A

Major Project Report

on

(ROBOTIC VEHICLE CONTROLLED THROUGH TOUCH

SCREEN BASED DIVICE)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted to

Dr. A. P. J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW (U.P.)

Submitted by

AMIT JAISWAL (1903830310003)

DHANANJAY KUMAR (1903830310004)

Under the Supervision of

MR.BHUPESH CHANDRA KUSHWAHA
Assistant Professor
Electronics & Communication Engineering Department

Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management & Technology

Session 2022-23

I
 Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management &
Technology

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Amit Jaiswal (1903830310003), Dhananjay

kumar(1903830310004) of B.Tech. Final year, Electronics & Communication
Engineering have completed their major project entitled “ROBOTIC VEHICLE
CONTROLLED THROUGH TOUCH SCREEN BASED DIVICE” during the year
2022-23 under my guidance and supervision.

I approve the project for the submission for the partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of degree Bachelor of Technology in Electronics &
Communication Engineering.

Name of Guide
Mr. Bhupesh Chandra
Kushwaha
( Assistant Professor)
R.R.S.I.M.T ,AMETHI

Mrs. Kirti Jain

(Head Of Department ,
Electronics &
Communication )
R.R.S.I.M.T,AMETHI
Examiner

ii
Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management & Technology

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE

We, Amit Jaiswal , Dhananjay kumar, students of Bachelor of Technology,

Electronics & Communication Engineering Branch, Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh
Institute of Management & Technology, Amethi hereby declare that the work
presented in this Major project entitled “ROBOTIC VEHICLE CONTROLLED
THROUGH TOUCH SCREEN BASED DIVICE” is outcome of our own work, is

bonafide, correct to the best of our knowledge and this work has been carried out
taking care of Engineering Ethics. The work presented does not infringe any
patented work and has not been submitted to any University for the award of any
degree or professional diploma.

Amit Jaiswal (1903830310003)

Dhananjay Kumar(1903830310004)

Iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset, we would like to thank our guide and advisor, Mr. Bhupesh
Chandra Kushwaha, Assistant Professor , Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering, RRSIMT, Amethi for giving us an opportunity to
work on this challenging topic and providing us ample and valuable guidance
throughout the Project.

We also greatly indebted to Mrs. Kirti Jain, Head, Electronics &

Communication Engineering Department, without her encouragement and
constant guidance we could not have finished this project. He has been always a
source of inspiration and motivator for innovative ideas during the entire span of
this work.

We are grateful to Ms. Babita Singh, Director, RRSIMT, Amethi, for

providing all the necessary resources to carry out this Project work. We would
like to thank all Lab staff members of E.C.E Department, R.R.S.I.M.T. and
friends, for their support.
We will be failing in our duty if we don’t acknowledge the people behind this
work to give us moral and psychological support. Our special thanks to our
parents for their endless care and constant support.

Amit Jaiswal (1903830310003)

DhananjayKuamr(1903830310004)
Place :
(RRSIMT ,Amethi)

Date
Iv
 ABSTRACT

The project is designed to control a robotic vehicle with a touch screen display unit for remote
operation. The touch screen remote control is used at the transmitting side to transmit RF control
signals. At the receiving end, a pick n place robotic vehicle is used to respond to those signals and
perform the task. An 8051 series of microcontroller is used for the desired operation.
At the transmitting end using a touch screen control unit, commands are sent to the receiver to
control the movement of the robot either to move forward, backward and left or right etc. At the
receiving end four motors are interfaced to the microcontroller where two for them are used for
arm and gripper movement of the robot while the other two are for the body movement. The RF
transmitter acts as a RF remote control that has the advantage of adequate range (up to 200 meters)
with proper antenna, while the receiver decodes before feeding it to another microcontroller to
drive DC motors via motor driver IC for necessary work. The main advantage of this robot is its
soft catching arm that is designed to avoid extra pressure to be applied on the object.
Further the project can be enhanced by interfacing it with a wireless camera so that the person
controlling it can view operation of the arm and gripper remotely.

V
CONTENTS

 CERTIFICATE
 DECLARATION BY STUDENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ABSTRACT

Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 2
Literature survey’s
Chapter 3
Arduino uno
History
Microcontroller
Working of Microcontroller
DC Moter
Working of BO Motor
Dual H Bridge IC
L289N Module
Bluetooth Module HC05
Pair HC05 and Smartphone
HC05 Bluetooth Module Interface with Arduino
Arduino Cable
Jumper Wire
Battery Holder
Lithium Ion Battery
BO Motor wheele
LED
Android Application
RC Controller VI
Chapter 4
Code
Application
Chapter 5
Conclusion
Future Scope
Referrance

vii
 Introduction

A robot [1-3] is an electromechanical machine that is constrained by computer program to

perform different activities. Modern robots have intended to decrease human exertion and
time to further develop efficiency and to diminish fabricating cost. Today human-machine
cooperation is creating some distance from mouse and pen and turning out to be
considerably more unavoidable and significantly more viable with the actual world.
Android application have some control over the robot movement from a significant distance
utilizing Bluetooth correspondence to interact regulator and android. Microcontroller
ATMEGA328P-PU can be connected to the Bluetooth module however code is written in
installed C language. According to the orders got from android application the robot [1-4]
movement can be controlled. The result movement of a mechanical vehicle is precise and
repeatable. Pick and Place robots can be reprogrammable and apparatus can be traded to
accommodate numerous applications. The motivation behind this work is to plan
and carry out an Android Controlled Bluetooth Robot which is utilized for Surveillance,
home robotization,
wheelchairs, military and hostages rescue applications

Arduino UNO:-

Arduino UNO is based on an ATmega328P microcontroller. It is easy to use compared to other

boards, such as the Arduino Mega board, etc. The Arduino UNO includes 6 analog pin inputs, 14
digital pins, a USB connector, a power jack, and an ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header.

It is the most used and of standard form from the list of all available Arduino Boards. It is also
recommended for beginners as it is easy to use.

1
he Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on
the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc and initially
released in 2010.[2][3] The board is equipped with sets of digital and
analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields)
and other circuits.[1] The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6
analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), via a type B USB cable.[4] It can be powered by a USB cable or a barrel
connector that accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts, such as a rectangular 9-volt battery.
It has the same microcontroller as the Arduino Nano board, and the same headers as the
Leonardo board.[5][6] The hardware reference design is distributed under a Creative
Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino website.
Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.
The word "uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to mark a major redesign of the
Arduino hardware and software.[7] The Uno board was the successor of the Duemilanove
release and was the 9th version in a series of USB-based Arduino boards.[8] Version 1.0 of
the Arduino IDE for the Arduino Uno board has now evolved to newer releases. [4] The
ATmega328 on the board comes preprogrammed with a bootloader that allows uploading
new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer.[3]
While the Uno communicates using the original STK500 protocol,[1] it differs from all
preceding boards in that it does not use a FTDI USB-to-UART serial chip. Instead, it uses
the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter.[9]

2
History :-

The Arduino project started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy. At
that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller, at a cost that was
a considerable expense for many students. In 2003, Hernando Barragán created the
development platform Wiring as a Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of
Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas, who are known for work on the Processing language. The
project goal was to create simple, low-cost tools for creating digital projects by non-
engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with
an ATmega168 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing, and library functions to easily
program the microcontroller.[10] In 2003, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another IDII
student, and David Cuartielles, added support for the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller to
Wiring. But instead of continuing the work on Wiring, they forked the project and renamed
it Arduino. Early arduino boards used the FTDI USB-to-UART serial chip and
an ATmega168.[10] The Uno differed from all preceding boards by featuring the
ATmega328P microcontroller and an ATmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

Technical specifications :-

Microcontroller :--

microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in

an embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output
(I/O) peripherals on a single chip.
Sometimes referred to as an embedded controller or microcontroller unit (MCU), microcontrollers
are found in vehicles, robots, office machines, medical devices, mobile radio transceivers, vending
machines and home appliances, among other devices. They are essentially simple miniature
personal computers (PCs) designed to control small features of a larger component, without a
complex front-end operating system (OS).

microcontrollers working :-

A microcontroller is embedded inside of a system to control a singular function in a device. It does

this by interpreting data it receives from its I/O peripherals using its central processor. The
temporary information that the microcontroller receives is stored in its data memory, where the
processor accesses it and uses instructions stored in its program memory to decipher and apply the
incoming data. It then uses its I/O peripherals to communicate and enact the appropriate action.

3
Microcontrollers are used in a wide array of systems and devices. Devices often utilize multiple
microcontrollers that work together within the device to handle their respective tasks.

For example, a car might have many microcontrollers that control various individual systems
within, such as the anti-lock braking system, traction control, fuel injection or suspension control.
All the microcontrollers communicate with each other to inform the correct actions. Some might
communicate with a more complex central computer within the car, and others might only
communicate with other microcontrollers. They send and receive data using their I/O peripherals
and process that data to perform their designated tasks.

Elements of a microcontroller:-
The processor (CPU) -- A processor can be thought of as the brain of the device. It
processes and responds to various instructions that direct the microcontroller's function.
This involves performing basic arithmetic, logic and I/O operations. It also performs
data transfer operations, which communicate commands to other components in the
larger embedded system.

Memory -- A microcontroller's memory is used to store the data that the processor
receives and uses to respond to instructions that it's been programmed to carry out. A
microcontroller has two main memory types:

1. Program memory, which stores long-term information about the instructions that the
CPU carries out. Program memory is non-volatile memory, meaning it holds
information over time without needing a power source.

2. Data memory, which is required for temporary data storage while the instructions are
being executed. Data memory is volatile, meaning the data it holds is temporary and is
only maintained if the device is connected to a power source.

4
 I/O peripherals -- The input and output devices are the interface for the processor to the outside
world. The input ports receive information and send it to the processor in the form of binary data.
The processor receives that data and sends the necessary instructions to output devices that execute
tasks external to the microcontroller.

While the processor, memory and I/O peripherals are the defining elements of the microprocessor,
there are other elements that are frequently included. The term I/O peripherals itself simply refers
to supporting components that interface with the memory and processor. There are many
supporting components that can be classified as peripherals. Having some manifestation of an I/O
peripheral is elemental to a microprocessor, because they are the mechanism through which the
processor is applied.

Other supporting elements of a microcontroller include:

 Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) –

An ADC is a circuit that converts analog signals to digital signals. It allows the processor
at the center of the microcontroller to interface with external analog devices, such as
sensors.

 Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) –

A DAC performs the inverse function of an ADC and allows the processor at the center of
the microcontroller to communicate its outgoing signals to external analog components.

 System bus –

The system bus is the connective wire that links all components of the microcontroller
together.

 Serial port –

The serial port is one example of an I/O port that allows the microcontroller to connect to
external components. It has a similar function to a USB or a parallel port but differs in the
way it exchanges bits.

5
DC Motor :-

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current (DC) electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by induced
magnetic fields due to flowing current in the coil. Nearly all types of DC motors have some
internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of
current in part of the motor.

DC motors were the first form of motors widely used, as they could be powered from existing
direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a
wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field
windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor, a
lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances can operate on direct
current and alternating current. Larger DC motors are currently used in propulsion of electric
vehicles, elevator and hoists, and in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power
electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.

6
Working of BO Motor :-

DC motor (BO) Battery Operation. Dc moto r converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. Why DC gear motor used in robot Motor control circuit. DC MOTOR concept is
where gears reduce the speed of the vehicle but increas e its torque is known as gear
reduction. In DC motor is assembled with multiple gear setup. Speed of motor is coun ted
in terms of rotations of the soft per minute is calle d RPM. RPM means Revolution Per
Minute. The setup assemble helps to increasing the to rque and reduce the motor speed.
All micro-controller based Robots this type of DC motor can be used.

DC (Direct Current) Motor for both way motion like Clockwise and Anticlockwise of one DC
Motor, an H Bridge circuit is needed.
For both way motion of 2 motors a Dual H-Bridge IC named L293D can be used.
L293D IC Details:
1. Voltage Range: DC4.5V to 36V.
2. Separate input Logic supply.
3. Thermal cutoff.
4. ESD Production.
5. Output current rating:1 a Per channel (600mA for L293D).

OPERATION OF L293D.

All inputs are TTL compatible and output is totem-pole drive circuit, with
Darlington transistor circuits. Drives are enable in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN
and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When and enable input is high, the associated drivers are
enabled, and their outputs are active and in phase with their inputs. When the enable input is low,
those drivers are disabled, and their outputs are off and the high-impedance state. With the proper
date inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H or Bridge reversible drive suitable for solenoid
or DC motor in Robot applications.

Dual H-Bridge Circuit Diagram

7
Motor Driver :-

This L298N Motor Driver Module is a high power motor driver module for driving DC and
Stepper Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC and a 78M05 5V
regulator. L298N Module can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors with directional and
speed control.

8
L298N Module Pinout Configuration:-

L298N motor driver IC has many applications in the embedded field, especially on the robotics
side. Most of the microcontrollers operate on very low voltage (5v) and current while
the motors require higher voltages and current So, the microcontrollers cannot provide them such
higher current. For this purpose, we use motor driver ICs.

The motor driver is a little current amplifier. It takes a low current signal and gives out a high
current signal which can drive a motor. It can also control the direction of the motor. Motor drives
are of many kinds depending upon the maximum supply voltage, maximum output current,
rated power dissipation, load voltage, and number outputs, etc. Here we are going to discuss motor
driver L298N. It is used in dc motor speed control project and you can interface dc motor easy
with microcontroller using this motor driver. and also in Bluetooth controlled robot using a pic
microcontroller. you can check the line follower robot for more about its applications.

L298N consists of four independent power amplifiers. Two of them form H-bridge A while other
two form H-bridge B. One H bridge is used to switch the polarity in controlling direction of DC
motor. Pair of H Bridge is used to control a bi-polar stepper motor.

9
  Amp A1 and A2 => H Bridge A
 Amp B1 and B2 => H Bridge B
Basically L298N is used to drive inductive or magnetic loads, so there can come voltage spikes in
output. To avoid that voltage spikes there should be some internal parasitic or Flywheel diodes.
But it lacks them. We use externally these flywheel diodes. They can be 1N5819 schottky diodes
or 1N4001 rectifier diodes.

Each bridge is provided with enable pins (ENA, ENB) and current sense pins (CSA, CSB).
Current sense pins can be tied to ground but we can also insert low value resistor and its voltage
reading is proportional to current. Both enable pins can be used at the same time which makes all
for outputs active at the same time.All the four inputs and Enable pins work on 5v TTL logic
which makes the connection easy with microcontrollers.

 ENA=5v, High logic (Amplifier A1 and A2 on)

 ENA=0v, Low logic (Amplifier A1 and A2 off)
 ENB=5v, High logic (Amplifier B1 and B2 on)
 ENB=0v, Low logic (Amplifier B1 and B2 off)

Features & Specifications : -

1. Driver Model: L298N 2A

2. Driver Chip: Double H Bridge L298N

3. Motor Supply Voltage (Maximum): 46V

4. Motor Supply Current (Maximum): 2A

5. Logic Voltage: 5V

6. Driver Voltage: 5-35V

7. Driver Current:2A

8. Logical Current:0-36mA

9. Maximum Power (W): 25W

10. Current Sense for each motor

11. Heatsink for better performance

12. Power-On LED indicator

10
Brief about L298N Module :-

he L298N Motor Driver module consists of an L298 Motor Driver IC, 78M05 Volta ge Regulator,
resistors, capacitor, Power LED, 5V jumper in an integrated circuit.

78M05 Voltage regulator will be enabled only when the jumper is placed. When the power supply
is less than or equal to 12V, then the internal circuitry will be powered by the voltage regulator
and the 5V pin can be used as an output pin to power the microcontroller. The jumper should not
be placed when the power supply is greater than 12V and separate 5V should be given through 5V
terminal to power the internal circuitry.

11
ENA & ENB pins are speed control pins for Motor A and Motor B while IN1& IN2 and IN3 &
IN4 are direction control pins for Motor A and Motor B.

Internal circuit diagram of L298N Motor Driver module is given below:

L298N motor driver module working:-

 Now consider an example. We will use H bridge motor diver IC L298N and two
DCmotors. This IC is used to control these motors. What we want to do is to change the
polarity of motors so they can run in either direction depending upon logic.

 INPUTS: Four inputs are provided to the four power amplifiers of L298N. We can use
push buttons and whenever specific push button is pressed, specific motor will start
running. Two inputs will monitor each motor. Instead of push button, we can use logic
toggle in proteus simulation for our ease.

 Enable bits are used to select specific amplifier. ENA can select two amplifiers A1, A2 and
similarly ENB can select two amplifiers B1, B2. While using as a bridge circuit,
ENA selects bridge A and ENB selects bridge B. To drive both the motors by using H
bridges, both enable bits are set high.

12
  OUTPUTS: There are four outputs. The output for motor A is obtained from out1 out2 pins
and similarly for motor Boutput is obtained from out3 out4 pins. L298N does not have
built in protection diodes we usedexternal diodes to prevent the IC from getting damaged.

 This IC is using two different voltages. On input side, 5v is given to the pin 9 (Vss), push
buttons and enable bits.On output side,pin 4 (Vs) supplies the motors and it can be upto 46
volts.Here we are not using the current sensing scheme, so we have grounded those pins 1
& 15. Motors speed will be lower if low voltages are on output side.

Pin5=high, pin7 = low, motor A will start turning clockwise.

Pin5=low, pin7 = high, motor A will start turning anticlockwise

Pin5=high, pin7 = high, motor A will stop

Pin5=low, pin7 = low, motor A will stop

in10=high, pin12 = low, motor B will start turning clockwise

Pin10=low, pin12 = high, motor B will start turning anticlockwise

Pin10=high, pin12 = high, motor B will stop

Pin10=low, pin12 = low, motor B will stop

Bluetooth
Module:-

13
Introduction:-

1. It is used for many applications like wireless headset, game controllers, wireless mouse,
wireless keyboard, and many more consumer applications.

2. It has range up to <100m which depends upon transmitter and receiver, atmosphere,
geographic & urban conditions.

3. It is IEEE 802.15.1 standardized protocol, through which one can build wireless Personal
Area Network (PAN). It uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) radio technology
to send data over air.

4. It uses serial communication to communicate with devices. It communicates with

microcontroller using serial port (USART).

HC-05 Bluetooth Module:-

 HC-05 is a Bluetooth module which is designed for wireless communication. This module
can be used in a master or slave configuration.

14
HC-05 Bluetooth Module Pin Diagram :-

Bluetooth serial modules allow all serial enabled devices to communicate with each other using
Bluetooth.

It has 6 pins,

1. Key/EN: It is used to bring Bluetooth module in AT commands mode. If Key/EN pin is set to
high, then this module will work in command mode. Otherwise by default it is in data mode. The
default baud rate of HC-05 in command mode is 38400bps and 9600 in data mode.

HC-05 module has two modes,

1. Data mode: Exchange of data between devices.

2. Command mode: It uses AT commands which are used to change setting of HC-05. To
send these commands to module serial (USART) port is used.

2. VCC: Connect 5 V or 3.3 V to this Pin.

3. GND: Ground Pin of module.

4. TXD: Transmit Serial data (wirelessly received data by Bluetooth module transmitted out
serially on TXD pin)

5. RXD: Receive data serially (received data will be transmitted wirelessly by Bluetooth module).

6. State: It tells whether module is connected or not.

15
HC-05 module Information:-

 HC-05 has red LED which indicates connection status, whether the Bluetooth is
connected or not. Before connecting to HC-05 module this red LED blinks continuously in
a periodic manner. When it gets connected to any other Bluetooth device, its blinking
slows down to two seconds.
 This module works on 3.3V. We can connect 5V supply voltage as well since the module
has on board 5 to 3.3 V regulator.
 As HC-05 Bluetooth module has 3.3V level for RX/TX and microcontroller can detect 3.3
V level, so, no need to shift transmit level of HC-05 module. But we need to shift the
transmit voltage level from microcontroller to RX of HC-05 module.
 The data transfer rate of HC-05 module can vary up to 1Mbps is in the range of 10
meters.

Specification of HC-05 Bluetooth Module

1. Bluetooth version: 2.0 + EDR (Enhanced Data Rate)

2. Frequency: 2.4 GHz ISM band
3. Modulation: GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying)
4. Transmit power: Class 2 (up to 4 dBm)
5. Sensitivity: -80 dBm typical
6. Range: approximately 10 meters (or 33 feet) in open air
7. Profiles supported: SPP (Serial Port Profile), HID (Human Interface Device) and others
8. Operating voltage: 3.3V to 5V DC
9. Operating current: less than 50mA
10. Standby current: less than 2.5mA
11. Sleep current: less than 1mA
12. Interface: UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)
13. Baud rates: 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, 115200, 230400, and 460800
14. Operating temperature: -20°C to 75°C (-4°F to 167°F)

16
Bluetooth communication between Devices:-

E.g. Send data from Smartphone terminal to HC-05 Bluetooth module and see this
data on PC serial terminal and vice versa.

To communicate smartphone with HC-05 Bluetooth module, smartphone requires

Bluetooth terminal application for transmitting and receiving data. You can find
Bluetooth terminal applications for android and windows in respective app. store

So, when we want to communicate through smartphone with HC-05 Bluetooth module, connect
this HC-05 module to the PC via serial to USB converter.

Before establishing communication between two Bluetooth devices, 1st we need to pair HC-05
module to smartphone for communication.

Pair HC-05 and smartphone:-

1. Search for new Bluetooth device from your phone. You will find Bluetooth device with
“HC-05” name.
2. Click on connect/pair device option; default pin for HC-05 is 1234 or 0000.

After pairing two Bluetooth devices, open terminal software (e.g. Teraterm, Realterm etc.) in PC,
and select the port where we have connected USB to serial module. Also select default baud rate
of 9600 bps.

17
In smart phone, open Bluetooth terminal application and connect to paired device HC-05.

It is simple to communicate, we just have to type in the Bluetooth terminal application of

smartphone. Characters will get sent wirelessly to Bluetooth module HC-05. HC-05 will
automatically transmit it serially to the PC, which will appear on terminal. Same way we can send
data from PC to smartphone.

Command Mode

 When we want to change settings of HC-05 Bluetooth module like change password for
connection, baud rate, Bluetooth device’s name etc.
 To do this, HC-05 has AT commands.
 To use HC-05 Bluetooth module in AT command mode, connect “Key” pin to High
(VCC).
 Default Baud rate of HC-05 in command mode is 38400bps.
 Following are some AT command generally used to change setting of Bluetooth module.
 To send these commands, we have to connect HC-05 Bluetooth module to the PC via serial
to USB converter and transmit these command through serial terminal of PC.

Alternate options for HC-05 Bluetooth Module

1. HC-06 Bluetooth module:

This is a similar module to the HC-05, but it is limited to a slave role only. It has a smaller
form factor and is generally cheaper than the HC-05. However, it does not support some of the
advanced features of the HC-05, such as the ability to enter AT mode to configure the module.

2. HM-10 Bluetooth module:

This is a more advanced Bluetooth module that supports Bluetooth 4.0 (BLE) and can act
aboth a master and slave device. It also supports a wider range of AT commands for
configuring the module, and has a longer range than the HC-05. However, it is generally more
expensive than the HC-05.

3. RN-42 Bluetooth module:

This is another Bluetooth module that supports both the SPP and HID profiles, similar to the
HC-05. It has a longer range than the HC-05 and supports faster data rates. However, it is also
more expensive and may require additional configuration to work properly.

4. ESP32 Bluetooth module:

18
 This is a powerful Wi-Fi and Bluetooth module that includes a dual-core processor and
support for both Bluetooth Classic and BLE. It is more expensive than the HC-05, but offers
more advanced features and capabilities.

5. nRF24L01+ Wireless module:

This is a wireless module that operates at 2.4GHz and uses a different protocol than Bluetooth.
It is generally cheaper than Bluetooth modules and can be used for applications where a
shorter range and lower data rate are acceptable.

HC-05 Bluetooth Module interface with Arduino

HC-05 Bluetooth Module interface with Arduino

19
HC-05 Bluetooth Module code for Arduino

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

SoftwareSerial bluetooth(10, 11); // RX, TX pins for HC-05 module

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600); // Serial monitor for debugging

bluetooth.begin(9600); // Bluetooth module communication baud rate

void loop() {

if (bluetooth.available()) {

char receivedChar = bluetooth.read();

Serial.print(receivedChar); // Print received data on Serial monitor

if (receivedChar == '1') {

bluetooth.print("You pressed 1");

} else if (receivedChar == '2') {

bluetooth.print("You pressed 2");

if (Serial.available()) {

char dataToSend = Serial.read();

bluetooth.print(dataToSend);

} 20
 }

Arduino A-B Cable (0.5m):-

Standard USB 2.0 cable. Use it to connect ArduinoUno, Genuino Uno, Genuino Mega 2560,
Genuino 101 or any board with the USB female A port of our computer. Cable lenght is
approximately 50cm

Jumper wire:-

A jump wire is an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each
end, which is normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other prototype
or test circuit, internally or with other equ0components, without soldering

Battery Holder:-

A battery holder is a device used to hold and secure batteries in electronic devices. It typically
consists of a plastic or metal housing with slots or compartments to insert and connect the
batteries. The holder provides electrical contact points for connecting the positive and negative
terminals of the batteries to the circuit.

Battery holders are available in various sizes and configurations to accommodate different
battery types, such as AA, AAA, C, D, and 9V batteries. They may have different numbers of
slots, ranging from single-slot holders to multi-slot holders.

21
Some battery holders feature built-in leads or connectors, making it easier to connect the
batteries to the circuit. Others may have snap-on or screw terminals for making electrical
connections. Additionally, some holders come with integrated features like on/off switches or
additional wiring for specific applications.

1. Battery type and size: Ensure that the holder is compatible with the battery type and size
you plan to use.

2. Number of slots: Choose a holder with the appropriate number of slots to accommodate the
required number of batteries for your application.

3. Electrical connections: Consider the type of electrical connections (leads, connectors,

terminals) that will be compatible with your circuit and facilitate easy battery replacement.

4. Mounting options: Some holders are designed for specific mounting methods, such as
through-hole mounting or panel mounting. Select a holder that suits your mounting
requirements.

5. Build quality: Look for a sturdy and durable holder that can withstand the demands of your
application.

22
Lithium -ion Battery :-

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are a type of rechargeable battery that are widely used in various
electronic devices. They have become popular due to their high energy density, lightweight
design, and ability to provide a consistent power output over the course of their discharge.

Here are some key characteristics and features of lithium-ion batteries:

1. Energy density: Li-ion batteries offer a high energy density, which means they can store a
significant amount of energy in a relatively small and lightweight package. This makes
them ideal for portable electronic devices where size and weight are important factors.

2. Rechargeable: Li-ion batteries are rechargeable, meaning they can be charged and
discharged multiple times. They do not suffer from the "memory effect" that some other
types of batteries do, so they can be charged at any time without needing to be fully
discharged first.

3. Voltage stability: Li-ion batteries provide a stable voltage throughout most of their
discharge cycle, which ensures consistent power delivery to the device they are powering.
This is advantageous for electronic devices that require a steady power supply.

4. Self-discharge: Li-ion batteries have a relatively low self-discharge rate, meaning they
retain their charge when not in use. This allows them to hold their charge for extended
periods compared to other battery chemistries.

5. No maintenance: Li-ion batteries do not require any special maintenance or priming when
new. They are ready for use as soon as they are charged.

6. Environmental considerations: Li-ion batteries are generally considered more

environmentally friendly compared to other types of batteries, such as lead-acid batteries.
However, they still require proper recycling and disposal to minimize their environmental
impact.

23
BO Motor Wheel :-

I believe you're referring to a motor wheel or motorized wheel, which typically consists of a
wheel with an integrated motor. These motor wheels are commonly used in various
applications, including electric bicycles, electric scooters, and electric vehicles. The motorized
wheel provides propulsion by converting electrical energy into mechanical motion.

Here are some key features and considerations regarding motor wheels:

1. Motor Type: Motor wheels can have different types of motors, such as brushless DC
motors (BLDC) or geared motors. Brushless DC motors are often preferred due to their
efficiency, reliability, and low maintenance requirements.

2. Power and Torque: The power and torque of a motor wheel are crucial factors. The power
rating determines the speed and acceleration capability, while the torque rating influences
the wheel's ability to overcome resistance, such as uphill climbs.

3. Integration: Motor wheels typically integrate the motor, wheel hub, and sometimes the
motor controller within a single unit. This integration simplifies installation and reduces
the need for complex external wiring.

4. Battery and Control: Motor wheels require a power source, typically a rechargeable
battery, to provide electricity for the motor. Additionally, a motor controller is used to
regulate the power delivery and control the motor's speed and direction.

5. Wheel Size: Motor wheels are available in various sizes to match different applications.
The wheel size should be selected based on factors such as the intended use, load
requirements, and compatibility with the vehicle or equipment.

24
LED:-

In the simplest terms, a light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light
when an electric current is passed through it. Light is produced when the particles that carry
the current (known as electrons and holes) combine together within the semiconductor
material.

Since light is generated within the solid semiconductor material, LEDs are described as solid-
state devices. The term solid-state lighting, which also encompasses organic LEDs (OLEDs),
distinguishes this lighting technology from other sources that use heated filaments
(incandescent and tungsten halogen lamps) or gas discharge (fluorescent lamp.

Different colors:-

Inside the semiconductor material of the LED, the electrons and holes are
contained within energy bands. The separation of the bands (i.e. the bandgap)
determines the energy of the photons (light particles) that are emitted by the
LED.

The photon energy determines the wavelength of the emitted light, and hence its
color. Different semiconductor materials with different bandgaps produce
different colors of light. The precise wavelength (color) can be tuned by altering
the composition of the light-emitting, or active, region.
LEDs are comprised of compound semiconductor materials, which are made up
of elements from group III and group V of the periodic table (these are known as
III-V materials). Examples of III-V materials commonly used to make LEDs are
gallium arsenide (GaAs) and gallium phosphide (GaP).
Until the mid-90s LEDs had a limited range of colors, and in particular
commercial blue and white LEDs did not exist. The development of LEDs based
on the gallium

nitride (GaN) material system completed the palette of colors and opened up
many new applications

25
Long Lifespan: LEDs have a significantly longer lifespan compared to traditional incandescent
or fluorescent bulbs. They can last tens of thousands of hours, reducing the frequency of bulb
replacements.

1. Instant On: LEDs illuminate instantly when powered on, providing immediate light output
without any warm-up time.

2. Small Size: LEDs are compact and available in various sizes, including miniaturized
versions. This makes them suitable for applications where space is limited or when a low-
profile lighting solution is required.

3. Durability: LEDs are solid-state devices without any fragile filaments or glass components.
They are resistant to shock, vibrations, and temperature variations, making them more
durable and less prone to damage.

4. Color Options: LEDs are available in a wide range of colors, including red, green, blue,
yellow, white, and various shades in between. Additionally, RGB LEDs can generate
different colors by combining red, green, and blue light.

5. Dimmable: Many LEDs can be easily dimmed, allowing for adjustable lighting levels and
creating ambiance in various settings.

6. Applications: LEDs are used in numerous applications, including general lighting (such as
residential and commercial lighting), automotive lighting, backlighting for displays,
indicator lights, signage, decorative lighting, horticultural lighting, and more.

7. Environmental Benefits: LEDs are environmentally friendly as they consume less energy,
contain no toxic materials like mercury, and are fully recyclable.

8. Driver Requirements: LEDs require proper voltage and current regulation to operate
correctly. LED drivers or power supplies are used to provide the appropriate electrical
specifications for reliable and efficient LED operation.

LED technology continues to advance, leading to improved efficiency, increased brightness,

and expanded application possibilities. LEDs have revolutionized the lighting industry and are
widelyused for their numerous advantages and versatility in various lighting and display
applications.

26
ANDROID APPLICATION

Android could be a mobile OS supported a modified version of the Linux kernel and other
open source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices like smartphones and
tablets.

Android’s default programme is principally supported direct manipulation, using touch inputs
that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse
pinching to govern on-screen objects, together with a virtual keyboard.

Along the highest of the screen could be a status bar, showing information about the device
and its connectivity. This status bar will be pulled (swiped) down from to reveal a notification
screen where apps display important information or updates, yet as quick access to system
controls and toggles like display brightness, connectivity settings (WiFi, Bluetooth, cellular
data), audio mode, and flashlight. Vendors may implement extended settings like the power to
regulate the flashlight brightness.

Open source network: Open source networking, or open source network, may be a new-
generation network that provides you programmable customization service, centralized unified
management, dynamic traffic monitoring, and automatic deployment. It makes the
transformation of the information center architecture change to virtualization and automation.

Linux kernel: Linux kernel could be a free, open-source, monolithic, modular, Unix-like
software kernel. It’s the most component of the Linux software (OS) and is that the core
interface between the computer’s hardware and its processes. The kernel may be a trojan horse
at the core of an software system (OS).

Android application operated by Bluetooth:

You can use Bluetooth to attach some devices to your phone without a cord. After you pair a
Bluetooth device for the primary time, your devices can pair automatically. If your phone is
connected to something through Bluetooth, at the highest of the screen, you will see a
Bluetooth ico

Important:

• Some of those steps work only on Android 10 and up.

• Some of those steps require you to the touch the screen.
Tip: to avoid wasting battery, put off Bluetooth when not in use. Bluetooth is off in Airplane
mode.

27
Step 1: Pair a Bluetooth accessory
• Swipe down from the highest of the screen.
• Touch and hold Bluetooth.
• Tap Pair new device. If you do not find Pair new device, check under "Available devices" or
tap More.
• Tap the name of the Bluetooth device you would like to pair along with your device.
• Follow any on-screen instructions.
Step2: Connect
1. Swipe down from the highest of the screen.
2. confirm Bluetooth is turned on.
3. Touch and hold Bluetooth.
4. within the list of paired devices, tap a paired but unconnected device.

When your phone and therefore the Bluetooth device are connected, the device shows as
"Connectet

RC CONTROLER

A remote control (RC) may be a small, usually hand-held, device for controlling another
device, like a television, radio or audio/video recording device. Remote controls commonly
operate via infrared signals but sometimes by oftenness signals. The remote may control a
spread of functions like volume, channel, track number and

other functions. Modern remote devices often have more controlling functions than are found
on the device itself, which can have only some primary essential controls.

Most device of electronic appliances is completed by infrared signals using an infrared diode
that emits an invisible beam of sunshine, typically a 940 nanometer wavelength LED.
Multichannel remote controls use sophisticated technology to modulate carrier signals,
demodulate the received signals, and use a range of frequency filters to separate signals for
various device functions. However, these infrared signals have to be in line of sight to work the
device, and will be reflected by mirrors as would the other source of illumination.

Some remote is completed by frequency signals. These don't require line of sight to the device
being controlled. they'll be focused in one direction, or be multidirectional. frequency remote
is widely utilized in such applications as garage door openers, automatic barrier control,
burglar alarms and wireless home alarm systems.

28
 application IMPLEMENTATION
SOURCECODE
#define m11 2 // rear motor
#define m12 3
#define m21 4 // front motor
#define m22 5
char str[2],i;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(m11, OUTPUT);
pinMode(m12, OUTPUT);
pinMode(m21, OUTPUT);
pinMode(m22, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(m11, LOW);
digitalWrite(m12, LOW);
digitalWrite(m21, LOW);
digitalWrite(m22, LOW);
}
void loop()
{
while(Serial.available())
{
char ch=Serial.read();

str[i++]=ch;
if(ch=='1')
{
Serial.println("Forward");
forward(); 29
i=0;
ch=0;
}
else if(str[i-1]=='498')
{
Serial.println("Left");
right();
i=0;
}
else if(str[i-1]=='444')
{
Serial.println("Right");
left();
i=0;
}
else if(ch=='576')
{
Serial.println("Backward");
backward();
i=0;
ch=0;
}
else if(str[i-1]=='186')
{
Serial.println("Stop");
Stop();
i=0;
}
delay(100);
}
}

30
APPLICATION

For domestic use:

This project may be used reception for several purposes like placing object one to a different
objects like fruits, medicine etcetera.

For spying:

This project are often employed in spying thanks to its small size by few modification it may
be useful for military purpose and hostage rescue.

For handicraft people:

This project can help those folks that is physically disable. they will use this for lifestyle
purpose.

For medical sector:

This project can use for carrying medicines, medical equipment, food etcetera.

For entertainment:

This project are often used for game like robotic auto racing.

For industrial use:

This project is used for carrying equipment and may be used for multipurpose

CONCLUSION

The operating system of smart phone is android which can develop effective device program.
It has proven to allow for meaningful two-way communication between the Android phone
and also the robot which would allow a non-expert to interact with and adjust the
functionality of a system which uses ATmega328 controller, one board micro-controller
intended to create the appliance of interactive objects or environments more accessible.

It may be utilized in various industries for selecting various objects where human
intervention is not desired. On an oversized scale, it will be accustomed develop robots with
military applications. It may be wont to target enemy with none soul crossing the territory. It
provides for more development of applications based on android OS. It's certain to have
more applications in near future. It's robust, sensitive and fast-paced, hence are often applied
in rescue operations.

31
FUTURE SCOPE

1. We are able to interface sensors to the present robot in order that it can monitor
some parameters.

2. We will add wireless camera to the current robot.

3. In future we conceive to implement our project as follows it'll contain following 3

components:

4. A Robot Mounted with camera

5. A headset, with a full-color display

6. A mission center

REFERRANCE

IX. REFERENCES
[1] Gupta, Abhishek, Siddharth Khinchi, Sidharth Jindal, Tejpal Singh, and Sneha Sharma.
"Induction motor
speed control using android application." IJ of Electrical and Electronic Research 4, no. 2
(2000).
[2] Krunal B. Pawar, Nagaraj V. Dharwadkar, Pradeep A. Deshpande. “An Android Based
Smart Robotic
Vehicle for Border Security Surveillance System”. IEEE,
10.1109/CCICT53244.2021.00062(24 August
2021).
[3] Gupta, Abhishek, Akash Saxena, Prasun Anand, Pooja Sharma, Prince Raj Goyal, and
Ranjeet Singh.
"Robo-cleaner." Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) 2, no. 5 (2016).
[4] Gupta, Abhishek, and Mr Akash Deo. "Solar Using Line Follower Robot with Robotic Arm."
[5] Banzi, Massimo, and Michael Shiloh. Getting started with Arduino. Maker Media, Inc.,
2022.
[6] Badamasi, Yusuf Abdullahi. "The working principle of an Arduino." In 2014 11th
international
conference on electronics, computer and computation (ICECCO), pp. 1-4. IEEE, 2014.
[7] Smith, Alan G. "Introduction to Arduino." Alan G. Smith (2011).
[8] McRoberts, Michael. Beginning arduino. Apress, 2011.
[9] Patoliya, Jignesh, Haard Mehta, and Hitesh Patel. "Arduino controlled war field spy robot
using night
vision wireless camera and Android application." In 2015 5th Nirma University International
Conference on Engineering (NUiCONE), pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2015.
[10] Shiu Kumar,” Ubiquitous smart home system using android application”, International
Journal of
Debarun Chakraborty, Kangku Sharma, Ram Kishore Roy. “Android application based
monitoring and
controlling of movement of a remotely controlled robotic car mounted with various sensors
via
Bluetooth”. IEEE, 10.1109/ICAEES.2016.7888032 (30 March 2017): 16776812.

32