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FIRST YEAR DOCTERATE
OF PHARMACY
LABORATORY
HANDBOOK OF.
PHARMACEUTICS

Dr.KHALIDA KHANUM
(PROFESSOR)

T. JOHN COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

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LABORATORY CERTIFICATE

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Index

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SYRUPS -GENRAL PRINCIPLES
According to IP syrups are defined as oral liquids which are sweet and viscous and often contain
adding flavouringand colouring agents and into which medicaments are incorporated. The

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concentration of sugar is 66.7%w/w. Dissolved sucrose has high tendency to crystallize to prevent
this co-solvent such as glycerin, sorbitol and propylene glycol are added. Sometimes artificial
sweetening agents such as saccharin and viscosity builders such as cellulosic gums are also added to
the preparation of syrups.Syrups make contain a small concentration of alcohol as an preservative or
as a co-solvent to incorporate flavouringagents .Syrups as such do not require any preservative, due to
high concentration of sucrose ,syrups possesshigh osmotic pressure when the osmotic pressure is
high bacteria, fungi and mouldscannot grow in the preparation however antimicrobial agents may be
sometimes added to prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast and moulds.

Advantages

● Syrups retared oxidation of drugs because sucrose itself gets hydrolysed to lavulose and
dextrose, which are reducing sugar.
● Syrups are sweet in taste.Therefore bitter taste of drugs can be reduced.
● Syrup prevent microbial decomposition of many vegetable drug.

Disadvantages

● On continuous intake, it promotes dental decay and gingivitis because sucrose is very good
supplement for bacterial growth.
● It is not preferred by diabetic patients and patients on a calorie intake.
● Aluminium salts are not added to syrup as they are incompatible with sucrose.Similarly
acidic drugs are not added as they crystallize sucrose.

Classification

Syrup as such do not have any medicinal value but used as vehicles for dispensing the medication
syrups can be classified into two types:

1. Medicated syrups:Pure drugs or extracts of medicinal plants are added to the

syrup.Examples are paracetamol syrup IP ,salbutamol sulphate syrup IP

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 promethazine hydrochloride syrup IP ,vasaka syrup IP,ephidrine hydrochloride syrup
NF etc.
2. Flavouredsyrups : Aromatic or flavoured substances are added to syrups .Examples
are Orange syrup BP ,lemon syrup BP.

Formulation

Sl. No ingredient type example

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 1. Vehicles water ,glycerine
2. Sweetening agents sucrose, saccharin
3. Colouring agents Amarnath(red),tartrazine (yellow)
4. Flavouring agents tincture of lemon, tincture of Ginger
5. Preservatives sodium benzoate ,methyl paraben +propyl paraben
6. Stabilizers glycerin,sorbitol

Storage:

The syrups should be stored in well dried, completely filled, and well stoppered in a cool dark
place.The bottles maybe colourless or Amber coloured(light resistant ).Syrup should not be exposed
to unnecessary fluctuations in temperature.

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 EXPERIMENT 01: SIMPLE SYRUP I. P

AIM :To prepare 20 ml simple syrup IP .

FORMULA
S.N INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
O FORMULA

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 1. Sucrose 667g

2. Purified water to 1000g

OFFICIAL PROCEDURE :

Add sucrose to purified water and heat until dissolved with occasional stirring.Add sufficient boiling
purified water to produce 1000g.

PRINCIPLE:

Simple syrup I.P contains 66.7% w/w of sucrose .It is made by the agitation with heat process.
Weighed quantity of sucrose is added to purified water and the mixture is heated to get a clear
solution .

To prepare 100 gram simple syrup IP, a mixture of sucrose and water to make 100 gram is heated in
atared container .If necessary boiling water is added to adjust the final weight.

During heating care should be taken not to use excessive heat because sucrose maybe hydrolysed
into glucose and fructose, which is indicated by the colour change of the syrup from amber to dark
brown.This is is called ‘inversion of syrup’ and the ‘invert syrup’ formed is sweeter and more
susceptibleto fermentation then regular syrup.

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Simple syrup IP is a simple preservative because of its high osmotic pressure and unavailability of
water.Sucrose has a solubility of 1 gram in 0.5 ml of water and thus all the water available in the
formula of simple syrup IP is used up to dissolve sucrose (667 grams of sucrose requires 333.5
ml).Thus the absence of water and the high osmotic pressure make the syrup preservative simple
syrup I.P has a specific gravity of 1.313g

Syrups should be stored in a moderately cool place as fluctuations in storage temperature may change
or cause crystallization of sucrose from the saturated syrups.

Category : Pharmaceutical aid

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Storage: Store in a well closed container in a moderately cool and dark place

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 EXPERMIENT 02 :EPHIDERINE HYDROCHLORIDE SYRUP NF

AIM:Prepare and submit 20 ml of every ephiderine hydrochloride syrup NF

Formula
S.No INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1. EPHIDERINE 4g
HYDROCHLORIDE

2. WATER (q.s) 1000g

Procedure :

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Weigh accuratelyephiderine hydrochloride and dissolve in small volume of the simple syrup make
up to volume with simple syrup. Filter.

Principle :

Ephiderine hydrochloride is the active ingredient in the syrup.It is used as expectorant.Simple syrup is
a vehicle.

Category :expectorant

Dose: 5 to 10 ml

Storage:Keep the container tightly closed in moderately cool place

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 EXPERIMENT 03:FERROUS PHOSPHATE SYRUP IP

AIM:To prepare and submit 20 ml of ferrous sulphate IP.

Formula
S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1. IRON FEHLINGS 4.3g

2. PHOSPHORIC ACID 80 ml

3. CALCIUM 13.6g
CARBONATE

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 4. POTTASIUM 1g
BICARBONATE

5. SODIUM 1g
PHOSPHATE

6. COCHINEAL 3.5g

7. SUCROSE 700g

8. ORANGE DISTILLED 50 ml
WATER

9. DISTILLED WATER 1000ml

(q.s)

Procedure:

Phosphoric acid is diluted with water.This is divided into two portions.

1.Two one portion of diluted phosphoric acid iron is added.The contents are heated on the water bath
until iron dissolves.Heating on a water bath minimizes evaporation of water.If evaporation of water
takes place a solid mass is formed, which will not dissolve in water.
2.Calcium carbonate ,potassium bicarbonate and sodium phosphate are dissolved in second portion of
diluted phosphoric acid in a beaker by stiring .Carbon dioxide (effervescence)is allowed to evolve.

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3.The contents of second step is mixed with the contents of third step .The reactions are
completed .The resulting solution contains impurities like iron carbide and carbon which are derived
from the iron solution .The contents are filtered to remove these unwanted substances.
4. Colouring agent is extracted from cochineal by boiling it for 15 minutes with water.
5.Sugar is added to above coloured decoction, heating is continued until sugar completely dissolves.
7.The hot syrup containing colouring agent is cooled,strained washed with water to produce a
specified volume.
8.The coloured syrup is now mixed with mixture containing ferrous acid phosphate, calcium acid
phosphate, potassium acid phosphate and sodium acid phosphate.
9.To the above mixture ,orange flower water is added and the final volume is adjusted with water.
10.The contents are transferred into tightly closed container.
11.The container is cabd polished labelled and submitted

Principle:

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Diet with insufficient supply of iron leads to condition called anaemia.In such cases iron supplement,
ferrous phosphate syrup is prescribed .Ferrous phosphate syrup is a preparation containing iron along
with electrolytes, calcium phosphate and sodium .These electrolytes overcome the deficiency which
is most common in anaemic condition.

Ferrous phosphate is prepared by a reaction between iron and phosphoric acid the equation of the
reaction is as follows:

Fe +2H3PO4 Fe(H2PO4)2 + H2

(Iron ) (Phosphoric acid) (Ferrous acid phosphate)

Electrolytes are also supplied in that phosphate form.The reactions between phosphoric acid and
calcium carbonate potassium, carbonate sodium phosphate are as follows:

CaCO3+ 2H3PO4 Ca(H2PO4)2 +CO2 + H2O

KHCO3 + H3PO4 KH2PO4 +H2O +CO2

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Na2HPO4 + H3PO4 2NaH2PO4

The reactions do not complete at this stage, because the amount of phosphoric acid is insufficient.The
excess of phosphoric acid available with iron acid phosphate completes the reaction

Aqueous extract of cochineal as a colouring agent.It is also act as a masking agent to mask colour
change of the preparation, if any due to oxidation of constituents during storage. Orange flower water
is used as flavouring agent.

Since iron is essentially supplied orally syrup is used in this preparation as a major ingredient.Itact as
a sweetening agent

Category:Iron, calcium, sodium and potassium supplement

Dose: 2-8 ml

Storage:Store in tightly closed container in a cool place

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 EXPERIMENT 05 : ORANGE SYRUP IP

AIM:To prepare 20 ml of orange syrup

Formula
S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1. TINCTURE OF 125 ml
ORANGE

2. SIMPLE SYRUP (q.s) 1000ml

Procedure:

Mix the tincture of orange with simple syrup and make up to volume .Filter.

Principle:

Orange syrup is an example of flavoured syrup.It contains tincture of orange which is made by the
simple maturation process.

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Tincture are hydro alcoholic solutions containing in comparatively dilute proportions the active
principles of vegetable drugs or chemical substances.

Orange tincture is prepared by extracting the peel of orange using a solvent like alcohol
90%.Extraction is a process of treating vegetable drugs with a solvent so that the active principles
are removed into the solvent and the inert insoluble residue is left behind is called ‘marc’.

Maceration is a term that comes from Latin word ‘Marcerace’ meaning to ‘soak’.It is a process in
which the properly size reduced drug is allowed to soak in the menstrum until the cellular structure is
soft and penetrated by the menstrum and the soluble constituents are dissolved.In the simple
maceration process the drug and menstrum is placed in closed vessel for 7 days with occasional
shaking .At the end of 7 days it is filtered and marc is pressed .The filtrate and expressed liquid are
combined to make the tincture .The volume is not made up in the single maceration process .

Orange syrup is used as a flavouring agent and sweetning agent

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Category:Pharmaceutical aid (flavouring agent sweetening agent)

Storage:Keep the container tightly closed in moderately cool and dark place

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 EXPERMIENT 06 :VASAKA SYRUP IP

AIM:To prepare and submit 20 ml of vasaka syrup IP

Formula:
S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1. VASAKA LIQUID 500ml

EXTRACT

2. GLYCERIN 100ml

3. SIMPLE SYRUP(q.s) 1000ml

Theory :

Vasaka liquid extract is an alcoholic extract of vasakaleaves ,adhatodavasica.Vasaka leaves contain

vasicine,vasicone and 6 hydroxy vasicine.These ingredients possess expectorant and bronchodilator
properties .Simple syrup is added as a vehicle and sweetening agent.Glycerinimparts demulcent
action .In addition glycerin is added in this preparation for the following reasons;

1. To reduce the crystallization of sucrose.

2. To increase the solubility of vasaka extract.

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 3. To mask the bitter taste of the vasakaextract ,because glycerin has mild sweet taste

Procedure:

Depending on the quantity of preparation to be submitted the working formula is calculated simple
syrup is prepared using the procedure mentioned earlier liquid extract of vasaka is commercially
available.

● Measured volume of vasaka liquid extract is mixed with the measured volume of
glycerin.
● To this, simple syrup is mixed in sufficient quantity to make up the final volume.
● The Vasaka syrup is then transferred into a light resistant container.
● The bottle is kept labelled, polished and submitted

Category :Expectorant, demulcent bronchodilator

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Dose: 2-5 ml.

Storage:Store in a well closed container in a cool place

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 ELIXIRS :GENRAL PRINCIPLE
According to IP elixirs are defined as clear, sweet and aromatic hydro- alcoholic preparations
intended for oral use.

Most of the elixirs presently available do not contain any sweetning agent and maynot contain
alcohol, still these are termed as elixirs.Elixirs contain glycerin and syrup either to increase the
solubility of medicuments or two impart sweet taste.Propylene glycol often used to substitute
glycerin and alcohol .Elixirs are relatively stable and can be easily prepared.The alcohol content in
elixirs varies from 4 to 40%.Hence additional preservatives are not necessary because elixirs as such
have self- preserving property .Elixirs can contain flavouring agents and colouring agents.

Classification:

Elixirs are classified in two types mainly medicated elixirs and flavoured elixirs .

Medicated elixirs: These elixirs contain potent drugs or drug extract. Example include piperazine
citrate elixir, cloxacillin elixir, sodium valproate elixir and cascara elixir.

Flavoured elixirs:These do not contain any medicument and are used as vehicles.Examples include
aromatic elixir ,compound benzaldehyde elixir etc.

Note: Diluted elixirs( paediatric elixir ) cannot be stored for longer periods as they are susceptible for
degradation.

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Formulation:

Sl.no. Ingredients type Examples

1. Vehicles solvents Water, glycerine

2. Straightening agent Sucrose, saccharin
3. Colouring agent Amaranth (red), Tatrazine (yellow) ,eosin G(red)
4. Flavouring agent. Tincture of lemon, tincture of ginger
5. Stabilizers. Citric acid, EDTA

Containers:Elixirs are filled in tightly closed and light resistant glass container.

Storage: Elixirs are stored in cool place

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 EXPERIMENT 07:PIPERAZINE CITRATE ELIXIR IP

AIM :To prepare and submit 20 ml of piperazine citrate elixir IP.

Formula:
S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

PIPERAZINE 18g
CITRATE

CHLOROFORM 0.5ml
SPIRIT

GLYCERIN 10ml

ORANGE OIL 0.025ml

SIMPLE SYRUP 50ml

PURIFIED WATER 100ml

(q.s)

Theory:

Piperazine citrate elixir is used as anthelminthic to expel the worms from the intestine.The medicinal
agent by piperazine citrate is a salt form and is soluble in vehicle purified water.Glycerin act as co-
solvent to enhance the solubility of drug.Chloroform spirit act as preservative. Orange oil act as
flavouringagent .

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Piperazine citrate possessesunpleasant taste ( acid taste).Therefore sweetening agent like simple
syrup is used to mask the taste of the drug .However,chloroform spirit, glycerin and orange oil also
help in masking the taste of the drug.

Procedure:

Depending on the quantity of preparation to be submitted working formula is calculated

1. Weighed quantity of piperazine citrate is dissolved in little quantity of water.

2. Orange oil is mixed with chloroform spirit and poured into piperazine citrate solution.

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 3.Syrup and glycerinare added to the above mixture solution and mixed well.
4.Finally the volume is made up to required level of purified water in a measuring cylinder.
5.The contents are mixed well and kept aside for sometime.
6.The preparation is filtered, if necessary.
7.The preparation is then transferred into light resistant container.
8.The bottle is capped, labelled, polished and submitted.

Category :Anthelmintic

Dose: 4-5 ml is required for thread worms daily in divided dose,upto 30 ml for treating round worms
as a single dose according to the age of the patient as given below.

For children 9-12 years 2.5 ml

2-3 years 5ml

4-6 years 7.5 ml

7-12 years 10 ml

Storage :Store in well closed container

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39
 EXPERIMENT 08: PAEDIATRIC PARACETAMOL ELIXIR BPC

AIM:To prepare 2ml of paediatricparacetemolelixer BPC.

Formula
S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1. PARACETEMOL 24g

2. AMRANTH 2ml
SOLUTION

3. CONCENTRATED 25 ml
RASPBERRY JUICE

4. CHLOROFORM 20ml
SPIRIT

5. ALCOHOL 90% 100ml

6. PROPYLENE 100ml
GLYCOL

7. INVERT SUGAR 275 ml

8. GLYCERIN (q.s) 1000ml

Theory :

One part of paracetamol is soluble in 70 parts of water, 7 parts of alcohol, 9 parts of propylene glycol
or 40 parts of glycerin.Due to relatively lower solubility of Paracetamol in water only water cannot

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be used as sole solvent.In this elixir,Paracetamol is dissolved by the co-solvency technique by using
alcohol,propylene glycol and glycerin as the co-solvent .

Procedure

1. Dissolve the paracetamol in the mixture of alcohol the propylene glycol and the chloroform
spirit in a part of glycerin.
2. Then add concentrated raspberry juice, invert syrup and amaranth solution.
3. Then add sufficient glycerin to produce the required volume and mix.

Category :Analgesic antibiotic

Dose : 5 ml

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Storage:Protect from light.

Advise for patientsThis elixir should not be used for longer than 2 days or given to children under 1
year without medical advice.

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 EXPERIMENT 09 :CASCARA ELIXER BPC

AIM:To prepare and submit 20 ml of BPC.

Formula
S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1. CASCARA COURSE 1000mg

POWDER

2. LIQUORICE COARSE 125 mg

UNPEELED POWDER

3. LIGHT MAGNESIUM 50 mg
OXIDE

4. SACCHARIN 1g
SODIUM

5. CORRIANDER OIL 0.15ml

6. ANISE OIL 0.2 ml

7. ALCOHOL 90% 12.5ml

8. GLYCERIN 300 ml

9. PURIFIED WATER 1000ml

(q.s)

Theory:

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Cascara elixir is used as purgative. Cascara course powder is obtained from the bark of cascara
sagrada .It contains cascarosidases, which produce purgative action. Water is used as a menstruum
for percolation and coarse powder of the crude drug is used for this purpose.

The ingredients of cascara have nauseatingodour and persistently bitter in taste .Hence sweetening
agents are added to mask the bitter taste .Examples are saccharin sodium and glycyrrhizin is present
in liquorice root and is also water soluble. Hence unpeeled pieces of roots of liquorice are used for
percolation .

Light magnesium oxide converts the bitter substance lactone present in cascara into less bitter
magnesium salt .

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Coriander and anise oil are used as flavouring agents to mask the nauseating odour of the drug.
These oils are soluble in alcohol .Therefore, alcohol is used as solvent for these oils

Glycerin in this preparation is used to increase viscosity, as preservative and sweetening agent

Purified water is used as the menstruum. Percolation is conducted at the near to 100 degree Celsius,
so the proteins in liquorice gets precipitated which remains in the tissue. As the result of the
percolate obtained is free from proteins.

Procedure:

1.Weighed quantities of cascara,liquorice and light magnesium oxide are mixed thoroughly 1250 ml
of boiling purified water is added to the above blend stirring thoroughly

2.The moistent Powder mixture is packed moderately tightly in the percolator as shown in figure 1
3.After packing ,boiling purified water is added to the percolator for extracting the active
principles.Percolation is continued until the percolate is exhausted of the drugs turning almost
colourless.This can be confirmed by following test

5.The percolate is evaporated to about 650 ml on a water bath .

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6.Saccharin sodium is dissolved in 12 ml of purified water and the corriander and anise oils in alcohol
90 %

7.Both solutions are mixed with the glycerin. The concentrated percolate is added .

8.Sufficient purified water is added to produce 1000ml and shaken thoroughly .

9.The elixir is allowed to stand for not less than 12 hours . filtered if necessary.

10.The preparation is then transferred into a light resistant container.

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11.The botlle is capped ,labelled,polished and submitted.

Category : Purgative

Dose : 2-5ml

Storage : Store in a well closed container in a cool place .

Advice to the patient :Cascara elixir may colour the urine red or yellow.

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49
 LINCTUS:GENRAL PRINCIPLE
According to IPlinctusesare defined has viscous oral liquids containing one or more active
ingredients dissolved in a vehicle that usually contains a high proportion of sucrose, other sugars are a
suitable polyhydric alcohol or alcohols.

Linctuses are intended for use in the treatment or relief of cough.These are sipped in small doses and
swallowed slowly without the addition of water.

Examples of Linctuses official in IP 1996 are noscapinelinctuses and pholcodine linctus . Linctusesin
BPC are opiate squill linctus and methadone linctus.

Formulation

SI.NO. Ingredients type. Examples

1. Vehicles/ solvents. Simple syrup ,Glycerin

2. Colouring agents. Amaranth (red),tartrazine (yellow)
3. Flavouring agents. Lemon syrup, black current syrup
4. Preservatives. Benzoic acid, chloroform spirit

Containers : Linctus are dispensed tightly closed and light resistant glass containers .

Storage : Linctus are stored in a cool place.

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51
 EXPERIMENT 10:SIMPLE LINCTUS BPC

AIM :To prepare and submit 20ml of simple Linctus BPC.

Formula
S NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1. CITRIC ACID 25g

MONOHYDRATE

2. CONCENTRATED 10ml
ANISE WATER

3. AMRANTH 15 ml
SOLUTION

4. CHLOROFORM 60ml
SPIRIT

5. SIMPLE SYRUP (q.s) 1000ml

Theory:

Simple linctus is used as a demulcent in the treatment of cough.Concentrated anise water is a mild
expectorant with a flavouring property.Citric acid monohydrate acts has expectorant,flavouring agent
and mild astringent .Chloroform spirit act has preservative and flavouring agent .Amaranth solution
acts as colouring agent.Simple syrup act as demulcent and sweetening agent.

Procedure:

Depending on the quantity of preparation to be submitted the working formula is calculated simple
syrup Is prepared using the procedure mentioned earlier.

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1. Weighed quantity of citric acid monohydrate is dissolved in 3/4th quantity of simple syrup.
2. Concentrated anise water, amaranth solution and chloroform spirit are added to the syrup
containing citric acid with intermittent mixing.
3. Finally , the volume is made up to the required level with simple syrup.
4. This preparation is then transferred into a light resistant container.
5. The container is kept labelled ,polished and submitted.

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Category: Demulcent in the treatment of cough.

Dose: 5ml

Storage: Store in a well closed container in a cool place.

Advice for patience:To be sipped swallowed slowly undiluted.

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55
 EXPERIMENT 11: PAEDIATRIC SIMPLE LINCTUS BPC

Aim:To prepare and submit 20ml of paediatric simple Linctus BPC

Formula
S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1. SIMPLE LINCTUS 250 ml

2. SIMPLE SYRUP (q.s) 1000ml

Theory:

Paediatric simple Linctus is used for children as a demulcent , in the treatment of cough.Children
require lower doses than adults.In simple Linctus is diluted with simple syrup to prepare paediatric
simple linctus so as to contain required dose in 5ml.:

Procedure:

Depending on the quantity of preparation to be submitted the working formula is calculated simple
syrup is prepared using the procedure as mentioned earlier.

1. Measured volume of simple linctus is diluted with measured volume of simple syrup.
2. The preparation is then transferred into a light resistant container.
3. The container is kept labelled, polished and submitted.

Category:Demulcent , in the treatment of cough.

Dose: 5ml

Storage: Store in a well closed container in a cool place.

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57
 SOLUTIONS:GENRAL PRINCIPLES
Solutions are defined as liquid preparations containing one or more chemical substances usually
dissolved in water.

Solutions is a mixture of two components namely solute and solvent .Solute is the smaller compound
present in the solution and is usually normal non volatile in nature .Solvent is the larger component
present and is also known as vehicle.

Most of drugs are non polar or semipolar.Hence they cannot be easily solublised in water.Therefore
special methods are used to prepare solutions.Solubility can be enhanced by using co-solvents
(examples are glycerin, ethyl alcohol, propylene glycol)or complexation (example is a combination of
iodine and potassium iodide) or surfactants(example is cresol with soap solution).

Solutions are usually used for their specific therapeutic effect of solute either internally or
externally .They vary widely in composition, method of preparation ,strength ,potency mode of
administration, use and dosage.

To increase the shelf life and aesthetic value of solutions, various additives are also added such as
stabilizers, preservatives ,colouring agents,flavouring agents and sweetening agents. Solutions form
most of the dosage forms like mixtures ,enemas, mouthwashes ,gargles, ear drops, eye drops etc.

Some drugs must be used in solution form because;

1. They are required for use in this form example is adrenaline hydrogen chloride solution.
2. The solution is the only form in which the compound can be obtained .Example is hydrogen
peroxide solution.
3. This solution is more stable and convenient than the solid compound.Example is ferric
chloride solution .

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4. The substance is formed by chemical interaction in solution the solution form is most
frequently required ,there would be no advantage gained in isolating the solid
compound.Example is ammonium acetate solution.
5. This solution provides a convenient form for prescribing and dispensing substances when the
dose is a small fraction of grain.Example is strychnine hydrochloride solution.

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 EXPERIMENT NO 12 :CRESOL WITH SOAP SOLUTION

(Synonym: Lysol)

AIM: To prepare 20ml of a cresol with soap solution IP

Formula
S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL WORKING
FORMULA FORMULA

1. CRESOL 500 ml

2. VEGETABLE OIL 180mg

3. POTTASIUM 42g
HYDROXIDE

4. PURIFIED WATER 1000ml

(q.s)

Procedure:

Dissolve the potassium hydroxide into the 250 ml of purified water, add the vegetable oil
and heat on a water bath, mixing thoroughly ,continue to heat until a small portion dissolve in
water without the separation of oily drops.At the cresol mix thoroughly, add sufficient
purified water to produce required volume.

Principle

Cresol with soap solution contains 50% v/v of Cresol (limits 47.0-53.0). It is prepared by the
saponification of a mixed of cresol with vegetable oil or the mixed fatty acid derived
thereform,excluding coconut and Palm kernel oils.The vegetable oil may be
cottonseed ,linseed or soyabean or similar oils which have a saponification value, not greater
than do 205 and an iodine value, not less than 100.

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 Cresol is soluble in water to the extent to 2% but solution of cresol with soap contains 50%
of Cresol .This is possible because the cresol is solubilized by the soap which is present.

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 Solubilization is a process which allows a poorly water soluble solute to go into solution and
hence increases the solubility of the materials .It requires the presence of a surface active
agents which form colloidal aggregates when added in higher concentrations.The
concentrations of the surfactant at which the micelle formation takes place called the critical
micelle concentration or CMC .The poorly soluble material either dissolves or gets absorbed
into the micelle at CMC which ultimately increases the solubility of the material.

In this preparation the soap formed by the reaction between potassium hydroxide and arachis
oil act as a surfactant which solubilizes with cresol. The soap form the micelle at CMC
and at this stage the insoluble cresol gets entrapped inside the micelle and gets solubilized.

The soap is prepared by heating specified amount of vegetable oil and potassium hydroxide
with water until saponification is complete . This fact is ascertained by diluting a few drops
of reaction mixture in water, saponification being complete when a clear fluid is
formed .The cresol is then added ,and distilled water is adding to make up the volume.

Prolonged heating is often necessary to affect saponification when the prescription of lysol is
attempted from the official formula.Several quicker methods are available, for example:

1. Replace part of the vegetable oil with Oleic acid the lather immediately reacts with
the alkali and the soap so formed emulsifies and sub divides the oil and the
saponification proceeds more rapidly upon heating.
2. Add a small proportion of industrial methylatedspirit to the oil and alkali and heat in
a closed vessel until the saponification is complete,finally dissipating the alcohol by
further short heating in an open vessels.
3. Replace the oil and alkaline base soft soap a suitable formula would be :

Cresol 500ml

Soft soap. 500g

Stir until dissolved Or set aside for 24 hours staring occasionally, then dilute to 1000ml with water

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Category: Disinfectant

Directions for use:For use on in animate object Only

63
Storage :Store in a closed container protected from light

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EXPERIMENT NO 13:AQUEOUS IODINE SOLUTION

(Synonym: Lugols solution)

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AIM :To prepare 20 email of aqueous iodine solution ip I.P

FORMULA:

S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING FORMULA

1. IODINE 50g

2. POTTASIUM IODIDE 100g

3. PURIFIED 1000ml
WATER(q.s)

Principle:

Aqueous iodine solution contains 5% w/v of iodine and 10% w/v of potassium iodine,KI.

Iodine is poorly soluble in water (1g in 2950 ml).Therefore ,potassium iodine or sodium iodide is
used to form water soluble complexes, with iodine .

Iodine reacts with potassium iodide to form compounds called polyiodides

e.g KI +nI2 KII2+KI2I2+KI3I2+……..KinI2. The higher the polyiodide

are moresoluble than the lower ones.Hence , a rapid solution of the iodine is effected by using the
potassium iodide in concentrated solution.Therefore ,Iodine and potassium iodide are dissolved in a
small quantity of water initially.

Iodine react with metal and thus only glass or plastic containers should be used to store iodine
solutions.

Official procedure:

Dissolve the potassium iodine with the iodine in a 100 amount of purified water and add sufficient
purified water to produce the required volume .

Category ;Source of iodine (internally) ,Antiseptic (externally)

Dosage: 0.3-1ml

66
Direction for use :Dilute before use iodine is staining handle with care

Storage: Store in a well closed container,the materialsof which are resistant to iodine

67
EXPERIMENT NO 14 :STRONG SOLUTION OF IODINE I.P

(Synonym : Strong tincture of iodine)

68
Aim: To prepare 20ml of strong iodine solution I,P

Formula :
S NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1. IODINE 100g

2. POTTASIUM IODIDE 60g

3. PURIFIED WATER 100ml

4. ALCOHOL 95%(q s) 1000 ml

Principle :

Strong iodine solution contains 10%w/v of iodine (limits 9.5-10.5) and 6.0%w/v of potassium
iodide ,KI (limits 5.7-6.3 )

Iodine with potassium iodide form poly iodides ,e.g KII2,KI3I2. The higher polyiodides are more
soluble than lower ones. Hence a rapid solution of the iodine is affected by using the potassium iodine
in concentrated solution.

Alcohol in the preparation is used as diluent .Another advantage of alcohol is that it quickly
evaporates when the solution is applied over the skin and also dissolves cutaneous fat and hastens
penetration and absorption and provides some additional antibacterial effect.The preparation is used
as a topical antiseptic agent.The penetration cannot be applied to wounds and abrasions because the
alcohol in the tincture is very irritating to open tissues.

Category :Antiseptic

Direction for use:External use only do not use on cuts wounds and near eyes.

Caution Inflammable keep away from naked fame.

Storage : Store in a wear closed container ,the materials of which are resistant to iodine

69
EXPERIMENT 14 :STRONG AMMONIUM ACETATE SOLUTION I.P

9Synonym: liquor ammonia acetate fortis)

70
AIM :To prepare 20ml of strong ammonium acetate solution I.P

FORMULE :
S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1. GLACIAL ACETIC 435g

ACID

2. AMMONIUM 470g
BICARBONATE

3. AMMONIUM 100ml
SOLUTION STRONG

4. PURIFIED WATER (q 1000ml

s)

Principle :

This preparation contains 57.5% w/v of ammonium acetate .The glacial acetic acid does not react in
concentrated solutions and so it is diluted with waterbefore the addition of ammonium
bicarbonate .The following reaction occurs :

CH3COOH+ NH4HCO3 CH3COONH4+ H2O +CO2

A large open vessel is used to allow easy escape of the carbon dioxide and avoid spillage and due to
frothing.

The reaction ceases as the solution becomes concentrated.Therefore stronger Ammoniasolution is

added carefully to neutralize the acid completely until one drop of preparation diluted with 10 drops
of purified water is a full blue color with bromothymol blue and a full yellow color with thymol
blue indicator solution.

The following reaction occurs between acetic acid and ammonia solution.

CH3COOH + NH4OH CH3COONH4 + H20 +CO2

71
The colour changes with the indicators areas follows:

A. Bromothymol blue pH 6.0 - pH 7.6

72
 Yellow - green - blue

B. Thymol blue pH 8.0 - pH 9.6

Yellow - blue

The PH of final solution is between 7.6 to 8.

Care must be taken not to contaminate the preparation with the indicators.

Finally the preparation is adjusted to the volume with purified water strong solution of
ammonia acetate dissolves lead salts and should be packed in lead free bottles.

Official procedure

Mix the glacial acetic acid with about 350 ml of purified water, add ammonium bicarbonate
in small quantities at a time and stir until it is completely dissolved. Add sufficient quantity
of ammonia solution until one drop of result in solution, diluted with 10 drops of water gives
a full blue color with 1 drop of solution of bromothymol and a blue colour with onbe drop of
thymol blue , add sufficient purified water to produce the required volume .

Category:Diaphoretic diuretic and expectorant in diluted solution

Dose :1-2ml , in dilute solution 8 to 30ml

Storage : Store in a lead free glass bottle

73
LINIMENTS :GENRAL PRINCIPLES
Liniments are fluid , semi fluid or occasionally, semi solid preparations intended for application on
the skin .They may be alcoholic or oily solutions or emulsions .Most are massaged into the skin

74
(counter irritant or stimulating type ) but some are applied on a warm dressing or with brush
(analgesics and soothing types ).liniments must not be applied on the broken skin,

Two types of vehicles are used in the liniments that are solutions. One is high concentration of
alcohol , as in soap liniment B.P.C., and other is oil, as in Camphor liniment B.P.C (camphorated
liniment ).

Although alcohol is primarily used as a solvent , it also aids in the penetration of medicaments into
the skin and potentiates their counter irritant pr rubefacient action . counter irritant mask the pain
from fibrositis ,scatia , neuralgia and similar complaints by prodfucing warmth ,tingling and
numbness when rubbed on the skin . if they also causes redness , they are called as rubefacients.

Bland oils, such as arachis and cotton seed ,are less irritant than alcohol and spread more easily on
the skin . The spreading of alcoholic liniment can be improved by including soap ,as a mild counter
irritant, soap liniment ,which is used for sprains and bruises.

Liniments should never be applied on the broken skin because they would be very
irritating ,especially if the solvent is alcohol. They should be labelled ‘Not to be used on broken skin
or wounds’ and for ‘External use only’ and ‘Apply with friction’ .They should be stored in a cool
place because liniments have volatile ingredients.

75
 EXPERIMENT 15 :TURPENTINE LINIMENT I.P A

AIM:P To prepare 20ml of turpentine liniment ip

FORMULA :
S NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

76
 1. TURPENTINE OIL 650ml

2. SOFT SOAP 90g

3. CAMPHOR 50g

4. PURIFIED WATER 1000ml

(q.s)

Principle :

Turpentine oil is a volatile oil and is used as a counter irritant and rubefacient.Turpentine oil is
immiscible with water and hence an emulsion is prepared with soft soap as the emulsifying
agent .Camphor is not soluble in water and is therefore dissolved in turpentine oil.This solution is
then added to soft soap- water mixture with continuous titration until a thick creamy emulsion is
formed.

Turpentine oil forms the internal face of the emulsion and water in the continuous phase .Soft soap is
the o/w emulsifying agent (alkali soap type).Camphor acts as a counter irritant.

Official procedure:

Mix the soft soap with 100 ml of purified water, and make a solution of camphor in the freshly
rectified turpentine oil .Gradually add the camphor solution to the soap mixture with trituration until
a thick creamy emulsion is formed .Add sufficient purified water to produce the required volume and
mix.

Category :Counterirritantand rubefacient.

Storage :Keep the container tightly closed in a cool place.

77
Auxiliary label :

Apply with friction

Do not apply to wounds broken skin ,ear ,eyes or mucous membrane ,

Shake well before use

78
For external use only .

79
 EXPERIMENT 16 :CAMPHOR LINIMENT B.P.C

AIM :To prepare 20ml of camphor liniment B.P.C

Formula :
S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

80
 1. CAMPHOR 200g

2. ARACHIS OIL 800g

Principle:

Camphor liniment is an oily solution of camphor in arachis oil (a fixed oil).Camphor is very soluble
in fixed oils.Camphor is a counter irritant and arachis oil gives an emollient and soothing effect.

Official procedure :

Dissolve the camphor in the arachis oil in closed vessel.

Category: counter irritant

Storage:keep the container tightly closed in a cool place

Auxiliary label:

Apply with friction

Do not apply to wounds of broken skin near eyes or mucus membrane

For external use only

81
LOTIONS : GENRAL PRINCIPLES

82
Lotions are fluid preparations for external application without friction . They are either dabbed on
the skin or applied on a suitable dressing and covered with water proof material to reduce the
evaporation.

About half of the official lotions are solutions . Their main ingredient are simple salts such as
copper ,zinc sulphates ,lead sub acetate ,which are solublein water ,or salicylic acid ,for which
alcohol is the solvent .

Lead lotions are used in the treatment of sprains and bruises .Copper and zinc sulphates are used in
the lotions for the treatment of impetigo ,zinc sulphates and salicylic acid are used for ulcers,
salicylic acid for dandruff .Copper and zinc sulphate are astringents while salicylic acid is a
keratolytic ,bacteriostatic and fungicidal.

Suspension type lotions contain suspended solids in a solvent and the solvent evaporate when
applied to the skin leaving a light deposit of medicament on the surface .Suspension made with
some types of thickening agents, such as semisynthetic polysaccharides, leave a fairly strong , non
sticky film that holds the medicament in contact with the underlying lesion and gives protection ,but
it is easily removed by washing .Lotions are easier to apply and less messy than any semisolid
external preparation .

The containers for lotions should be distinguishable from other types used for orally administered
medicines . All the lotions should be labelled ‘for external use only’.

83
 EXPERIMENT 17 :CALAMINE LOTION IP

AIM :To prepare 20ml of calamine lotion I.P

FORMULA :
S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL WORKING
FORMULA FORMULA

1. CALAMIME 150g

84
 2. ZINC OXIDE 50g

3. BENTONITE 30g

4. SODIUM CITRATE 5g

5. LIQUIFIED PHENOL 5ml

6. GLYCERINE 50ml

7. PURIFIED WATER(q.s) 1000ml

PRINCIPLE:

Calamine lotion is a suspension containing indiffusible solids for external use

Calamine and Zinc oxide are the two indiffusible substances in this suspension.They provide an
astringent and protective effect to the skin.After application the lotionleaves a thin layer of calamine
and zinc oxide on the skin.It relieves itching, pain of sunburn, insect bites and other minor skin
irritations.

Calamine is a mixture of 98% zinc oxide and small proportion ferric oxide .Natural calamine which is
obsolete for pharmaceutical purpose, is not constant in color and has been replaced by artificially
prepared material with a tinted form of ferric oxide .Ferric oxide gives a pink color, which helps to
disguise the presence of the lotion on the skin.

Bentonite is used as a suspending agent. It is buff coloured powder. It is insoluble in water, swells
nearly the 12 times of its bulk and forms a magma with desirable rheological characteristics.Hence it
is used as a suspending agent.It belongs to the class of inorganics spending agents. Most satisfactory
dispersion of the bentonite is obtained if it is mixed

85
intimately with insoluble medicaments .Sodium citrate is used to provide better consistency and to
prevent excessive Frothing on shaking.

This sodium citratecauses partial deflocculation of the calamine and transforms the bentonite from
a gel to sol .In its absence the suspension is much thicker and very difficult to pour from the bottle .
Liquified phenol has an antiseptic activity and increases the antipruritic action of the lotion .Glycerin
gives emollient effect on the skin.

Official procedure :

86
Mix Calamine, Zinc oxide and Bentonite intimately in a mortar .Triturate the mixture with a solution
of sodium citrate in 700ml purified water. Add liquified phenol and glycerin to the above
mixture .Mix well. Make up the volume with purified water.

Category:Protective

Storage : Keep the container tightly closed container

Auxiliary label:Shake well before use

For external use only

87
 SUSPENSION :GENRAL PRINCIPLE
Suspensions are4 disperse system in which one substance ( the disperse phase) is distributed in
particulate form throughout another (the dispersion medium or continuous phase).coarse suspension
have particles larger than 1*10-3mm.

A good suspension should have the following characteristics.

1.After shaking ,the medicament stays in suspension long enough for the removal of the correct dose
for oral products and the correct proportion of active ingredient for external products.

2. The sediment produced onstanding should be easily redispersed.

3. The suspension should be easily removed from the container .

4. It should be free from large particles with spoil appearance ,give a gritty taste to oral preparations
and make external preparation and make external product irritating to sensitive tissues

5.The sediment should be bulky .

88
Suspensions should be packed in container appropriate to the class of dispersed medicine (i.e.
mixture ,lotion etc ) to which they belong ,but suspensions that are vert thick require a container
with a wide mouth.

The physical stability of disperse systems is adversely affected by extremes and variations in the
temperature .The suspensions should be labelled ‘ Store in cool place’ and ‘Do not freeze’. Freezing
and very temperature may cause suspended particles to aggregate.

89
 EXPERIMENT18 : MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE MIXTURE BP

(Synonym Magnesium hydroxide oral suspension

milk of magnesium cream of magnesia)

AIM: To prepare 20ml of Magnesium hydroxide mixture BP

FORMULA:
S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1. MAGNESIUM 47.5 g
SULPHATE

2. SODIUM 15 g
HYDROXIDE

3. LIGHT MAGNESIUM 52.5 g

OXIDE

4. CHLOROFORM 2.5 ml

5. PURIFIED WATER 1000ml

(q.s)

PRINCIPLE :

Magnesium hydroxide mixture is an aqueous colloidal dispersion of magnesium hydroxide .It is

prepared in part, by precipitation reaction between magnesium sulphate and sodium hydroxide and in
part by hydration of magnesium oxide to reaction occurs

90
 1. MgSO4 + 2NaOH ->Mg(OH)2 + Na2SO4
2. MgO + H2O->Mg(OH)2

The tworeactions are carried out to maintain the required pourability of the product.Precipitate
obtained from the hydration of magnesium oxide is very viscous which becomes unpourable on
keeping,while precipitate made by precipitation alone sediment quickly and remains fluid having

91
very less viscosity.Mixtures prepared by precipitation and hydration are not excessively thick and do
not separate rapidly.

The reacting mixture i.e is the cream of the magnesium oxide and the solutions of magnesium
sulphate and sodium hydroxide are made as a diluted preparation before mixing in order to ensure
that a fine precipitate of magnesium hydroxide is obtained .Diluting reacting mixtures result in the
formation of fine precipitates .The fine precipitate thus obtained is diffusible in nature and hence the
suspension does not require a suspending agent.

The removal of sulphate from the mixture is necessary because sulphates when given orally in
hypertonic solutions, draw water from the tissues into the intestine.This increases peristalsis and
induces a profuse watery stooli.e sulphates are laxative .Therefore to avoid theaction of sulphates ,
removal of sulphate ion is necessary.

Chloroform is used as the preservative.The preparation has a pH for about 10 and therefore, it attacks
containers of lime soda glass .The U.S.P allows inclusion of 0.1% citric acid to minimize this effect
this concentration of citric acid also improves the flavour of the mixture.

The preparation has twoactions .In lower doses it acts as an antacid and in higher doses it act as a
laxative .

The preparation must not be prepared in a cold place because low temperature causes aggregation of
the particles and gives the preparation a granular appearance.

OFFICIAL PROCEDURE:

Dissolve the sodium hydroxide in 150 a ml of purified water. Add the light Magnesium oxide and
mix to form a smooth cream. Then add sufficient purifier water to produce 2500 ml. Pour this
suspension and a thin stream into a solution of magnesium sulphate in 2500 ml of purified water
stirring continuously during the mixing. Allow the precipitate to subside, remove the clear liquid,

92
transfer the residue to a calico strainer. Allow to drain and wash the precipitate with purified water
until they washing give on a slight reaction for sulphates. ( This is checked by adding BaCl 2 for
washings which is taken in a test tube to the appearance of a white turbidity indicates presence of
sulphates . The absence of white turbidity indicates presence of sulphates . The precipitates is
washed until the washings do not give a turbidity with BaCl2

93
reagent ).Mix the washed precipitate with purified water. Dissolve the chloroform in the mixture
and add sufficient purified water to produce 1000ml.

CATEGORY : 1-4ml as Antacid

8-16ml as laxative

DIRECTION : Shake well before use

STORAGE: keep the container entirely closed in a cool place do not freeze

94
 EMULSION :GENRAL PRINCIPLES
Emulsions are defined as the disperse systems consisting of two immiscible liquids , one of which is
distributed throughout the other in minute globules ,the system being stabilized by the presence of
a third substance ,the emulsifying agent

Emulsion are of two types

1.Oil in water (O/W),in which the oil is dispersed in the water .

2.Water in oil (W/O),in which the water is dispersed in oil.

They may be liquid or semisolids .Emulsion of O/W type is administered orally.

95
(a) To disguise the taste or oiliness of medicinal oils such as liquid paraffin and cod liver oil.
The aqeous continuous phase, which can be pleasantly flavoured ,isolates the unpleasant
dispersed phase from the tongue and if the patient wishes ,allows the residue of the dose to
be rinsed easily from the mouth with drink of water .
(b) To improve the absorption of oils .Fine subdivision is believed to increase the amount and
rate of absorption in the intestine

Three classes of liquid external preparation –applications lotions and liniments –include
examples of emulsions ;these may be O/W OR W/O
Semisolids emulsions are W/O (oily creams) or O/W (aqueous creams).

For both liquid and semi liquid external preparations O/W is superior to W/O
emulsions .they rub into the skin very readily , are easily removed by washing and are less
likely to spoil clothes .however W/O emulsions spread evely.these emulsion can be used as
emollient.

96
 EXPERIMENT 19: LIQUID PARAFFIN EMULSION IP

AIM: To prepare 24ml of liquid paraffin emulsions IP

FORMULA:
S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1. LIQUID PARAFFIN 500ml

2. INDIAN GUM IN 125g

POWDERED FORM

3. TRAGANCANTH IN 5g
POWDERED FORM

4. SODIUM BENZOATE 5g

97
 5. VANILLA 0.5g

6. GLYCERINE 125ml

7. CHLOROFORM 2.5ml

8. PURIFIED WATER 1000ml

(q.s)

PRINCIPLE:

Liquid paraffin emulsion is an oil in water emulsion , made by the dry gum method that containing
50% V/V of liquid paraffin (limits 45 to 55). Liquid paraffin, a mineral oil, constitutes oil phase and
purified water constitutes water phase.

Acacia is used as an oil in water emulsifying agent which forms O/W type of emulsion.
Tragacanth is used as emulsifying agent as well as the viscosity increasing agent which stabalizes
the O/W acacia emulsion . Sodium benzoate it is used as a preservative .Vanilla is used as a
flavouring .Chloroform is used as a preservative agent.

Chloroform is used as preservative, especially for the oil phase . It prevents the surface growth of the
microorganism when emulsion is packed. High vapour pressure of chloroform allows it to
concentrate on the surface of the emulsion and also fill the empty area of the bottle, which will not
allow any growth of microorganisms on the surface of the mixture .Glycerin is used as

98
the sweetening agent. It also contributes to the viscosity of the emulsion . The primary emulsion
formula used in the official formula is 2:1. This is a deviation from theoretical recommendation of
3:2:1 for mineral oil emulsions.

OFFICIAL PROCEDURE :

Titurate liquid paraffin and the chloroform with the Indian gum .the tragacanth and vanillin. Add in
one quantity 250ml of purified water and triturate until a creamy emulsion is formed. Add glycerin
and sodium benzoate dissolved in 50ml of purified water .Add sufficient purified water to produce
1000ml .Mix

CATEGORY : Laxative

DOSE: 8-30ml

AUXILIARY LABEL: Shake well before use

STORAGE :Store in a well closed container protected from light

99
100
POWDERS :GENRAL PRINCIPLES
Powders may be prescribed in the form of

1. Bulk powders for internal use

2. Bulk powders for external use ,e.g Dusting powder and
insuffulations.
3. Divided (i.e single dose)powders
4. Granules and effervescent granules
5. Cachets
6. Hard capsules

There are two kinds of powder intended for oral use.

101
Bulk powders ,which the patient takes with a 5ml spoon .As the method of dose measurement for a
powder in imprecise for a powder ,only non potent medicaments , sich as indigestion remedies are
prescribed in this form .

Individual powders , which usually contain potent drug mixed with the lactose or other inert
diluents .each dose is separately folded in a paper

Double wrapping the white deny ised for the ordinary powder is not suitable for the volatile and
hydroscopic powders unless lined with the waxed paper . this is cut slightly smaller each way ,and
both the paper (the white demy and waxed paper are folded at once ).doule wrapping is necessary
for powders containing

Volatile substances Hygroscopic substances

1.camphor 1. Citric acid

2.menthol 2.tannic acid

3.thymol 3.sucrose

4.chlorbutol 4. Iron and ammonium citrate

5.volatile oils 5. Potassium citrate

6.sodium chloride

102
 EXPERIMENT 20 :EUTECTIC POWDER

AIM : To prepare and dispense 3 packet of eutectic powder

FORMULA:
S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1. CAMPHOR 1200mg

2. MENTHOL 600mg

3. KOALIN 1800ml

PRINCIPLE:

Calculation are done for one extra powder to manipulate the loss during mixing .

103
Camphor is dissolved in alcohol and the alcohol is then evaporated leaving behind a fine powder of
camphor .

Mixture of camphor and menthol is an eutectic combination. Each of them acts as an impurity for the
other. Hence the melting points of the ingredients and the mixture are lowered and the resulting
powder will be liquid or as semisolid. Kaolin as added it acts as an adsorbent and makes the
eutectic combination dry

As both camphor and menthol are volatile substance the powder is enclosed in a double wrapper lined
with butter paper.

PROCEDURE:

1. Weigh a slight excess then the required quantity of camphor and dissolve it in a small volume
of alcohol in a China dish .Evaporate alcohol at room temperature.
2. Weigh the required quantities of the fine powder of camphor, menthol and kaolin.
3. Mix camphor with an equal weight of chloroform with light tituration in a China dish
4. Mix menthol with an equal weight of kaolin with light tituration.
5. Mix the above powder by spatulation in geometrical ratio.
6. Way the quantity of powder required for one packet. Enclosed in a double wrapper lined with
a butter paper .Prepare such 5 sets powders.
7. Tie the powders with a paper ribbon.

104
 8.Dispense in neatly labelled envelope

CATEGORY :Carminative

STORAGE : Protect from moisture

105
106
 EXPERIMENT 21 :DUSTING POWDER

AIM: To prepare and dispense 10g of dusting powder

FORMULA:
S NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1. ZINC OXIDE 20g

2. SALICYLIC ACID 5g

3. STARCH 75g

PRINCIPLE :

Calculations are done for the small amount more than required quantity to manipulate loss during
mixing. This is an example of medicated dusting powder .The powder is passed through sieve no #
80 in order to get small particles which are less likely to irritate sensitive tissues.

107
PROCEDURE:

1. Weigh the required quantities of zinc oxide salicylic acid and starch.
2. Mix salicylic acid with zinc oxide and then starch in geometrical ratio by light trituration.
3. Pass the powder through sieve no #80.
4. Weigh 10 g of powder. Transfer into a screw cap inside mouth bottle.
5. Polish, label and dispense.

CATEGORY: Astringent, Local anti-infective.

AUXILIARY LABEL: For external use only.

108
 EXPERIMENT 22 :INSUFFLATIONS

AIM : To send 5 g of the following prescription.

FORMULA :
S.NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1 MENTHOL 5g

2 CAMPHOR 5g

3 AMMONIUM 30g
CHLORIDE

4 MAGNESIUM
CARBONATE

PRINCIPLE :

109
Mixture of camphor and menthol reliefs the symptoms of bronchitis and sinusitis. Ammonium
chloride act as an expectorant.

Insufflations is defined as the medicated dusting powder meant for introduction into the body cavities
such as nose ,throat , ear , tooth sockets and vagina with the help of apparatus known as insufflaltor.

Insufflations are sprayed in a stream of finely divided particles over the site of application. Now-a-
days the insufflations are available in the form of pressurized areosols ,which have the advantage of
excellent control of dose through metered valves .This is intended for local effect. for example
antibiotics are applied in this way to treat infections.

Camphor and menthol are eutectic mixture when mixed. Each of them act as an impurity to other.
Hence ,melting point of each ingredient is lowered and the powder gets liquefied. Magnesium
carbonate act as an adsorbent and makes the eutectic combination dry. Camphor is dissolved in little
quantity of alcohol, so that it gets subdivided into fine particles when alcohol gets evaporated.

Small particles are less likely to irritate the sensitive tissues hence it is necessary to pass the powder
through sieve number 80.

Allowance should be given to compensate the loss of powder during dispensing about 10 to 15%
excess should be considered for calculation.

PROCEDURE:

Using the prescription formula the working formula is calculated.

1. A little excess of the required quantity of camphor is dissolved in a little quantity of

alcohol in a China dish. Alcohol is evaporated at room temperature camphor gets
precipitated as a fine powder.
2. The required quantities of fine powder of menthol, camphor, magnesium carbonate and
ammonium chloride are weighed.
3. About half of magnesium carbonate is mixed with menthol by light tituration and remaining
half of magnesium carbonate is mixed with camphor.
4. The above two blends are mixed along with ammonium chloride by light tituration.
5. The resultant is passed through seive number 80.
6. The required amount of powder is weighed and filled into a screw cap container.
7. The bottle is kept labeled, polished and submitted.

CATEGORY: expectorant in the treatment of bronchitis and sinusitis

110
STORAGE :store in a cool place

111
 SUPPOSITORY:GENRAL PRINCIPLES
Suppository are conical ,ovoid solid preparations for insertion into the rectum where they
melt ,dissolve or disperse and exert an local action or less often systemic action. Their basis is
fat ,wax or a glycerol-gelatin jelly .they weigh 1,2 or occasionally 4g and are usually unmedicated.

Earlier small suppositories known as cones were prescribed for the ear infections and long , very
narrow forms ,called a bougies ,were used for the nasal and urethral infection. These are virtually
obsolete today.

Medicaments are prescribed in suppositories for these reasons

1.To exert direct action on the rectum .

2.To promote evacuation of the bowel.

3. To provide systemic effect.

Systemic effect by the rectal route is of particular value for

(a)Treating the patients who are unconscious, mentally disturbed or unable to tolerate oral
medications because of vomiting or pathological conditions of the alimentary canal.

(b)Administrating drugs , such as aminophylline,that causes gastric irritations and treating infants.

Suppositories are usually prepared by melting a suitable base ,incorporating the prescribed amounts
of finelly powdered medicaments and poring the mixture into moulds .

The most common sized are

1)1g –these are cone shaped with rounded apex ,or bullet shaped.

112
2)2g-these are the same shapes as 1g size or torpedo shaped

113
 EXPERIMENT 23 :BORIC ACID SUPPOSITORY

AIM: To prepare and dispense 8 boric acid suppository

FORMULA:
SI NO. INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING
FORMULA

1 BORIC ACID 120mg

2 COCOA BUTTER Q.S 1g

PRINCIPLE:

Calculations are done for two extra suppositories in order to manipulate the loss during preparation.

Boric acid is insoluble in cocoa butter and therefore mixed with molten cocoa butter on warm tile to
get a smooth dispersion. The warm tile prevents cooling and solidification of the base during mixing.
Only two third of the base is melted and this prevents the overheating of the base and formation of
unsatisfactory suppository.

Cooling the mole dissipates the content heat and hostess the settling of the base. This also prevents
the sedimentation of boric acid which is insoluble in cocoa butter. The base should not be rapidly
heated or rapidly cooled as it mainly to formation of unstable polymorphs of cocoa butter, example
Alpha form which has melting point of 22 degree Celsius and Gamma form of cocoa butter which
has melting point of 15 degree Celsius .Even though these unstable polymorph get converted to stable
polymorph ,the conversion might take some time the suppository would therefore be difficult to
handle immediately after preparation .

Cocoa butter contracts on cooling this may result in the formation of hollows in the suppository if the
mould is just filled to the Brim i.e to its actual capacity to prevent the formulation of hollows the
mould is filled to overflow and excess is removed with sharp blade after the mass is set .

As cocoa butter does not contract significantly on cooling a mould lubricant is used .The nature of
lubricating fluid used to lubricate the mould must be opposite to that of the base.

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For cocoa butter suppository mixture of soft soap, glycerin and alcohol is in the ratio of 1:1 :5 is used
as mould lubricant.

PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the mould with hot water and detergent.

2. Lubricate the mould with lubricating fluid.

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 3. Invert the mould on ice to chill it.
4. Weight the required quantity of shredded cocoa butter and transfer it into China dish.
5. Melt two third of the cocoa butter on a warm water bath and then remove the China dish from
water bath and still until all case is melted.
6. Simultaneously warm a tile on another water bath dry the tile to remove the condensed
moisture.
7. Remove the tile from water bath and place the boric acid on the warmed tile.
8. Pour half of the melted based on the boric acid on the tile and quickly mix well to get a
smooth dispersion.
9. Transfer the dispersion carefully into porcelain dish containing the remaining half of the
molten cocoa butter, stir well to get a homogeneous mixture.
10. Remove the cooled suppository mould from the ice .Shake it well to remove any adhered
water. Wipe out the mould dry and place it upright.
11. Fill the cavities of mould with dispersion of boric acid in cocoa butter taking care to
overflow each cavity . Allow the mass to set at room temperature .After the mass is set trim
of the excess with a sharp blade .
12. Open the mould and remove the suppository carefully ,blot off the excess lubricant.
13. Select the best 5 suppository and wrap them with butter paper and dispense them in neatly
labeled shallow partitioned box

CATEGORY : Antiseptic
DIRECTIONS FOR USE : For rectal use only ,Insert one at night.
STORAGE :Store in a cool place .

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 CHLORALHYDRATE SUPPOSITORIES

AIM :- To send 5 superstitions of the following prescription

SI NO INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING

FORMULA

1. CHORALHYDRATE 160mg

2. COCOA BUTTER Q.S 1g

Theory

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Chlorine hydrate is insoluble in coa butter when it is dispensed in supposed to revise politicalization
would be retarded during storage the drugs like volatile oils crayon said phenol and chlora hydrate
lower the melting point of Cocoa butter to correct the problem bee wax or from my site are added in
this kiss colour hydrate concentration is less than 25% of the base hence inclusion of any wax

Lubricating of the mould facilitate easy removal of suppositors the cold mould used for
mouldingdisciplinates the heat content of suppository mass and hastens setting

When coa butter is heated above the melting temperature about 36 ﾟ C and chill to its solidification
point below 15 ﾟ C immediately after returning to room temperature this Cocoa butter attains a
melting point about €24 therefore Cocoa butter must not be heated at high temperature

The mould is overfilled with homogeneous depression of drug and base this is because while cooling
the base contracts forming Halloween depression at the centre top of the suppository overwhelming
the mould prevents the formation of hollow depression

The displacement value of chlorine hydrate is 1.5 using displacement values weight of Cocoa butter is
calculated

The mould can accommodate 6 opposite rules therefore 6 opposite rays are prepared once opposite a
mass extra gravity quantity is calculated in order to compensate the loss during preparation once a
positive mass extra is necessary in order to compensate the loss due to over filling of the mould cavity
therefore the working formula is calculated for it 8 supposed to do this

Procedure

1. The mould is cleaned with hot water and detergent

2. The world is liberated with liquid paraffin
3. The mould is invited on the ice
4. The calculated quantity of coa butter is weighed on butter paper and then transfer to the porch
in dish
5. The processed dish is heated in a water bath to melt 2/3 of the base the dish is removed from
the water bath and stir well with spatulated all the basement
6. The calculated quantity of fine powder chlorine hydrated is added to the mountain base the
mixture is stayed well until the drug dissolves
7. The above depression is poured into 6 quantities of mole to overflow
8. The excess depression over the surface of the mould is trimmed with sharp blade

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9. The mould is unscrewed to open superstitions and remove all the excess lubricant on the
surface of the supposed rate is removed with a blotting paper
10. The best 5 supposed dresses are selected
11. Each supposed to ray is wrapped with a butter paper separately
12. Suppositories are dispensed in a nearly labelled Box or in a wide mouth bottle

CATERGORY:- sedative hypnotic

STORAGE:- Store in a cool place

DIRECTION:-insert 1 at night

AUXILIARY LABEL:- for rectal use only

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INCOMPATIBILITY

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 Prescription showing physical incompatibility

AIM:- To send 3 doses of the following prescription

SI NO. INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING

FORMULA

1. POTASSIUM IODIDE 1g

2. TINCTURE LOBELIA 3ml

ETHEREAL

3. MUCILAGE OF 19ml
TRAGANCANTH

4. CHLOROFORM 75ml
WATER QS

5. TINCTURE 6ml
STRAMONIUM

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Theory

This prescription is indicated in bronchitis Asthma and chronic bronchitis in this preparation the
ingredients interact to exhibit physical incompatibility the problem of incompatibility is solved by
suitable method the chances of occurrence of incompatibilities are high in multi drug therapy

Incompatibility tincture louisian ethereal is either spirit is insoluble in water and forms a region is
specific date which is indeffusible

Remedy for incompatibilities this formulation is stabilised using 2% weight by volume truck a
Gandhi has a protective coloid it converts the indefusive solids to diffusible solids

Normally muslims of drug bath is used for this purpose it also acts as a suspending agent the
proportion of drug a continuous required is 25% volume by volume

Procedure

Using the prescription formula the working formula is calculated

1. Required volume of usage of rakha Gandhi's transfer into a bigger measured quantity 20% of
chlorophyll of warm water is transferred into the beaker and mixed well
2. Temperature of luberia ethereal is measured in a dry measure and powder poured slowly into
the centre of the missile age with Constance daring to form protective collide
3. Potassium iron is made and dissolved in half the quantity of chlorophyll water this is then
added to the above solution slowly to avoid the neutralisation of the protective collide with
constant steady in a week
4. This suspension is trained through Muslim cloth into a measuring cylinder
5. The bigger incidents with little quantity 20% of flour F warm water and transferred into the
measuring cylinder through the muslin cloth
6. Temperature of stomonium is measured and added to the contents the contents are mixed well
7. The volume is adjusted to the required level with chlorophym water
8. The depression is transferred into a clean bottle
9. The bottle is kept labelled polished and submitted

CATEGORY:- Is spectacular in bronchitis asthma and chronic bronchitis

DOSE:- take 15ml three times a day

● 0.3-1ml tincture lobelia ethereal

● 0.6-2ml tincture stramonium

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 ● 0.3-2g potassium iodide

STORAGE:- Store in a well closed container in a cool place

AUXILIARY LABEL:- Shake well before use

Oxidation of iodine is quinine sulphate chemical incompatibility

AIM:- To send 90ml of the following prescription

SI NO. INGREDIENTS OFFICIAL FORMULA WORKING

FORMULA

1. QUININE SULPHATE 1.6g

2. DILUTE SULPHURIC 4ml

ACID

3. POTASSIUM IODIDE 8g

4. WATER QS 180ml

THEORY:-

This prescription is used as an anti malaria and expectorate for this indications coconut cell fat and
potassium iodine are used

Incompatibility quotient selfies is insoluble in water therefore dilute sulphuric acid is added to
dissolve cunnine in water since potassium added is soluble in water it is added to the above solution
and a clear solution is obtained this solution is stable for 3 days after 3 days the following chemical
reaction take space

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quinine sulphate + diluted sulphuric acid →soluble quinine in acidic medium

Sulphuric acid + potassium iodide→ hydroiodic acid

(Strong acid) (weak acid)

Hydroiodic acid → iodine

Hydroiodic acid + iodine + quinine sulphate→ herapathite

Remedy for incompatibility if the prescription is dispensed for more than 3 days potassium iodine is
supplied in one bottle and other ingredients in another bottle the patient is advised to mix both
solution and take the necessary dose

Procedure

Using the prescription formula the working formula is calculated

1. The required quantity of Guinea in cell fat is weighed and dissolved in half the quantity of
water in a bigger quantity of water in a bigger quantity self feet may not be soluble in water
completely
2. The measured volume of diluted sulfurious acid is added to the above and mixed well to get a
clear solution
3. Potassium iodine is dissolved on the above solution
4. The contents are transferred into a measuring cylinder
5. The volume is adjusted to the required level with water mixed well
6. The contents are transferred into a clean bottle
7. The water is kept labelled forest and submit it

CATERGORY :- Is anti malaria expectorant

DOSE:- Take a table spoonful 3 times A-day

● 0.3-0.6g as antimalarial (quinine sulphate )

● 0.3-2.0g as expectorant (potassium iodide

STORAGE:- Story nowhere close container in a cool place

AUXILIARY LABEL:- Shake well before use

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