Chapter 21 – Vectors

Solutions to Exercise 21A

" # " # " #
1 2 − −1 −3
1 a is the vector “1 across to the right 3 v= =
5 −10 − 5 15
and 5 up.”
a = 3, b = −15

" # " #
−−→ 1−0 1
4 a OA = =
−2 − 0 −2
" # " #
−−→ 3−1 2
"
0
# b AB = =
b is the vector “2 down.” 0 − −2 2
−2
" # " #
−−→ 2−3 −1
c BC = =
−3 − 0 −3
" #
−−→ −−→ −2
d CO = −OC =
" # 3
−1
c is the vector “1 across to the left
−2
" #
−−→ −−→ 1
and 2 down.” e CB = − BC =
3

" # " #
1 1
5 a i a+b= +
2 −3
1+1
" # " #
2
= =
"
−4
# 2 + −3 −1
d is the vector “4 across to the left
3 " # " #
−2 1
and 3 up.” ii 2c − a = 2 × −
1 2
" # " #
−4 − 1 −5
= =
2−2 0
" # " #
2 −2
"
# " # iii a + b − c = −
6−1 5 −1 1
2 u= =
6−5 1 "
2 − −2
# " #
4
= =
a = 5, b = 1 −1 − 1 −2
#"
2
b a+b= = −c
−1

688
 ∴ a + b is parallel to c. c

6 a

8 From the graphs above it can be seen

that a and c are parallel.

e
9

a&b

7 a

" # " #
−−→ 1 − −1 2
c i AB = =
4−0 4
b " # " #
−−→ 4−2 2
DC = =
3 − −1 4
−−→ −−→
∴ AB = DC

689
 " # " # −−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
ii
−−→
BC =
4 − −1
=
3 ii MN = MA + AD + DN
3−4 −1 1 −−→ 1 −−→
" # " # = BA + b + DN
−−→ 2 − −1 3 2 2
AD = = 1 −−→ 1 −−→
−1 − 0 −1 = − AB + b + DC
−−→ −−→ 2 2
∴ BC = AD 1 1
=− a+b+ a
d ABCD is a parallelogram. 2 2
=b

3
"# " # "
2 3m
# " #
2n −−−→ −−→
10 m +n = + b MN = AD
−3 4 −3m 4n (both are equal to b)
3m +2n
" # " #
−19
= =
−3m +4n 61 −−→ −−→ −−→
12 a CB = CA + AB
3m + 2n = −19 = −b + a = a − b
6m + 4n = −38 1 −−−→ −−→ −−→
MN = MA + AN
−3m + 4n = 61 2
1 1
=− a+ b
1 − 2 : 2 2
9m = −99 1
= (b − a)
2
m = −11
−−−→ −−→
−33 + 2n = −19 b MN is half the length of CB, is
−−→
parallel to CB and in the opposite
2n = −19 + 33 −−→
direction to CB.
= 14
n=7 −−→ −−→
13 a CD = AF = a
−−→ −−→
−−−→ −−→ −−→ b ED = AB = b
11 a i MD = MA + AD
1 −−→ c The regular hexagon can be divided
= BA + b
2 into equilateral triangles, showing
1 −−→ that
= − AB + b −−→ −−→
2 BE = 2AF = 2a.
1
=b− a −−→ −−→
2 d Likewise, FC = 2AB = 2b
−−→ −−→
e FA = −AF = −a
−−→ −−→ −−→
f FB = FA + AB
= −a + b = b − a

690
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 2 −−→ 2
g FE = FA + AB + BE c AP = AB = (b − a)
3 3
= −a + b + 2a −−→ −−→ −−→
OP = OA + AP
=a+b
2
= a + (b − a)
3
14 1 2
= a+ b
3 3
1
= (a + 2b)
3
−−→ 1 −−→
−−→ −−→ d PQ = OP
a DC = AB = a 3
−−→ −−→ 1 1
b DA = − BC = −b = × (a + 2b)
3 3
−−→ −−→ −−→ 1
c AC = AB + BC = a + b = (a + 2b)
9
−−→ −−→
d CA = −AC = −a − b −−→ −−→ 1
e BP = −PB = (a − b)
−−→ −−→ −−→ 3
e BD = BA + AD −−→ −−→ −−→
BQ = BP + PQ
= −a + b = b − a 1 1
= (a − b) + (a + 2b)
3 9
15 1
= (4a − b)
9

16

−−→ −−→ −−→

a BA = BO + OA = a − b
−−→ −−→
b AB = − BA = b − a
−−→ −−→ −−→
−−→ 1 −−→ 1 a PR = PQ + QR = u + v
PB = AB = (b − a)
3 3 −−→ −−→ −−→
b QS = QR + RS = v + w
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
c PS = PQ + QR + RS
=u+v+w

17

691
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 2 −−→
a OB = OA + AB = u + v c CP = CM
−−→ −−→ 3
AM = MB 2 1
!
= u− v
1 −−→ 1 3 2
= AB = v
2 2 2 1
−−→ −−→ −−→ = u− v
OM = OA + AM 3 3
1 −−→ −−→ −−→
=u+ v d OP = OC + CP
2 !
2 1
−−→ −−→ −−→ =v+ u− v
b CM = CB + BM 3 3
1 −−→ 2 2
= u + BA = u+ v
2 3 3
1 2 2 −−→
=u− v = (u + v) = OB
2 3 3
Since OP is parallel to OB and they
share a common point O, OP must be
−−→
on the line OB. Hence P is on OB

e Using the result from part d,

OP : PB = 2 : 1.

692
Solutions to Exercise 21B
−−→
1 AB = (3i − 5j) − (i + 2j) 4 a u − v = (7i + 8j) − (2i − 4j)
= 3i − 5i − i − 2j = 7i + 8j − 2i + 4j
= 2i − 7j = 5i + 12j
|u − v| = |5i + 12j|
√
2 = 25 + 144
= 13

b xu + yv = x(7i + 8j) + y(2i − 4j)

= 7xi + 8xj + 2yi − 4yj
−−→ −−→ −−→
a OP = OA + AP = 44j
= 5i + 6j 7x + 2y = 0
−−→ −−→ −−→ 14x + 4y = 0 1
b AB = AO + OB
8x − 4y = 44 2
= −5i + 6j
1 + 2 :
−−→ −−→
c BA = −AB 22x = 44
= 5i − 6j x=2

√ 7 × 2 + 2y = 0
3 a |5i| = 52 = 5 2y = −14
b |−2j| = (−2)2 = 2 y = −7
p

√
c |3i + 4j| = 32 + 42
√ 5
= 9 + 16 = 5
p
d |−5i + 12j| = (−5)2 + 122
√
= 25 + 144 = 13

693
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−−→
AB = AO + OB iv ON = OM + MN
−−→ −−→ !
= −OA + OB 2
= i+ −
1 1
+ j
5 15i 6
= −10i + (4i + 5j)
1 1
= −6i + 6j = i+ j
3 6
−−→ 1 −−→
AM = AB −−→ −−→ −−→
v OA = OP + PA
2
5 = 2i + j
= −3i + j
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 1 1
OM = OA + AM b i ON = i + j
! 3 6
5 1
= 10i + −3i + j = (2i + j)
2 6
5 1 −−→
= 7i + j = OA
2 6
Since ON is parallel to OA and
they share a common point O, ON
6
must be on the line OA. Hence N
is on OA.

ii 1:5

−−→ 1 −−→ −−→

" #
1
a i OM = OP 7 OA = = i + 3j
5 3
2
= i −−→
" #
5
5 OB = = 5i − j
−1
−−−→ −−→ −−→
ii MQ = MO + OQ −−→ −−→ −−→
AB = −OA + OB
−−→ −−→
= −OM + OQ = −i − 3j + 5i − j
2
=− i+j = 4i − 4j
5
−−→ p
−−−→ 1 −−−→ |AB| = 42 + (−4)2
iii MN = MQ √
6 = 16 + 16
√ √
!
1 2
= − i+j = 32 = 4 2 units
6 5
1 1
=− i+ j
15 6

694
8 a 2i + 3j = 2li + 2kj
" #
−−→ 5−2
9 a AB =
2j = 2 1−3
" #
l=1 3
=
−2
2k = 3
= 3i − 2j
3
k=
2 −−→ p
b |AB| = 32 + (−2)2
b x−1=5 √
= 9+4
x=6 √
= 13
y= x−4
=2 −−→
10 a AB = i + 4j − 3i
c x+y=6 1 = −2i + 4j
x−y=0 2 −−→
b AC = −3i + j − 3i
1 + 2 :
= −6i + j
2x = 6
−−→ −−→ −−→
x=3 c BC = AC − AB
3+y=6 = −6i + j − (−2i + 4j)
y=3 = −4i − 3j
−−→ p
d k = 3 + 2l | BC| = (−4)2 + (−3)2
√
k = −2 − l = 16 + 9
3 + 2l = −2 − l =5
3l = −5
5 11 a Let D = (a, b).
l=− −−→
3 AB = −5i + 3j
5 −−→
k = −2 − − CD = (a + 1)i + bj
3
5 a + 1 = −5
= −2 +
3 a = −6
1
=− b=3
3 D is (−6, 3).

695
 b Let F = (c, d). a i 2i − j
−−→
BC = −i − 4j
−−→ ii −5i + 4j
AF = (c − 5)i + (d − 1)j
c − 5 = −1 iii i + 7j

c=4 iv 6i + 3j
d − 1 = −4 −−→ −−→
v AD = BC
d = −3
F is (4, −3). = 6i + 3j
−−→ −−→ −−→
c Let G = (e, f ). b AD = OD − OA
−−→
AB = −5i + 3j −−→ −−→ −−→
OD = AD + OA
−−→
2GC = 2(−1 − e)i + 2(− f )j = 6i + 3j + 2i − j
2(−1 − e) = −5 = 8i + 2j
3 D is (8, 2).
e=
2
−2 f = 3 −−→
14 a OP = 12i + 5j
3 −−→ −−→ −−→
f =− PQ = OQ − OP
! 2
3 3
G is , − . = 18i + 13j − 12i − 5j
2 2
= 6i + 8j

−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→

12 OA = −AO b |RQ| = |OP|
√
= −i − 4j = 122 + 52
A is (−1, −4).
= 13
B is (−2, 2).
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
BC = OC − OB |OR| = |PQ|
−−→ −−→ −−→ √
OC = BC + OB = 62 + 82
= 2i + 8j + (−2i + 2j) = 10
= 10j
C is (0, 10) −−→
15 a i |AB| = |2i − 5j|
√ √
= 22 + 52 = 29
13

696
 −−→ −−→
ii | BC| = |10i + 4j| iii BA = −3i − 5j
√
= 102 + 42 −−→ 1 −−→
√ √ iv BM = BA
2
= 116 = 2 29
1
= (−3i − 5j)
−−→ 2
iii |CA| = |12i − j|
√ √ −−→ −−→ −−→
= 122 + 12 = 145 b OM = OB + BM
−−→ 3 5
OD = 7j + − i − j
b AB2 + BC 2 = 29 + 116 2 2
= 145 = AC 2 3 9
=− i+ j
∴ ABC is a right-angled triangle. 2 2
!
3 9
M= − ,
−−→ 2 2
16 a i AB = −i − 3j
−−→
ii BC = 4i + 2j 18 a a = 3i + 4j
√
−−→ |a| = 32 + 42
iii CA = −3i + j
−−→ √ =5
b i |AB| = 12 + 32
√ 1
= 10 â = (3i + 4j)
5
−−→ √
ii | BC| = 42 + 22 b b = 3i − j
√ √ p
= 20 = 2 5 |b| = 32 + (−1)2
√
−−→ √ = 10
iii |CA| = 32 + 12
1
√ b̂ = √ (3i − j)
= 10 10

c AB = CA c c = −i + j
√ p
= 10 |c| = (−1)2 + 12
√
AB2 + CA2 = 10 + 10 = 2
= 20 = BC 2 1
ĉ = √ (−i + j)
∴ ABC is an isosceles right-angled 2
triangle.
d d =i−j
−−→ 1
17 a i OA = −3i + 2j d̂ = √ (i − j)
2
−−→
ii OB = 7j

697
 1 1 f f = 6i − 4j
e e= i+ j
2 3 p
s
!2 !2 | f | = 62 + (−4)2
1 1 √
|e| = + = 52
2 3
√
= 2 13
r
1 1
= +
4 9 1
r fˆ = √ (6i − 4j)
13 2 13
= 1
36 = √ (3i − 2j)
√
13 13
=
6
!
6 1 1
ê = √ i+ j
13 2 3
1
= √ (3i + 2j)
13

698
Solutions to Exercise 21C
1 Let a = i − 4j, b = 2i + 3j and c = −2i − 2j b a · b = 5 × 6 cos 135◦
1
a a · a = 17 = 30 × − √
2
√
b b · b = 13 = −15 2

c c·c=8
4 a
d a · b = −10 (a + 2b) · (a + 3b) = a · a + 4a · b + 4(b · b)
= |a|2 + 4a · b + 4|b|2
e a · (b + c) = (i − 4j) · (j) = −4
b
f (a + b) · (a + c)
|a + b|2 − |a − b|2
=a·a+a·c+b·a+b·c
= (a + b) · (a + b) + (a − b) · (a − b)
= 17 + 6 − 10 − 10
= (a · a + 2a · b + b · b) − (a · a − 2a · b + b · b)
=3
= 4a · b
g a + 2b = 5i + 2j c
3c − b = −8i − 9j a · (a + b) − b(a + b = a · a + a · b − a · b + b · a
∴ (a + 2b) · (3c − b) = −58
= |a|2 − |b|2

2 Let a = 2i − j, b = 3i − 2j and c = −i + 3j a · (a + b) − a · b |a|2 + a · b − a · b

d =
|a| |a|
a a·a=5 = |a|
b b · b = 13
−−→
5 a AB = −2i − 2j − i + 3j
c a·b=8
= −3i + j
d a · c = −5 √
−−→ √
b |AB| = 9 + 1 = 10
e a · (a + b) = 13
−−→ −−→
c a · AB = |a||AB| cos θ
√ √
3 |a| = 5 and |b| = 6 ∴ −4 = 10 × 2 2 cos θ
4
a a · b = 5 × 6 cos 45◦ ∴ cos θ = − √
2 20
1
= 30 × √ ∴ θ = 116.57◦
2
√
= 15 2

699
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
6 CD = −c + d 8 a AP = AO + OP
Let θ be the angle between c and d = −4i − 4j + q(2i + 5j)
c · d = |c||d| cos θ = (2q − 1)i + (5q − 4)j
4
∴ cos θ = b
5×7 −−→ −−→
Using the cosine rule. AP · OB = 0
−−→
|CD|2 = 52 + 72 − 2 × 5 × 7 cos θ ⇒ ((2q − 1)i + (5q − 4)j) · (2i + 5j) = 0
4 ⇒ 4q − 2 + 25q − 20 = 0
= 25 + 49 − 2 × 5 × 7 ×
35
⇒ 29q − 22 = 0
= 66
√ 22
−−→ ⇒q=
∴ |CD| = 66 29
−−→ 22
c OP = qb = (2i + 5j)
7 a (i + 2 j) · (5i + x j) = −6 9  44 110 
5 + 2x = −6 Cooordinates of P are ,
29 29
2x = −11
11 √ √
x=− 9 a (i + 2j) · (i − 4j) = 5× 17 cos θ
2 √
b (xi + 7 j) · (−4i + x j) = 10 −7 = 85 cos θ
−4x + 7x = 10 cos θ = − √
7
3x = 10 85

10 θ = 139.40◦
x= √ √
3
b −2i + j) · (−2i − 2j) = 5× 8 cos θ
c (xi + j) · (−2i − 3 j) = x √
2= 40 cos θ
−2x − 3 = x
2
−3 = 3x cos θ = √
40
−1 = x
θ = 71.57◦
d x(2i + 3 j) · (i + x j) = 6 √
x(2 + 3x) = 6 c 2i − j) · (4i = 5 × 4 cos θ
√
2x + 3x2 = 6 8 = 4 5 cos θ
3x2 + 2x − 6 = 0 2
cos θ = √
√ 5
−2 ± 76
x= θ = 26.57◦
6

700
 √ √ −−→ −−→ −−→
d 7i + j) · (−i + i)+ = 50 × 2 cos θ 12 a i OM = OA + AM
−6 = 10 cos θ 1
= a + (b − a)
3 2
cos θ = − 1
5 = (a + b)
2
θ = 126.87◦
1
= (3i + 4j)
2
10 a · b = |a|||b| cos θ −−→ −−→ −−→
If a and a are non-zero vectors, then ii ON = OA + AN
a · b = 0 ⇔ cos θ = 0 1
= a + (c − a)
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ 1
11 a OM = OA + AM = (c + b)
2
1 1
= a + (b − a) = (i + 6j)
2 2
1
= (a + b) b
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
OM · ON = |ON||OM| cos(∠MON)
2
3 27
= i cos(∠MON) = 4
2 5 √
37
−−→ −−→ × 2
b a · OM = |a|OM| cos(∠AOM) 2
1
3 cos(∠MON) = √
cos(∠AOM) = √ 2
3
5
2× 2 ∠BMO = 27.41◦
∴ ∠AOM = 45◦
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
c OM · OC = |OM||OC| cos(∠MOC)
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
c MB · MO = | MB|| MO| cos(∠BMO) 9
cos(∠MOC) =
− 34 5 √
cos(∠BMO) = √ × 40
2
5 3
× 9
2 2 cos(∠MOC) = √
1 5 10
cos(∠BMO) = − √ ∠BMO = 55.30◦
5
∠BMO = 116.57◦

701
Solutions to Exercise 21D
√ √
1 a |a| = 1 + 9 = 10 4 a a = i + 3j, b = i − 4j
1
∴ â = √ (i + 3j)
10 a·b 1 − 12
b= (i − 4j)
√ √ √ b·b 17
b |b| = 4 + 4 = 8 = 2 2 11
1 1 = − (i − 4j)
∴ â = √ (2i + 2j) = √ (i + j) 17
2 2 2
b a = i − 3j, b = i − 4j
−−→ −−→ −−→
c c = AB = AO + OB = i − j
a·b 1 + 12
1
∴ ĉ = √ (i − j) b= (i − 4j)
b·b 17
2
13
= (i − 4j)
17
1
2 a i â = (3i + 4j) c The vector resolute is b
5
√
ii |b| = 2 a·b 2
√ 5 a = =2
|b| 1
2
b (3i + 4j)
5 a·c 3−2 1
b = √ = √
|c| 5 5
1 √
3 a i â = (3i + 4j) a·b 2 3
5 c = √
|a| 7
1
ii b̂ = (5i + 12j) √
13 b · c −1 − 4 5
d = √
−−→ −−→ |c| 17
b Let OA0 = â and OB0 = b̂
Then 4A0 OB0 is isosceles. Therefore
the angle bisector of ∠AOB passes 6 a a = u + w where u = 2i and w = j
through the midpoint of A0 B0 .
b a = u + w where u = 2i + 2 j and
Let M be the midpoint of A0 B0
w= i− j
Then
−−→ 1
OM = (â + b̂) c a = u + w where u = 0 and w = −i + j
2
1 1 1
= ( (3i + 4j) + (5i + 12j))
2 5 13 a·b
7 a b = 2(i + j)
8 b·b
= (4i + 7j)
65 −−→
b Let OC = 2(i + j)
∴the unit vector in the direction of −−→
OC is the vector resolute of a in the
−−→ 1
OM is: = √ (4i + 7j) direction of b
65 −−→ −−→
∴ CA is a vector perpendiculr to OB

702
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
CA = CO + OA Therefore ii AC = AO + OC
= −2(i + j) + (i + 3j) = −i − 2j + 2i − 3j
= −i + j = i − 5j
1
the unit vector is √ (−i + j) −−→ −−→
2 AB · AC −−→
b The vector resolute = −−→ −−→ AC
AC · AC
a·b 3 1+5
8 a b = (i − j) = (i − 5j)
b·b 2 26
3
a·b 3 = (i − 5j)
b a− b = 4i + j − (i − j) 13
b·b 2
1 c
= (8i + 2j − 3i + 3j) −−→ 3
The shortest distance = AB − (i − 5j)
2 13
1
= (5i + 5j) 3
2 = (10i + 2j)
13
√ The shortest distance is the height of
1 5 2
c Distance = | (5i + 5j)| = triangle ABC wherethe base is taken
2 2
as AC
3
Therefore height= | (10i + 2j)| =
−−→ 13
9 OA = a = i + 2j 1 √
−−→ 104
OB = b = 2i + j 13
The area of the triangle
−−→ 1 1 √ √
OC = c = 2i − 3j = × 104 × 26
2 13
=2
−−→ −−→ −−→
a i AB = AO + OB
= −i − 2j + 2i + j
=i−j

703
Solutions to Exercise 21E
1 2 6
3 a AP = AB and CQ = CB.
3 7
−−→ −−→ −−→
OP = OA + AP
−−→ 4 −−→
2 a i OR = OP −−→ 2 −−→
5 = OA + AB
4 3
= p 2
5 = a + (b − a)
3
−−→ 1 −−→
ii RP = OP 1 2
5 = a+ b
3 3
1 −−→ −−→ −−→
= p OQ = OC + CQ
5
−−→ −−→ 6 −−→
iii PO = −p = OC + CB
7
−−→ 1 −−→ 6
iv PS = PQ = ka + (b − ka)
5 7
1 k 6
= (q − p) = a+ b
5 7 7
−−→ −−→ −−→ b i OPQ is a straight
v RS = RP + PS
line if OP = nOQ. !
1 1 1 2 k 6
= p + (q − p) a+ b=n a+ b
5 5 3 3 7 7
1 nk 6n
= q = a+ b
5 7 7
b They are parallel (and OQ = 5RS ). 2 6n
=
3 7
c A trapezium (one pair of parallel 14 7
n= =
lines). 18 9
!
1 2 7 k 6
d The area of triangle POQ is 25 times a+ b= a+ b
3 3 9 7 7
the area of PRS = 125 cm2 .
k 2
∴ area of ORS Q = 125 − 5 = a+ b
9 3
= 120 cm2 k 1
=
9 3
k=3

704
 −−→ −−→ −−→
ii From part i OE = OA + AE
−−→ 7 −−→
OP = OQ = 3i + 3.5j + 0.75i − 1.25j
9
7 = 3.75i + 2.25j
= (OP + PQ)
9 15 9
7 7 = i+ j
= OP + PQ 4 4
9 9 !
2 7 −−→ 15 9
OP = PQ ii ED = 2i − 0.5j − i+ j
9 9 4 4
2OP = 7PQ 6 11
=− i− j
OP 7 4 4
= s
!2 !2
PQ 2 −−→ 7 11
|ED| = +
−−→ −−→ −−→ 4 4
c BC = BO + OC r
49 + 121
= −b + ka =
16
= 3a − b, since k = 3 r
170
−−→ −−→ −−→ =
PR = PO + OR 16
√
1 2 7 170
=− a− b+ a =
3 3 3 4
2
= 2a − b b
−−→ 15p
i OX =
9p
i+ j
3 4 4
2
= (3a − b) −−→
3 ii AD = 2i − 0.5j − (3i + 3.5j)
2 −−→
= BC = −i − 4j
3
Hence PR is parallel to BC −−→
XD = −qi − 4qj
−−→ −−→ −−→
−−→ 1 −−→ OD = OX + OD
4 a i OD = OB −−→ −−→ −−→
3 OX = OD − XD
1
= (6i − 1.5j) = 2i = 0.5j − (−qi − 4qj)
3
= 2i − 0.5j = (q + 2)i + (4q − 0.5)j
−−→
AB = 3i − 6j
−−→ 1
AE = (3i − 5j)
4
= −0.75i − 1.25j

705
 15p 9p b i
c (q + 2)i + (4q − 0.5)j = i+ j
4 4
15p
q+2=
4
4q + 8 = 15p 1

9p
4q − 0.5 = 2 It can be seen from the parallelo-
4
51p gram formed by adding a and b
1 − 2 : 8.5 = that a + b will lie on the bisector
4
8.5 × 4 of angle POQ.
p= Hence any multiple, λ(a + b), will
51
2 also lie on this bisector.
=
3
15p ii If p = ka and q = lb, then
q+2= −−→ βp + αq
4 OM =
α+β
10 5
= = βka + αlb
4 2 =
an + β
1
q= If M is the bisector of ∠POQ,
2 OM = λa + λb

−−→ ∴ αl = βk
5 a PQ = q − p Divide both sides by βl:
−−→ −−−→ α k
= PM + MQ =
β l
−−−→ β −−→
MQ = PM
α 6 Let OABC be a rhombus.
−−→ −−→ β −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ PQ = PM + PM Let OA = a and OC = c
α
We note that |a| = |c|
α + β −−→
= PM
α a
−−→
i AB = c
−−→ α −−→
PM = PQ
α+β −−→ −−→ −−→
ii OB = OA + AB = a + c
−−→ −−→ −−→
OM = OP + PM −−→ −−→ −−→
α iii AC = AO + OC = −a + c
=p+ (q − p)
α + ba −−→ −−→
b OB · AC = (a + c) · (−a + c)
α+β α
= p+ (q − p) = −a · a + c · c
α+β α + ba
α+β−α α = −|a|2 + |c|2
= p+ q
α+β α+β
=0
βp + αq
=
α+β

706
 −−→ −−→
7 u = OR + RU
−−→ 1 −−→
= OR + RS
2
−−→ 1 −−→
= OR + OT
2
−−→ 1
a s = OS =r+ t
−−→ −−→ 2
= OR + RS 1 1
∴ u + v = 1 + t + (s + t)
−−→ −−→ 2 2
= OR + OT
1
= (s + 2r + 2t)
=r+t 2
−−→ −−→ −−→ 2u + 2v = s + 2r + 2t
b S T = OT − OS Add the two expressions for 2u + 2v:
=t−s 4u + 4v = 3s + 3r + 3t
−−→ = 3(s + r + t)
v = OV
−−→ −−→
= OS + S V
−−→ 1 −−→
= OS + S T 8 Required to prove that if the midpoints
2
of the sides of a quadrilateral are joined
1
= s − (t − s) then a parallelogram if formed.
2
1 A
= (s + t) P
2
S B
c Similarly:
−−→
u = OU
D
−−→ −−→
= OS + S U
Q
−−→ 1 −−→ R
= OS + S R
2
1
= s − (r − s) C
2
ABCD is a quadrilateral. P, Q, R and S
1
= (s + r) are the midpoints of the sides AB, BC,
2
1 1 CD and DA respectively.
∴ u + v = (s + r) + (s + t)
2 2
1
= (2s + r + t)
2
2u + 2v = 2s + r + t
We may also express u as

707
 −−→ 1 −−→ |a − b|2 = (a − b) · (a − b) The
AS = AD
2
−−→ 1 −−→ = a · a − 2a · b + b · b
AP = AB
2 = |a|2 + |b|2
−−→ −−→ −−→ diagonals are of equal length
S P = AP − AS −−→
Let M be the midpoint of diagonal OC.
1 −−→ 1 −−→ −−→ 1 −−→ 1
= AB − AD Then OM = OC = (a + b).
2 2 2 2
1 −−→ −−→ −−→
= (AB − AD) Let N be the midpoint of diagonal BA.
2 −−→ −−→ 1 1
Then ON = OB + (a − b) = (a + b).
1 −−→ 2 2
= DB Therefore M = N. The diagonals bisect
2
−−→ 1 −−→ each other
∴ S P = DB
2
Similarly,
−−→ 1 −−→ 10 Required to prove that the diagonals of a
CR = CD
2 parallelogram bisect each other.
−−→ 1 −−→ A B
CQ = CB
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ M
RQ = RC + CQ
1 −−→ 1 −−→
= CB − CD
2 2
1 −−→ −−→ D C
= (CB − CD)2 ABCD is a parallelogram.
2 −−→
1 −−→ Let AD = a
= DB −−→
2 Let AB = b
−−→ 1 −−→ Let M be the midpoint of AC.
∴ RQ = DB −−→
2
−→ −−→ AC = b + a
Thus SP = RQ meaning SP k RQ and −−→ 1
SP = RQ ⇒ AM = (a + b)
2
Hence PQRS is a parallelogram. −−→ −−→ −−→
BM = −AB + AM
1
9 Consider the square OACB. = −b + (a + b)
−−→ −−→ 2
Let OA = a and OB = b 1
They are of equal magnitude. That is, = (a − b)
2
|a|= |b|. −−−→ −−→ −−→
MD = −AM + AD
The diagonals are a + b and a − b
1
|a + b|2 = (a + b) · (a + b) = − (a + b) + a
2
= a · a + 2a · b + b · b 1
= (a − b)
= |a|2 + |b|2 2
−−→
= BM

708
 −−→
Thus M is the midpoint BD. PB = λx + µy
Therefore the diagonals of a −−→
PC = λx + (1 − µ)y
parallelogram bisect each other.
−−→
PD = −(1 − λ)x + (1 − µ)y
−−→
11 PA = −(1 − λ)x − µy
−−→ −−→
|PB|2 + |PD|2
= λ2 |x|2 + µ2 |y|2 + (1 − λ)2 |x|2 + (1 − µ)2 |y|2
−−→ −−→
|PA|2 + |PC|2
= (1 − λ)2 |x|2 + µ2 |y|2 + λ2 |x|2 + (1 − µ)2 |y|2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ |PB|2 + |PD2 | = |PA|2 + |PC|2
−−→ −−→ 1 −−→ −−→
OC = OA + (AO + OB)
2
1 13
= a + (−a + b)
2
1
= (a + b)
2
−−→ −−→ −−→
AC = AO + OC
1
= (b − a) Let OA = OB
−−→ −−→
2
−−→ −−→ Let a = OA and b = OB
4OC · OC = b · b + a · a + 2b · a Let M be the midpoint of OB and N be
= |a|2 + |b|2 + 2b.a the midpoint of OA.
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 1 −−→
4AC · AC = |a|2 + |b|2 − 2b.a AM = AO + OB
2
Therefore 1
−−→ −−→ = −a + b
4|OC|2 + 4|AC|2 = 2|a|2 + 2|b|2 2
−−→ −−→
∴ 2|OC|2 + 2|AC|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 −−→ −−→ 1 −−→
BN = BO + OA
2
1
12 = −b + a
2
−−→ 2 1 1
|AM| = (−a + b) · (−a + b)
2 2
1
=a·a−a·b+ b·b
4
1
= |a|2 + |b|2
4
−−→ 2 1 1
For rectangle ABCD | BN| = ( a − b) · ( a − b)
−−→ −−→ 2 2
Let AB = x and BC = y 1
Then there exist real numbers 0 < λ < 1 = a·a−a·b+b·b
4
and 0 < µ < 1 such that: 1
= |a|2 + |b|2
4

709
 But |a|| = |b|.
−−→ −−→
Hence | BN| = |AM|

14 Consider 4ABC. Let the altitudes from

A to BC and B to AC meet at O.
−−→ −−→ −−→
LetOA = a, OB = b and OC = c.
Then −−→ −−→ 1 −−→ −−→
(c − b) · a = 0 . . . (1). OC = OA + (AO + OB)
2
(c − a) · b = 0 . . . (2). 1
= a + (−a + b)
Subtract (1) from (2) 2
c − a) · b − (c − b) · a = 0 1
= (a + b)
∴c·b−a·b−c·a+b·a=0 2
−−→ −−→ −−→
AC = AO + OC
∴c·b−c·a=0
1
∴ c · (b − a) = 0 = (b − a)
2
Therefore OC is the altitude from C to −−→ −−→
4OC · OC = b · b + a · a + 2b · a
AB
= |a|2 + |b|2 + 2b.a
−−→ −−→
4AC · AC = |a|2 + |b|2 − 2b.a
15 Therefore
−−→ −−→
4|OC|2 + 4|AC|2 = 2|a|2 + 2|b|2
−−→ −−→
∴ 2|OC|2 + 2|AC|2 = |a|2 + |b|2

710
Solutions to Exercise 21F
−−→ −−→ −−→
1 a AB = (2i − 4 j) − (3i + 7 j) 5 a OA0 = OA + 5(5i + 12 j)
= −i − 11 j = (−i + 2 j) + (25i + 60 j)
−−→ = 24i + 62 j
b AB = (3i − 2 j) − (−2i + 4 j)
−−→ −−→
= 5i − 6 j b OA0 = OA + t(5i + 12 j)
−−→ = (−i + 2 j) + (5ti + 12t j)
c AB = (4i + 6 j) − (3i + j)
= (5t − 1)i + (12t + 2) j
= i + 5j
−−→
d AB = (3i − 4 j) − (3i + 7 j) 6
−−→ −−→ −−→
Displacement = AB = AO + OB
= −11 j
= (−15i + 24 j) + (−5i − 4 j)
−−→
e AB = (2i − 7 j) − (2i − 7 j) = (−20)i + 20 j) m
= 4i 1
Velocity = ((−20)i + 20 j)
−−→ 5
f AB = (11i + 5 j) − (5i − 6 j) = −4i + 4 j m/s
= 6i + 11 j
−−→ −−→
7 a i OB0 = OB + 4(7i + 24 j)
2 12.58 km on a bearing of 341.46◦
= (−2i + 3 j) + (28i + 96 j)
= 26i + 99 j
3 7.74 km on a bearing of 071.17◦
−−→ −−→
√ √ ii OB0 = OB + t(7i + 24 j)
4 a 25 + 16 = 41 m/s
= (−2i + 3 j) + (7ti + 24t j)
√
b 9 + 16 = 5 m/s = (7t − 2)i + (24t + 3) j
√ √
c 1 + 16 = 17 m/s b i Distance
√ from origin
√ √ √ = 26 + 992
2

d 4 + 36 = 40 = 2 10 m/s ≈ 102.36 m
√
e 25 + 144 = 13 m/s ii Distance from origin
= (7t − 2)2 + (24t + 3)2 m
p
√ √
f 49 + 121 = 170 m/s

711
 8 a Displacement t seconds:
−−→ t(i + 2 j
= AB
Position of second particle at time
−−→ −−→
= AO + OB t seconds:
20 j + vt
= (−5i − 2 j) + (−5i − 3 j)
where v m/s is the constant velocity.
= (−10)i − 5 j) m Let v = ai + b j
1 The particles meet at right angles
Velocity = ((−10)i − 5 j)
10 when
1
= −i − j m/s t(2i + j) = 20 j + (ai + b j)t . . . (1)
2 and (2i + j) · (ai + b j) = 0 . . . (2)
1 From (2), −2a = b
b Speed = | − i − j| From (1)
√ 2
5 2t = ta and t = 20 + bt
= m/s
2 Therefore a = 2 and b = −4
They meet when t = 20 − 4t ⇒ t = 4
9 Position of A after t seconds: Position vector is:
−−→
OA = t(i + 2 j) 4(2i + j) = 8i + 4 j
Position of B:
−−→ 6 b From above, v = 2i − 4 j m/s
OB = (t − 2)( √ (i + 2 j))
5
They meet when
−−→ −−→ 11 a Position of first particle at time
OA = OB
That is when: t seconds:
6
t(i + 2 j) = (t − 2)( √ (i + 2 j)) 10 j + 2ti
5 Position of second particle at time
6
⇒ t = √ (t − 2) t seconds:
5 20i + vt
6
⇒ t = √ (t − 2) where v m/s is the constant velocity.
5 Let v = ai + b j
√
5t = 6t − 12 The particles meet at right angles
√ when
12 = (6 − 5)t
10 j + 2ti = 20i + (ai + b j)t . . . (1)
12
t= √ and 2i · (ai + b j) = 0 . . . (2)
6− 5 From (2), a = 0
√
12(6 + 5) Substituting in (1)
= seconds
31 10 j + 2ti = 20i + bt j . . . (10 )
Therefore position vector
√ is: Therefore 2t = 20 ⇒ t = 10
−−→ −−→ 12(6 + 5)
OA = OB = (i + 2 j) and
31
therefore they meet at the point with
position vector 20i + 10 j
10 a Position of first particle at time

712
b The velocity vector is 0i + j = j m/s

713
Solutions to Exercise 21G
1 B = 60 − 40 = 20 km/h North.

b Velocity of B relative to
A = 40 − 60 = −20 km/h North
= 20 km/h South.

! 7
4
θ = tan−1
≈ 53.13◦
3
√ + 53.13) = 143.13
◦ ◦
Bearing (90
Speed = 32 + 42 = 5 km/h

2 √
Speed = ! + 80 ≈ 252.98 km/h
240 2 2
1
θ = tan−1 ≈ 18.43◦
3
Bearing: 18.43◦

√ 8
Speed= 42 + 2
! 100 ≈ 100.08 km/h
1
θ = tan−1 ≈ 2.29◦
25
Bearing (360 − 2.29)◦ = 357.71◦

3 a Velocity of A relative to B
100 − 80 = 20 km/h west
Speed√of A relative to
b Velocity of A relative to B B = 602 +!802 = 100
3
100 + 80 = 180 km/h west θ = tan−1 ≈ 36.87◦
4
Bearing: (90 − 36.87)◦ = 53.13◦
4 Velocity of the ball = 45 + 2 = 47 m/s
North 9

5 Velocity of the bird relative to the

sea= 15 − 5 = 10 m/s

6 a Velocity of A relative to

714
 Speed of A relative to B: Bearing is (360 − 14.56)◦ = 345.44◦
Using the cosine rule.
|v|2 = 602 + 402 − 2 × 40 × 60 cos 45◦
13 We want to ensure that the plane’s’
1
= 3600 + 1600 − 4800 × √ true velocity v is south-west.
2
|v| ≈ 42.5 km/h
40 |v|
=
sin θ sin 45◦
40 sin 45◦
sin θ =
|v|
= 0.6655 . . .
θ = 41.73◦ Using the sine rule.
Velocity ofP relative to Q is 42.5 km/h 70 200
=
with bearing 41.73◦ sin θ sin 45◦
70 sin 45◦
sin θ =
200
10 a v = v B − v A = (5i − 7 j) − ((4i − 3 j) θ ≈ 14.33◦
= i − 4 j m/s Bearing is:
√ (180 + 90 − (45 + 14.63))◦ = 210◦ .
b |v| = 17 ≈ 4.12 m/s
Using the sine rule to find the magnitude
of the true velocity:
11 Speed The third angle of the triangle
√ of bird relative to sea
= 152 + 52 − 2 × 5 × 15 cos 18◦ = (180 − 45 − 14.63)◦ = 120.67◦
|v| 200
≈ 10.36 km/h
◦
=
sin 120.67 sin 45◦
200 sin 120.67◦
|v| =
12 sin 45◦
≈ 243.28 km/h

14 a

Using the cosine rule:

|vT |2 = 702 + 2402 − 2 × 70 × 240 cos 45◦
∴ |vT | ≈ 196.83 km/h √
|vT | 70 |v| = 4 − 1.52 ≈ 1.32m/s
= sin θ =
1.5
sin 45 sin θ 2
70 sin 45◦ θ ≈ 48.59◦
∴ sin θ =
|vT | 60
θ ≈ 14.56 ◦ b Speed = √ ≈ 45.36 seconds
1.75
715
Solutions to Exercise 21H
1 Rearrange into a triangle of forces. 152 + 102 − 122
cos ∠CAB =
2 × 15 × 10
= 0.6033
∠ CAB = 52.89◦
∠ADC = 90 − ∠ CAB
= 37.11◦
Using trigonometry, 152 + 122 − 102
T1 = T2 cos ∠CBA =
2 × 15 × 12
= 5 sin 45◦ = 0.7472
√
5 2 ∠CBA = 41.65◦
= kg wt
2 ∠ACD = 90 − ∠CBA
= 48.35◦
2 Rearrange into a triangle of forces.
∠CAD = 180 − 37.11 − 48.35
= 94.54◦
Use the sine rule to find T 1 and T 2 .
T1 20
=
sin ∠ACD sin ∠CAD
20 × sin 48.35◦
T1 =
sin 94.54◦
∠ACB = ∠ACD + ∠ADC ≈ 14.99 kg wt
These angles can be calculated using the T2 20
cosine rule, but the student should notice =
sin ∠ADC sin ∠CAD
that ∆ACD is a ‘doubled’ 3-4-5 triangle 20 × sin 37.11◦
with ∠CAD = 90◦ . T2 =
sin 94.54◦
∴ ACB = ∠ACD + ∠ADC ≈ 12.10 kg wt
= 180 − 90 = 90◦
4 Rearrange into a triangle of forces.
3 Rearrange into a triangle of forces.

Using the cosine rule,

F 2 = 402 + 302 − 2 × 30 × 40 × cos 45◦
= 802.94
Using the cosine rule in the triangle in
F ≈ 28.34 kg wt
the original diagram, it is clear that:

716
 Using the cosine rule, Use the sine rule.
F 2 + 402 − 302 F 12
cos x = ◦
=
2 × F × 40 sin 30 sin 110◦
= 0.663 12 × sin 30◦
F= ≈ 6.39 kg wt
sin 110◦
x ≈ 48.5◦
W 48.5◦ S or S 41.5◦ W
7 In each case, the particle will be in
equilibrium if the forces add to zero.
5 The angle between the plane and the Draw the first two forces, and calculate
horizontal is given by the third force required for equilibrium.
5
tan x =
12 a
= 0.4167
x ≈ 22.619◦
Rearrange into a triangle of forces.

Use the cosine rule to calculate the

magnitude of the third force.
F 2 = 102 + 62 − 2 × 10 × 6 cos 100◦
= 156.837
T = 104 sin x
F ≈ 12.52 kg wt
= 40 kg wt This is not the force in the diagram,
Note: The hypotenuse is 13, so so these forces will not be in
5 12
sin x = and cos x = . equilibrium.
13 13
N = 104 cos x
b
= 96 kg wt

6 Note that F will be acting at 50◦ to the

Use the cosine rule to calculate the
horizontal and 70◦ to N, which becomes
magnitude of√the third force.
110◦ when the force vectors joined head
F 2 = 42 + (2 3)2 − 2 × 4
to tail. √
Rearrange into a triangle of forces. × 2 3 × cos 30◦
=4
F = 2 kg wt
It has the same magnitude as the third
force in the diagram.

717
 180◦ − 18.2◦ = 161.8◦

9 a
Use the sine rule to find x.
sin x sin 30◦
=
4 2
0.5 × 4
sin x = =1 Draw the triangle of forces.
2
x = 90◦
This vector
√ is at the same angle with
the 2 3 vector as in the original
diagram.
∴ the vectors will be in equilibrium.
T = 15 sin 30◦
= 7.5 kg wt
8 Draw the triangle of forces and use the
cosine rule to find the three angles. b The situation will be the same, except
When the vectors are placed tail to that the 30◦ angle will now be 40◦ .
tail, the angles between them will be T = 15 sin 40◦
the supplements of the angles in the
≈ 9.64 kg wt
triangle.
c The angle between T and N is now
80◦ .

72 + 42 − 102
cos x =
2×7×4
= −0.625
Draw the triangle of forces.
x ≈ 128.68◦
Angle between vectors is
180◦ − 128.68◦ = 51.32◦
102 + 42 − 72
cos y =
2 × 10 × 4
= 0.8375
y ≈ 33.12◦
Angle between vectors is Use the sine rule.
180◦ − 33.12◦ = 146.88◦ T 15
◦
=
z ≈ 180◦ − 128.68◦ − 33.12◦ sin 30 sin 100◦
15 × 0.5
= 18.2◦ T=
Angle between vectors is sin 100◦
≈ 7.62 kg wt

718
10 11 F cos 40◦ = 10 kg wt
10
F=
cos 40◦
≈ 13.05 kg wt

Draw the triangle of forces for point B. 12 Resolve in the direction of F.

F − 10 cos 55◦ = 0
F = 5.74 kg wt

Use the sine rule to find T 1 and T 2 . 13 First resolve vertically to find N.
T1 12 N cos 25◦ − 8 = 0
◦
=
sin 110 sin 20◦ 8
12 × sin 110◦ N=
T1 = cos 25◦
sin 20◦
≈ 8.83 kg wt
≈ 32.97 kg wt Keep the exact value of N in your
T2 12 calculator.
◦
=
sin 50 sin 20◦ Resolve horizontally.
12 × sin 50◦ F − N sin 25◦ = 0
T2 =
sin 20◦
F = N sin 25◦
≈ 26.88 kg wt
Now draw the triangle of forces for ≈ 3.73 kg wt
point C. F − N sin 25◦ = 0
F = N sin 25◦ ≈ 3.73 kg wt

14 Resolve parallel to the plane, i.e.

perpendicular to N.
F is at an angle of 34◦ to the plane.
Use the sine rule to find T 3 . F cos 34◦ − 10 sin 20◦ = 0
T3 T2
= 10 sin 20◦
sin 70◦ sin 40◦ F=
26.88 × sin 70◦ cos 34◦
T3 = ≈ 4.13 kg wt
sin 40◦
≈ 39.29 kg wt
Since the triangle is isosceles, 15
W = T 3 ≈ 39.29 kg wt
The mass of W is 39.29 kg.

719
 Resolve vertically: to the plane.
T cos 30◦ − 12 = 0 F = W cos 40◦
12 20 cos 40◦
T= =
cos 30◦ sin 40◦
Resolve horizontally: = 23.84 kg wt
F − T sin 30◦ = 0
F = T sin 30◦ 17
◦
12 sin 30
=
cos 30◦
≈ 6.93 kg wt

16 First resolve horizontally so only one

unknown is involved.
30 sin x − 20 sin 35◦ = 0
20 sin 35◦
sin x =
30
Resolve parallel to the plane.
= 0.382
20 − W sin 40◦ = 0
x ≈ 22◦ 290
20
W= Keep the exact value in your calculator
sin 40◦ and resolve vertically.
≈ 31.11 kg wt 0 = W − 20 cos 35◦ − 30 cos 22.481◦
The force W exerts on the plane is the
part of its weight resolved perpendicular W = 20 cos 35◦ + 30 cos 22.481◦
≈ 44.10 kg wt

720
Solutions to Exercise 21I
−−→ −−→ −−→
1 a a − b = (i + j + 2k) − (2i − j + 3k) b OE = OA + OD
= −i + 2j − k = i + 2j

b 3b − 2a + c = 3(2i − j + 3k) −−→ −−→ −−→

c OG = OC + OD
− 2(i + j + 2k) = i + 2k
+ (−i + k)
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
d OF = OA + OC + OD
= 6i − 3j + 9k − 2i − 2j
= i + 2j + 2k
− 4k − i + k
= 3i − 5j + 6k −−→ −−→
e ED = −OA
p = −2j
c |b| = 22 + (−1)2 + 32
√ −−→ −−→ −−→
= 4+1+9 f EG = −OA + OC
√
= 14 = −2j + 2k

d |b + c| = |(2i − j + 3k) + (−i + k)| −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→

g CE = −OC + OA + OD
= |i − j + 4k| = i + 2j − 2k
p
= 12 + (−1)2 + 42 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
√ √ h BD = −OC − OA + OD
= 18 = 3 2
= i − 2j − 2k
e 3(a − b) + 2c = 3((i + j + 2k)
√
− (2i − j + 3k)) 3 a i |a| = 32 + 12 + 12
√
+ 2(−i + k) = 11
= 3(−i + 2j − k) 1
â = √ (3i + j − k)
− 2i + 2k 11
3 1 1
= −3i + 6j − 3k = √ i+ √ j− √ k
11 11 11
− 2i + 2k
6 2 2
= −5i + 6j − k ii −2â = − √ i − √ j + √ k
11 11 11

−−→ −−→ −−→ 15 5 5

2 a OB = OA + OC b 5â = √ i + √ j − √ k
11 11 11
= 2j + 2k

721
 √ −−→ −−→ −−→
4 |a| = 12 + 12 + 52 6 a OE = OA + AE
√ √
= 27 = 3 3 = i + 3j
√
|b| = 22 + 12 + 32 −−→ 1 −−→
OM = OE
√ 3
= 14 1
= i+j
|a| 3
c= a −−→ −−→
|b| BF = OD
√
14 =i
= √ (i − j + 5k)
3 3 −−→ 1 −−→
√ BN = BF
42 2
= (i − j + 5k)
9 1
= i
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
5 a PQ = i − 3j ON = OC + CB + BN
−−→ √ 1
b |PQ| = 12 + 32 + 02 = i + 3j + 2k
2
√ −−−→ −−→ −−→
= 10 MN = ON − OM
!
−−→ −−→ −−→ 1 1
c OM = OP + PM = i + 3j + 2k − i + j
2 3
−−→ 1 −−→
= OP + PQ 1
2 = i + 2j + 2k
6
1 3
= i + 2j − k + i − j s
2 2 1
!2
−−−→
3 1 b | MN| = + 22 + 22
= i+ j−k 6
2 2 r
1 + 144 + 144
=4
36
r
289
=
36
17
=
6

722
Solutions to technology-free questions
−−→ −−→ −−→
1 a a is parallel to b if a = kb, where k is OC = OA + AC
a constant. 7i + 6j = k(2i + xj)
= 2i − j + i + 9j
2k = 7
= 3i + 8j
7
k= C = (3, 8)
2
−−→ −−→ −−→
kx = 6 OD = OA + AD
7x = 4j
=6
2
D = (0, 4)
12
x=
7
√ 3 a + pb + qc = (2 + 2p − q)i
b |a| = 72 + 62
√ + (−3 − 4p − 4q)j
= 85
√ + (1 + 5p + 2q)k
|b| = 22 + x2 To be parallel to the x-axis,
√ a + pb + qc = ki
= |a| = 85
∴ x2 + 4 = 85 1 + 5p + 2q = 0

x2 = 81 2 + 10p + 4q = 0 1

x = ±9 −3 − 4p − 4q = 0 2

1 + 2 :
2 −1 + 6p = 0
1
p=
6
5
1+ + 2q = 0
A = (2, −1) 6
−−→ −−→ −−→ 11
OB = OA + AB 2q = −
6
= 5i + 3j q=−
11
12
B = (5, 3)
−−→ −−→ −−→
AC = AB + BC −−→
4 a PQ = (3i − 7j + 12k)
−−→ −−→
= AB + AD − (2i − 2j + 4k)
= i + 9j = i − 5j + 8k
−−→ √
|PQ| = 12 + 52 + 82
√ √
= 90 = 3 10

723
 1 −−→ −−→ −−→
b √ (i − 5j + 8k) iv PT = PQ + QT
3 10 −−→ −−→
= PQ − T Q
−−→ 1
5 AB = 4i + 8j + 16k = a − (a + b)
3
−−→ 1
AC = xi + 12j + 24k = (2a − b)
For A, B and C to be collinear, we need 3
−−→ −−→
AC = k AB. −−→ −−→ −−→
v T R = T Q + QR
xi + 12j + 24k = k(4i + 8j + 16k)
−−→ −−→
8k = 12 = T Q − RQ

k = 1.5 1
= (a + b) − (b − a)
3
x = 4k 1
= (4a − 2b)
=6 3
2
= (2a − b)
−−→ √ 3
6 a OA = 42 + 32 −−→ −−→
b 2PT = T R
=5
1 P, T and R are collinear.
Unit vector = (4i + 3j)
5
−−→ 16 −−→ 8 a=b
b OC = OA
5
16 1 a i −sj = 2j
= × (4i + 3j)
5 5 s = −2
16
= (4i + 3j) ii 5i = ti
25
t=5
−−→
7 a i SQ = b+a = a+b
iii 2k = uk
−−→ 1 −−→
ii T Q = S Q u=2
3
1 √
= (a + b) b â = 52 + 22 + 22
3 √
= 25 + 4 + 4
−−→
iii RQ = −2a + b + a = b − a √
= 33

724
 9 9h + 12k = 3 1

8h − 12k = 48 2

1 + 2 :
17h = 51
h=3
9 + 4k = 1
Use the cosine rule
|p + q|2 = 72 + 122 k = −2

− 2 × 7 × 12 × cos 60◦
= 109 12 mp + nq = 3mi + 7mj + 2ni − 5nj
√ = 8i + 9j
|p + q| = 109
3m + 2n = 8

10 a a + 2b = (5i + 2j + k) 7m − 5n = 9
Multiply the first equation by 5 and the
+ 2 × (3i − 2j + k) second equation by 2.
= 11i − 2j + 3k 15m + 10n = 40 1

√ 14m − 10n = 18 2
b |a| = 52 + 22 + 12
√ 1 + 2 :
= 30
29m = 58
1 m=2
c â = √ (5i + 2j + k)
30
6 + 2n = 8
d a − b = (5i + 2j + k) − (3i − 2j + k) n=1
= 2i + 4j
−−→
13 a b = OB
−−→ −−→ −−→
11 a OC = OA − OB −−→ −−→
= OA + AB
= (3i + 4j) − (4i − 6j) −−→ −−→
= OA + OC
= −i + 10j
=a+c
C = (−1, 10)

b i + 24j = h(3i + 4j) + k(4i − 6j)

3h + 4k = 1
4h − 6k = 24
Multiply the first equation by 3 and
the second equation by 2.

725
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
b AB = b − a AB = AO + OB
BC = c − b = −4i − j + 3i + 5j
AB : BC = 3 : 2 = −i + 4j
−−→ −−→ −−→
AB 3 BC = BO + OC
=
BC 2 = −3i − 5j − 5i + 3j
2AB = 3BC
= −8i − 2j
2(b − a) = 3(c − b) −−→ −−→
AB · BC = 8 − 8 = 0.
2b − 2a = 3c − 3b Hence there is a right angle at B.
5b = 2a + 3c
2 3 16 p = 5i + 3j and q = 2i + tj
b= a+ c
5 5
a If p + q is parallel to p + q there exists
14 Let a = 2i − 3j, b = −i + 3j and a non-zeo real number k such that.
c = −2i − 2j k(p + q) = p − q.
That is,
a a · a = 13 k(7i + (3 + t)j = 3i + (3 − t)j.
Hence 7k = 3
b b · b = 10
3
k=
c c·c=8 7
k(3 + t) = (3 − t)
d a · b = −11 ∴ 3(3 + t) = 7(3 − t)
e a · (b + c) = (2i − 3j) · (−3i + j) = −9 ∴ 9 + 3t = 21 − 7t
10t = 12
f
(a + b) · (a + c) = a · a + a · c + b · a + b · c 6
t=
5
= 13 + 2 − 11 − 4
b p − 2q = 5i + 3j − 2(2i + tj)
=0
= i + (3 − 2t)j
g a + 2b = 3j p + 2q = 5i + 3j + 2(2i + tj)
3c − b = −5i − 9j
∴ (a + 2b) · (3c − b) = −27 = 9i + (3 + 2t)j
Since the vectors are perpendicular
−−→
15 OA = a = 4i + j
−−→
OB = b = 3i + 5j
−−→
OC = c = −5i + 3j

726
 (i + (3 − 2t)j) · (9i + (3 + 2t)j) = 0 b She swims 60 m in at 2m/s. It takes
9 + (3 − 2t)(3 + 2t) = 0 her 30 seconds

9 + (9 − 4t2 ) = 0 c She arrives at the opposite bank 36 m

4t2 = 18 downstream
9
t2 =
2 19 Note that the two strings form a 3-4-5
3 triangle. Draw the triangle of forces.
t=±√
2

c |p − q| = |3i + (3 − t)j|
p
= 9 + (3 − t)2
|q| = |2i + tj|
√ Note:
= 4 + t2 6 3 8 4
sin x = = ; cos x = =
If |p − q| = |q| 10 5 10 5
T 1 = 15 sin x
then 9 + (3 − t)2 = 4 + t2
3
∴ 9 + 9 − 6t + t2 = 4 + t2 = 15 × = 9 kg wt
5
14 − 6t = 0 T 2 = 15 cos x
7 4
t= = 15 × = 12 kg wt
3 5

−−→ 20 The force exerted on the body by the

17 OA = a = 2i + 2j
−−→ plane will be perpendicular to the plane.
OB = b = i + 2j Resolve parallel to the plane, so the
−−→ component this force will be zero.
OC = a = 2i − 3j
The hypotenuse
√ of the marked triangle is
−−→ h = 12 + 6 2 2
a i AB = −a + b = −i
√ √
−−→ = 180 = 6 5 cm
ii AC = −a + c = −5j If x is the angle of the plane to the
−−→ −−→ horizontal,
AB · AC −−→ 6 1
b The vector resolute = −−→ −−→ AC sin x = √ = √
AC · AC 6 5 5
=0 12 2
cos x = √ = √
6 5 5
c 1 Resolving,

√
18 a Speed = 1.62 + 1.22 = 2 m/s

727
T − 70 sin x = 0 21 The force exerted on the body by the
T = 70 sin x plane will be perpendicular to the plane.
Resolve parallel to the plane, so the
1
= 70 × √ component of this force will be zero.
5 F cos 30◦ − 15 sin 30◦ = 0
√
70 5 √ √
= = 14 5 kg wt F 3 1
5 = 15 ×
Resolving perpendicular to the plane, 2 2
N − 70 cos x = 0 F= √
15
N = 70 cos x 3
√
15 3
= 70 × √
2 =
3
5 √
√
√ = 5 3 kg wt
140 5
= = 28 5 kg wt
5

728
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
√
8 D |a| = 22 + 32
"# " #
3−1 2
1 C v= = √
5−1 4
= 13
a = 2, b = 4 1
â = √ (2i + 3j)
−−→ −−→ −−→ 13
2 C CB = CA + AB
−−→ −−→ 100
= −AC + AB 9 A v= (3i − 4 j) + (−5i + 20 j)
5
=u−v = 60i − 80 j) − 5i + 20 j

3
"
# " #
−1 = 55i − 60 j)
3 A 2a − 3b = 2 −3
−2 3 10 A
−20i + −4i + 3 j = −24i + 3 j
" #
6 − −3
=
−4 − 9
1
" # 11 E 50 cos 60◦ = 50 ×
9 2
=
−13 = 25 N

4 B 12 C Use Pythagoras’
√ theorem.
Resultant = 52 + 42
√
= 41 kg wt
−−→ −−→ −−→
S Q = S R + RQ 13 B The forces act at right angles.
−−→ −−→ Complete a triangle of forces.
= PQ + −QR
72 + a2 = 92
=p−q √
a2 = 32a = 4 2 kg wt
p
5 B |3i − 5j| = 32 + (−5)2
√ 14 B The angle between the forces when
= 9 + 25 they are head to tail will be 120◦ .
√ Use the cosine rule.
= 34
F 2 = 202 + 202 − 2 × 20
−−→ −−→ −−→
6 A AB = −OA + OB × 20 × cos 120◦
= (i − 2j) − (2i + 3j) = 400 + 400 − 800 × −
1
2
= −i − 5j
= 1200
−−→ √
7 C |AB| = | − i − 5j| F = 1200
p √
= (−1)2 + (−5)2 = 20 3 kg wt
√
= 1 + 25
√
= 26
729
Solutions to extended-response questions
" # " #
1 0
1 is in the east direction and in the north direction.
0 1
" # " #
−−→ 0 1
a OP = −32 − 31
1 0
" #
−31
=
−32
" #
4
b The ship is travelling parallel to the vector u = with speed 20 km/h.
3
" #
1 4
The unit vector in the direction of u is .
5 3
" #
−−→ 20 4
The vector PR =
5 3
" #
16
=
12
The position vector ofthe ship is
−−→ −−→ −−→
OR = OP + PR
" # " #
−31 16
= +
−32 12
" #
−15
=
−20
" #
3
= −5
4
−−→ √
c |OR| = 5 32 + 42
= 25
When the ship reaches R, it is 25 km from the lighthouse, and therefore the
lighthouse is visible from the ship.

2 p = 3i + j and q = −2i + 4j

a ∴ |p − q| = |3i + j − (−2i + 4j)|

= |5i − 3j|
√
= 25 + 9
√
= 34

730
 √
b |p| =
9+1
√
= 10
√
and |q| = 4 + 16
√
=2 5
√ √
∴ |p| − |q| = 10 − 2 5

c 3i + j + 2(−2i + 4j) + r = 0
3i + j − 4i + 8j + r = 0
−i + 9j + r = 0
Hence r = i − 9j
       
−2 11 7 26
3 a =  1  , b =  7  , c = 9 and d = 12
 
      
       
2 3 7 2

a a + 2b − c = kd
       
−2 11 7 26
∴  1  + 2  7  − 9 = k 12
       
       
2 3 7 2
   
13 26
∴  6  = k 12
   
   
1 2
1 1
Therefore k = and a + 2b − c = d
2 2

b xa + yb = d
     
−2 11 26
∴ x  1  + y  7  = 12
     
     
2 3 2
The following equations are formed:
−2x + 11y = 26 ... 1
x + 7y = 12 ... 2

2x + 3y = 2 ... 3
Add 1 and 3
14y = 28
∴ y=2
Substitute in 3

731
 2x + 6 = 2
∴ x = −2
Equation 2 must be checked
−2 + 14 = 12
Therefore −2a + 2b = d.

c pa + qb − rc = 0
From parts a and b
1
a + 2b − c = d ... 1
2
−2a + 2b = d ... 2

From 1 2a + 4b − 2c = d
Therefore from 2
−2a + 2b = 2a + 4b − 2c
∴ 4a + 2b − 2c = 0
Hence p = 4, q = 2 and r = 2. (Other answers are possible e.g. p = 2, q = 1,
r = −1)
−−→ −−→ −−→
4 a OQ = OP + PQ
" # " #
5 20
= +
8 −15
" #
25
=
−7
The coordinates of Q are (25, −7).
−−→ −−→ −−→
QR = QO + OR
" # " #
−25 32
= +
7 17
" #
7
=
24

732
 −−→ −−→
b RS = QP
" #
−20
=
15
−−→ −−→ −−→
OS = OR + RS
" # " #
32 −20
= +
17 15
" #
12
=
32
Hence the coordinates of S are (12, 32).
" #
−−→ 3
5 a OP = 4
1
" #
12
=
4
The coordinates of P are (12, 4).
−−→ −−→ −−→
b PM = PO + OM
" # " #
−12 k
= +
−4 0
" #
k − 12
=
−4
−−→ √
c |OP| = 122 + 42
√
= 160
√
= 4 10
−−→
Now |OM| = k
" #
−−→ k − 12
and, from part b, PM =
−4
−−→ p
∴ |PM| = (k − 12)2 + 16
For triangle OPM to be right-angled at P, Pythagoras’ theorem has to be satisfied.

733
 −−→ −−→ −−→
i.e. |OP|2 + |PM|2 = |OM|2
∴ 160 + (k − 12)2 + 16 = k2
∴ 160 + k2 − 24k + 160 = k2
∴ 24k = 320
∴ 3k = 40
40
∴ k=
3
d If M has coordinates (9, 0) then,
if ∠OPX = α◦ , tan α◦ = 3
3
and if ∠MPX = β◦ , tan β◦ =
4
∴ Angle θ = α − β
!
3
= tan (3) − tan
−1 −1
4
= 34.7◦ , correct to one decimal place

6 a Going out the true speed = 150 − 30 = 120 km/h

Returning true speed = 150 + 30 = 180 km/h
180 180 5
Total Time taken = + = hours
180 120 2
b

1
sin θ = ⇒ θ ≈ 11.54◦
5
Using Pythagoras’
√ theorem:
True velocity = 1502 − 302 ≈ 146.97 km/h
Bearing is 11.54◦
1
c cos θ = ⇒ θ ≈ 78.40◦
5

Therefore Bearing = (78.46 + 90)◦ = 168.46◦

734
7 a v = v A − vB
= 12i + 16 j − (8i + α j
= 4i + (16 − α) j

b Consider boat B to be at the origin.

Position of boat A is −10i
For collision:
−10i + t(12i + 16 j) = t(8i + α j)
Therfore:
−10 + 12t = 8t
16t = αt
⇒ Collision when t = 2.5
Hence α = 16

c Time between sighting and collision is 16 hours.

735