Chapter 19 – Revision of chapters 15-18

Solutions to Technology-free questions

√
1 a Since 3
Therefore, sin B = ± . However,
cos2 A + sin2 A = 1, 2
as B is obtuse, we can reject
√ the
we see that 3
negative, giving sin B = . It
cos2 A = 1 − sin2 A 2
follows that,
!2
3 cos A
=1− cot B =
5 sin A
9 1
=1− −
25 = √2
16 3
= . 2
25 √
4 3
Therefore, cos A = ± . However, =− .
5 3
as A is acute, we can reject the
4 d Using work from the previous
negative solution, giving cos A = .
5 question, we have,
Therefore,
1
sec A =
1 5
= . cosecB =
cos A 4 sin B
1
b Using the result from the previous = √
3
question we have,
2
cos A √
cot A = 2 3
sin A = .
4 3

= 5
3 A
2 Since cos A = 2 cos2 − 1, we know
5 2
4 that
= . A
3 2 cos2 − 1 = cos A
2
c Since A 1
2 cos2 − 1 =
cos2 B + sin2 B = 1, 2 3
A 4
we see that sin2 B = 1 − cos2 A 2 cos2 =
!2 2 3
1 A 2
=1− − cos2 =
2 2 3
r
1 A 2
=1− cos = ±
4 2 3
3
= .
4
592
 Or equivalently, (w + z)2 = 62
√ = 36.
A 6
cos = ± .
2 3 f Using a previous result, we see that

3 We have, (w − z)2 = (4i)2

1 1 = −16.
LHS = +
1 + sin A 1 − sin A
1 − sin A g w2 − z2 = (w − z)(w + z)
=
(1 + sin A)(1 − sin A) = 4i × 6
1 + sin A
+ = 24i
(1 + sin A)(1 − sin A)
2 h Using the previous question,
=
1 − sin2 A
2 (w − z)(w + z) = w2 − z2
=
cos2 A = 24i
= 2 sec2 A
= RHS. 5 a w + z = (1 − 2i) + (2 − 3i)
= 3 − 5i
4 a w + z = (3 + 2i) + (3 − 2i)
=6 b w − z = (1 − 2i) − (2 − 3i)
= 1 − 2i − 2 + 3i
b w − z = (3 + 2i) − (3 − 2i)
= −1 + i
= 3 + 2i − 3 + 2i
= 4i c wz = (1 − 2i)(2 − 3i)
= 2 − 3i − 4i + 6i2
c wz = (3 + 2i)(3 − 2i)
= 2 − 7i − 6
= 32 − (2i)2
= −4 − 7i
=9+4
w 1 − 2i
= 13 d =
z 2 − 3i
d (1 − 2i) (2 + 3i)
=
w2 + z2 = (3 + 2i)2 + (3 − 2i)2 (2 − 3i) (2 + 3i)
2 + 3i − 4i − 6i2
= 9 + 12i + (2i)2 + 9 − 12i + (2i)2 =
22 − (3i)2
= 18 + 4i2 + 4i2 2−i−6
=
= 10 4+9
8−i
e Using a previous result, we see that =
13

593
e iw = i(1 − 2i) w 1 − 2i
i =
w + z 3 − 5i
= i − 2i2
(1 − 2i) (3 + 5i)
=
=2+i (3 − 5i) (3 + 5i)
3 + 5i − 6i − 10i2
f
i
=
i =
w 1 − 2i 32 − (5i)2
i (1 + 2i) 3 − i + 10
= =
(1 − 2i) (1 + 2i) 9 + 25
13 − i
i + 2i2 =
= 2 34
1 − (2i)2
−2 + i j (1 + i)w = (1 + i)(1 − 2i)
=
1+4 = 1 − 2i + i − 2i2
−2 + i
= =1−i+2
5
w 1 − 2i =3−i
g =
i i w 1 − 2i
1 − 2i i k =
= 1+i 1+i
i i (1 − 2i) (1 − i)
i − 2i2 =
= (1 + i) (1 − i)
i2
1 − i − 2i + 2i2
2+i =
= 12 − i2
−1
1 − 3i − 2
= −2 − i =
1+1
−1 − 3i
h
z
=
2 − 3i =
w 1 − 2i 2
(2 − 3i) (1 + 2i) l w2 = (1 − 2i)2
=
(1 − 2i) (1 + 2i)
= 1 − 4i + (2i)2
2 + 4i − 3i − 6i2
= = 1 − 4i − 4
12 − (2i)2
2+i+6 = −3 − 4i
=
1+4
8+i
= 6 a z2 + 49 = z2 − (7i)2
5
= (z − 7i)(z + 7i)

b Here, we must com-

plete this square, giving,

594
 z2 − 2z + 10 = (z2 − 2z + 1) − 1 + 10 Therefore,
= (z − 1)2 + 9 x2 − y2 = 3 (1)
= (z − 1) − (3i)
2 2
2xy = −4 (2).
= (z − 1 − 3i)(z − 1 + 3i)
Solving equation (2) for y gives
c Here, we must complete this square. y = − 2x , and substituting this into
Factor out the 9 first, so that equation (1) gives
2 5 !2
9z2 − 6z + 5 = 9(z2 − z + ) 2
3 9
2
x − − =3
! ! x
2 1 1 5
=9 z − z+ 2
− + 4
3 9 9 9 x2 − 2 = 3
 !2  x
1 4  x − 4 = 3x2
4
= 9  z − + 

3 9
 !2 !2  x4 − 3x2 − 4 = 0
1 2
= 9  z − (x2 − 4)(x2 + 1) = 0
 
− i 
3 3
! ! x = ±2.
1 2 1 2
=9 z− − i z− + i
3 3 3 3 Moreover, if x = 2, then y = −1 while
if x = −2 then y = 1. Therefore the
d Here, we must complete this square.
two square roots are 2 − i and −2 + i.
Factor out the 4 first, so that
13 b We have
4z2 + 12z + 13 = 4(z2 + 3z + ) √
4 −b ± b2 − 4ac
z=
! !
9 9 13
= 4 z2 + 3z + − + 2a
4 4 4 −(4 + 3i) ± (4 + 3i)2 − 4(2 − i)(−1 + 3i)
p
 !2  =
3 2(2 − i)
= 4  z + + 1
 
−4 − 3i ± 16 + 24i + (3i)2 − 4(−2 + 6i + i − 3i2 )
p
2 =
 !2  4 − 2i
3 √
= 4  z + −4 − 3i ± 16 + 24i − 9 − 4(−2 + 7i + 3)
 
− i2 

=
2 4 − 2i
√
! ! −4 − 3i ± 7 + 24i − 4(1 + 7i)
3 3 =
=4 z+ −i z+ +i 4 − 2i
2 2 √
−4 − 3i ± 7 + 24i − 4 − 28i
=
4 − 2i
√
7 a We need to find real numbers x and y −4 − 3i ± 3 − 4i
= (1)
such that 4 − 2i
From the previous √ question, we
(x + iy) = 3 − 4i
2 know that either 3 − 4i = 2 − i or
√
3 − 4i = −2 + i. We can subgraph-
x2 + 2xyi + (iy)2 = 3 − 4i
stitute either of these into (1) to find
(x2 − y2 ) + 2xyi = 3 − 4i that z = −i or z = 1 − i.

595
8 If z = −1 + i is a solution then so is the y = Im(z)
conjugate z = −1 − i. Let w be the third
solution. As the sum of the solutions is 4
we know that π
3
x = Re(z)
(−1 + i) + (−1 − i) + w = 4
−2 + w = 4
w=6
c The region S ∩ T is the circle
Therefore we now know the three linear segment shown.
factors of the cubic, which we multiply y = Im(z)
to give
(1, 1)
(z + 1 − i)(z + 1 + i)(z − 6) x = Re(z)
= ((z + 1) − i)((z + 1) + i)(z − 6)
= ((z + 1)2 − i2 )(z − 6)
= ((z2 + 2z + 1) + 1)(z − 6)
= (z2 + 2z + 2)(z − 6)
10 a
= z3 − 4z − 10z − 12.

Therefore a = −4, b = −10 and c = −12.

9 a Region S is the set of of points on or

inside a circle or radius 1 centred at
point (1, 1). This is shown below.
y = Im(z)

(1, 1)

x = Re(z)
b

b The set T consists of the set of

points whose principal argument lies
π
between 0 and . This is sketched
3
below. The origin must be omitted.

596
 c

x2 − 4 = |x| + 2
x2 − 6 = |x|

If x ≥ 0, then |x| = x so that

x2 − 6 = x
11 a The sketch of these graphs is shown
below. x2 − x − 6 = 0
(x − 3)(x + 2) = 0
x = 3.

Note: we take only the positive

solution. This gives the point (3, 5).
If x < 0, then |x| = −x so that

x2 − 6 = −x
x2 + x − 6 = 0
b To find the point of intersection we (x + 3)(x − 2) = 0
have to solve the equation
x = −3.

Note: we take only the negative

solution. This gives the point (−3, 5)

12 a

597
 13 a y

2
1
2
x
–2 –1 0

(–32 , –4(

b y

c
2
(1, 1)
1
2
x

c y

( p2 , 2 (
(2 p, 1)
1 ( p2 , 12 (
p p x
0 p 2p
2 2
d
d y

(2 p, 3)
3

(p, 1)
1 (2 p , 13 (
3
x
0 2p

598
14 a b y

4 + 3Ö3
2

(–1, 2)
–3 + 2Ö5
3
x
–3 – 2Ö5
4 – 3Ö3
3
2

b
16 a y

y = 3x

–1 1
x

c y = –3x

b y
C¢

–1 + 4Ö2
y = 2x –5
x
(2, –1)
y = –2x +3
15 a y
–1 – 4Ö2

x
–4 4 17 We know that the point P(x, y) satisfies,

AP = BP
–5 q q
(x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 = (x − 3)2 + (y − 4)2
(x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 = (x − 3)2 + (y − 4)2
−4x + 4 − 4y + 4 = −6x + 9 − 8y + 16
2x + 4y = 17

599
 20 a Since x = 2t + 1 and y = 2 − 3t we
solve both equations for t to find that
x−1 2−y
18 Let (x, y) be the coordinates of point P. t= and t = .
1 2 3
If FP = MP then
2 Eliminating t then gives
1p
q
x−1 2−y
x2 + (y − 1)2 = (x − (−3))2 . =
2 2 3
Squaring both sides gives 3(x − 1) = 2(2 − y)
1
x2 + (y − 1)2 = (x + 3)2 3x − 3 = 4 − 2y
4
4x + 4(y − 1) = x2 + 6x + 9
2 2 3x + 2y = 7.

3x2 − 6x + 4(y − 1)2 = 9 b Since

3x2 − 6x + 4(y − 1)2 = 9 x2 + y2 = cos2 2t + sin2 2t
Completing the square = 1,
3x − 6x + 4(y − 1) = 9
2 2
these equations parameterise a circle
3(x − 2x) + 4(y − 1) = 9
2 2 with centre (0, 0) and radius 1.
3((x2 − 2x + 1) − 1) + 4(y − 1)2 = 9
c Solving each equation for the cos t
3((x − 1)2 − 1) + 4(y − 1)2 = 9 and sin t respectively gives,
3(x − 1)2 + 4(y − 1)2 = 12 cos t =
x−2
and sin t =
y−3
.
2 3
(x − 1)2 (y − 1)2
or equivalently + = 1. Therefore,
4 3 !2 !2
This is an ellipse with centre (1, 1). x−2 y−3
+ = cos2 t + sin2 t
2 3
(x − 2)2 (y − 3)2
19 We know that the point P(x, y) satisfies, + = 1.
4 9
FP = RP
q q d Solving each equation for the tan t
x + (y − 1) = (y − (−3))2
2 2 and sec t respectively gives,
x y
x2 + (y − 1)2 = (y + 3)2 tan t = and sec t = .
2 3
x2 + y2 − 2y + 1 = y2 + 6y + 9 Therefore,
x2 − 2y + 1 = 6y + 9
 y 2  x 2
− = sec2 t − tan2 t
3 2
8y = x2 − 8
y2 x2
x2 − = 1.
y= −1 9 4
8
Therefore, the set of points is a parabola
x2 21 a Since x = t − 1 we know that
whose equation is y = −1 t = x + 1. Substitute this into the
8

600
 second parametric equation to give, point has polar coordinates
y = 1 − 2t2  √ π
2 2, − .
= 1 − 2(x + 1)2 . 4

b Since 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 we have √
We could also let r = −2 2 and add π
0≤ x+1≤2 to the previously found angle, giving
−1 ≤ x ≤ 1
√
" #
3π
2 2, .
c Since 0 ≤ t ≤ 2, we have that 4

−7 ≤ 1 − 2t2 ≤ 1.
24 a Since r = 5 and r2 = x2 + y2 we know
Therefore the range is −7 ≤ y ≤ 1.
that
d y
Ö2 – 2
x2 + y2 = 52 .
(–1, 1)
2
x This is a circle of radius 5 centred at
–1 the origin.
y
b Since tan θ = we know that
x

y π
(1, –7) = tan
x 3
y √
= 3
22 We have x
√
y = 3x.
x = r cos θ y = r sin θ
= 2 cos 7π/6 = 2 sin 7π/6 c Since y = r sin θ, we know that
√
=− 3 = −1 3
r=
so √
that the cartesian coordinates are sin θ
(− 3, −1). r sin θ = 3
y = 3.
23 Finding r first gives,
p √ d Since x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, we
r = 22 + (−2)2 = 2 2. know that
Since
2
=r
−2 3 sin θ + 4 cos θ
tan θ =
= −1,
2 3r sin θ + 4r cos θ = 2
π
we can assume that θ = − so that the 3y + 4x = 2.
4
601
 e Since sin(2θ) = 2 sin θ cos θ, we have b You can start with the polar
1 equation and show that it has the
r2 =
sin(2θ) given cartesian equation or visa
r2 sin(2θ) = 1 versa. We start with r = 4 sin θ.
Multiplying both sides by r gives,
2r2 sin θ cos θ = 1
r2 = 4r sin θ as
2(r sin θ)(r cos θ) = 1
x2 + y2 = 4x
2yx = 1
x2 − 4x + y2 = 0
1
y= . (x2 − 4x + 4) − 4 + y2 = 0
2x
(x − 2)2 + y2 = 22 ,
25 a y required.

(0, 2)

602
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 B Since
c 58 r
= p  2 12
sin 38◦ sin 130◦ cos A = 1 − sin2 A = 1− 5
13 = ,
13
it follow that
58 sin 38◦ r
c= .  2 15
p
sin 130◦ cos B = 1 − sin B =
2
1− 8
17 = .
17
2 B We first must find cos A and cos B. Therefore,
Since both angle are acute, we know
5
that sin A 5
tan A = = 13
12
= ,
s
!2 cos A 13
12
p 5 12
cos A = 1 − sin A = 1 −
2
= ,
13 13 8
sin B 8
s tan B = = 17
15
= .
p 8
!2
15 cos B 17
15
cos B = 1 − sin B = 1 −
2
= .
17 17 Therefore,
tan A + tan B
Therefore, tan(A + B) =
sin(A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B 1 − tan A tan B
12 + 15
5 8
5 15 12 8 =
= − 1− 5 8
13 17 13 17 12 15
21 171
=− . = .
221 140
3 D We can find the area of the triangle 5 A Since angle A is the angle between
using the formula the given sides, the area will be given
1 by
A = bc sin A. 1
2 A = × 6 × 7 sin 48◦ .
You can find side a using the cosine 2
rule, 6 D If cos θ = c and θ is acute then
a = b + c − 2bc cos A.
2 2 2 √ √
sin θ = 1 − cos2 θ = 1 − c2 .
Once you’ve found a you can fine
angle B using the sine rule, Therefore,
sin B sin A cos θ
= . cot θ =
b a sin θ
c
Therefore, you can find all three = √ .
options. 1 − c2
7 E As the arc length L is given by the
4 E We first must find cos A and cos B.
formula
Since both angle are acute, we know πrθ◦
that L= ,
180◦

603
 we can rearrange this for θ◦ , giving, 11 E Considering right ∆VOE, we have
VO
tan θ =
180◦ L OE
θ◦ =
πr 100
=
180◦ × 3 40
=
π×4 5
.
≈ 43◦ . 2
Therefore,

Item B gives the closest answer. θ = tan−1 5

2 ≈ 68◦ .

8 D We have, 12 E If cos θ = c and θ is acute then

√ √
sin θ = 1 − cos2 θ = 1 − c2 .
cos A cos B − sin A sin B = cos(A + B) Therefore,
π
= cos sin(2θ) = 2 sin θ cos θ
2 √
= 0. = 2c 1 − c2 .

9 E We first must find cos A. Since A is 13 D We can use the sum to product
obtuse, we know that identities to give

p cos (3x) + cos (x) = 2cos( 3x+x 3x−x

2 ) cos( 2 )
cos A = − 1 − sin2 A = 2 cos( 4x 2x
r 2 ) cos( 2 )
√ 2
= 2 cos(2x) cos(x)
 
=− 1− 3
5

2 14 C This is most efficiently solved using

=− .
3 your calculator, giving, 41.50◦ and
244.67◦ .
Therefore,
15 B We simply find the area of the circle
segment,
sin(2A) = 2 sin A cos A
√ πr2 θ 1 2
5 2 A= − r sin θ
= −2 × × 360 2
3 3 π × 452 × 110 1
√ = − × 452 sin 110◦
4 5 360 2
=−
9 ≈ 992 cm 2

10 C The area of the sector will be

θ 16 C 8 sin θ cos3 θ − 8 sin3 θ cos θ
A= πr2
360◦
= 8 sin θ cos θ(cos2 θ − sin2 θ)
60◦
= ◦
× π × 52 = 4 sin(2θ) cos(2θ)
360
≈ 13.09 cm2 = 2 sin(4θ).

604
17 B We have,  Since zz = |z|2 , this will always be
z = vw a real number.

= 4 cis(−0.3π) × 5cis(−0.6π)  Since z−1 z = 1, this will always be

= 20 cis(−0.3π + (−0.6π)) a real number.
= 20 cis(−0.9π)  Imz is the coefficient of i, and so
so that Argz = −0.9π. will be real.
! ! !
2π 2π 2π  Since z + z = 2 Re(z), this will be
18 D 2 cis = 2(cos + i sin )
3 3 3 real.
√
1 3
= 2(− + i ) 23 C z = −14 + 7i.
2 2
√
= −1 + 3i 24 E Factorising the expression gives,
19 E This complex number is in the third 3z2 + 9 = 3(z2 + 3)
quadrant. Moreover, since √
1 = 3(z2 − ( 3i)2 )
− 1 √ √
tan θ = √2 = √ , = 3(z − 3i)(z + 3i).
3 3
− 25 C Expanding the brackets gives,
2
5π
Therefore, θ = − . (1 + 2i)2 = 1 + 4i + (2i)2
6
π ! = 1 + 4i − 4
2π
20 C uv = 3 cis · 5 cis = −3 + 4i.
2 3
π 2π
!
= 15 cis + 26 D Set S is a circle of radius r centred
2 3
! at the point C(1, −2). The point
3π 4π z = 4 + 2i corresponds to the point
= 15 cis +
6 6 Z(4, 2). As Z is on the circle, to find
!
7π the value of r we find distance CZ.
= 15 cis
6 This gives
!
7π
= 15 cis − 2π r = CZ
6 p
5π
! = (4 − 1)2 + (2 − (−2))2
= 15 cis −
6 = 5.

21 C The modulus is given by 27 E  The answer is not A as this √

p
|12 − 5i| = 122 + (−5)2 = 13. equation has solutions z = ± 2.

22 A  z2 need not be real. For example,  The answer is not B as this √

(1 + i)2 = 2i is not a real number. equation has solutions z = ± 2i.

605
  The answer is not C as this
equation has solutions z = ±2.
 The answer is not D as when
z = 2i we find that
z3 − 3z2 + 4z − 11
= (2i)3 − 3(2i)2 + 4(2i) − 11
= 1.
 The answer is E as when z = 2i
we find that
z3 − 3z2 + 4z − 12
= (2i)3 − 3(2i)2 + 4(2i) − 11
= 0.
28 C The graph shown can be obtained
from the graph of y = |x| by a
reflection in the x-axis followed by
a translation 2 units to the right and
2 units up. Therefore the required
equation is y = −|x − 2| + 2.
29 B The range of f (x) = sin−1 (x) is
[− π2 , π2 ]. By translating this graph
up by π2 we will obtain the correct
range. Therefore b = π2 . Therefore
the answer is either B, C or D. If
a = − 12 then the range can be found
by solving
1
−1 ≤ − x + 2 ≤ 1
2
1
−3 ≤ − x ≤ −1
2
2≤x≤6
This is the only value of a that gives
the correct range. Therefore a = − 12
and b = π2 .
30 A As the graph has asymptote at
x = ±2, the denominator of the
function must be equal to zero when
x = ±2. This leaves only items A and
1
B. For item B, if x = 0 then y = − .
4
This does not agree with the given
graph, leaving only item A.
31 B The graph of y = a sin(x) + b needs
to have two x-intercepts. This will
happen provided that the amplitude a
exceeds the vertical translation term
b. That is, a > b.
1
32 C Since f (x) = sec (2x) = ,
cos (2x)
the graph of f will have local mini-
mum turning points precisely where
y = cos (2x) has local maximum
turning points. These occur where
x = −π, 0, π.
33 B Since the distance from fixed point
A to point P(x, y) is a constant, the
set of points must be a circle.
34 B Since AP = BP for each point
P(x, y), the line y = x + 1 is the
perpendicular bisector of line AB.
The line the perpendicular bisector
of points A(0, 0) and B(−1, 1), but
none of the other pairs.
35 C  Item A is false as the axis of
symmetry will be x = 0.
 Item B is false. The parabola will
not go through the origin as the
distance from (0, 0) to F(0, 2) is 2
while the distance from (0, 0) to
y = −4 is 4.
 Item C is true. The distance from
F(0, 2) to (0, −1) is 3 is equal
606
 to the distance from y = −4 to into the second equation gives,
(0, −1). 1−t
y=
1+t
 Item D false. The distance from 1 − (x − 1)
=
F(0, 2) to (1, 2) is not equal to the 1 + (x − 1)
distance from y = −4 to (1, 2). 2−x
=
x
 Item E is false. This cannot be 2
= − 1.
the equation of the parabola, as x
the parabola must go through
39 E We can write this equation as
the point (0, −1) and so has a !2 !2
y-intercept of −1. x−1 y+1
+ = 1.
2 3
36 B The hyperbola has x-intercpets So we can set
at x = ±1. The ellipse will have x−1
cos t = ,
x-intercepts at x = ±a. Therefore, to 2
have four points of intersection we y+1
sin t = ,
require that a > 1. 3
so that
37 D To find the centre of the hyperbola,
x = 2 cos(t) + 1,
we can find the point of intersection
of the asymptotes. To find this, we y = 3 sin(t) − 1.
solve,
40 D Notice that in each of the items
2x + 1 = −2x + 1 the x-coordinate is 5. So solving
4x = 0 5 = 2t − 3 for t gives t = 4. Now let
t = 4 in the second equation to give
x = 0.
y = 42 − 3 × 4 = 16 − 12 = 4.
Therefore, y = 1 and the centre is
(0, 1). This leaves items A,B and D. Therefore the coordinates are (5, 4).
The graph has no x-axis intercept.
41 A Since y = r sin θ and x = r cos θ, we
Therefore we can exclude items A
obtain, r2 cos2 θ = r sin θ
and B. This leaves item D.
sin θ
r=
38 A Since x = 1 + t, we know that cos2 θ
t = x − 1. Substituting t = x − 1 = sec θ tan θ.

607
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a i We denote ∠BCA by C then using the sine rule, we obtain,
sin C sin A
=
c a
sin C sin 30◦
=
80 60
80 sin 30◦
sin C =
60
2
=
3
!
−1 2
Note that sin ≈ 41.81◦ , which is acute. We require an obtuse angle, so that
3
∠BCA = 180 − 41.81◦ = 138.19◦ .
◦

Therefore,
∠ABC = 180 − 30 − 138.19 = 11.81◦ .

ii Using the answers to the previous question to obtain

∠BC 0 A = 180 − 138.98 = 41.81◦ ,
∠ABC 0 = 180 − 30 − 41.81 = 108.19◦ .

b i We denote AC by b. Therefore,
b 60
=
sin B sin 30◦
b 60
◦
=
sin 11.81 sin 30◦
60 sin 11.81◦ )
b=
sin 30◦
≈ 24.56.

ii Since ∠ABC 0 ≈ 108.19◦ ., we again use the sine rule to find that
AC 60
=
sin 108.19◦ sin 30◦
60 sin 108.19◦
AC =
sin 30◦
≈ 114.00.

iii Subtracting the two previous answers gives,

CC 0 = AC 0 − AC = 114.00 − 24.56 = 89.44.

608
 c i The area of the triangle will be
1
A = × 60 × 60 × sin 96.38
2
≈ 1788.85.

ii The area of the sector will be

θ
A= πr2
360◦
96.38◦
= × π × 602
360◦
≈ 3027.87.

iii The area of the shaded segment will be,

πr2 θ 1 2
A= − r sin θ
360 2
π × 602 × 96.38 1 2
= − sin 96.38
360 2
≈ 1239.01

2 a Since triangle AEB is isosceles, ∠EBA = ∠EAB = θ. By the exterior angle theorem,
∠BED = ∠EBA + ∠EAB
=θ+θ
= 2θ.

b Using the cosine rule, we have

1 = 12 + DE 2 − 2 × 1 × DE cos (2θ)
0 = DE 2 − 2DE cos(2θ)
0 = DE(DE − 2 cos(2θ))
Since DE , 0, this implies that DE − 2 cos(2θ) = 0. Therefore, DE = 2 cos(2θ), as
required.

c i Firstly, we show that ∠DBC = 3θ. By the exterior angle theorem, applied to
triangle ADB, we know that
∠DBC = ∠BAD + ∠BDA
= θ + 2θ
= 3θ.

609
 Therefore, considering right angled triangle BCD, we obtain
DC
sin(3θ) =
1
DC = sin(3θ),
as required.

ii Applying the sine rule to triangle ADB gives

AD BD
=
sin(180 − 3θ) sin θ
AD 1
=
sin(3θ) sin θ
sin(3θ)
AD = ,
sin θ
as required.

d Since AD = AE + DE we know that

sin(3θ)
= 1 + 2 cos(2θ)
sin θ
sin(3θ) = sin θ + 2 cos(2θ) sin θ
= sin θ + 2(1 − 2 sin2 θ) sin θ
= sin θ + 2 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ
= 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ.

3 a Consider the diagram below.

We let θ = ∠ACT . We can find this angle using the sine rule applied to triangle ACT .
This gives,
sin θ sin 40◦
=
200 150
200 sin 40◦
sin θ =
150
≈ 58.99◦ .

610
 Now draw a line through T perpendicular to BC. By considering right-angled
triangle DCT we can find length DC as
DC
cos θ =
150
DC = 150 cos θ
≈ 150 cos 58.99◦
≈ 77.28 m.
Therefore the distance between B and C is,
BC = 2DC ≈ 154.57 m.

b i By considering right angled triangle BAT , we know that

10
tan 32◦ =
AB
10
AB =
tan 32
≈ 16.00 m.

ii By considering right angled triangle DAT , we know that

10
tan 19◦ =
AD
10
AD =
tan 19
≈ 29.04 m.

iii We first need to establish the length of AC. Using Pythagoras’ theorem, we
obtain,
√
AC = BA2 + DA2 ≈ 33.16 m.
Therefore, the angle of depression can be found as,
10
tan θ =
AC
≈ 0.30157
θ ≈ tan−1 (0.30157)
≈ 16.78◦

c Consider right-angled triangle ABC on the diagram below.

611
 We first find angle θ in radians,
8
cos θ =
10
4
θ = cos−1
5
≈ 0.6435.
Therefore,
∠DAC ≈ 2 × 0.6435 = 1.2870.
To find the area common to both circles, we simply have to calculate twice the area
of minor segment CD. This is given by,
1
A = 2 × × 102 × (1.2870 − sin 1.2870)
2
≈ 32.7 cm2 .

4 a We first calculate θ = ∠T S O. Using the sine rule, we obtain

sin θ sin 120◦
=
6400 8000
6400 sin 120◦
sin θ =
8000
≈ 0.6928
θ ≈ 43.8538◦
Therefore
∠T OS ≈ 180 − 120 − 43.8538 = 16.1462◦ .
The satellite completes one orbit every two hours. Therefore, the time in minutes
after 12 p.m. will be
16.1462
× 2 × 60 = 5.38 min.
360
Therefore the time will be approximately 12.05.

b As the satellite rotates, ∠T OS increases. After 6 minutes, the satellite will have

612
 rotated by
6
∠T OS = × 360◦ = 18◦ .
120
We apply the cosine law to find that
√
T S = 64002 + 80002 − 2 × 6400 × 8000 × cos 18◦
≈ 2752 km.

c Let ∠S T O = θ. Then using the sine rule, we obtain,

sin θ sin 18◦
=
8000 2572
8000 sin 18◦
sin θ =
2572
≈ 0.8984
As θ is obtuse, we obtain θ ≈ 116.0507◦ . Therefore, the angle above the horizon will
be approximately,
116.0507◦ − 90◦ ≈ 26.1◦ .

5 a Since the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect one another, applying the cosine law to
triangle DEC gives
 p 2  q 2  p q
x =
2
+ −2 cos θ
2 2 2 2
p2 q2 pq
= + − cos θ
4 4 2
r
p2 q2 pq
x= + − cos θ.
4 4 2
b Since the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect one another, applying the cosine law to
triangle DEA gives
 p 2  q 2  p q
y =
2
+ −2 cos(180 − θ)
2 2 2 2
p2 q2 pq
= + + cos θ
4 4 2
r
p2 p2 pq
y= + + cos θ.
4 4 2
Note that we used the fact that cos(180 − θ) = − cos(θ).

613
 c We have
p2 q2 pq p2 q2 pq
x2 + y2 = + − cos θ + + + cos θ
4 4 2 4 4 2
p2 q2 p2 q2
= + + +
4 4 4 4
2 2
p q
= +
2 2
Therefore
2(x2 + y2 ) = p2 + q2 .

d Using the result from the previous question, we have,

q2 + 132 = 2(82 + 62 )
q2 + 169 = 2(64 + 36)
q2 + 169 = 200
q2 = 31
√
q = 31 cm.

6 a Let β = ∠XOB. Then,

32
cos β =
40
!
−1 4
β = cos
5
≈ 0.6435.
Therefore, ∠AOB = 2β ≈ 1.29.

b i We use the formula

L = rθ
≈ 40 × 1.29
= 51.48 cm.

ii We first find the segment area above the surface of the water. This is given by,
1
A = r2 (θ − sin θ)
2
1
≈ × 402 (1.29 − sin(1.29))
2
≈ 261.60 cm2 .
We subtract this from the area of the full circle to give
A ≈ π × 402 − 261.60 ≈ 4764.95 cm2 .

614
 iii The percentage of the log beneath the surface will be given by
4764.95
× 100% ≈ 94.80%.
π × 402
7 a We need to show that exactly one number is less than or equal to zero or two
numbers are less than or equal to zero. If all three numbers are less than or equal to
zero then
|a| = −a and |b| = −b and |c| = −c.
Therefore,
|a| + |b| + |c| = 14
⇒ −a − b − c = 14
⇒ a + b + c = −14
⇒ |a + b + c| = 14.
This contradicts the fact that |a + b + c| = 2. Likewise, if all three numbers are greater
than or equal to zero then
|a| = a and |b| = b and |c| = c.
Therefore,
|a| + |b| + |c| = 14
⇒ a + b + c = 14
⇒ |a + b + c| = 14.
This also contradicts the fact that |a + b + c| = 2.

b There are two cases to consider.

Case 1. If a ≤ 0 ≤ b ≤ c, then the three equations become
|a| + |b| + |c| = 14 ⇒ −a + b + c = 14
|a + b + c| = 2 ⇒ a + b + c = ±2
|abc| = 72 ⇒ abc = 72
We can solve these using technology (or by hand) to give two solutions:
√ √
a = −6, b = 4 − 2 7, c = 4 + 2 7
√ √
a = −8, b = 3 − 3 2, c = 3 + 3 2

Case 2. If a ≤ b ≤ 0 ≤ c, then the three equations become

|a| + |b| + |c| = 14 ⇒ −a − b + c = 14
|a + b + c| = 2 ⇒ a + b + c = ±2
|abc| = 72 ⇒ abc = 72

615
 We can also solve these using technology (or by hand) to give two solutions:
a = −6, b = −2, c = 6,
a = −3, b = −3, c = 8.

8 a i y
p 7p
( )
2
,3 x=
6
x=
11p
6

1 (p2 , 13) (2p, 1)

x
0 p 2p
( )
3p , –1
2

ii y
(π2 , 5)
(2π, 3)
(0, 3)
(3π2 , 1)
(0, 13) (π2 , 51 ) (2π, 13)
x
0 π 2π

b The graph will have just one vertical asymptote provided the graph of f (x) =
2 sin x + k intersects the x-axis once only. This will only happen if k = 2.

616
 c y
(p2 , 4) x=
3p
2

(2p, 2)

(p2 , 14) (2p, 12)

x
0 p 2p

9 a We know that the point P(x, y) satisfies,

AP = BP
q q
(x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = (x − 2)2 + (y + 2)2
(x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = (x − 2)2 + (y + 2)2
x2 − 2x + 1 + y2 − 4y + 4 = x2 − 4x + 4 + y2 + 4y + 4
x 3
y= − .
4 8
b The gradient of the line AB is
−2 − 2
m= = −4.
2−1
1
Since −4 × = −1, the two lines are perpendicular. The midpoint of segment AB is
4
x 3 3
M(3/2, 0), and this is on the line y = − since when x = ,
4 8 2
1 3 3
y = · − = 0.
4 2 8
c The shortest distance from the town to the road will be AM where M(3/2, 0) is the
midpoint of AB. This distance is
s
!2 √
3 17
AM = − 1 + (0 − 2) =2 km.
2 2

10 a There are various ways to do this question. We will find the cartesian equation
corresponding to this pair of parametric equations. Solving each equation for t gives,
x+1 3−y
t= and t = .
4 3

617
 Eliminating t then gives,
3−y x+1
=
3 4
3x + 4y = 9.
Now simply note that each of the points (3, 0) and (−1, 3) lie on the line since
3 × 3 + 4 × 0 = 9, and
3 × −1 + 4 × 3 = 9.

b If we substitute x = 4t − 1 and y = 3 − 3t into the equation for the circle we obtain,

(4t − 1)2 + (3 − 3t)2 = 4
16t2 − 8t + 1 + 9 − 18t + 9t2 = 4
16t2 − 8t + 1 + 9 − 18t + 9t2 = 4
25t2 − 26t + 6 = 0.
We simply need to show that this equation has a solution. You can find the solutions,
but it’s easier to show show that the discriminant is positive. We have,
∆ = b2 − 4ac = (−26)2 − 4 × 25 × 6 > 0.

c We first find the cartesian equation of the line. Its gradient is

0−4 −4
m= = = −1.
3 − (−1) 4
The equation of the line will then be
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
y − 0 = −1(x − 3)
y = −x + 3.
We can then let x = t so that y = −t + 3.

d Substitute x = t so that y = −t + 3 into the equation for the circle, giving,

t2 + (−t + 3)2 = 4
t2 + t2 − 6t + 9 = 4
2t2 − 6t + 5 = 0
We simply need to show that this equation has no solution. We look at the
discriminant,
∆ = b2 − 4ac = (−6)2 − 4 × 2 × 5 = −4 < 0.

e This can be done without using parametric equations. Simply find the equation of

618
 the line through D and B. Its gradient will be
0−k k
m= =− .
3 − (−1) 4
The equation of the line will then be
k
y − y1 = − (x − x1 )
4
k
y − 0 = − (x − 3)
4
k 3k
y=− x+ .
4 4
Substituting this into the equation for the circle gives,
!2
k 3k
x + x+
2
= 4.
4 4
Using technology or by expanding and solving by hand, this equation has solutions
√
−3k2 − 4 64 − 5k2
x= .
k2 + 16
8 8
These solutions will not exist if 64 − 5k2 < 0. That is, if k > √ or k < − √
5 5
11 a

12 m

2m

10 m

2m

b The area comprises a three-quarter circle of radius 12 m, and two quarter circles of
radius 2 m. The total area will then be
3 1
A = × π × 122 + 2 × × π × 22
4 4
= 110π m2 .

c Case 1. If x ≤ 2 then the area comprises

 A half circle of radius 12 ,

 a quarter circle of radius 12 − x ,

 a quarter circle of radius 12 − 10 − x = 2 − x and,

 a quarter circle of radius 12 − (10 − x) = 2 + x.

619
 The total area will then be given by the expression
1 1 1 1
A = × π × 122 + × π × (12 − x)2 + π × (2 − x)2 + π × (2 + x)2
2 4 4 4
2
3πx
= − 6πx + 110π.
4
Case 2. If 2 < x ≤ 5 then the area comprises

 a half circle of radius 12 ,

 a quarter circle of radius 12 − x, and

 a quarter circle of radius 12 − (10 − x) = 2 + x.

The total area will then be given by the expression

1 1 1
A = × π × 122 + × π × (12 − x)2 + π × (2 + x)2
2 4 4
πx 2
= − 5πx + 109π.
2
Therefore the area is given by the hybrid function,
3πx2

 4 − 6πx + 110π, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2




A(x) = 

 πx2
− 5πx + 109π, 2 < x ≤ 5.




2
d A

110p (2, 101p) (5, 193p

2 )

x
5

e i The function has a global maximum at x = 0, which corresponds to the corner of

the shed.

ii The function has a global minimum at x = 5, which corresponds to the middle of

one side.

12 a The length of the rope is π, is exactly the same as the arc length from S to the
opposite side of the circle.

b The curve is shown below. The right hand side is a semicircle.

620
 y

x
–1 0 1 2 3 4
–1
–2

–3

c i The arc length S Q will simply be

L = rθ
=1×θ
= θ.

ii PQ = π − Arc(S Q) = π − θ

iii Since ∠RQO = ∠S OQ = θ, we know that ∠PQR = 90◦ − θ. Therefore,

∠RPQ = 180◦ − (90◦ − θ) = θ.

iv Considering right-angled triangle RPQ we have

RQ
sin θ =
PQ
RQ = PQ sin θ
= (π − θ) sin θ.

v Considering right-angled triangle RPQ we have

RP
cos θ =
PQ
RP = PQ cos θ
= (π − θ) cos θ.

d First note the coordinates of Q are Q(cos θ, sin θ). Therefore the x-coordinate of
point P will be given by the expression
x = cos θ − RQ
= cos θ − (π − θ) sin θ.

621
 The y-coordinate of point P will be given by the expression,
y = sin θ + RP
= sin θ + (π − θ) cos θ.

13 a Since Arg z and Arg w are acute , 0 ≤ Arg z + Arg w ≤ π Hence in this case we can
write Arg (wz) = Arg (z) + Arg (w)

−1 1
 
b i Arg (2 + i) = tan
2
1
ii Arg (3 + i) = tan−1
3
  π
−1 5
iii Arg (5 + 5i) = tan =
5 4
c (2 + i)(3 + i) = 6 + 5i − 1 = 5 + 5i

d We therefore find that

Arg ((2 + i)(3 + i)) = Arg (5 + 5i)
Arg (2 + i) + Arg (3 + i) = Arg (5 + 5i)
  π
−1 1 −1 1
 
tan + tan = ,
2 3 4
as required.

e (3 + i)2 (7 + i) = (8 + 6i)(7 + i)
= 56 + 50i − 6
= 50 − 50i
−1 1 −1 1
   
⇒ Arg ((3 + i) (7 + i)) = 2 tan
2
+ tan
3 7
π
=
4

f (1 + i)(1 + 2i)(1 + 3i) = (−1 + 3i(1 + 3i)

= −1 + 9i2
= −10
     
⇒ Arg ((1 + i)(1 + 2i)(1 + 3i)) = tan−1 1 + tan−1 2 + tan−1 3

=π

622
 g

 
The blue angle = tan−1 2
 
The red angle = tan 3
−1
√ √ √
The lengths of the sides of the triangle with the green angle are 5, 5 and 10.
Therefore, this triangle is a right-angled isosceles triangle so that the green angle is
π
4 . Therefore, we can see that
     
tan−1 1 + tan−1 2 + tan−1 3 = π

14 a

1
Area of triangle WUZ = × 6 cos θ × 6 sin θ = 18 sin θ cos θ = 9 sin 2θ
2
Area of rectangle WUY X = 4 × 6 sin θ
Area of XYZW = 9 sin 2θ + 24 sin θ

b Perimeter of XYZW = 8 + 6 + 6 cos θ + 6 sin θ = 14 + 6(cos θ + sin θ)

√  π
c Perimeter= 14 + 6 2 sin θ + .
4
π
Maximum is 20 and occurs when θ =
4

623
 √  π
d 14 + 6 2 sin θ + = 21
4
√  π
6 2 sin θ + =7
4
 π
sin θ + = 6 √7 2
4
π
θ + = sin−1 ( 6 √7 2 ) or π − sin−1 ( 6 √7 2 )
4
θ ≈ 0.1845 or 1.3861

π 24 √
e When θ = , A = √ + 9 = 12 2 + 9
4 2
f Maximum value of 28.67 when θ = 1.1

h Area of√rectangle WUY X = 4x

ZU = 36 − x2
1 √
Area of triangle WZU = × x × 36 − x2
2
1 √
⇒ A = 4x + x 36 − x2
2

624
Maximum is ≈ 28.67 when x ≈ 5.36

625
Investigations
1 a i

ii y = |ax + b| + |cx + d|
d b
Assume − > −
c a
d
Case 1: x > −
c
y = (a + c)x + (b + d)
b d
Case 2: − < x < −
a c
y = (a − c)x + (b − d)
b
Case 3: x < −
a
y = −(a + c)x − (b + d)
y = |ax + b| − |cx + d|
d b
Assume − > −
c a
d
Case 1: x > −
c
y = (a − c)x + (b − d)
b d
Case 2: − < x < −
a c
y = (a + c)x + (b + d)
b
Case 3: x < −
a
y = (c − a)x + d − b
We illustrate the second family
f (x) = |2x − 1| − |3x − 5|

626
 5

−x + 4 x>






 3
 1 5
f (x) = 


5x − 6 ≤x≤


 2 3
 1
x<


x − 4


2

There is more to investigate here.

b i

ii Parallel lines are formed

c i

627
 ii Similar results are found.

d i |x| +
 |y| = 2



 x+y=2 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

x − y = 2

x ≥ 0, y ≤ 0



⇔
−x + y = 2 x ≤ 0, y ≥ 0






−x − y = 2


x ≤ 0, y ≤ 0
√
Area = (2 2)2 = 8

ii This is the graph of |2x| + |y| = 2.

The area is 4.

628
 e Area = 3

Work through systematically wit the four quadrants.

For example:
If x > 0 and y < 0 we have x − y + |x + y| ≤ 2
If y > −x this becomes:
x−y+x+y≤2
That is x ≤ 1
If y ≤ −x it becomes x − y − x − y ≤ 2
That is y ≥ 1
Continue in this way through the 4 quadrants.

f |xy| = 1 |xy| ≤ 2

629
 y y
a tan β = and tan α =
x x+`
(x + `) tan α = x tan β
x tan α + ` tan α = x tan β
` tan α = x(tan β − tan α)
` tan α
∴x=
tan β − tan α
sin α  sin β sin α 
b x=`× ÷ −
cos α cos β cos α
sin α sin β − sin α cos β
=`× ÷
cos α cos β cos α
sin α cos β cos α
=`× ×
cos α sin(β − α)
` sin α cos β
=
sin(β − α)
` sin α cos β sin β
y = x tan β = ×
sin(β − α) cos β
` sin α sin β
∴y=
sin(β − α)
c d
Investigate what errors in measurement of angles cause in the calculation of x and
y. The form tells us to also consider the difference in sizes of α and β. Consider
percentage errors. For example a 2.5% error in the measurement of α can cause a
27% error in the value of x for α = 40◦ and β = 45◦

3 a i z2 + az + a2 = 0
a2 a2
z2 + az + +a− =0
4 4
 a 2 3a2
z+ + =0
2 4
√
 a 2  3a 2
z+ − i =0
2 2
√
a 3a
∴z=− ± i
2 2
ii z3 − a3 = (z − a)(z2 + az + a2 )
∴ z3 = a3 has solutions
√
a 3a
z = a or z = − ± i
2 2

630
 √
1 3
iii If a = 1, the solutions are z = 1, z = − ± i
2 2
2π  2π 
In polar form z = cis 0, cis , cis −
3 3

iv

v The cube roots of 1,2 and 3 are found in C. On the circles they are separated by
2π
an ’angular distance’ of
3

b z2 + az + a2 = 0
a2 a2
z + az −
2
+a− =0
4 4
 a 2 3a2
z− + =0
2 4
√
 a 2  3a 2
z− − i =0
2 2
√
a 3a
∴z= ± i
2 2
z3 + a3 = (z + a)(z2 − az + a2 )

631
 ∴ z3 = −a3 has solutions
√
a 3a
z = −a or z = ± i
2 2 √
1 3
If a = 1, the solutions are z = 1, z = ± i
2 2
π  π
In polar form z = cis π, cis , cis −
3 3

c z2 + aiz + a2 = 0
a2 a2
z2 + aiz − +a− =0
4 4
 ai 2 3a2
z− − =0
2 4
√
 ai 2  3a 2
z− − =0
2 2
√
3a ai
∴z=± +
2 2
z + a i = z − (ai)3 = (z − ai)(z2 + aiz + a2 )
3 3 3

∴ z3 = −a3 has √ solutions

3a ai
z = ai or z = ± +
2 2 √
3 1
If a = 1, the solutions are z = i, z = ± + i
2 2
π π  5π 
In polar form z = cis , cis , cis
2 6 6
√
3a ai
d Solutions are z = −ai or z = ± −
2 2

632
e z4 + 1 = 0
z4 + 2z2 + 1 − 2z2 = 0
(z2 + 1)2 − 2z2 = 0
√ √
(z2 + 2z + 1)(z2 − 2z − 1) = 0
Using√ the quadratic
√ √ formula
√ for√both factors.
√ √ √
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
z= + i, − i, − + i, − i
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

633