11.3 Polymers (Q)

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11.3 Polymers
Question Paper
Course CIE IGCSE Chemistry

Section 11. Organic Chemistry
Topic 11.3 Polymers
Difficulty Easy
Time allowed: 10
Score: /5
Percentage: /100
Page 1 of 3
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Question 1
A macromolecule is a very large molecule.
Macromolecules can be made by joining smaller molecules together. This is called polymerisation.
Which row in the table describes the formation of a polymer?
monomer polymer
A ethane poly(ethane)
B ethene poly(ethene)
C ethane poly(ethene)
D ethene poly(ethane)
[1 mark]
Question 2
The diagram shows the structure of an important product.
This product is formed by …... 1 .….. of an .….. 2 …… .

Which words complete gaps 1 and 2?
1 2
A addition polymerisation alkane
B addition polymerisation alkene
C cracking alkane
D cracking alkene
[1 mark]
Page 2 of 3
Question 3
Which process produces poly(ethene) from ethene?
A. Cracking
B. Addition polymerisation
C. Fermentation
D. Catalytic addition of steam
[1 mark]
Question 4
Which of the following does not cause a problem from the disposal of non-biodegradable plastics?
A. Waste plastic accumulates in oceans
B. In landfill, they take up valuable space
C. When incinerated, carbon monoxide is produced
D. Heat energy is released when burnt
[1 mark]
Question 5
Poly(ethene) is commonly used to make plastic bags.
Which property of poly(ethene) makes it difficult to dispose of?
A. Excellent resistance to chemical reactions
B. Flexible
C. High strength
D. Good transparency
[1 mark]
Page 3 of 3
11.3 Polymers
Question Paper

Topic 11.3 Polymers
Difficulty Medium
Time allowed: 10
Score: /5
Percentage: /100
Page 1 of 4
Question 1
Which statement about polymers is correct?
A. Addition polymers are all biodegradable.
B. Condensation polymers can all be hydrolysed to give amino acids.
C. Condensation polymers only exist in nature.
D. Forming addition polymers produces only one product.
[1 mark]
Question 2
The diagram shows three repeat units in the structure of an addition polymer.
Which alkene monomer is used to make this polymer?
[1 mark]
Page 2 of 4
Question 3
Which process does not produce carbon dioxide?
A. Combustion of methane
B. Fermentation of sugar
C. Polymerisation of ethene
D. Respiration
[1 mark]
Question 4
Polyesters and polyamides are types of synthetic polymer.
Which statements are correct?
1 They are made by addition polymerisation.

2 They are made by condensation polymerisation.
3 The monomers from which they are made are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
4 The monomers from which they are made contain reactive functional groups at their ends.
A. 1 and 3
B. 1 and 4
C. 2 and 3
D. 2 and 4
[1 mark]
Question 5
Poly(ethene) is an addition polymer.
Which term describes the monomer from which it is formed?
A. A saturated compound called ethane
B. A saturated compound called ethene
C. An unsaturated compound called ethane
D. An unsaturated compound called ethene
[1 mark]
Page 3 of 4
Page 4 of 4
11.3 Polymers
Question Paper

Topic 11.3 Polymers
Difficulty Hard
Time allowed: 20
Score: /9
Percentage: /100
Page 1 of 6
Question 1
In which row are the monomer and polymer chain correctly matched?
monomer part of polymer chain
A CH3CH=CHCH3 –CH(CH3)–CH(CH3)–CH(CH3)–CH(CH3)–
B CH2=CHCl –CHC–CHCl–CHCl–CHCl –
C CH3CH=CH2 –CH3–CH–CH2–CH3–CH–CH2–
D CH2=CHCH2CH3 –CH2–CH2–CH2–CH(CH2CH3)–
[1 mark]
Question 2
A polymer has the formula shown.
From which monomers can it be formed?
A. 1 and 2
B. 1 and 3
C. 2 and 4
D. 3 and 4
[1 mark]
Page 2 of 6
Question 3
The equation shows the formation of a polymer called Kevlar.
Which row describes Kevlar?

how the monomer is formed type of polymer
A addition polymerisation polyamide
B addition polymerisation polyester
C condensation polymerisation polyamide
D condensation polymerisation polyester
[1 mark]
Page 3 of 6
Question 4
A polymer can be made from methylpropene.
Which diagram shows the structure of the polymer?
[1 mark]
Question 5
Which row shows a natural polymer with the same linkages as a synthetic polymer?
natural polymer synthetic polymer
A complex carbohydrate nylon
B complex carbohydrate PET
C protein nylon
D protein PET
Page 4 of 6
[1 mark]
Question 6
The structure of polylactic acid (PLA) is given below.
What is the name given to the polymer link that is circled?

A. Peptide
B. Carbonyl
C. Amino
D. Ester
[1 mark]
Question 7
The structure of a synthetic polymer is shown.
The structure shows the synthetic polymer is a ......1...... . It is formed by ......2...... polymerisation.
Which words complete gaps 1 and 2?

1 2
A polyamide addition
B polyamide condensation
C polyester addition
D polyester condensation
[1 mark]
Page 5 of 6
Question 8
Ethene forms an addition polymer as shown.
Which terms describe this polymer?

A. A saturated compound called poly(ethane).
B. A saturated compound called poly(ethene).
C. An unsaturated compound called poly(ethane).
D. An unsaturated compound called poly(ethene).
[1 mark]
Question 9
Which two polymers have the same linkages bonding the monomers together?
A. Nylon and complex carbohydrate
B. Nylon and protein
C. PET and complex carbohydrate
D. PET and protein
[1 mark]
Page 6 of 6
11.3 Polymers
Question Paper

Topic 11.3 Polymers
Difficulty Easy
Time allowed: 30
Score: /23
Percentage: /100
Page 1 of 8
Question 1a
Cracking is used to convert long chain alkanes into shorter chain alkanes and alkenes. Alkenes are unsaturated compounds.
Decane, C10H22, can be cracked to give propene and one other product.
i)
Complete the chemical equation.
C10H22 → C3H6 + ...............
[1]
ii)
What is meant by the term unsaturated?
[1]
iii)
Describe a test to show that propene is an unsaturated compound.
test ......................................................................................................................................
result ...................................................................................................................................
[2]
[4 marks]
Page 2 of 8
Question 1b
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
Propene can be polymerised. The only product is polypropene. The equation for the polymerisation is:
i)
Name the type of polymerisation that occurs.
[1]
ii)
Deduce the maximum mass of polypropene that could be produced from 1 kg of propene.
............... kg [1]
iii)
Give the empirical formula of:
propene .............................................................................
polypropene .............................................................................
[2]
[4 marks]
Question 2a
Extended Only
Carboxylic acids can be converted into esters.
Polyesters are polymers made from dicarboxylic acids.
Name the other type of organic compound used in the formation of polyesters.
Page 3 of 8
[1 mark]
Question 2b
Extended Only
Name the type of polymerisation used in the manufacture of polyesters.
[1 mark]
Question 3
Extended Only
There are three functional groups in compound A.
Compound A can be used as a single monomer to produce two different polymers.

What type of condensation polymer is formed from compound A?
[1 mark]
Question 4a
Extended Only
Coal gas is made by heating coal in the absence of air.
The list shows the main gases present in coal gas.
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
ethene
hydrogen
methane
nitrogen
Ethene molecules react with each other to form poly(ethene).
What is the name given to this type of chemical reaction?
Page 4 of 8
[1 mark]
Question 4b
Extended Only
Which one of the following words describes the ethene molecules in this reaction?
Draw a circle around the correct answer.
elements mixtures monomers polymers

[1 mark]
Question 4c
Separate: Chemistry Only
Poly(ethene) is a non-biodegradable plastic.
What is meant by the term non-biodegradable?
[1 mark]
Question 4d
Describe one pollution problem caused by non-biodegradable plastics.
[1 mark]
Page 5 of 8
Question 5a
Extended Only
Poly(ethene) is made by the polymerisation of ethene.
Which one of the structures represents part of a poly(ethene) molecule?
Tick one box.
[1 mark]
Question 5b
Nylon is also a polymer.
Part of the structure of nylon is shown.
How many different types of atom are shown in this structure?

[1 mark]
Page 6 of 8
Question 6a
Extended Only
The structures of five alkenes, A, B, C, D and E, are shown.
Alkene C can be converted into a polymer.
What type of polymerisation occurs?

[1 mark]
Question 6b
Extended Only
Suggest the name of the polymer formed.
[1 mark]
Page 7 of 8
Question 6c
Extended Only
Complete the chemical equation to show this polymerisation.
[3 marks]
Question 6d
State the empirical formula of the polymer formed.
[1 mark]
Page 8 of 8
11.3 Polymers
Question Paper

Topic 11.3 Polymers
Difficulty Medium
Time allowed: 170
Score: /136
Percentage: /100
Page 1 of 33
Question 1a
Extended Only
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They show structural isomerism. Alkenes take part in addition reactions and form
polymers.
Ethene reacts with each of the following. Give the name and structural formula of each product.
i)
steam
name of product ..........................................................
structure of product
[2]
ii)
hydrogen
name of product ...........................................................
structure of product
[2]
[4 marks]
Page 2 of 33
Question 1b
Extended Only
Islay is an island off the west coast of Scotland. The main industry on the island is making ethanol from barley.
Barley contains the complex carbohydrate, starch. Enzymes catalyse the hydrolysis of starch to a solution of glucose.
Alkenes polymerise by addition.
i)
Explain the term polymerise.
[2]
ii)
What is the difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation?
[2]
iii)
Poly(dichloroethene) is used extensively to package food. Draw its structure. The structural formula of dichloroethene is
drawn below.
[2]
[6 marks]
Page 3 of 33
Question 2a
Lactic acid can be made from corn starch.
lactic acid
It polymerises to form the polymer, polylactic acid (PLA ) which is biodegradable.

Suggest two advantages that PLA has compared with a polymer made from petroleum.
[2 marks]
Page 4 of 33
Question 2b
Extended Only
The structure of PLA is given below.
i)
What type of compound contains the group that is circled?
[1]
ii)
Complete the following sentence.
Lactic acid molecules can form this group because they contain both an ............................. group and an .............................
group.
[2]
iii)
Is the formation of PLA, an addition or condensation polymerisation? Give a reason for your choice.
[2]
[5 marks]
Page 5 of 33
Question 2c
When lactic acid is heated, acrylic acid is formed.
i)
Complete the word equation for the action of heat on lactic acid.
lactic acid → ..................................... + .....................................

[1]
ii)
Describe a test that would distinguish between lactic acid and acrylic acid.
test ...............................................................................................................
result for lactic acid ...............................................................................................................
result for acrylic acid ...............................................................................................................
[3]
iii)
Describe a test, other than using an indicator, which would show that both chemicals contain an acid group.
test ...............................................................................................................
result ...............................................................................................................
[2]
[6 marks]
Page 6 of 33
Question 3a
Synthetic polymers are disposed of in landfill sites and by burning.
i)
Describe two problems caused by the disposal of synthetic polymers in landfill sites.
[2]
ii)
Describe one problem caused by burning synthetic polymers.
[1]
[3 marks]
Question 3b
Extended Only
State two uses of synthetic polymers.
[1 mark]
Page 7 of 33
Question 3c
Extended Only
The structural formulae of two synthetic polymers are given below.
i)
Draw the structural formula of the monomer of polymer A.
[2]
ii)
Identify the functional group circled in polymer B.
[1]
iii)
Deduce the two types of organic compound which have reacted to form polymer B.
[2]
[5 marks]
Page 8 of 33
Question 3d
Extended Only
Explain the difference between addition and condensation polymers. Classify A and B as either addition or condensation
polymers.
[3 marks]
Page 9 of 33
Question 4a
Extended Only
Polymers are made by the polymerisation of simple molecules called monomers.
i)
The structural formula of a polymer is given below.
This polymer is made by addition polymerisation. Draw the structural formula of its monomer.
[1]
ii)
The two monomers shown below form a nylon which is a condensation polymer.
Draw its structural formula showing one repeat unit of the polymer.
[3]
iii)
Name the natural macromolecule which contains the same linkage as nylon.
[1]
iv)
Explain the difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation.
[2]
[7 marks]
Page 10 of 33
Question 4b
Many polymers are non-biodegradable.
i)
Explain the term non-biodegradable.
[2]
ii)
State three problems caused by the disposal of non-biodegradable polymers.
[3]
[5 marks]
Page 11 of 33
Question 5a
Many monomer molecules react together to form one molecule of a polymer. This reaction is called polymerisation.
The structural formula of the polymer, poly(chloroethene), is given below. This polymer is also known as PVC.
i)
A major use of PVC is insulation of electric cables. PVC is a poor conductor of electricity.
Suggest another property which makes it suitable for this use.
[1]
ii)
One way of disposing of waste PVC is by burning it. This method has the disadvantage that poisonous gases are formed.
Suggest two poisonous gases which could be formed by the combustion of PVC.
[2]
[3 marks]
Page 12 of 33
Question 5b
Extended Only
i)
Deduce the structural formula of the monomer from that of the polymer.
structural formula of monomer ..................................................
[1]
ii)
Deduce the structural formula of the polymer, poly(phenylethene), from the formula of its monomer, phenylethene.
structural formula of polymer ..................................................
[2]
[3 marks]
Page 13 of 33
Question 5c
Extended Only
The carbohydrate, glucose, polymerises to form the more complex carbohydrate starch.
If glucose is represented by
then the structural formula of starch is as drawn below.
How does the polymerisation of glucose differ from that of an alkene such as phenylethene?
[2 marks]
Question 6a
Domestic rubbish is disposed of in landfi ll sites. Rubbish could include the following items.
approximate time for
item of rubbish
item to break down
newspaper one month
cotton rag six months
woollen glove one year
aluminium container up to 500 years
styrofoam cup 1000 years
Explain why aluminium, a reactive metal, takes so long to corrode.

[1 mark]
Page 14 of 33
Question 6b
Extended Only
Both paper and cotton are complex carbohydrates. They can be hydrolysed to simple sugars such as glucose.
The formula of glucose can be represented as:
Draw the structural formula of a complex carbohydrate, such as cotton.

Include at least two glucose units.
[2 marks]
Question 6c
i)
What is the scientific term used to describe polymers which do not break down in landfill sites?
[1]
ii)
Styrofoam is poly(phenylethene). It is an addition polymer. Its structural formula is given below. Deduce the structural formula
of the monomer, phenylethene.
[1]
[2 marks]
Page 15 of 33
Question 7a
Plastics are polymers. They are formed from their monomers by polymerisation.
Two methods for the disposal of waste plastics are
burning
recycling.
Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of each method.
burning ..............................................................................................................................
recycling ...........................................................................................................................
[4 marks]
Question 7b
Extended Only
i)
There are two types of polymerisation reaction. Give their names and explain the differences between them.
[4]
ii)
Give the structural formula of a polymer which is formed from two different monomers.
[2]
[6 marks]
Page 16 of 33
Question 8a
Extended Only
There are two types of polymerisation - addition and condensation.
Explain the difference between them.
[2 marks]
Question 8b
Extended Only
Poly(dichloroethene) is used to package food. Draw its structure. The structural formula of dichloroethene is shown below.
[2 marks]
Page 17 of 33
Page 18 of 33
Question 9a
Extended Only
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They are used both in research laboratories and in industry.
Enzymes called proteases can hydrolyse proteins to amino acids. The amino acids can be separated and identified by
chromatography. The diagram below shows a typical chromatogram.
i)
distance travelled by sample
The Rf value of a sample =
distance travelled by solvent front
Some Rf values for amino acids are:
glutamic acid = 0.4

glycine = 0.5
alanine = 0.7
leucine = 0.9
Identify the two amino acids on the chromatogram.
A is .............................. B is ..............................
[2]
Page 19 of 33
ii)
Explain why the chromatogram must be exposed to a locating agent before Rf values can be measured.
[1]
iii)
Measuring Rf values is one way of identifying amino acids on a chromatogram.
Suggest another.
[1]
iv)
The synthetic polymer, nylon, has the same linkage as proteins. Draw the structural formula of nylon.
[3]
[7 marks]
Page 20 of 33
Question 9b
Fermentation can be carried out in the apparatus drawn below. After a few days the reaction stops. It has produced a 12%
aqueous solution of ethanol.
i)
Complete the equation.
C6H12O6 → .............................. + ..............................

glucose ethanol carbon dioxide
[2]
ii)
Suggest a reason why the reaction stops after a few days.
[1]
iii)
Why is it essential that there is no oxygen in the flask?
[1]
iv)
What technique is used to concentrate the aqueous ethanol?
[1]
[5 marks]
Page 21 of 33
Question 10a
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They undergo addition reactions.
Two of the methods of making alkenes are cracking and the thermal decomposition of chloroalkanes.
i)
Complete an equation for the cracking of the alkane, decane.
C10H22 → ............................. + ......................................

decane
ii)
Propene can be made by the thermal decomposition of chloropropane.
Describe how chloropropane can be made from propane.
reagents propane and ..............................
conditions ...................................................
[4]
[4 marks]
Page 22 of 33
Question 10b
The following alkenes are isomers.
i)
Explain why they are isomers.
[2]
ii)
Give the name and structural formula of another hydrocarbon that is isomeric with the above.
name ......................................................
structural formula ......................................................
[2]
[4 marks]
Question 10c
Extended Only
Give the name of the product when but-1-ene reacts with each of the following.
steam .........................................................
hydrogen ....................................................
bromine ......................................................
Page 23 of 33
[3 marks]
Page 24 of 33
Question 10d
Alkenes can polymerise.
i)
Deduce the name and structural formula of the monomer from the structure of the polymer.
name of monomer .......................................................
structural formula .......................................................

[2]
ii)
Draw the structure of the polymer formed from the following monomer.
[2]
iii)
Describe the pollution problems caused by the disposal of polymers in landfill sites and by burning.
landfill sites ..................................................
[2]
burning ..................................................
[1]
[7 marks]
Page 25 of 33
Question 11a
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They show structural isomerism. Alkenes take part in addition reactions and form
polymers.
Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
Give an example of structural isomerism.
molecular formula ........................................
two structural formulae ........................................ and ........................................
[3 marks]
Page 26 of 33
Question 11b
Extended Only
Ethene reacts with each of the following. Give the name and structural formula of each product.
i)
steam
name of product ..........................................................
structure of product ..........................................................
[2]
ii)
hydrogen
name of product ...........................................................
structure of product ..........................................................
[2]
[4 marks]
Page 27 of 33
Question 11c
Extended Only
Alkenes polymerise by addition.
i)
[2]
ii)
What is the difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation?
[2]
iii)
Poly(dichloroethene) is used extensively to package food. Draw its structure. The structural formula of dichloroethene is
drawn below.
[2]
[6 marks]
Page 28 of 33
Question 12a
A compound X contains 82.76% of carbon by mass and 17.24% of hydrogen by mass.
i)
Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.
[2]
ii)
Compound X has a relative molecular mass of 58.
Deduce the molecular formula of compound X.
[2]
[4 marks]
Page 29 of 33
Question 12b
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
i)
State the general formula of alkenes.
[1]
ii)
State the empirical formula of alkenes.
[1]
[2 marks]
Question 12c
What is meant by the term unsaturated hydrocarbon?
unsaturated ..................................................
hydrocarbon ..................................................
[2 marks]
Question 12d
Describe a test that would distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
reagent ..................................................
observation (saturated hydrocarbon) ..................................................
observation (unsaturated hydrocarbon) ..................................................
[3 marks]
Page 30 of 33
Question 12e
Extended Only
Addition polymers can be made from alkenes. The diagram shows part of an addition polymer.
i)
Draw a circle on the diagram to show one repeat unit in this polymer.
[1]
ii)
Give the structure and the name of the monomer used to make this polymer.
structure ..................................................
name ..................................................
[2]
iii)
Give the structure of an isomer of the alkene in (e)(ii).
[1]
[4 marks]
Page 31 of 33
Question 13a
Extended Only
Alkenes can form polymers.
What type of polymerisation occurs when alkenes form polymers?
[1 mark]
Question 13b
Extended Only
Part of the structure of a polymer is shown.
Draw the structure of the alkene from which this polymer can be made. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.
[1 mark]
Page 32 of 33
Question 13c
Extended Only
Part of the structure of a polyamide is shown.
This polyamide is formed from identical monomers. Complete the diagram to show the structure of one monomer. Show all
of the atoms and all of the bonds.
[2 marks]
Page 33 of 33
11.3 Polymers
Question Paper

Topic 11.3 Polymers
Difficulty Hard
Time allowed: 150
Score: /120
Percentage: /100
Page 1 of 28
Question 1a
There are two types of polymerisation, addition and condensation.
Explain the difference between these two types of polymerisation.
[2 marks]
Question 1b
Some plastics, formed by polymerisation, are non-biodegradable.
Describe two pollution problems that are caused by non-biodegradable plastics.
[2 marks]
Question 1c
The polymer known as PVA is used in paints and adhesives. Its structural formula is shown below.
Deduce the structural formula of its monomer.

[1 mark]
Page 2 of 28
Question 1d
A condensation polymer can be made from the following monomers.
HOOC(CH2)4COOH and H2N(CH2)6NH2
Draw the structural formula of this polymer.

[3 marks]
Question 2a
A South Korean chemist has discovered a cure for smelly socks. Small particles of silver are attached to a polymer,
poly(propene), and this is woven into the socks.
i)
Give the structural formula of the monomer.
[1]
ii)
Draw the structural formula of the polymer.
[2]
iii)
Suggest which one, monomer or polymer, will react with aqueous bromine and why?
[2]
[5 marks]
Page 3 of 28
Question 2b
To show that the polymer contains silver the following test was carried out.
The polymer fibres were chopped into small pieces and warmed with nitric acid. The silver atoms were oxidised to silver(I)
ions. The mixture was filtered. Aqueous sodium chloride was added to the filtrate and a white precipitate formed.
i)
Why was the mixture filtered?
[1]
ii)
Explain why the change of silver atoms to silver ions is oxidation.
[1]
iii)
Give the name of the white precipitate.
[1]
[3 marks]
Page 4 of 28
Question 2c
Propanoic acid is a weak acid.
i)
The following equation represents its reaction with ammonia.
CH3CH2COOH + NH3 → CH3CH2COO–+ NH4+
Explain why propanoic acid behaves as an acid and ammonia as a base.

[2]
ii)
Explain the expression weak acid.
[1]
[3 marks]
Question 3a
Monomers polymerise to form polymers or macromolecules.
i)
[1]
ii)
There are two types of polymerisation - addition and condensation. What is the difference between them?
[2]
[3 marks]
Page 5 of 28
Page 6 of 28
Question 3b
An important monomer is chloroethene which has the structural formula shown below.
It is made by the following method.
C2H4 + Cl2 → C2H4Cl2 dichloromethane
This is heated to make chloroethene.
C2H4Cl2 → C2H3Cl + HCl
i)
Ethene is made by cracking alkanes. Complete the equation for cracking dodecane.
C12H26 → .................... + 2C2H4
[1]
Another method of making dichloroethane is from ethane.
C2H6 + 2Cl2 → C2H4Cl2 + 2HCl
ii)
Suggest a reason why the method using ethene is preferred.
[1]
iii)
Describe an industrial method of making chlorine.
[2]
iv)
Draw the structural formula of poly(chloroethene).
Include three monomer units.
[2]
Page 7 of 28
[6 marks]
Question 4a
Synthetic polymers are widely used in the modern world.
Their use has brought considerable advantages to modern life as well as some disadvantages.
i)
Suggest two advantages of a plastic bucket compared to a steel bucket.
[2]
ii)
Name two uses of man-made fibres, such as nylon and Terylene.
[2]
iii)
Describe the pollution caused by synthetic polymers.
[3]
[7 marks]
Page 8 of 28
Page 9 of 28
Question 4b
One type of polymer is formed by addition polymerisation.
i)
The structural formula of an addition polymer is given below.
Give the name and structural formula of the monomer.
name of monomer ..................................................
[1]
structural formula of monomer
[1]
ii)
Draw the structural formula of the addition polymer formed by the polymerisation of phenylethene. The structural formula of
phenylethene is given below.
[2]
[4 marks]
Page 10 of 28
Question 4c
Nylon is made by condensation polymerisation. It has the structural formula shown below.
i)
Name the linkage in this polymer.
[1]
ii)
Name the natural macromolecules which have the same linkage.
[1]
iii)
Deduce the formulae of the two monomers which reacted to form the nylon and water.
monomer ...................................................................................................................
monomer ...................................................................................................................
[2]
[4 marks]
Page 11 of 28
Question 5a
Esters, fats and polyesters all contain the ester linkage.
The structural formula of an ester is given below.
Name two chemicals that could be used to make this ester and draw their structural formulae. Show all bonds.
names .................................................. and ..................................................
[2]
structural formulae .................................................. and ..................................................
[2]
[4 marks]
Question 5b
i)
Draw the structural formula of a polyester such as Terylene.
[2]
ii)
Suggest a use for this polymer.
[1]
Page 12 of 28
[3 marks]
Page 13 of 28
Question 5c
Cooking products, fats and vegetable oils, are mixtures of saturated and unsaturated esters.
The degree of unsaturation can be estimated by the following experiment. 4 drops of the oil are dissolved in 5 cm3 of ethanol.
Dilute bromine water is added a drop at a time until the brown colour no longer disappears. Enough bromine has been added
to the sample to react with all the double bonds.
mass of saturated fat in 100g of mass of unsaturated fat in 100g of number of drops of bromine
cooking product
product / g product / g water
margarine 35 35 5
butter 45 28 4
corn oil 10 84 12
soya oil 15 70 10
lard 38 56 ....................
i)
Complete the one blank space in the table.
[1]
ii)
Complete the equation for bromine reacting with a double bond.
[2]
iii)
Using saturated fats in the diet is thought to be a major cause of heart disease.
Which of the products is the least likely to cause heart disease?
[1]
[4 marks]
Page 14 of 28
Question 5d
A better way of measuring the degree of unsaturation is to find the iodine number of the unsaturated compound. This is the
mass of iodine that reacts with all the double bonds in 100 g of the fat.
Use the following information to calculate the number of double bonds in one molecule of the fat.
Mass of one mole of the fat is 884 g.
One mole of I2 reacts with one mole C=C.
The iodine number of the fat is 86.2 g.
Complete the following calculation.
100 g of fat reacts with 86.2 g of iodine.
884 g of fat reacts with .............................. g of iodine.
One mole of fat reacts with .............................. moles of iodine molecules.
Number of double bonds in one molecule of fat is ..............................

[3 marks]
Page 15 of 28
Question 6a
Polymers are extensively used in food packaging. Poly(dichloroethene) is used because gases can only diffuse through it
very slowly. Polyesters have a high thermal stability and food can be cooked in a polyester bag.
The structure of poly(dichloroethene) is given below.
i)
Draw the structural formula of the monomer.
[1]
ii)
Explain why oxygen can diffuse faster through the polymer bag than carbon dioxide can.
[2]
[3 marks]
Question 6b
i)
A polyester can be formed from the monomers HO-CH2CH2-OH and HOOC-C6H4-COOH. Draw the structure of this
polyester.
[2]
ii)
Suggest what is meant by the term thermal stability.
[1]
[3 marks]
Page 16 of 28
Question 6c
i)
Describe two environmental problems caused by the disposal of plastic (polymer) waste.
[2]
ii)
The best way of disposing of plastic waste is recycling to form new plastics. What is another advantage of recycling plastics
made from petroleum?
[1]
[3 marks]
Question 7a
Alkanes and alkenes are both series of hydrocarbons.
i)
Explain the term hydrocarbon.
[1]
ii)
What is the difference between these two series of hydrocarbons?
[2]
[3 marks]
Page 17 of 28
Question 7b
Alkenes and simpler alkanes are made from long-chain alkanes by cracking.
Complete the following equation for the cracking of the alkane C20H42.
C20H42 → 2C4H8 + 2C2H4 + ...............

[1 mark]
Page 18 of 28
Question 7c
Alkenes such as butene and ethene are more reactive than alkanes.
Alkenes are used in the petrochemical industry to make a range of products, which includes polymers and alcohols.
i)
Dibromoethane is used as a pesticide. Complete the equation for its preparation from ethene.
+ Br2 →
[1]
ii)
The structural formula of a poly(alkene) is given below.
Deduce the structural formula of its monomer.
[2]
iii)
How is butanol made from butene, CH3–CH2–CH=CH2? Include an equation in your answer.
[2]
iv)
Cracking changes alkanes into alkenes. How could an alkene be converted into an alkane? Include an equation in your
answer.
[2]
[7 marks]
Page 19 of 28
Question 7d
20c m3 of a hydrocarbon was burnt in 175 cm3 of oxygen. After cooling, the volume of the remaining gases was 125 cm3. The
addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide removed carbon dioxide leaving 25 cm3 of unreacted oxygen.
i) volume of oxygen used = .......... cm3
[1]
ii) volume of carbon dioxide formed = .......... cm3
[1]
iii) Deduce the formula of the hydrocarbon and the balanced equation for the reaction.
[2]
[4 marks]
Page 20 of 28
Question 8a
Esters occur naturally in plants and animals. They are manufactured from petroleum. Ethyl ethanoate and butyl ethanoate
are industrially important as solvents.
i) Explain the term solvent.
[1]
ii)
Give the formula of ethyl ethanoate.
[1]
iii)
Ethyl ethanoate can be made from ethanol and ethanoic acid. Describe how these chemicals can be made.
ethanol from ethene ..................................................
[2]
ethanoic acid from ethanol ..................................................
[2]
iv)
Name two chemicals from which butyl ethanoate can be made.
[1]
[7 marks]
Page 21 of 28
Question 8b
A polymer has the structure shown below.
(i) What type of polymer is this?
[1]
(ii) Complete the following to give the structures of the two monomers from which the above polymer could be made.
[2]
[3 marks]
Page 22 of 28
Question 9a
Petroleum is a source of many important chemicals.
Name two industrial processes which must take place to produce alkenes from petroleum.
[2 marks]
Question 9b
Ethene, CH2=CH2, and propene, CH2=CHCH3, can both be converted into polymers.
i)
What type of polymerisation takes place when ethene forms a polymer?
[1]
ii)
What is the empirical formula of the polymer formed from ethene?
[1]
iii)
Propene has the structural formula CH2=CHCH3.
Draw two repeat units of the polymer made from propene.
[2]
[4 marks]
Page 23 of 28
Question 9c
Ethene will react with steam to form ethanol.
Propene will react with steam to form two isomers, both of which are alcohols.
Suggest the structures of these alcohols.
[2 marks]
Question 9d
Esters are organic chemicals noted for their characteristic smells. Ethanoic acid and methanol will react to form an ester.
i)
Name the catalyst needed to form an ester from ethanoic acid and methanol.
[1]
ii)
Name the ester formed when ethanoic acid reacts with methanol.
[1]
iii)
Draw the structure of the ester formed when ethanoic acid reacts with methanol. Show all bonds.
[2]
iv)
Give the name of a polyester.
[1]
[5 marks]
Page 24 of 28
Question 10a
Alkanes and alkenes are examples of hydrocarbons.
i)
What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?
[1]
ii)
Give the general formula of straight-chain
alkanes, ..................................................
alkenes. ..................................................
[2]
[3 marks]
Page 25 of 28
Question 10b
A compound X contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.
X contains 54.54% of carbon by mass, 9.09% of hydrogen by mass and 36.37% of oxygen by mass.
i)
Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.
[2]
ii)
Compound X has a relative molecular mass of 88.
Deduce the molecular formula of compound X.
[2]
[4 marks]
Question 10c
An ester has the molecular formula C3H6O2.
Name and give the structural formulae of two esters with the molecular formula C3H6O2.
name of ester
structural formula
[4 marks]
Page 26 of 28
Question 10d
Name the ester produced from the reaction of propanoic acid and methanol.
[1 mark]
Page 27 of 28
Question 10e
A polyester is represented by the structure shown.
i)
What type of polymerisation is used for the production of polyesters?
[1]
ii)
Which simple molecule is removed when the polyester is formed?
[1]
iii)
Complete the diagrams below to show the structures of the monomers used to produce the polyester. Show all atoms and
bonds.
[2]
[4 marks]
Page 28 of 28

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Course CIE IGCSE Chemistry

This product is formed by …... 1 .….. of an .….. 2 …… .

Course CIE IGCSE Chemistry

Which alkene monomer is used to make this polymer?

1 They are made by addition polymerisation.

Course CIE IGCSE Chemistry

From which monomers can it be formed?

Which row describes Kevlar?

Which diagram shows the structure of the polymer?

What is the name given to the polymer link that is circled?

Which words complete gaps 1 and 2?

Which terms describe this polymer?

Course CIE IGCSE Chemistry

C10H22 → C3H6 + ...............

Compound A can be used as a single monomer to produce two different polymers.

elements mixtures monomers polymers

Tick one box.

How many different types of atom are shown in this structure?

Alkene C can be converted into a polymer.

What type of polymerisation occurs?

Course CIE IGCSE Chemistry

Time allowed: 170

name of product ..........................................................

name of product ...........................................................

It polymerises to form the polymer, polylactic acid (PLA ) which is biodegradable.

lactic acid → ..................................... + .....................................

Suggest another property which makes it suitable for this use.

structural formula of monomer ..................................................

structural formula of polymer ..................................................

then the structural formula of starch is as drawn below.

Explain why aluminium, a reactive metal, takes so long to corrode.

Draw the structural formula of a complex carbohydrate, such as cotton.

Some Rf values for amino acids are:

glutamic acid = 0.4

Identify the two amino acids on the chromatogram.

C6H12O6 → .............................. + ..............................

C10H22 → ............................. + ......................................

Describe how chloropropane can be made from propane.

reagents propane and ..............................

structural formula ......................................................

name of monomer .......................................................

structural formula .......................................................

landfill sites ..................................................

name of product ..........................................................

structure of product ..........................................................

name of product ...........................................................

structure of product ..........................................................

Deduce the molecular formula of compound X.

Course CIE IGCSE Chemistry

Time allowed: 150

Deduce the structural formula of its monomer.

HOOC(CH2)4COOH and H2N(CH2)6NH2

Draw the structural formula of this polymer.

CH3CH2COOH + NH3 → CH3CH2COO–+ NH4+

Explain why propanoic acid behaves as an acid and ammonia as a base.

It is made by the following method.