Computer Science for Mechanical Engineering

Lecture 2: Modeling
1. Some concepts

2. APDL Commands

3. Geometry Generation

4. Demos of combined examples

2
References

R[1]: ANSYS Mechanical APDL Modeling and Meshing Guide. Release 15.0, 2013.
( Chapter 5: Solid Modeling, pp. 33)

3
 SOME CONCEPTS
A finite element solution may be broken into the following three stages. This is a general guideline that can be
used for setting up any finite element analysis.

 Preprocessing: defining the problem; the major steps in preprocessing are given below:
• Define keypoints/lines/areas/volumes
• Define element type and material/geometric properties
• Mesh lines/areas/volumes as required
The amount of detail required will depend on the dimensionality of the analysis (1D, 2D, axis-symmetric, 3D).

 Solution:
• Assigning loads (point or pressure),
• Assigning constraints (translational and rotational)
• Solving
 Postprocessing: further processing and viewing of the results; in this stage one may wish to see:
• Lists of nodal displacements
• Element forces and moments
• Deflection plots
• Stress contour diagrams
4
 Preprocessing: Define keypoints/lines/areas/volumes
Any solid model, whether assembled from the bottom up or from the top down, is defined in terms of
keypoints, lines, areas, and volumes.

Bottom up: first create keypoints and use those keypoints to

define higher-order solid model entities (lines, areas, and
volumes).
(Commands: Shown in Table in pp. 38, R[1])

Top down construction: you use geometric primitives (fully-

defined lines, areas, and volumes) to assemble your model.
The program automatically creates all the “lower” entities
(Commands: Shown in Table in pp. 53, R[1])

5
K, NPT, X, Y, Z
Defines a keypoint.
NPT : Reference number for keypoint
X, Y, Z: Keypoint location in the active coordinate system

L, P1, P2, NDIV, SPACE, XV1, YV1, ZV1, XV2, YV2, ZV2
Defines a line between two keypoints

LARC, P1, P2, PC, RAD --- > Defines a circular arc.
P1: Keypoint at one end of circular arc line.
P2: Keypoint at other end of circular arc line.
PC: Keypoint defining plane of arc and center of curvature side (with positive radius). Must not lie along the straight line
from P1 to P2. PC need not be at the center of curvature.
RAD: Radius of curvature of the arc. If negative, assume center of curvature side is opposite to that defined by PC. If RAD is
blank, RAD will be calculated from a curve fit through P1, PC, and P2.

CYL4, XCENTER, YCENTER, RAD1, THETA1, RAD2, THETA2, DEPTH

Creates a circular area or cylindrical volume anywhere on the working plane.

RECTNG, X1, X2, Y1, Y2

Creates a rectangular area anywhere on the working plane.

6
AADD, NA1, NA2, NA3, NA4, NA5, NA6, NA7, NA8, NA9
• Adds separate areas to create a single area.
• NA1 = ALL, AADD,ALL
• NA1 = P, AADD,P
AL, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8, L9, L10
• Generates an area bounded by previously defined lines.
• L1 = ALL, AL,ALL
• L1 = P, AL,P
A, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10, P11, P12, P13, P14, P15, P16, P17, P18
• Defines an area by connecting keypoints.
• At least 3 keypoints must be entered
• P1 = P,

7
Geometry Generation

Demo 01: Top Down construction

8
Geometry Generation

Demo 01: Top Down construction

Using the Ansys command

FINISH
/CLEAR
C***
C*** Geometry Top-Down
C***
/PREP7 ! open preprocessor
RECTNG,0,100,0,30 ! define rectangle
CYL4,30,25,20 ! define circle
AADD,ALL ! add areas

Using the GUI

- Preprocessor/modelling/create/areas/Rectangle/By Dimension
- Preprocessor/modelling/create/areas/Circle/By Dimension/solid circle Practice
- Preprocessor/modelling/Operate/Booleans/add/Areas
(see more in practice) 9
Geometry Generation

Demo 02a: Bottom-up

10
Geometry Generation

Demo 02a: Bottom-up

FINISH
/CLEAR
C***
C*** Bottom-up geometry generation
C***
/PREP7
C*** Bottom-up
K,1,0,0,0
K,2,1,0,0
K,3,0,1,0
K,4,1,1,0
K,5,0.5,0.5,0
L,1,2
L,1,3
L,3,4
LARC,2,4,5,1
AL,ALL

Bottom-up using the GUI

11
12
Geometry Generation

Demo 02b: Bottom-up

FINISH
/CLEAR
C***
C*** Bottom-up geometry generation
C***
/PREP7
C*** Bottom-up
K,100,-30,-30,0
K,101,-20,-30,0
K,102,-20,-30,15
K,103,-35,-30,15
K,104,-40,-30,5
L,100,101
L,101,102
L,102,103
LARC,103,104,101,8
L,104,100
AL,ALL
Bottom-up using the GUI
13
SOME COMMON COMMAND
ASBA, NA1, NA2, SEPO, KEEP1, KEEP2
• Subtracts areas from areas.
• SEPO = (blank) - The resulting areas will share line(s) where they touch.
= SEPO - The resulting areas will have separate, but coincident line(s) where they touch.
• KEEP1 = (blank) - Use the setting of KEEP on the BOPTN command.
= DELETE - Delete NA1 areas after ASBA operation (override BOPTN command settings).
= KEEP - Keep NA1 areas after ASBA operation
BLOCK, X1, X2, Y1, Y2, Z1, Z2
• Creates a block volume based on working plane coordinates.
VSBV, NV1, NV2, SEPO, KEEP1, KEEP2
• Subtracts volumes from volumes.

14
Demo 03: Bottom-up and Top-down combined

FINISH
/CLEAR
C*** Bottom-up and Top-down combined
/PREP7
CYL4,0,0,20
RECTNG,0,40,-5,5
K,21,-6,0,0
K,22,-2,0,0
K,23,0,2,0
K,24,0,4,0
K,25,-2,6,0
K,26,-6,6,0
K,27,-8,4,0
K,28,-8,2,0
LARC,22,23,24,2
LARC,24,25,26,2
LARC,26,27,28,2
LARC,28,21,22,2
A,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28
ASBA,1,3
15
Bottom-up using the GUI
Demo 03: Bottom-up and Top-down combined

Bottom-up using the GUI 16

Demo_04: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Combination

17
 Demo_04: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Combination

FINISH
/CLEAR
/PREP7
C*** Top-down
RECTNG,0,100,0,40
CYL4,100,0,30
ASBA,1,2
RECTNG,10,20,-30,10
AADD,ALL

18
 Demo_04: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Combination
C*** Top-down
BLOCK,-50,-10,-10,50,-20,20
CYL4,-30,20,8,,,,60
VSBV,1,2
CYL4,-30,20,12,,,,-60
VSBV,3,1
LSEL,NONE
ASEL,NONE
C*** Bottom-up
K,100,-30,-30,0
K,101,-20,-30,0
K,102,-20,-30,15
K,103,-35,-30,15
K,104,-40,-30,5
L,100,101
L,101,102
L,102,103
LARC,103,104,100,8
L,104,100
AL,ALL
VEXT,all,,,0,100,0
ASEL,all
VSBV,2,1
19
Practice: VEXT
C*** Top-down
FINISH
LSEL,NONE
/CLEAR
ASEL,NONE
/PREP7
BLOCK,-50,-10,-10,50,-20,20
C*** Top-down CYL4,-30,20,8,,,,60
RECTNG,0,100,0,40 VSBV,1,2
CYL4,100,0,30 CYL4,-30,20,12,,,,-60
ASBA,1,2 VSBV,3,1
RECTNG,10,20,-30,10 C*** Bottom-up What is wrong?
AADD,ALL K,100,-30,-30,0
K,101,-20,-30,0
K,102,-20,-30,15
K,103,-35,-30,15
K,104,-40,-30,5
L,100,101
L,101,102
L,102,103
LARC,103,104,100,8
L,104,100
AL,ALL
VEXT,all,,,0,100,0
ASEL,all
VSBV,2,1 20
Practice: VEXT

/CLEAR
/PREP7
C*** Top-down
RECTNG,0,100,0,40
k,5,0,0,20
k,6,50,0,25
k,7,50,40,30
k,8,0,40,25
l,5,6
l,6,7
l,7,8
l,8,5
al,5,6,7,8
vext,1,2,,,,20

21
Demo_04: Homework
View from z to xy plane with different angles of views

22
Coordinating Coordinate Systems in ANSYS Mechanical
• Why Coordinate Systems Matter
Allow the program to solve in a standard, global, Cartesian system while allowing loads,
constraints, material directions, layer information, beam sections, joints, result values, and a
whole slew of other important aspects of the model to be specified in unique coordinate systems

(pp. 15, R[1])

23
Coordinate Systems (pp. 15, R[1])
Several types of coordinate systems
• Global Coordinate Systems, (command: CS)
• An absolute reference frame.
• Cartesian, (0), cylindrical (1), and spherical (2)
• Local Coordinate Systems, (command: local)
• Establish your own coordinate system --- > easy for constructing model
• Cartesian, (0), cylindrical (1), and spherical (2)
• Others:
Display Coordinate System
Nodal Coordinate Systems
Element Coordinate Systems and the Results Coordinate System …
24
Coordinate Systems (pp. 15, R[1])
Several types of coordinate systems:
Active Coordinate System (Command: csys)
• You may define as many coordinate systems as you like, but only one of these systems may be
active at a time
• Initially, the global Cartesian system is active by default

Nodal Coordinate Systems

• the nodal coordinate system orients the degree
of freedom directions at each node
• You can rotate the nodal coordinate system at
any node to a desired orientation, NROTAT
25
SOME COMMON COMMAND
LOCAL,
WPCSYS,
ASBV,
ARSYM,
VEXT,
VROTAT,

26
LOCAL, KCN, KCS, XC, YC, ZC, THXY, THYZ, THZX, PAR1, PAR2
Defines a local coordinate system by a location and orientation.

KCN: Arbitrary reference number assigned to this coordinate system. Must be greater than 10.

KCS: Coordinate system type:

- 0: Cartesian;
- 1:CYLIN Cylindrical;
- 2: or SPHE Spherical

XC, YC, ZC: Location (in the global Cartesian coordinate system) of the origin of the new coordinate
system.
THXY: First rotation about local Z (positive X toward Y).
THYZ: Second rotation about local X (positive Y toward Z).
THZX: Third rotation about local Y (positive Z toward X).
PAR1: Used for elliptical, spheroidal, or toroidal systems. If KCS = 1 or 2, PAR1 is the ratio of the ellipse
Y-axis radius to X-axis radius (defaults to 1.0 (circle)). If KCS = 3, PAR1 is the major radius of the torus.
PAR2: Used for spheroidal systems. If KCS = 2, PAR2 = ratio of ellipse Z-axis radius to X-axis radius
(defaults to 1.0 (circle)). 27
28
Demo 05: Local coordinate systems
FINISH LOCAL,12,0,4,0,-10,0,0,45
/CLEAR WPCSYS
C*** CYL4,0,0,5,,,,30
C*** Local coordinate ASBV,ALL,ALL
systems LOCAL,13,1,0,6,0
C*** K,100,0,0,0
/PREP7 K,101,10,0,0
CYL4,0,0,20 K,102,10,50,0
RECTNG,0,40,-5,5 A,100,101,102
AADD,ALL ASBA,6,1
LOCAL,11,0,-4,-3,0
K,21,-6,0,0
K,22,-2,0,0
K,23,0,2,0
K,24,0,4,0
K,25,-2,6,0
K,26,-6,6,0
K,27,-8,4,0
K,28,-8,2,0
LARC,22,23,24,2
LARC,24,25,26,2
LARC,26,27,28,2
LARC,28,21,22,2
A,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28
ASBA,3,1

using the GUI 29

Demo 05: Local coordinate systems
FINISH LOCAL,12,0,4,0,-10,0,0,45
/CLEAR WPCSYS
C*** CYL4,0,0,5,,,,30
C*** Local coordinate ASBV,ALL,ALL
systems LOCAL,13,1,0,6,0
C*** K,100,0,0,0
/PREP7 K,101,10,0,0
CYL4,0,0,20 K,102,10,50,0
RECTNG,0,40,-5,5 A,100,101,102
AADD,ALL ASBA,6,1
LOCAL,11,0,-4,-3,0
K,21,-6,0,0
K,22,-2,0,0
K,23,0,2,0
K,24,0,4,0
K,25,-2,6,0
K,26,-6,6,0
Practices
K,27,-8,4,0
K,28,-8,2,0
LARC,22,23,24,2
LARC,24,25,26,2
LARC,26,27,28,2
LARC,28,21,22,2
A,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28
ASBA,3,1

USING THE GUI 30

Remarks: LOCAL Command

Common Error

FINISH
/CLEAR
C***
C*** Local coordinate systems
C***
/PREP7 Why ?
rectng,0,5,0,5
local,11,0,-10,-5,0
k,100,5,5,0 ! Working well at CS11
rectng,0,4,0,4 ! NOT WORKING AT CS11 ?? Why??

31
Remarks: LOCAL Command

Solutions:

FINISH
/CLEAR
C***
C*** Local coordinate systems
C***
/PREP7
rectng,0,5,0,5
local,11,0,-10,-5,0
wpcsys
k,100,5,5,0 ! Working well at CS11
rectng,0,4,0,4 ! WORKING AT CS11 now

32
Remarks: csys Command
FINISH
/CLEAR
C***
C*** Local coordinate systems
C***
/PREP7
rectng,0,5,0,5
local,11,0,-10,-5,0
wpcsys
k,100,5,5,0 ! Working well at CS11
rectng,0,4,0,4 ! WORKING AT CS11 now

csys,0 ! ???
k,100,2.5,2.5,0
csys,11 ! ???
k,101,2,2,0

wpcsys
rectng,0,2,0,2
33
Demo 06: Reflect, extrude, rotate

Command Practice
ARSYM
VEXT
VROTAT

34
Demo 06: Reflect, extrude, rotate
FINISH
/CLEAR
/PREP7
K,1,0,0,0
K,2,2,0,0
K,3,2,10,0
K,4,4,12,0
K,5,8,12,0
K,6,8,15,0
K,7,0,15,0 Practice
LARC,3,4,5,2
A,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
ARSYM,X,ALL
ARSYM,Y,ALL
AADD,ALL
VEXT,ALL,,,0,0,100
K,200,50,-20,100
K,201,50,20,100
VROTAT,1,,,,,,200,201,90
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Reflect>Areas
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Operate>Extrude>Areas>By XYZ Offset
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Operate>Extrude>Areas>About Axis 35
36
Demo 07: Drag, selection, components
Finish LARC,1001,1002,1000,50
/clear VDRAG,ALL,,,,,,100,101
/PREP7 CM, Dragvolume, VOLU
K,1,0,0,0 ASEL,NONE
K,2,2,0,0 RECTNG,50,80,-10,15
K,3,2,10,0 CM,A1,AREA
K,4,4,12,0 ASEL,NONE
K,5,8,12,0 CYL4,57,0,5
K,6,8,15,0 CYL4,60,5,5
K,7,0,15,0 CYL4,72,0,6
LARC,3,4,5,2 CM,A2,AREA
A,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 CMSEL,A,A1
ARSYM,X,ALL ASBA,A1,A2
ARSYM,Y,ALL VEXT,ALL,,,0,0,150
AADD,ALL ALLSEL
NUMSTR,LINE,100 VPLOT
K,1000,0,0,0
K,1001,0,0,100
K,1002,50,0,150
L,1000,1001

37
Demo08a: Move, copy, reflect

38
Demo08a: Move, copy, reflect

Finish
/clear
/PREP7
RECTNG,0,30,-10,10
CYL4,10,0,5,0,,270
ASBA,1,2
AGEN,2,ALL,,,60,0,0,,,1 ! move areas
AGEN,3,ALL,,,50,0,0 ! Copy
CSYS,1
AGEN,2,ALL,,,0,20,0
CSYS,0
ARSYM,X,ALL ! reflect

39
Demo08b: drag (continued)

40
See page 46,
Ref. [1]

41
Demo08b: drag (continued)
ASEL,NONE
CYL4,100,100,30,,20
NUMSTR,LINE,500
K,1000,100,130,0
K,1001,100,130,100
K,1002,100,160,130
K,1003,100,180,130
L,1000,1001
LARC,1001,1002,1000,30
L,1002,1003
VDRAG,ALL,,,,,,500,501,502 ! drag

42
Selecting and Components

• If you have a large model, it is helpful to work with just a portion of the model data to
apply loads, to speed up graphics displays, to review results selectively, and so on. Because
all ANSYS data are in a database, you can conveniently choose subsets of the data by using
selecting.
• Selecting enables you to select subsets of nodes, elements, keypoints, lines, etc. so that you
can work with just a handful of entities. The ANSYS program uses a database to store all
the data that you define during an analysis. This database design allows you to select only a
portion of the data without destroying other data.

43
Selecting and Components

• Typically, you perform selecting when you specify loads. By selecting nodes on a surface,
for example, you can conveniently apply a pressure on all nodes in the subset instead of
applying it to each individual node.
• Another useful feature of selecting is that you can select a subset of entities and name that
subset. For example, you can select all elements that make up the fin portion of a heat
exchanger model and call the resulting subset FIN. Such named subsets are
called components. You can even group several components into an assembly.

44
Selecting Entities
You can select a subset of entities using a combination of seven basic select functions:

Select - Selects items from the full set of data. This is

shown schematically in the form of a Venn diagram below.

45
Selecting Entities – Example

NSEL: Selects a subset of nodes.

NSEL, Type, Item, Comp, VMIN, VMAX, VINC, KABS
NSLL,S,1 ! Select all nodes on the selected lines
ESLN ! Select all elements attached to selected nodes

NSEL,S,LOC,X,0

KSEL, Type, Item, Comp, VMIN, VMAX, VINC, KABS

Selects a subset of keypoints or hard points.

Note-Crossover commands for selecting finite element model

GUI:
Utility Menu>Select>Comp/Assembly>Select All
Utility Menu>Select>Comp/Assembly>Select Comp/Assembly
Utility Menu>Select>Comp/Assembly>Select None
entities (nodes or elements) from solid model entities
(keypoints, areas, etc.) are valid only if the finite element
entities were generated by a meshing operation on a solid
model that contains the associated solid-model entities.

46
Selecting Entities – Example

NSEL: Selects a subset of nodes.

NSEL, Type, Item, Comp, VMIN, VMAX, VINC, KABS
NSLL,S,1 ! Select all nodes on the selected lines
ESLN ! Select all elements attached to selected nodes

NSEL,S,LOC,X,0
FINISH
/CLEAR
/PREP7
ET,1,PLANE42,,,3
RECTNG,0,100,0,10
ESIZE,3
AMESH,ALL
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0
ALLSEL
NSEL,S,LOC,Y,0

Demo with GUI

47
D, NODE, Lab, VALUE, VALUE2, NEND, NINC, Lab2, Lab3, Lab4, Lab5, Lab6
Defines degree-of-freedom constraints at nodes.
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Structural>Displacement>On Nodes

NODE
Node at which constraint is to be specified. If ALL, NEND and NINC are ignored and constraints are
applied to all selected nodes (NSEL). A component name may also be substituted for NODE.
Lab
Valid degree-of-freedom label. If ALL, use all appropriate labels.
Structural labels: UX, UY, or UZ (displacements); ROTX, ROTY, or ROTZ (rotations);

NSEL: Selects a subset of nodes.

D,ALL,ALL,0 Work together
D,1,UY,0 ! constrain node 1 in y direction (roller)
D,3,UX,0,,,,UY ! constrain node 1 in x and y direction (pin)
D,1,ALL ! constrain node 1 all 6 degrees of freedom
D,1,VOLT,20 ! voltage of node 1 is 20
D,2,TEMP,300 ! temperature of node 2 is 300

48
D, NODE, Lab, VALUE, VALUE2, NEND, NINC, Lab2, Lab3, Lab4, Lab5, Lab6
Defines degree-of-freedom constraints at nodes.
DK, KPOI, Lab, VALUE, VALUE2, KEXPND, Lab2, Lab3, Lab4, Lab5, Lab6
Defines DOF constraints at keypoints.
DL, LINE, AREA, Lab, Value1, Value2
Defines DOF constraints on lines.
DA, AREA, Lab, Value1, Value2
Defines DOF constraints on areas.

49
D, NODE, Lab, VALUE, VALUE2, NEND, NINC, Lab2, Lab3, Lab4, Lab5, Lab6
FINISH
/CLEAR
/PREP7
ET,1,PLANE42,,,3
RECTNG,0,100,0,10 Demo with GUI
ESIZE,3
AMESH,ALL
D,10,UX,0,,,,UY
D,24,UY,0

FINISH
/CLEAR
/PREP7
ET,1,PLANE42,,,3
RECTNG,0,100,0,10
ESIZE,3
AMESH,ALL
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0
D,ALL,ALL,0

50
F, NODE, Lab, VALUE, VALUE2, NEND, NINC
Main Menu>Solution>Define Loads>Apply>Structural>Force/Moment>On Nodes
Specifies force loads at nodes.
NODE
Node at which force is to be specified. If ALL, NEND and NINC are ignored and forces are applied to all selected
nodes [NSEL].
Lab
Valid force label. Structural labels: FX, FY, or FZ (forces); MX, MY, or MZ (moments)..
VALUE
Force value or table name reference for specifying tabular boundary conditions.
VALUE2
Second force value (if any). If the analysis type and the force allow a complex input, VALUE (above) is the real
component and VALUE2 is the imaginary component.
51
The Concentrated Load
F,1,FX,1000 ! force X direction at node 1
F,4,FY,-20e3 ! force -Y direction at node 4
F,1,MX,4e3 ! moment about X axis at node 1
F,2,MZ,42e3 ! moment about Z axis at node 2
F,1,FY,-1000,,5,2 ! applies a downward 1000 force at nodes 1, 3, and 5.
Notice the double comma after 1000.

F, NODE, Lab, VALUE, VALUE2, NEND, NINC

Specifies force loads at nodes.
FK, KPOI, Lab, VALUE, VALUE2
Defines force loads at keypoints.
52
FINISH
/CLEAR
/PREP7
ET,1,PLANE42,,,3
RECTNG,0,100,0,10
ESIZE,3
AMESH,ALL
D,10,UX,0,,,,UY
D,24,UY,0
F,60,FY,-20e3 ! force -Y direction at node 60

53
Selecting Entities
You can select a subset of entities using a combination of seven basic select functions:
Some commands available to select subsets of entities

LSEL: Selects a subset of lines.

LSEL, Type, Item, Comp, VMIN, VMAX, VINC, KSWP

LSEL,S,LOC,Y,2,6 ! Select lines that have center locations between Y=2 and Y=6
LSEL,A,LOC,Y,9,10 ! Add lines with center locations between Y=9 and Y=10
LSEL,S,LINE,,1,7 ! select a new set of lines based on line numbers 1 through 7

54
DL, LINE, AREA, Lab, Value1, Value2
Defines DOF constraints on lines.

LINE: Line at which constraints are to be specified. If ALL, apply to all selected lines [LSEL].
AREA: Area containing line. The normal to the symmetry or antisymmetry surface is assumed to lie on this area. Defaults to
the lowest numbered selected area containing the line number.
Lab: Symmetry label

Ex. DL, LSEL

FINISH
/CLEAR
/PREP7
RECTNG,0,100,0,10
LSEL,S,LOC,X,-1,2
DL,ALL,,UX,0
DL,ALL,,UY,0

Demo with GUI

55
The General Distributed Load
SF, Nlist, Lab, VALUE, VALUE2
Specifies surface loads on nodes.
Nlist: Nodes defining the surface
Lab: Valid surface load label (Structural, PRES, pressure)
VALUE: Surface load value

FINISH
/CLEAR
/PREP7
ET,1,PLANE42,,,3
RECTNG,0,100,0,10
ESIZE,3
AMESH,ALL
D,10,UX,0,,,,UY
D,24,UY,0
NSEL,S,NODE,,52,66,1 ! select top nodes
SF,ALL,PRES,200 ! load on upper surface

56
The General Distributed Load
SF, Nlist, Lab, VALUE, VALUE2
Specifies surface loads on nodes.
SFL, LINE, Lab, VALI, VALJ, VAL2I, VAL2J
Specifies surface loads on lines of an area.
SFA, AREA, LKEY, Lab, VALUE, VALUE2
Specifies surface loads on the selected areas.
SFE, ELEM, LKEY, Lab, KVAL, VAL1, VAL2, VAL3, VAL4
Specifies surface loads on elements.

57
References
Textbook
1. Thompson, K. M., and Thompson J. M., ANSYS Mechanical APDL for Finite
Element Analysis. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2017 (google book).

Reference texts
1. ANSYS Mechanical APDL Modeling and Meshing Guide. 2012.
2. ANSYS Mechanical APDL Introductory Tutorials. 2012
3. Larry J. Segerlind, Applied Finite Element Analysis, Second Edition, John Wiley
and Sons.

Software
1. Ansys Mechanical APDL
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