. (a) Finite (b) Infinite (c) Finite
Activity 7b
1. (a) P = { x : x ≤ 20; x ∈ N}
P = {1, 2, 3, 4 ... 20}
(b) Q = { x : -3 < x ≤ 3; x ∈ Z}
Q = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
(c) R = { x : -3 < x ≤ 3; x ∈ R}
i. e.
Activity 8a
1. (i) U = {1, 2, 3 ... 20}
A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19}
(ii) (a) A1 = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20}
C1 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}
(b) A ∩ C = {3, 9, 15}
(c) A ∪ C = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19}
(d) (A ∪ C)1 = {2, 4, 8, 10, 14, 16, 20}
(e) (A ∩ C)1 = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}
(iii) Venn Diagram.
Discussion
State one feature that distinctly identifies a named set from another.