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Successful Practice of Electroacupuncture Analgesi
Successful Practice of Electroacupuncture Analgesi
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- RESEARCH ARTICLE -
1
Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
2
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University,
Cairo, Egypt
3
Equine Division, Veterinary Military Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
* Corresponding author. Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo,
Giza 12211, Egypt.
E-mail: shetaeme@hotmail.com (E.Sheta).
Figure 1 Cheek wound suturing: (A) deep cheek wound, (B) suturing procedures, (C) wound sutures, and (D) recovery of the
horse from analgesia.
Gan, Da-Kua, Qiang-Feng, and Tian-Men, in addition to stimulation, the experimental horses showed normal
Duan-Xue (suspended pivot) GV-5, were used. These pro- values. During induction, a few minutes following the start
cedures are shown in Fig. 12. of stimulation, all horses showed signs of mild stress,
After surgery, the power was switched off and the nee- including dilated pupils and significant increases in their
dles were removed. All data were collected and evaluated heart rates [mean (M) standard error (SE):
statistically using an ordinary analysis of variance with the 63.166 4.301] and respiration rates (M SE:
GraphPad prism package program and the Student t test [9] 24.333 2.123). They were still conscious and could eat or
with the help of Office Excel package 2007. drink; in addition, their sight and hearing were normal.
Pupillary dilation and salivation occurred in three experi-
mental horses (approximately 17%), which indicated pain in
3. Results the internal organs and was counteracted by increasing the
frequency of the acupuncture analgesia stimulus. At the
All the previously mentioned clinical signs were observed induction phase, the operation site was tested for analgesia
during electroacupuncture induction. On physical exami- using needle pricks. At first, full sensitivity to pain was
nation before performing the electroacupuncture present. After 10e15 minutes, the response to the stimulus
Figure 2 Neck wound suturing: (A) twitching of the horse, (B) deep neck wound, and (C) suturing procedures.
Electroacupuncture analgesia in equine surgery 33
Figure 3 Trephining steps: (A) circular skin incision, (B) exposed periosteum, (C) trephine of bone disc, and (D) exposed frontal
sinus.
decreased. After 20e30 minutes, in 95% of the cases, the Insignificant increases in heart rates (M SE:
horses showed no response to strong pain stimuli in and 36.823 1.906) and respiratory rates (M SE:
around the operation site; at that time, the operation was 13.704 0.839) were recorded during maintenance, as
begun. During maintenance, the ears in all horses were shown in Fig. 13.
alert and moving. The horses voided variable amounts of At the time of induction, the horses showed a degree
urine, particularly at the end of surgery. During each sur- of discomfort or pain, which was substantiated by rest-
gery, a sufficient amount of manure was defecated by the lessness, defensive reactions, and struggling. The ampli-
animals as moist balls and not as dry or loose material. tude of the output was then reduced to a strong, but
Figure 4 Excision of the medial canthus sarcoid: (A) sarcoid growth, (B) stimulated acupoints, (C) sarcoid excision with
cauterization of bleeders, and (D) recovery after 1 month.
34 E. Sheta et al.
Figure 5 Suturing of a lateral thoracic wound: (A) stimulated acupoints, (B) induced skin wound, (C) sutured skin wound, and (D)
wound sutures.
Figure 6 Laparocolotomy procedures: (A) stimulated acupoints, (B) incised skin in left flank, (C) completed laparotomy, (D)
exteriorized small colon and colotomy, (E) closure of colon incision, and (F) closed abdominal wound.
Figure 7 Thigh wound suturing: (A) suturing of the tensor fasciae latae and (B) closure of skin wound.
Electroacupuncture analgesia in equine surgery 35
Figure 8 Herniorrhaphy procedures in a 1-year-old foal: (A) stimulated acupoints, (B) incised skin, (C) blunt dissection, (D)
exposed jejunal loop, (E) closure of abdominal muscles and s/c, and (F) sutured skin subcutaneous tissue (s/c or sub/cutis).
acceptable, level so that it could be tolerated by the and clinical cases was adequate and without complications.
animal without any obvious discomfort. Excessive stimu- The sutures were removed 10 days after the surgery.
lation led to a reduction in the electroacupuncture anal-
gesic effect and struggling. Severe muscular convulsions
with rigidity, followed by conversions to a flaccid muscle, 4. Discussion
were observed at the end of this phase and throughout
the maintenance period. During testing, skin nociceptors Various anesthetic regimens have been used for major and
were present in four (approximately 22%) horses that minor equine surgeries, but none has proven to support the
underwent surgery, but their effects were eliminated physiological vitality of the animal or to have no side ef-
using an injection of a local infiltration anesthesia (2% fects. Therefore, we directed our attention toward the use
lidocaine) at the intended line of incision. The intra- of electroacupuncture stimulation to produce surgical
operative bleeding was less than expected. The responses analgesia. The device for electrical stimulation, which is
of experimental horses to electroacupuncture stimulation used for humans, in general, and used in the present study
are summarized in Fig. 14; only one horse (approximately for the production of electroacupuncture analgesia, proved
6%) exhibited various degrees of discomfort manifested by to be safe and adequate and prevented serious electrolytic
restlessness and struggling. lesions during surgery.
All surgical and clinical cases exhibited excellent de- Electrical stimuli were induced through the acupuncture
grees of response to the induced electroacupuncture analgesia points in the peripheral sensory nerves to the
analgesia. Healing of surgical wounds in both experimental spinal cord. The stimuli reached the midbrain through the
Figure 9 Excisions of granulomas in the right flank of a 2-year-old foal: (A) multiple granulomas, (B) incised skin, and (C)
completed surgical excision.
36 E. Sheta et al.
Figure 10 Excision of right-thoracic-wall fibromatous swelling in a 9-year-old donkey: (A) fibromatous swelling, (B) stimulated
acupoints, (C) blunt dissection, (D) excised fibromatous mass, and (E) sutured skin wound.
ascending spinothalamic tracts. In the midbrain, the nociceptors that remained during acupuncture analgesia;
ascending signals caused release of endorphins, serotonin, injection of 2% lidocaine at the incised wound’s lips sup-
and other neurotransmitters, which activated a descending pressed the effect of these nociceptors and facilitated su-
inhibition mechanism and prevented the pain signals from turing. When more acupoints were involved during
the surgical area from reaching the cerebral cortex. The acupuncture stimulation, there was a stronger analgesic
electroacupuncture analgesia enabled the surgeon to effect [12].
perform the surgery without any complications and Electroacupuncture causes release of b-endorphin and
discomfort for the animals. Before performing the surgery, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary
the animals were properly restrained and acupuncture gland. ACTH induced the release of cortisol from the ad-
needles were inserted to the correct depths; output leads renal glands. The blood cortisol levels of the horses were
were not connected across the thorax to reduce the risk of significantly increased after 30 minutes of electro-
cardiac arrest. The surgery was then performed in equines acupuncture treatment [13]. The release of endogenous
and other animals under electroacupuncture analgesia, opioids was consistent with acupuncture analgesia [12] and
which was the sole analgesic agent [10]. was potentiated by D-phenylalanine, which inhibited
Electroacupuncture stimulation at 55 Hz had a long- enkephalinase-mediated degradation of enkephalins and
lasting effect and produced analgesic effect for the endorphins [14]. However, the opioid antagonist naloxone
aforementioned operations. In addition, the degree of was able to reverse the effect of acupuncture analgesia in
analgesia diminished if the frequency was not changed animals [15].
every 20 minutes; this coincided with the results presented Activation of nociceptors increased the rate of glucose
by Luna [11]. However, on pain testing, approximately 22% consumption in the superficial part of the dorsal horn of the
of the horses had suffered a stroke of the tissue forceps spinal cord. Low-frequency electrical stimulation produced
during skin suturing, which might have been due to the a relative decrease in the rate of glucose consumption.
Electroacupuncture analgesia in equine surgery 37
Figure 11 Urethrostomy and abdominal catheterization in a 6-year-old donkey: (A) uroperitoneum on an ultrasonographic image,
(B) stimulated acupoints, (C) surgery sites, and (D) the exteriorized urolith.
However, morphine diminished this increase in glucose hyperalgesia was evolved [25]. Acupuncture had an anti-
consumption and potentiated the analgesic effect [16]. hyperalgesic effect in inflammatory animal models [26].
Acupuncture analgesia induced its effect through Electric stimulation of the peripheral nerve elicited an
neuronal mechanisms associated with the central nervous analgesic effect [27]. Intermittent electric stimulation was
system [17,18], as well as through the mechanism of a valid way to prevent the occurrence of tolerance to
endogenous opiates and their receptors, such as endorphin, acupuncture analgesia [28].
enkephalin, endomorphin, and dynophin, which were re- Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) was an analgesic
ported to be frequency-dependent factors [19,20]. The De- transmitter. The effect of serotonin was diminished after p-
Qi or De-Chi was distinguished by the cortex during chlorophenylalanine (serotonin synthesis inhibitor) injec-
acupuncture needling; thus, cortical involvement followed tion. Thus, serotonin levels increased in the spinal cord and
acupuncture stimulation [21,22]. enhanced electroacupuncture analgesia at 2 Hz [29]. The
Inflammation induced a state of hyperalgesia and, in binding of serotonin to its receptor activated the inhibitory
turn, decreased the pain threshold. Acupuncture regulated interneurons in the spinal cord, which contained enkeph-
this state of hyperalgesia and reduced the degree of pain. alin. Enkephalin and opioid receptors were thought to play
Acupuncture therapy was used not only to relieve pain but important roles in inhibiting pain-sensation signals [18].
also to treat various medical conditions [23,24]. Injured High-frequency electroacupuncture decreased the con-
neurons expressed more peptides (substance P, somato- centration of serotonin within the cortex, and therefore
statin, and calcitonin geneerelated peptide) to induce acted as a sedative [30]. The arcuate nucleus of the hy-
neuronal plasticity, but with persistent inflammation, pothalamus activated the periaqueductal gray mediated by
Figure 12 Procedures for castration in 5- and 6-year-old stallions: (A) stimulated acupoints, (B) exposed testicles, and (C)
completion of bilateral ablation of testicles.
38 E. Sheta et al.
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