HP 33

HYDROLOGICAL PROCEDURE

HYDROLOGICAL STANDARD
FOR WATER LEVEL STATION

HYDROLOGICAL PROCEDURE
INSTRUMENTATION

HP 33

DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE MALAYSIA

DISCLAIMER

The department or government shall have no liability or responsibility to the user or any other
person or entity with respect to any liability, loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused,
directly or indirectly, by the adaptation and use of the methods and recommendations of this
publication, including but not limited to, any interruption of service, loss of business or
anticipatory profits or consequential damages resulting from the use of this publication.

Opinions expressed in DID publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect
those of DID.

Copyright ©2018 by Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Malaysia Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

HYDROLOGICAL STANDARD FOR WATER LEVEL STATION INSTRUMENTATION. HP 33

(HYDROLOGICAL PROCEDURE ; HP 33)
ISBN 978-983-9304-39-8
1. Hydrological stations--Malaysia.
2. Hydrology--Malaysia.
3. Government publications--Malaysia.
I. Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia.
II. Series.
551.5709595

All rights reserved. Text and maps in this publication are the copyright of the Department of
Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia unless otherwise stated and may not be reproduced without
permission.

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PREFACE

The Hydrological Procedure (HP) No 33: Hydrological Standard for Water Level Station
Instrumentation sets out guidelines and practices for the installation, operation and maintenance
of equipment and accessories in water level instrumentation in the field of hydrology, enabling
them to carry out their work more efficiently. The detailed description of the theoretical basis and
applications of hydrological methods and techniques are beyond the scope of this guide, although
references to such documentation are provided wherever applicable. It is hoped that this HP will
be used, not only by Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS) Malaysia, but also by other stakeholders
and agencies involved in water resource management in general, and in water resource
monitoring and assessment in particular.

Menara Teknik was commissioned by the Division of Water Resources and Hydrology to produce
Hydrological Procedure No 33: Hydrological Standard for Water Level Station Instrumentation
through “Development of Hydrological Procedure No. 32: Hydrological Standard for Rainfall
Station Instrumentation, Hydrological Procedure No 33: Hydrological Standard for Water Level
Station Instrumentation and Hydrological Procedure No 35: Hydrological Standard for Water
Quality Station Instrumentation”, contract no. JPS/IP/C/H/06/2016. The HP 32: Hydrological
Standard for Rainfall Station Instrumentation and HP 35: Hydrological Standard for Water Quality
Station Instrumentation were also produced under the same commission.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors greatly acknowledge the valuable contribution and feedback from Department of
Irrigation and Drainage (DID) personnel especially the Director of Water Resources Management
and Hydrology, Dato’ Ir. Haji Nor Hisham Bin Mohd. Ghazali, Director of National Flood Forecasting
and Warning Centre (PRABN), Pn. Hajah Paridah Anun Binti Tahir and the staff namely Ir.
Rajaselvam a/l Govindaraju, Ir. Hasanuddin Bin Mohd Ibrahim and En. Hairuy Azmi bin Aziz.

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Table of Contents

DISCLAIMER ....................................................................................................................................... i
PREFACE............................................................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................... iii
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1
2. Review of Existing Water Level Sensor ..................................................................................... 1
Air Bubbler ......................................................................................................................... 1
Radar .................................................................................................................................. 2
Ultrasonic ........................................................................................................................... 3
Pressure Transducer .......................................................................................................... 4
Comparison of Different Types of Sensor .......................................................................... 5
3. Selection of Site......................................................................................................................... 6
4. Instrumentation ........................................................................................................................ 7
General Specification of Air Bubbler .................................................................................. 7
General Specification of Ultrasonic ................................................................................... 8
General specification of Radar ........................................................................................... 8
General Specification of Pressure Transducer ................................................................... 9
5. Procedures in Selecting Water Level Sensor ........................................................................... 10
Site with Wide River Span ................................................................................................ 10
Site with Vertical River Bank ............................................................................................ 10
Site with Overhead Bridge ............................................................................................... 10
6. Construction of Station ........................................................................................................... 10
Station .............................................................................................................................. 10
Enclosure.......................................................................................................................... 11
Earthing ............................................................................................................................ 12
TN-C System .............................................................................................................. 14
TN-S- System ............................................................................................................. 15
TN-C-S System........................................................................................................... 15
T-T System ................................................................................................................ 16
IT-System .................................................................................................................. 17
Lightning Protection......................................................................................................... 17
Conduit ............................................................................................................................. 19
Fencing ............................................................................................................................. 20
 Type of fencing ......................................................................................................... 20
Comparison of Type of Fencing ................................................................................ 22
Signboard......................................................................................................................... 22
7. Installation of Instrument ....................................................................................................... 23
Installation of Air Bubbler................................................................................................ 23
Installation of Radar or Ultrasonic................................................................................... 23
Installation of Wet Transducer ........................................................................................ 24
8. Solar Power Supply System .................................................................................................... 24
9. Telemetry and Communication System ................................................................................. 25
Remote Terminal Unit ..................................................................................................... 25
Communication Instruments ........................................................................................... 27
Radio Communication .............................................................................................. 27
GSM/ EDGE Communication .................................................................................... 28
Satellite Communication .......................................................................................... 28
10. Maintenance of Instruments .............................................................................................. 29
Maintenance of Water Level Sensor............................................................................ 29
Maintenance of Telemetry .......................................................................................... 29
11. Calibration Procedure ......................................................................................................... 30
12. Guidelines for Safety & Health ............................................................................................ 31
Site Tidiness ................................................................................................................. 31
Working at Height ........................................................................................................ 32
General provisions ................................................................................................... 32
Guard rails ................................................................................................................ 32
Protective Equipment .................................................................................................. 32
Safety helmet ........................................................................................................... 32
Footwear .................................................................................................................. 33
Working in a Hot Environment .................................................................................... 33
Working Over/Near Water .......................................................................................... 33
Electrical Hazard .......................................................................................................... 33
Safety procedures in handling electrical equipment ............................................... 34
13. Do’s and Don’ts of Installation and Maintenance of Water Level Equipment ................... 34
Installation of Sensor ................................................................................................... 34
Power Supply System................................................................................................... 35
 Maintenance work ....................................................................................................... 35
Communication ............................................................................................................ 35
14. Summary Sheet.................................................................................................................... 36
15. References ........................................................................................................................... 38
Appendix A: Related Documents from MS ISO 9001: 2015 ..................................................... A1-A5
Appendix B: List of Drawing ..................................................................................................... B1-B7
List of Figures

Figure 1 Typical Station at Elevated Level at Flooding Area (a) and on Ground Level (b)) .............11
Figure 2 Illustration of Earthing and Protective Conductor System ...............................................13
Figure 3 TN-C System ......................................................................................................................14
Figure 4 TN-S- System .....................................................................................................................15
Figure 5 TN-C-S System ...................................................................................................................16
Figure 6 TT-System ..........................................................................................................................16
Figure 7 IT-System...........................................................................................................................17
Figure 8 Security Fence ...................................................................................................................21
Figure 9 Anti-Climb Fence ...............................................................................................................21
Figure 10 Chain Link Fence .............................................................................................................22

List of Table

Table 1 Transducer Rated for Higher Water Level (U.S. Office Of Surface Mining Reclamation And
Enforcement, 2012) ..........................................................................................................................4
Table 2 Comparison between Different Fencing Types ..................................................................22
Table 3 Technical Specification of RTU ...........................................................................................26
Table 4 Summary of Specification of VHF Band ..............................................................................27
Table 5 Summary of Safety and Health Guidelines.........................................................................31
1. Introduction

Since decades, JPS has been the national hydrological agency that develops hydrological stations
nationwide to collect and obtain data for water resource assessment, planning, development,
early flood warning and river monitoring purposes. This procedure is used to explain about the
procurement, selection, and installation process of water level sensors and accessories in water
level station.

2. Review of Existing Water Level Sensor

In early days, non-recording water level station consist of stick gauges. The gauges must be read
at least twice daily and recorded manually. Automatic water level instrument mainly consists of
recorder and sensor. Other auxiliary instrument includes power supply and surge protection
devices. Electronic data logger is widely used to record water level parameter. These data logger
are available in the market and their specification are general suitable for JPS usage. Water level
sensor are connected to data logger as to make a complete water level recording instrument.

A water level sensor is a device used to measure water level in streams and convert it into
electrical signal. The signal will then be sent to data logger or remote terminal unit (RTU) to log as
water level reading. There are four types of water level sensor used in the data collection system,
which are the air bubbler water level sensor, ultrasonic water level sensor, radar water level
sensor and pressure transducer.

Air Bubbler

Air bubbler system contains no moving parts, making it suitable to measure the level of
sewage, drainage water, sewage sludge, night soil, or water with suspended solids. The only
part of the sensor that comes in contact with the liquid is the bubble tube, which is
chemically compatible with the material which level is to be measured. Since the
measurement point has no electrical component, the technique is a good choice for
“hazardous areas”. The system control can be located safely away, with pneumatic
plumbing separating hazard from the safe area.

Air bubbler system is good for open tank at atmospheric pressure and is built so that the
high-pressure air is routed through a bypass valve to dislodge solids that clog the bubble

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tube. The technique is inherently “self-cleaning”. It is recommended for liquid level
measurement because the ultrasonic, float or microwave techniques are unreliable.

The bubbler unit functions using an integrated mini-compressor with storage tank where
air is directed via a proportioning valve and the pressure transmission pipe is placed into
the water. The pressure within the pipe corresponds to the water column (h) static pressure
above the outlet orifice and thus serves as quantifiable variable for the level position. This
water column static pressure is transmitted to a high precision, temperature compensated
pressure sensor. In the case of water level fluctuation, the pressure sensor sends change of
output signal. This output signal, depending on the instrument type will be recorded on a
data logger or transferred to an electronic servo motor, which moves the connected writing
device to the corresponding, actual water level.

A significant advantage of using gas bubblers is that the sensor itself can be located quite a
distance from the water body therefore circumventing any damage or loss which may occur
during peak flow event. Only the orifice line is at risk and this is easily replaced at minimal
cost.

Radar

Microwave (also described as RADAR) will penetrate temperature and vapour layer that
may affect for other techniques, such as ultrasonic. Microwave is electromagnetic energy
and therefore it does not require air molecules in energy transmission, making them useful
in vacuum. As electromagnetic energy, microwave is reflected with high conductive objects
such as metal and water. Alternately, they are absorbed by ‘low dielectric’ or insulating
mediums such as plastics, glass, paper, powders, food stuffs and other solids, in various
degrees.

Microwave sensor is executed in many techniques. Two signal processing techniques are
applied, each has its own advantages; pulsed or time-domain reflectometry (TDR) which is
a time measurement of flight divided by the speed of light, similar to ultrasonic level sensor,
and Doppler system that employs FMCW techniques.

Just like the ultrasonic level sensor, microwave sensor is executed at various frequencies,
from 1 to 60 GHz. In general, the higher the frequency, the more accurate and costly it is.
Microwave is executed via guided or non-contact technique. The former is done by

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monitoring a microwave signal that is transmitted through free space (including vacuum)
and its reflection or can be executed as a “radar on a wire” technique, which is known as
guided wave radar or guided microwave radar. For the latter, performance improves in
powder form and low dielectric media that are not good reflector in electromagnetic energy
transmission through void space (as in non-contact microwave sensor). But with the guided
technique, mechanical constraint does exist, like having a probe in the vessel, thus affecting
capacitance (RF) technique as mentioned previously by having a probe in the vessel.

Ultrasonic

Ultrasonic level sensor is used for non-contact level sensing of highly viscous liquids and
bulk solids. It is also used in water treatment for pump control and open channel flow
measurement. The sensor emits high frequency (20 to 200 kHz) acoustic wave, that is
reflected back to and detected by the emitting transducer. Ultrasonic level sensor is also
affected by the changing speed of sound, due to moisture, temperature, and pressure.
Correction can be applied to the level measurement to improve measurement accuracy.

Turbulence, foam, steam, chemical mist (vapour), and change in the concentration of the
process material also affect the ultrasonic sensor response. Turbulence and foam prevent
sound wave from being reflected to the sensor; steam and chemical mist and vapour distort
or absorb the sound wave; and variation in concentration changes the energy amount in
the sound wave that is reflected back to the sensor. Stilling wells and wave guides are used
to prevent errors caused by these factors.

Proper transducer mounting is required to ensure best response in sound reflected. In

addition, hopper, bin, or tank should be free from obstacles such as weldments, brackets,
or ladders to minimise false return that results in erroneous response, although most
modern systems have “intelligent” echo processing to make engineering change
unnecessary, except when an intrusion blocks the transducer “line of sight” to the target.
Since the ultrasonic transducer is used in transmitting and receiving the acoustic energy, it
is subjected to a period of mechanical vibration known as “ringing”. This vibration must
attenuate (stop) prior to the echoed signal processing. The net result is a distance from the
transducer face, which is blind and cannot detect an object. It is known as the “blanking
zone”, typically 150mm – 1m, depending on the transducer range.

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The electronic signal processing circuitry is required to make the ultrasonic sensor an
intelligent device. Ultrasonic sensor is designed to provide point level control, continuous
monitoring or both. Due to the presence of a microprocessor and low power consumption,
serial communication can take place to other computing devices, making it a good
technique to adjust calibration and filter the sensor signal, remote wireless monitoring or
plant network communication.

Pressure Transducer

One of the cost-effective tools for a hydrologist is a pressure transducer with data logging
capabilities. The instrument permits the collection of huge amount of water level data, with
minimal time and effort. Pressure transducer measures ambient pressure which is
convertible to the height of the water over the transducer, when it is used in water. Water
level in monitoring well is recorded over an extended time period using the instrument.

According to the United States Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
(2012), it is best to select an instrument with pressure range that fits the range of water
level over the transducer, as you have anticipated (Table 1). If the transducer upper limit is
exceeded, the pressure reading reaches upper limit (plateau) and flattens out. Please note
that if the pressure exceedance is great enough, this may damage the transducer sensor,
thus it needs to be replaced or repaired. Bear in mind, the transducer with higher upper
pressure limit usually has its accuracy and resolution compromised. On top of that, there is
an issue with security. The instrument is expensive and often becomes target for vandalism
or theft. It is recommended to secure the transducer by locking it in steel well casing. If the
transducer cannot be locked inside, it is recommended to have it hidden or camouflaged to
minimise potential harm.

Table 1 Transducer Rated for Higher Water Level (U.S. Office Of Surface Mining Reclamation And
Enforcement, 2012)
Transducer Pressure Upper Limit (psi) Maximum Water Level (m)
5 3.5
15 11
20 14
30 21
50 35
100 70
250 176
500 351

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 Comparison of Different Types of Sensor

Type Advantages Disadvantages

Air bubbler - Accurate measurement in - Accuracy drops in high flow
• Installation is by laying the air low flow condition. condition.
tube from recorder to the - Suitable to be installed in - Difficult to maintain nozzle
mouthpiece river with deep slope due to sedimentation
• The air tube may up to 200 m elevation
length or 30 m head.
• Anchoring the mouthpiece at
riverbed or measuring point.
However, installation cost may
be high.
Ultrasonic - Accurate reading in both - Susceptible to blockage of
• Installation of these sensors low and high flow object which will result in
needs mounting and bridge, conditions reading error
jibs and foot-bridge. - No contact with water, - Limitations such as
• Measuring range may up to 75 making it easy for deadband and bean angle,
m. maintenance which require ultrasonic
- No lightning surge problem water level sensor to be
installed at correct position.
- Ultrasonic wave is more
sensitive, which may cause
errors in reading, especially
in water with debris.
- Not suitable to be installed
at area with high elevation
river bank
Radar - Accurate reading in both - Susceptible to blockage of
• Installation of these sensors low and high flow object which will result in
need mounting and bridge, jibs conditions reading error
and footbridge. - No contact, making it easy - Unsuitable to be installed at
• Measuring range may up to 75 for maintenance area with high elevation
m. - No lightning surge problem river bank

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 Type Advantages Disadvantages
- Microwave working
principle makes radar
sensor more stable in
measurement than
ultrasonic sensor.
Pressure transducer - Accurate measurement in - Accuracy drops in high flow
• Electronic instrument is low flow water condition.
submerged in the water at all - Suitable to be installed in - Difficult to maintain as the
time, hence, this may get harm river with steep slope sensor body may submerge
from lightning surge. elevation in river sedimentation
• Installation by laying up sensor - Less maintenance required - Susceptible to lightning
cable from recorder to sensor surge problem
head at riverbed (same as
air/gas bubbler sensor).

3. Selection of Site

The site selected for observation of stage should be according to the purpose of the records being
collected and accessibility of the site. Hydraulic conditions are important in selecting site on
streams, where water levels are used to compute discharge record. Gauges on lakes and reservoirs
are located near their outlet, but sufficiently upstream to avoid the drawdown effect. Good water
level station is important; therefore the following criteria should be considered when selecting
the site;

i. Depending on the river slope, water level station should be located further away from
structures such as bridges. This will ensure no backwater effect to the recorder.
ii. Slightly further away from riverbed to avoid super elevation effect.
iii. Equipment should be above the maximum water level.
iv. The recorder should capture the full range of water level. i.e. during low and high water
levels
v. Water level station should be installed at tidal, mixed and fluvial zone.

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4. Instrumentation

General specification of different type of water level sensors are as below;

i. Air Bubbler
ii. Ultrasonic
iii. Radar
iv. Pressure Transducer

General Specification of Air Bubbler

Power supply Battery operation / 12 V

Proportioning valve With adjustment, for adjustment and survey of the gas quantity of
respiratory gas flow

Mini-compressor Integrated in the instrument

Air storage tank Maximum of 6 litre

Pressure transmission For outer or earth-laying plastic material with 11 mm diameter, 6 mm

pipe inner diameter with maximum length of 300 m protective casing

Damping device In case of rough water level (strong wave), we recommend damping
(option) device is used at the end of the pressure transmission pipe

Automatic purging Regular purging of the pressure transmission pipe prevents from silting
mechanism (option) resp. mudding up of the outlet orifice. With a rotary switch up to 8
purging intervals (i.e. 6, 12, 24 h, 2, 4, 8, 16 days)

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 General Specification of Ultrasonic

Range 15 m

Frequency 30 kHz - 20GHz

Spread 3°

Deadband 35 cm

Accuracy Better than ± 1 mm

Cable Shielded, oil-resistant PVC insulation, 12 metre length (maximum of

100 metre with 690010 cable)

Enclosure IP 68, watertight, withstands maximum of 1 bar submersion

General specification of Radar

Range Up to 75 m

Frequency Up to 26 GHz

Spread 12 °

Deadband 40 cm

Accuracy Up to 15 m ± 2 mm

Up to 75 m ± 15 mm

Output 4-20 mA/ SDI-12

Enclosure IP 66

Pressure Range Up to 75 m height

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 General Specification of Pressure Transducer

Pressure range Any range from 20“WC to 360 psi FS, in any units such as psi, Pa, inches
of H20, bar. Absolute or gauge types are available

Proof pressure FS up to 15 psi: 45 psi

FS > 15 psi up to 360 psi: 3 x FS (maximum of 360 psi)

Operating 25 to 125 °F (process media)

temperature range

Compensated 25 to 125 °F
temperature range

Temperature effect ±1.5% total for 25 to 125 °F, > 30 psi FS ± 2% total for 25 to 125 °F, 7 to
30 psi FS, prorated for ranges below 7 psi

Accuracy Combined linearity, hysteresis, and repeatability

Zero and span set

≤ ±0.1% FS (≥ 7 psi FS)

≤ ±0.25% FS (< 7 psi FS)

Long term stability 0.1% FS/year for pressure range > 30 psi FS

Prorated for range below 30 psi FS

Under standard conditions

Supply voltage Lithium battery 3.6V/2Ah, type AA,

LS14500 Saft, battery can be changed on-site

1 battery for a cable length ≤ 325 feet

2 batteries for a cable length > 325 feet

(1000 feet maximum)

Data memory Up to 500,000 measurement values, non-volatile, data remain in the

memory even without battery. Each measurement value is correlated
with time and date.

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5. Procedures in Selecting Water Level Sensor
Site with Wide River Span

i. For wide river span, bubbler water level sensor is the most suitable.
ii. May use pressure transducer as backup.

Site with Vertical River Bank

i. Ultrasonic level sensor is the most suitable for vertical river bank.
ii. If necessary, two (2) sensors can be installed for back up.
iii. May use bubbler level sensor.
iv. Avoid using pressure transducer as it is prone to lightning surge through water.

Site with Overhead Bridge

i. Ultrasonic or radar level sensor is preferred.

ii. May also use transducer or bubbler level sensor.

6. Construction of Station
Station

At first, the site should be cleared by getting shrubs, grass and overgrowth weeded out.
Then the site should be levelled. The fencing should be constructed according to the
specifications and dimensions shown in Appendix B: List of Drawing; Drawing no:
BSAH/HP33/FEN/01.

There are two types of water level station construction in JPS. They are ground level and
another at elevated level. Figure 1 (a) and (b) show typical station at flooding area and on
ground level respectively.

Advantages of elevated station are

i. Less vandalism
ii. Anything hanging during flood such as logs and twigs will be washed away easily
and do not stuck and damage the housing.
iii. Elevated housing can be built near the river, thus, shorter cable installation
required, hence lesser maintenance.
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 (b)

(a)

Figure 1 Typical Station at Elevated Level at Flooding Area (a) and on Ground Level (b))

The construction should be done with care, to avoid excavated earth being thrown onto
the levelled site. It is advisable to check the site level once the fencing has been
constructed.

Enclosure

The enclosure should be water resistant with ingress protection of IP65 and complete with
compartment for manual. Also, it needs to be tidied up and maintained in good condition
all times. For future installation, it is recommended that JPS specifies the use of epoxy
coated galvanised enclosures.

Cable gland are used to attach and secure the end of the electrical cable. Cable gland
provides strain relief and connects with suitable cable for which it is designed, including
electrical connection to the armour or braid and lead or aluminium of the cable sheath, if
any. Rubber seal gaskets need to be replaced frequently, to ensure that the enclosure is
insects or small rodents’ proof. Moreover, the wiring inside the enclosure need to be
terminated with suitable ferrule, flexible conduits, cable ties and labelled accordingly.

Finally, the enclosures on-site need to be provided with troubleshooting manuals, such as
wiring diagrams, operation & maintenance manual as well as as-built drawings. All
equipment on site should be labelled accordingly to make the troubleshooting easier. The
enclosure is sealed with JPS logo and marked with “HAK MILIK KERAJAAN MALAYSIA”.

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Earthing

Every building, equipment, power plants, substations and facilities that use electricity
require earth grounding, either directly or through a grounding system. By definition, the
earthing system that is sometimes called ‘earthing’, it means the total set of measures
used to connect electrically conductive part to earth. Figure 2 illustrates the earthing and
protective conductor system. The earthing system is an essential part of power networks
at both high- and low-voltage levels. In this system, we are going to use voltage less than
1 Ω and the installation of Surge Protection Device (SPD) 7 step is necessary for
overvoltage protection. In general, a good earthing system is required to protect station
buildings and installations against lightning, safeguard human and animal life by limiting
touch and step voltage to safe value, rectify operation of the electrical supply network
and ensure good power quality.

The ground system resistance is tested beforehand to provide a concrete proof that the
preliminary design assumption is accurate and the earthing system is adequate and
effective in protecting water level station system. Besides, ground resistance
measurements are to verify the new ground system adequacy and determine ground
potential rise (GPR) in developing protection for power and communication circuits. In
designing an earthing system, the system shall provide low impedance path to ground for
personnel and equipment protection, as well as circuit relaying and it shall withstand and
dissipate repeated fault and surge current.

Overall, the earthing system is essential to complete an electrical path to ground if there
is non-designed or unanticipated above-normal potential current or voltage surge during
operating conditions. Personal injury, death or equipment damage can happen if the
grounding system is not properly designed and installed to guide the potentially
dangerous charge safely to ground. Furthermore, the earthing system under normal
conditions carries no current. It only carries current under abnormal conditions, when an
electrical appliance or equipment is faulty, and becomes a potential shock or fire hazard.

12
Figure 2 Illustration of Earthing and Protective Conductor System

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In conclusion, it is important for the earthing system at water level station to be inspected,
tested and reviewed periodically, so that all components are protected from hazard or
damage, thus ensuring data collection for water level measurement runs continuously.

BS 7671 lists five types of earthing system: TN-S, TN-C-S, TT, TN-C, and IT.

• T = Earth (from the French word Terre)

• N = Neutral
• S = Separate
• C = Combined
• I = Isolated

TN-C System

• Neutral and protective functions combined in a single conductor in a part of the

system.
• The usual form of a TN-C-S system is as shown (Figure 3), where the supply is TN-C
and the arrangement in the installations is TN-S.
• This type of distribution is also known as protective multiple earthing.
• The supply system PEN conductor is earthed at two or more points and an earth
electrode may be necessary at or near a consumer’s installation.
• All exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected via the main earthing
terminal and the neutral consumer’s installation.

Figure 3 TN-C System

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TN-S- System

• Separate neutral and protective conductors throughout the system (Figure 4).
• The protective conductor (PE) is the metallic covering of the cable supplying the
installation or a separate conductor.
• All exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected to this protective
conductor via the main earthing terminal of the installation.

Figure 4 TN-S- System

TN-C-S System

• Neutral and protective functions combined in a single conductor in a part of the

system.
• The usual form of a TN-C-S system is as shown (Figure 5), where the supply is TN-C
and the arrangement in the installations is TN-S.
• This type of distribution is known as protective multiple earthing.
• The supply system PEN conductor is earthed at two or more points and an earth
electrode may be necessary at or near a consumer’s installation.
• All exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected via the main earthing
terminal and the neutral terminal, these terminals being linked together.

15
 Figure 5 TN-C-S System

T-T System

• All exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected to an earth electrode

which is electrically independent of the source earth (Figure 6).

Figure 6 TT-System

16
 IT-System

• All exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected to an earth electrode

(Figure 7)
• The source is either connected to earth through a deliberately introduced earthing
impedance or is isolated from earth.

Figure 7 IT-System

Lightning Protection

The lightning protection system shall be provided where necessary based on site
condition. It shall include air termination network, down-conductors, joints and bonds,
testing joints, lightning flash counter, earth termination, earth electrodes and accessories
incidental to the whole system (Refer Appendix B: List of Drawing: Drawing No:
BSAH/HP33/ELP/01).

Air termination network shall consist of a network of vertical and horizontal conductors,
as shown in the drawing. Whether shown in the drawings or not, all metallic projections,
chimneys, ducts, gutters, vent pipes, guard rails, aerial masts on or above the main surface
of the roof of the structure shall be bonded to and form part of the air termination
network. Other than air terminal or vertical finial, air termination network shall be of 25
mm x 3 mm annealed copper tape. The method and nature of the fixing shall be simple,
solid and permanent. Air terminal or vertical finial shall be having rounded end and made
of copper. They shall be 300 mm in length and 16 mm diameter with lock nut. Down

17
conductors shall be 25 mm × 3 mm bare annealed copper tape, installed around the walls
outside of the structure.

The lightning protection system should have as few joints as possible. Joints and bonds
shall be mechanically and electrically effective, via copper clamps, welding, soldering or
brazing. Contact surface shall first be cleaned then protected against oxidation with a
noncorrosive compound. Each earth termination shall be connected to a down-conductor.
Earth termination shall be made by 25 mm x 3mm annealed copper tape, connecting the
down conductor at the testing joint to the earth electrodes.

All measuring and test instruments used for lightning protection system installations shall
be regularly tested and calibrated by manufacturers or calibration laboratories, to
preserve their functionality and accuracy at the water level station. This is followed by the
installation of Surge Protection Device (SPD) 7 Steps in the lightning protection system.
SPD is an electrical installation protection component. This device is connected parallel to
the power supply circuit of the load that it has to protect. It is also used at all power supply
network levels. It is the most efficient overvoltage protection. SPD is designed to limit
transient overvoltage of atmospheric origin and divert current wave to earth, to limit the
overvoltage amplitude to a value that is non-hazardous for the electrical installation,
electric switchgear and control gear.

SPD eliminates overvoltage in the following ways;

i. common mode, between phase and neutral or earth;
ii. differential mode, between phase and neutral.
iii. in the event of an overvoltage exceeding the operating threshold, the SPD
conducts the energy to earth, in common mode; and
iv. Distributes the energy to the other live conductors, in differential mode.

SPD is classified into 3 types, namely Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3. The Type 1 SPD is
recommended in service-sector and industrial buildings, protected by a lightning
protection system or meshed cage. It protects electrical installation against direct
lightning stroke. It discharges the lightning back-current from the earth conductor to the
network conductors. Type 1 SPD is characterised by 10/350 µs current wave. The Type 2
SPD is the main protection system for low voltage electrical installation, installed in
electrical switchboard, to prevent the spread of overvoltage in electrical installation and

18
 protect the loads. Type 2 SPD is characterised by 8/20 µs current wave, with low discharge
capacity. Therefore, they must be installed as a supplement to Type 2 SPD and in the
vicinity of sensitive load. Type 3 SPD is characterised by a combination of voltage wave
(1.2/50 µs) and current wave (8/20 µs).

International standard IEC 61643-11 Edition 1.0 (03/2011) defines the characteristics and
tests for SPD connected to low voltage distribution system into three characteristics. The
first characteristic is Uc, which is the maximum continuous operating voltage where A.C.
or D.C. voltage is above which the SPD becomes active. This value is according to the rated
voltage and earthing arrangement. Another characteristic is Up, the voltage protection
level (at In). This is the maximum voltage across the SPD terminals when it is active. This
voltage is reached when the current flowing in the SPD equals to in. The voltage protection
level must be lower than the load overvoltage withstand capability. In the event of
lightning stroke, the voltage across the SPD terminals remains lesser than Up. The last one
is In, the nominal discharge current where the peak current value is 8/20 µs waveform,
this is when the SPD can discharge for 15 times.

Conduit

Water level station consist of electrical components connected in a system to operate as

JPS data collection station. This system requires proper wiring and conduit system to make
maintenance work easier, in terms of fault detection and repair. In general, wiring and
conduit system is an electrical distribution connected through wires, which use wiring
conductors inside a room or building with better load control at water level station.
Therefore, PVC conduit wiring is recommended to be installed to connect electrical
instrument and enclosure board (Refer Appendix B: List of Drawing; Drawing No:
BSAH/HP33/EC/01).

In addition, PVC conduit wiring has advantages such as being cheap and easy to install and
customise, strong and durable. In fact, PVC conduit wiring installed on roof or wall is known
as surface conduit wiring. In the conduit wiring system, the conduits should be electrically
continuous and connected to earth at suitable points, in case of steel conduit. The conduit
protects the cables from being bitten by rodents, which will result in short circuit.

In the external wiring system, it is recommended to use GI pipes as protection. External

wiring will cause further damage due to activities such as vandalism, theft and excavation
19
work. To install GI pipe, marking point shall be marked according to designed drawing and
laid underground. In addition, marking signage shall be provided along GI pipe to notify the
existence of wiring line.

For voltage drop in consumer installation, in the absence of any consideration, under
normal service condition, the terminal voltage of any fixed current-using equipment shall
be greater than the lower limit of the equipment standard. The fixed current-using
equipment is not subjected to product standard, thus the terminal voltage shall not impair
the equipment safety. These requirements are satisfied if the voltage drop between the
origin of the installation (usually the supply terminals) and socket-outlet or terminals of the
fixed current-using equipment does not exceed;

Requirements Lighting Other

Uses
Low voltage installations supplied directly from a public low 3% 5%
voltage distribution system
Low voltage installation supplied from private LV supply (*) 6% 8%

A voltage drop greater than the amount stated above is acceptable for a motor during
starting period and equipment with high inrush current, provided that the voltage variation
is verified within the limit specified in the equipment product standard or, in the absence
of product standard, it should be in accordance with the manufacturer recommendations.

Fencing

The type of fencing should be chosen depending on the area. The construction should be
done with care to refrain excavated earth from being thrown onto the levelled site. It is
advisable to check the site level once fencing has been constructed.

Type of fencing

Type of fencing used are:

i. Security fence
ii. Anti-Climb Fence
iii. Chain-link fence

20
Security Fence

Security fence, also known as roll top fence (Figure 8) is a hot dipped galvanised iron
welded mesh panel that provides see-through security, with contemporary design. It has
spacing specification of 50 mm × 150 mm, making the place looks safe and elegant. The
fence is designed with a triangular roll on the top and bottom parts, thus making it
stronger and tougher. With wire thickness of 5 mm and 50 mm × 150 mm spacing, the
roll top fence is very strong, hard to be bent. Hence, this prevents anyone from climbing
over the fence to reach the protected area.

Figure 8 Security Fence

Anti-climb Fence

Anti-climb fence is the heavy duty hot dipped galvanised iron welded mesh panel with
toe and finger proof profile, this provides the highest degree of see-through security.
With spacing specification of 75 mm × 12.5 mm, which makes it impossible for fingers
and toes to go through, this prevents anyone from climbing over the fence to reach the
protected area. The fence is known as anti-cut fence as it is difficult to cut through the
panel with simple hand tools. With wire thickness of 4 mm and 75 mm × 12.5 mm
spacing, intruders can never cut off the fence.

Figure 9 Anti-Climb Fence

21
 Chain Link Fence

Chain link fence is the most economical and oldest fence available in the market. The
chain link fence (also referred to as wire netting, wire-mesh fence, chain-wire fence, or
diamond-mesh fence) is made of thick steel wire and has a diamond-shaped pattern,
often galvanised or PVC wire is used for this fence.

Figure 10 Chain Link Fence

Comparison of Type of Fencing

Table 2 shows the comparison between fencings. Different fences are used, depending on
the water level station area.

Table 2 Comparison between Different Fencing Types

Type of Fence Perimeter Size Cost Safety Ease of
(w × l × h) (m) Installation
Chain Link 6 × 6 × 1.5 Lowest Lowest Easy
Safety Fence 6 × 6 × 2.1 Moderate Moderate Easy
Anti-climb 6 × 6 × 2.5 Highest Highest Hard

Signboard

General specifications of signboard are as below:

Plate Material : 1300 mm x 1000 mm aluminium plate

Frame Material : 50 mm x 25 mm hollow section mild steel
Pole material : 50 mm diameter mild steel pipe
Reinforcement : 30 mm x 30 mm x 30 mm angle section (anchor)

The detailed drawings and wordings are depicted in Appendix B: List of Drawing; Drawing
No: BSAH/HP33/SB/01.

22
7. Installation of Instrument
Installation of Air Bubbler

Installation of sensor must adhere to but not limited to the following procedures:
1. Ensure the air bubbler water level sensor has been tested by qualified personnel prior
to installation at site.
2. Connect the tubes to the installed sensor and ensure the cable connection and tubing
is according to the manufacturer’s manual.
3. Check the presence of any leakage at each tubing connection using leak detector.
4. Key in the station information and current water level into the sensor for a built-in
logger sensor using computer.
5. Key in the station information and current water level into the data logger for a not
built-in logger sensor using computer.
6. Ensure all instrument is working well before leaving the station.
7. Prepare installation and maintenance report.

Refer Appendix B: List of Drawing; Drawing No: BSAH/HP33/ABPT/01

Installation of Radar or Ultrasonic

Installation of sensor must adhere to but not limited to the following procedures;

1. Ensure the radar or ultrasonic sensor has been tested by qualified personnel prior to
installation at site.
2. Identify measurement and position of structural boom so that the ultrasonic
transmitter has a reliable and precise level measurement.
3. Ensure the ultrasonic sensors that point down are in vertical position against the
water surface.
4. The ultrasonic sensor should be mounted 35 cm from to the highest possible level.
5. Key in the parameters and station information into data logger and ensure the
displayed water level is similar to stick gauge.
6. Test the sensor by placing a 2’ × 2’ plywood under ultrasonic transmitter and record
readings for every 1 metre interval, until 5 metres.
7. Prepare installation and maintenance report.

Refer Appendix B: List of Drawing; Drawing No: BSAH/HP33/USR/01

23
 Installation of Wet Transducer

Installation of transducer must adhere to but not limited to the following procedures;

1. Ensure the water level transducer has been tested by qualified personnel prior to
installation at site.
2. Installation of wet transducer water level sensor at river must use 1” GI pipe.
3. Installation of wet transducer water level sensor in well must use 1-2 metre length of
1 ¼ ” GI pipe, attached to the wall of the well.
4. Key in relevant information into the sensor or data logger.
5. Ensure all instrument is working well before leaving the station.
6. Prepare installation and maintenance report.

Refer Appendix B: List of Drawing; Drawing No: BSAH/HP33/USR/01

8. Solar Power Supply System

The calculation of the power consumption for the Hydrological Standard for Water Level Station
Instrumentation is as below;

The total enclosure amp-hour consumption includes the running of these water level sensors; one
(1) air bubbler, one (1) radar, one (1) ultrasonic, one (1) pressure transducer, one (1) enclosure,
one (1) telemetric equipment, and one (1) power supply and related components in the enclosure
= 1.5 amp.

Thus, total power consumption (PC) for 24 hours,

PC = V × AH = 12 × (1.5 x 24 hours) = 12 × 36 = 432 WH
Total power consumption for 24 hours, PT = PC = 432 WH

Total sunshine hours = 4 hours,

Efficiency of solar panel charging = 0.85

Thus, total solar power (100W) required to charge the battery

= (432) / (100 × Sunshine hour × efficiency of solar charging)
= (432 / 340) = 1.27 (value of more than 1)
= 2 pieces of 100 W solar panel

24
From the calculation, it shows that 2 pieces of 100W solar panel are needed to recharge the
battery every day, with around 40% of reserve. This is to make sure that the power is enough
during rainy day.

The calculation to prove that the system is sufficient for 14 non-sunny days.

Thus, the total ampere hour consumption for 24 hours,

AHC = 24 × 1.5 = 36 AH

And total ampere hour consumption for 14 Days,

AH4D = 14 × 36 = 504 AH

6 unit of 100 Ah battery shall be used as power storage and power backup.

Thus, the total ampere hour available from batteries, AHB = 100 x 6 = 600 AH.

Total power reserve available = AHB - AH4 = 600 – 504 = 96 AH

From the calculation, this shows that power consumption is sufficient for 14 non-sunny days, with
6 units of 100 Ah battery as power storage and backup system. The total power reserve available
from the design is 96 Ah, which is around 16% of the total power storage of 600 Ah.

9. Telemetry and Communication System

Remote Terminal Unit

A remote terminal unit (RTU) is a microprocessor-controlled electronic device interface objects in

the physical world to a distributed control system or supervisory control and data acquisition
system (SCA DA) by transmitting telemetry data to the system and/or altering the connected
objects based on control messages received from the system. With the low power consumption
concept, it has been successful in monitoring and control system applications. RTU can directly
interface with most of measuring instrument present on site. Table 3 shows the summarized
general specification of the RTU.

25
 Table 3 Technical Specification of RTU

Capability • Long-term data telemetry, data collection, monitoring

and control of Real Time Data Management and
Telemetry System
• Automatic and reliable data logging, alarm reporting and
transmitting of collected telemetry data to Telemetry
Gateway Server

Internal Data Storage Minimum of 125MB

Real-time Clock Yes

Communication • Ethernet Port

Interfaces • USB Port
• Host RS232 Port

LCD Display Yes

Power • External Power of 10-24VDC

• Internal Battery

Humidity Up to 70% RH

I/O Module Minimum of 4DI, 2DO, 5AI

Protocols supported Modbus, FTP, HTTP, XML, SMTP, NTP and SDI-12

Bulit-in Software and • The software shall be built in without no major application

Application installation is required.

• Easy to configure, interactive interface, able to access live
and historical data.

• The application shall be used to collect, automate and

transmit the data telemetrically with the connected or
built in 3G/GPRS Modem.

26
Communication Instruments
Communication devices modems are important in a telemetry system to transmit data from
on-site RTUs to its master station for data processing, display and archiving purposes. In
general, there are three telecommunication mediums used as the communication media
for the hydrology telemetry system, they are radio communication, GSM/GPRS
communication and satellite communication.

Radio Communication

Radio modem is a modern way to create private radio network (PRN). PRN is used in
industrial critical applications, when real-time data communication is required. Also, radio
modem enables users to be independent of telecommunication or satellite network
operators. Users use licensed frequency, either the UHF or VHF band. VHF band is utilised
as the radio communication channel medium for the telemetry system. Licensed
frequency is reserved for users in certain area, thus ensuring that there is lesser radio
interference from other RF transmitters. The Tait radio modem is used as the radio
communication modem for telemetry systems, using radio VHF communication and the
specification is summarised in Table 4.

Table 4 Summary of Specification of VHF Band

Channels Frequency Ranges Supply Voltage Transmitter Power

4 (Simplex or 13.8 V nominal 25W
66-88 MHz
semi-duplex) 10.8-16.0 V 22.5W 500-530 MHz
136-174 MHz
Channel range 15W 800 MHz, 900
175-225 MHz
Spacing MHz
220-270 MHz
12.5 kHz
330-360 MHz
20 kHz
360-400 MHz
25 kHz
400-470 MHz
450-520 MHz
500-530 MHz
800 MHz: 806-870 MHz Tx
: 851-870 MHz Rx
900 MHz: 896-941 MHz Tx
: 935-941 MHz Rx

27
GSM/ EDGE Communication

Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communications, originally Groupe Spécial Mobile, is a
standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to
describe the second generation (2G) digital cellular network technology. Developed to
replace the first generation (1G) analog cellular network, the GSM standard originally
describes a digital, circuit-switched network optimised for full duplex voice telephony. The
standard was expanded over time to include first circuit-switched data transport, then
packet data transport via General Packet Radio Services (GPRS). GPRS is a best-effort
service, implying variable throughput and latency that depend on the number of users
using the service concurrently, as opposed to circuit switching, where quality of service
(QoS) is guaranteed during the connection. The enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution
(EDGE) (also known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), or
Enhanced data rate for Global Evolution) is a digital mobile phone technology that
improves data transmission rate via a backward-compatible extension of GSM. EDGE is a
pre-3G radio technology and is part of ITU’s 3G definition.

Also, EDGE is standardised by 3GPP as part of the GSM family. Through the introduction
of methods such as coding and data transmission, EDGE delivers higher bit-rates per radio
channel, resulting in a threefold increase in capacity and performance as compared to
GSM/GPRS connection. EDGE is used for any packet switched application, such as an
Internet connection.

Satellite Communication

A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to COMSAT) is an artificial satellite

stationed in space for telecommunication purpose. Communications satellite use a variety
of orbits such as geostationary orbit, Molniya orbit, elliptical orbit and low (polar and
nonpolar) Earth orbit. For fixed (point-to-point) service, communication satellite provides
a microwave radio relay technology complementary to that of communication cable.
Satellite internet access is utilised as one of the communication methods in remote areas,
where it is difficult to deploy radio communication or GSM/GPRS communication.

28
10. Maintenance of Instruments

JPS headquarters will assist the state hydrological officer in carrying out the maintenance, repair
or calibration works. The data logger readings should be checked regularly with telemetric
instrument. If any appreciable error occurs between the two reading sets, the cause of error must
be identified and rectified.

Regular maintenance of the water level sensor and all related equipment is essential in collecting
good quality data. Maintenance must comply with following items;

Maintenance of Water Level Sensor

Maintenance of the water level sensing unit must comply with but not limited to the
following items;

1. Record stick gauge reading and compared it with the one RTU
2. Battery reading, air bubbler rate
3. Check gas leakage if any
4. Check the increase and decrease of response from the bubbler unit
5. Check piping/ tubing from the equipment to nozzle at the river, before making a
report or have it repaired
6. Fill up TKUP 5 (refer Appendix A: Related Documents from MS ISO 9001: 2015) for
gas purge water pressure sensing unit or TKUP 10 for wet transducer, ultrasonic or
radar sensot attached in appendix and record date and time the testing is done.

Maintenance of Telemetry
Maintenance of the telemetry unit must comply with but not limited to the following
items;

1. Cleanliness of the overall system

2. Check and compare all readings between sensors and stick gauge
3. Check functionality of transmitter and receiver
4. Antenna should be free from vandalism
5. Check and record reading on the power supply system
6. Check and record the earthing value
7. Check and clean the sensor
8. Fill up TKUP 9 for station with telemetry.

29
11. Calibration Procedure

The purpose of calibration is to provide measurement accuracy. Water level sensor shall be
calibrated as recommended by the manufacturer or as advised, in Malaysia, by an accredited
calibration agency. Water level sensor shall maintain its performance up to the measurement
accuracy. Calibration work must comply with but not limited to the following procedures (MS ISO
2015: BSAH/SPH 4/4);

1 Identify instruments that are still in good condition on site, one (1) month before the
expiry date (5 years).
2 Do maintenance work at site if;
a. Instrument in good condition
i. Fill up UT5 form as attached in appendix.
ii. Submit a form to apply for extension, with TKUP form to the Hydrological
Equipment Section.
iii. Check the application and verify validation in two more years if it meets
the TKUP standard.
b. Instrument does not meet the TKUP standard test
i. Send the instrument to the Hydrological Equipment Section, along with
the BrP form (attached in appendix)
ii. Service and calibrate the instrument at workshop.
3 Master Tool that needs to be calibrated by supplier
a. Send the instrument to the Hydrological Equipment Section.
b. Check the maintenance and calibration report.
i. The result is higher than tolerance value - Fix the instrument and do
maintenance and calibration work.
ii. If it is broken - Suggest for disposal.
4 Scheduled Inspection
i. Label calibrated instrument with “Services and Calibration” sticker.
The label must contain the serial number and calibration date.

30
12. Guidelines for Safety & Health

These guidelines are to protect workers from hazards and eliminate work-related injuries, ill
health, diseases, incidents and deaths. Table 5 summarises the hazard, risk and control during
installation, operation and maintenance works in water level station.

Table 5 Summary of Safety and Health Guidelines

Hazard Risk Control

Working at a Falling • Make planning
height • Work at height safety programme
• Wear safety harness
• Comply with the Factories and Machinery
(Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations, 1970
– Regulation 12.
Insect bite Injury • Wear long sleeves, trousers, and protective
footwear.
Working in a hot Heat-related illness • Work/rest cycle
environment • Enough hydration
Work over/near Drowning/ death • Bring lifejackets/ buoyancy aid
water
Electrical Burns, shocks and • Comply with electrical safety standards
electrocution (death)

Site Tidiness

i. The site should be kept tidy.

ii. Walkways and stairs should be kept free of slipping and tripping hazards.
iii. Ensure there are no protruding nails on loose or fixed materials.

31
 Working at Height
General provisions

i. Ensure that working platform is secure and make sure that it;
(a) will support the weight of workers as well as materials and equipment they are
likely to use or store on it.
(b) is stable and will not overturn.
(c) is footed on stable ground or any support or structure.
ii. Provide guard rails, barriers, at open edges, including floor edges, floor openings, roof
edges and working platform edges.

Guard rails

Guard rails should:

i. be made from strong and rigid material to prevent people from falling and can
withstand other loads placed on them.
ii. be fixed to a structure, or part of a structure that can support them.
iii. include;
(a) a main guard rail of at least 900 mm above any edge, from which people tend
to fall.
(b) a toe board of at least 150 mm height.
(c) a sufficient number of intermediate guard rails or suitable alternatives.
iv. Risk of falling through opening or fragile material (e.g. rooflights) is reduced by
providing appropriate and adequate guard rails or barriers to cover the opening or
material.

Protective Equipment
Employers on construction site need personal protective equipment (PPE) to ensure their safety
and health such as;

Safety helmet

i. Employees should be provided with safety helmets to protect their head from injury
due to falling, flying objects or striking against objects or structures.
ii. Employers should ensure that safety helmets are worn by the employees.
iii. When working at height, a strap should be used to prevent the safety helmets from
falling.

32
 Footwear

i. Protective footwear should be worn by workers who are exposed to the risk of injury
of materials being dropped on their feet or nail, or sharp objects penetrating their
sole.
ii. When employees are working in water or wet concrete, they should wear
appropriate boots.

Working in a Hot Environment

Excessive exposure to heat causes a range of heat-related illnesses, such as heat rash, heat
cramp, heat exhaustion and heat stroke. To reduce heat exposure and risk of heat-related
illness while working, practise work/rest cycle, drink water often, and provide an
opportunity for workers to build up tolerance level while working in the heat.

Working Over/Near Water

i. Life jacket/ buoyancy aid should be provided to and worn by workers with risk of
falling into water.
ii. Life jacket/buoyancy aid should conform to BS EN ISO 12402-1, 2, 3 or 4, or
equivalent international standards according to working conditions.
iii. Life jacket should be thoroughly checked by the user prior to use.

Electrical Hazard

Electrical hazard is defined as;

• a dangerous condition where a worker makes electrical contact with energised
equipment or a conductor, and from which the person may sustain injury from shock;
and/or
• the worker may face arc flash burn, thermal burn, or blast injury.

Electricity has the potential to cause serious injury and death. Electrical hazards exist in
contact with the exposed live parts, electrical faults are the source of ignition that initiates
fire or explosion.

The sectors that involves those who perform electrical works on or near energised
electrical equipment, which include electrical installation, use and maintenance of
electrical equipment, they need to be alert of the risks associated to the job.
33
 Safety procedures in handling electrical equipment

i. Ensure only licensed or registered electricians carry out electrical work

ii. Switch off electrical supply before working on equipment
iii. Ensure tag out and isolation procedures are in place and used
iv. Ensure electrical equipment is in good working order (testing and tagging)
v. Use battery operated tools rather than main power tool where possible
vi. Remove damaged, unsafe electrical equipment or cords from the workplace
vii. Use residual current devices (or safety switches) with portable equipment (as per
the WHS Regulations)
viii. Don’t overload power sockets. Use power board not double adaptor.
ix. Meet electrical safety standards.

13. Do’s and Don’ts of Installation and Maintenance of Water Level

Equipment
Installation of Sensor

Installation of Sensor Do’s Don’ts

Site with wide river • Use bubbler level sensor • Do not use ultrasonic type
span • May use pressure transducer • Avoid electrical source from
as backup. grid line, needs surge
protection.

Site with vertical river • use ultrasonic type • Do not use pressure
bank • If necessary, two (2) sensors transducer as it is prone to
can be installed for backup. lightning surge through
• May use bubbler level sensor. water

Site with overhead • Use ultrasonic, radar or -

bridge bubbler sensor

34
 Power Supply System

Item Do’s Don’ts

TNB • Use surge protection • Don’t connect to TNB if the surge
• Must use power faulty detector to monitor protection is faulty.
power failure
Solar • Use solar power supply system for water -
level station.

Maintenance work

Do’s Don’ts
Maintenance work must be carried out by Do not go to site to carry out maintenance
trained personnel. work without proper checklist.
Bring checklist and enough spare parts for Do not compromise by not changing the
maintenance before a trip. battery as scheduled.
Test the sensor to make sure it is in good Do not go to site without understanding site
condition. safety requirement as it may differ from site to
site.
Calibration schedule must be checked timely -
Spare recorder and sensor must be kept at -
state office.
Data loss must be immediately scrutinised or -
retrieved from the second recorder sensor

Communication

Do’s Don’ts
Use communication by system provider such Do not use satellite without comparing the bill
as Telekom, Celcom, Maxis. with other system providers as it is expensive.
Must study signal strength of the chosen Do not use GSM if the signal at that area is
area before using GSM. below than three (3) bars, to prevent data
loss.

35
14. Summary Sheet

1. INTRODUCTION This section describes about the water level

instrumentation standard and its aim.
2. REVIEW OF EXISTING WATER
This section review four (4) water level sensors that are
LEVEL SENSOR
currently used, with the advantages and disadvantages.
The 4 sensors are;

(i) Air bubbler

(ii) Radar
(iii) Ultrasonic
(iv) Pressure transducer

3. SELECTION OF SITE This section explains criteria in selecting suitable site to

place water level station.
4. INSTRUMENTATION This section provides a general specification of type of
water level sensor to be installed.

(i) Air bubbler

(ii) Radar
(iii) Ultrasonic
(iv) Pressure transducer

5. PROCEDURES IN SELECTING This section provides procedure in selecting water level

WATER LEVEL SENSORS sensor based on different site conditions.

6. CONTSRUCTION OF STATION
This section gives a brief explanation on other items set
up at water level station that include;

(i) Station
(ii) Enclosure
(iii) Earthing
(iv) Lightning Protection
(v) Conduit
(vi) Fencing
(vii) Signboard

36
7. INSTALLATION OF
INSTRUMENT
8. SOLAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
9. TELEMETRY AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
10. MAINTENANCE OF
INSTRUMENT
11. CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
12. SAFETY AND HEALTH
GUIDELINES
13.DO’S AND DON’TS OF
INSTALLATION AND
MAINTENANCE OF WATER
LEVEL EQUIPMENT
This section provides information on installation of
different types of water level instrument.
This section explains that six (6) units of 100 Ah
batteries used as power storage and backup system are
sufficient for power consumption within 14 non-sunny
days.
This section describes the technical specification of
telemetry as well as different communication mediums
such as radio, GSM 3G/4G, and satellite.
This section provides information on maintenance of
water level instrumentation.
This section provides information on calibration
procedures of water level instrumentation.
This section provides brief guidelines on safety and
health during installation, operation and maintenance
works.
This section provides Do’s and Don’ts during
installation, operation and maintenance works.
37
15. References
1 Department of Irrigation and Drainage - DID (2000). Volume 4 Hydrology and Water
Resource Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia. Department of Irrigation
and Drainage, Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia.
2 World Meteorological Organization (2006). Initial Guidance to Obtain Representative
Meteorological Observations at Urban Sites
3 World Meteorological Organization (2014). Guide to Meteorological Instruments and
Methods of Observation
4 U.S. Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (2012). Tips on Water Level
Monitoring with Pressure Transducers and Data Loggers in Hydrologic Testing,
Monitoring, and Investigations.

38
Appendix A: Related Documents from MS ISO 9001: 2015

No. Title
Borang Tatacara Kerja Ujijalan dan Penyelenggaraan Gas Purge Water Pressure Sensing Unit
A1
(TKUP 5)
Borang Tatacara Kerja Ujijalan dan Penyelenggaraan Wet Transducer/Ultrasonic Water
A2
Level Sensor/Radar (TKUP 10)

A3 Borang Tatacara Kerja Ujijalan dan Penyelenggaraan Telemetrik (TKUP 9)

A4 Borang Ujian dan Tentukuran Water Level Sensor (UT3)

A5 Borang Pembaikan, Servis, Ujian dan Tentukuran Peralatan Hidrologi (BrP)

 SEKSYEN PERALATAN HIDROLOGI
BAHAGIAN PENGURUSAN SUMBER AIR DAN HIDROLOGI
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA

BORANG TATACARA KERJA UJIJALAN DAN PENYENGGARAAN GAS PURGE WATER LEVEL
PRESSURE SENSING UNIT ( TKUP 5 )

Jenis Alat : DP / Bubbler Tarikh Lawatan :

Nombor Siri : Nombor Stesen :
Nama Stesen :

Bil Tatacara Kerja Penyenggaraan Tindakan/Catatan

Alat Kerja
i. Tool Box
ii. leak detector
iii. Multimeter
1 Bacaan tolok lurus ( Stick Gauge ) meter
2 Bacaan counter DP / Bubbler meter
3 Bacaan perakam aras air / RTU meter
4 Bacaan shaft encoder meter
5 Voltan bateri Volts
DP- minimum 6 volt
Bubbler- minimum 12 volt
6 Short circuit current bateri 6 volt Amperes
7 Bacaan Solar Volt
8 Bacaan kapasiti gas dalam tangki psi / Kpa
9 Bacaan output gas ke DP / Bubbler psi / Kpa
10 Bacaan bubble rate Dry Bubble Unit bubble / min
11 Periksa kebocoran pada semua pemyambungan
termasuk Gas Regulator, Dry Buble Unit
ke DP/Bubbler Baik / Bocor
12 Periksa raising respond dengan menaikkan
balance beam dan juga periksa raising cut
off switch dengan menekan cut off switch Baik / Tidak Baik
13 Periksa lowering respond dengan menekan
balance beam dan juga periksa lowering cut
off switch dengan menekan cut off switch Baik / Tidak Baik

14 Periksa tubing dan piping daripada Dry Bubble

unit ke sungai Baik / Tidak Baik

TKUP5_Issue03

A1-1
Bil Tatacara Kerja Penyenggaraan Tindakan/Catatan

15 Periksa nozzle dalam sungai Baik / Tidak Baik

16 Buat purging dengan menutup valve Dry Bubble

Unit ke DP/Bubbler dan membuka valve merah
selama 20 hingga 30 saat. Kemudian tutup
semula valve merah Dry Bubble Unit dan buka
valve ke DP/Bubbler Baik / Tidak Baik

17 Periksa gearing set antara DP dengan

perakam aras air dan shaft encoder Baik / Tidak Baik

18 Periksa semua connectors dan cable ke

bateri, solar, perakam dan RTU Baik / Tidak Baik
19 Periksa paparan LCD Baik / Tidak Baik

20 Paparan Tarikh
Tarikh Semasa

21 Paparan Masa
Waktu Semasa

SAH SEHINGGA

Diperiksa Oleh : Disemak Oleh :

Tarikh : Tarikh :

TKUP5_Issue03

A1-2
 SEKSYEN PERALATAN HIDROLOGI
BAHAGIAN PENGURUSAN SUMBER AIR DAN HIDROLOGI
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA

BORANG TATACARA KERJA UJIJALAN DAN PENYENGGARAAN

WET TRANDUCER/ULTRASONIC WATER LEVEL SENSOR/RADAR ( TKUP 10 )

Jenis Alat : Tarikh :

Nombor Siri :
Nama Stesen :
No. Stesen :

Bil Tatacara Kerja Penyenggaraan Tindakan/Catatan

Alatan Kerja
i. Tool Box.
ii. Multimeter
1 Bacaan tolok lurus ( Stick Gauge ) meter
2 Bacaan perakam aras air/RTU meter
3 Voltan bateri Volts
Tranducer- minimum 12 volt
Ultrasonic- minimum 12 volt
Global water - min 15 volt
Radar -12Volt Amp
5 Bacaan solar Volts
6 Periksa piping dan Tranducer Sensor supaya
sentiasa kemas dan bersih dalam sungai
atau telaga Baik / Tidak Baik
7 Periksa Ultrasonic Sensor/Radar supaya sentiasa
kemas pada attachment boom Baik / Tidak Baik
8 Periksa semua connectors dan cable ke
bateri, solar, perakam dan RTU Baik / Tidak Baik

9 Kebersihan stesen Baik / Tidak Baik

Diperiksa Oleh : Disemak Oleh :

Tarikh : Tarikh :

TKUP10_issue04

A2-1
 SEKSYEN PERALATAN HIDROLOGI
BAHAGIAN PENGURUSAN SUMBER AIR DAN HIDROLOGI
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA

BORANG TATACARA KERJA UJIJALAN DAN PENYENGGARAAN TELEMETRIK ( TKUP 9 )

Tarikh Lawatan : Jenis Stesen : Hujan / Aras Air / Hujan & Aras Air
Nama Stesen : Pengenalan Stesen ( ID ) :
Nama Sungai : Nombor Stesen :
Daerah / Kawasan : Nama Stesen Repeater :

Bil Tatacara Kerja Penyenggaraan Tindakan/Catatan

Alat kerja
i. Tool Box ii.Multimeter iii. Meter Kuasa iv. Earth Tester
v. Portable Tipping Bucket Calibrator
A RTU ( Remote Terminal Unit )

1. Jenis RTU
2. Nombor Siri
3. Casing RTU Baik / Tidak Baik
4. Keypad/ Touch Skrin Baik / Tidak Baik
5. Jenis Paparan LED / LCD Baik / Tidak Baik
6. Paparan Tarikh Baik / Tidak Baik
7. Paparan Masa Baik / Tidak Baik
8. Paparan Hujan mm
9. Paparan Aras Air Meter
10. Stick Gauge Meter
11. Connector dan kabel Baik / Tidak Baik
B Sistem Perhubungan

1. Jenis alat perbubungan ( VHF/GSM/PSTN/GPRS/MESH )

2. Nombor Siri
3. TX Frequency mHz
4. RX Frequency mHz
5. Kuasa TX watts
6. Kuasa RX watts
7. Pengunaan arus sistem sedia amps
8. Pengunaan arus sistem aktif amps
9. Ujian suara Baik / Tidak Baik
10. Jenis modem
11. Nombor Siri
12. Jenis antenna
13. Bilangan element
14. Jenis kabel
15. Connectors Baik / Tidak Baik
16. Impedance antenna ohm
17. Jenis tiang
18. Staywire Baik / Tidak Baik

TKUP9_Issue04

A3-1
 Bil Tatacara Kerja Penyenggaraan Tindakan/Catatan

C Sistem Bekalan Kuasa

1. Bekalan kuasa AC Ada / Tiada

2. Jenis bateri
3. Bilangan
4. Voltan bateri volt
5. Bilangan solar
6. Voltan solar volt
7. Solar Charging amps
8. Pendawaian Kemas/ Tidak

D Sistem Pembumian ( Earthing )

1. Impedance pembumian ohm

2. Arrestor Ada/Tiada

E Sistem Penderia ( Sensor )

1. Jenis rainfall tipping bucket

2. Nombor Siri
3. Tamat tempoh
4. Ujian tipping ( 40-42 Tip )
5. Jenis sensor aras air
6. Bacaan sensor aras air Meter
7. Nombor Siri
8. Tamat tempoh
9. Jenis perakam
10. Tamat tempoh
11.Jenis Encoder
12. Bacaan Encoder Meter
13. Bekalan kuasa encoder volt
14. Stick Gauge meter
F Bangunan Stesen

1. Bagunan / Housing Baik / Tidak Baik

2. Keselamatan stesen Baik / Tidak Baik
3. Kebersihan stesen Bersih / Kotor

Diperiksa Oleh : Disemak Oleh :

Tarikh : Tarikh : :

TKUP9_Issue04

A3-2
 SEKSYEN PERALATAN HIDROLOGI
BAHAGIAN PENGURUSAN SUMBER AIR DAN HIDROLOGI
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA

BORANG UJIAN DAN TENTUKURAN WATER LEVEL SENSOR (UT3 )

Jenis Alat : Tarikh Ujian

Nombor Siri :
:

Bil Perkara Catatan

A WL 3100 /Tentera Udara

1 Paparan LCD : Baik/ Tidak

2 Bateri ( 3.6v) : i) Volt
ii) Volt

3 Scroll Button : Baik/ Tidak

4 Paparan Tarikh :
5 Paparan Masa :
6 Ujian 4-20mA Meter mA Bacaan Sebenar
0 4

5 6.66

10 9.33

15 12
20 14.6

Ketepatan yang di benarkan ± 0.05mA

B Wet Transuser (Range 10 meter)

1 Ujian 4-20mA Meter mA Bacaan Sebenar

0 4

2 7.2

4 10.4

6 13.6

8 16.8

Ketepatan yang di benarkan ± 0.05mA

UT9_issue03

A4-1
 Bil Perkara Catatan

C Wet Transuser (Range 30 meter)

1 Ujian 4-20mA Meter mA Bacaan Sebenar

0 4

5 5.25

10 9.33

15 12

20 14.6

Ketepatan yang di benarkan ± 0.05mA

D PS LIGHT II

1 Paparan LCD Baik/ Tidak

2 Bateri Volt

3 Keypad bacaan water level Baik/Tidak

4 Pump Test Baik/Tidak

5 Ujian 4-20mA Meter mA Bacaan Sebenar

0 4

5 8

10 12

15 16

20 20

Ketepatan yang di benarkan ± 0.05mA

UT9_issue03

A4-2
 Bil Perkara Catatan

E Ultrasonic MJK

1 Keypad shuttel Baik/ Tidak

2 Ujian 4-20mA Meter mA Bacaan Sebenar

0 4

1 4.64

2 5.28

3 5.92

Ketepatan yang di benarkan ± 0.05mA

F Ultasonic Senix

1 Ujian 4-20mA Meter mA Bacaan Sebenar

0 4

5 8

10 12

15 16

20 20

Ketepatan yang di benarkan ± 0.05mA

G CBS-ott

1 Pump Test : Baik/ Tidak

2 Ujian 4-20mA Meter mA Bacaan Sebenar

0 4

5 8

10 12

15 16

20 20

Ketepatan yang di benarkan ± 0.05mA

Diuji Oleh : Disemak Oleh

Tarikh : Tarikh

SAH SEHINGGA :

UT9_issue03

A4-3
 SEKSYEN PERALATAN HIDROLOGI
BAHAGIAN PENGURUSAN SUMBER AIR DAN HIDROLOGI
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA
BORANG PEMBAIKAN, SERVIS, UJIAN DAN TENTUKURAN PERALATAN HIDROLOGI (BrP)

Bil ( ) Tarikh :

Pengarah Bahagian Pengurusan Sumber Air Dan Hidrologi,

Jabatan Pengairan Dan Saliran Malaysia,
Km 7 Jalan Ampang.
68000 Kuala Lumpur.
(U/p Ketua Penolong Pengarah Kanan )

Pembaikan, Servis, Ujian Dan Tentukuran Peralatan Hidrologi

Tarikh dihantar : Melalui :
Jenis Alat : No siri :
Nama Stesen : No stesen :
Hak Negeri/Persekutuan
Masih diperlukan / dikembalikan ke SPH :

Bil Laporan Kerosakan

Sila akui penerimaan alat tersebut:

Diterima oleh:
Nama,Tanda Tangan Dan Cop Jabatan Nama,Tanda Tangan Dan Cop Jabatan
(Diisi oleh pelanggan) Tarikh :
Untuk Kegunaan Seksyen Peralatan Hidrologi: Tarikh :
Bil Butir Kerosakan, Alat Ganti, Pembaikan, Servis, Ujian Dan Tentukuran

Peralatan itu telah :

1) Dikembalikan setelah diperbaiki :
2) Diganti dengan :
3) Disimpan distor SPH, BHSA JPS Jalan Ampang KL :
Kos Pembaikan : RM
Alatganti: ada / tiada
Jangkaan keupayaan alat ___________________
tahun
Harga Asal: RM _________________________ bp : Ketua Penolong Pengarah Kanan
Seksyen Peralatan Hidrologi
Perhatian: Borang ini hendaklah Bahagian Pengurusan Sumber Air Dan Hidrologi
diisi dalam (2) dua salinan bagi stiap alat Jabatan Pengairan Dan Saliran Malaysia.
Km 7, Jalan Ampang. 68000 Kuala Lumpur.
BrP_Issue03

A5-1
Appendix B: List of Drawing

NO DRAWING NO DRAWING TITLES

1 BSAH/HP33/USR/01 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF ULTRASONIC AND RADAR SENSOR
2 BSAH/HP33/ABPT/01 TYPICAL TUBING INSTALLATION FOR AIR BUBBLER AND PRESSURE
TRANSDUCER SENSOR
3 BSAH/HP33/EN/01 TYPICAL COMPACT, INDOOR AND OUTDOOR ENCLOSURES
4 BSAH/HP33/FEN/01 TYPICAL FENCING
5 BSAH/HP33/ELP/01 EARTHING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION
6 BSAH/HP33/EC/01 ELECTRICAL CONDUIT
7 BSAH/HP33/SB/01 TYPICAL DETAIL OF SIGNBOARD
 PEMILIK:

PELAKSANA:

PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:

4 CORE x 1.5mm
SOLAR TIMBALAN PENGARAH:

GROUNDING
2 x 4mm PVC CABLE
RIVER CONTROL PANEL/SOLAR POLE HAKCIPTA :

FENCING 5 x 5 FEET KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI
TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN
BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA

NOTA AM :

PINDAAN:
Butiran Pindaan T/tangan Tarikh

ULTRASONIC SENSOR OR RADAR SENSOR

PROJEK:

TAJUK LUKISAN:

DIREKABENTUK:

DILUKIS:

DISEMAK :

TARIKH:

SKALA:

NO. LUKISAN PINDAAN:

STATUS LUKISAN
 PEMILIK:

PELAKSANA:

Solar Bracket dengan

kecondongan 15 PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:

TIMBALAN PENGARAH:

Rumah Stesen

HAKCIPTA :

KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI

TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN
BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA
Pemasangan Pada Gabion
NOTA AM :

PINDAAN:
GI paip berdiameter 1" dan Presure Butiran Pindaan T/tangan Tarikh

tranducer/Bubbler dipasang serentak 150mm

Paip ditanam pada kedalaman 1' (~300mm)

Paip utama dan anchor diikat menggunakan U-Clip
Anchor ditanam
bersebelahan
union coupling

PROJEK:

Setiap sambungan GI paip

menggunakan union
coupling
TAJUK LUKISAN:

Sensor Pressure tranducer pada hujung

long bend

Anchor menggunakan GI paip 1"o ditanam Anchor menggunakan GI paip 2"o ditanam sedalam Long bend menghadap downstream
sedalam 1-3m bergantung kepada keadaan 3m didasar sungai DIREKABENTUK:
tanah
DILUKIS:

DISEMAK :

TARIKH:

SKALA:

NO. LUKISAN PINDAAN:

STATUS LUKISAN
 PEMILIK:

1000 PELAKSANA:

800
500
600

100
LPU PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:

RTU, solar charger

500
and other accessories
compartment

TIMBALAN PENGARAH:
TRUNKING

COMPACT TYPE ENCLOSURE

1400
SENSOR

500
compartment
HAKCIPTA :

KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI

TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN
BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA

NOTA AM :

INSIDE VIEW SIDE VIEW

PINDAAN:
Butiran Pindaan T/tangan Tarikh

500
400
300
300

50
LPU PROJEK:

RTU, solar charger

250

and other accessories

compartment

INDOOR / OUTDOOR ENCLOSURE TRUNKING

700

TAJUK LUKISAN:

SENSOR
250

compartment

DIREKABENTUK:

DILUKIS:

DISEMAK :

TARIKH:

SKALA:

INSIDE VIEW SIDE VIEW NO. LUKISAN PINDAAN:

STATUS LUKISAN
 PEMILIK:

PELAKSANA:

Razor Blade

2000 2000 2000

6000

PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:
500

2" Ø Column

50.8 5mmØ
2100
3300

TIMBALAN PENGARAH:

114.3
152.4
GROUND LEVEL GROUND LEVEL GROUND LEVEL

HAKCIPTA :
700

KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI

TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN
BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA

FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW NOTA AM :

6000

PINDAAN:
Butiran Pindaan T/tangan Tarikh

PROJEK:

TOP VIEW
6000

TAJUK LUKISAN:

DIREKABENTUK:

DILUKIS:

DISEMAK :

TARIKH:

SKALA:

NO. LUKISAN PINDAAN:

STATUS LUKISAN
 PEMILIK:

AIR TERMINAL

PELAKSANA:

25mm X 3mm THK COPPER TAPE

PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:

TIMBALAN PENGARAH:

LPU
3mm X 25mm COPPER TAPE

RTU PANEL (CONCEALED IN WALL / COLUMN)

SEE DETAIL 'B'

RTU, solar charger TEST JOINT
and other accessories
compartment HAKCIPTA :
3mm X 25mm COPPER TAPE
(CONCEALED IN WALL / COLUMN) COLUMN / WALL
KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI
PRE-CAST CONCRETE INSPECTION LID
GROUND LEVEL TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN
BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA
TRUNKING

NOTA AM :

SENSOR PEAT COPPER TAPE 3mm x 25mm COPPER TAPE FOR LIGHTNING PROTECTION
compartment REQUIRED
HEAVY DUTY CONCRETE INSPECTION CHAMBER / PIT
16mm DIA. COPPER JACKETED
STEEL CORE RODS OF 1500mm PERMANENT LABEL WITH 4.7mm LETTERING
LENGTH EARTH ELECTRODE ''SAFETY ELECTRICAL CONNECTION. DOT NOT REMOVE'' AND :
1. LIGHTNING PROTECTION PINDAAN:
EXOTHERMIC WELDING CONNECTION 2.MSB TO SUIT
Butiran Pindaan T/tangan Tarikh
3.MDP

MAIN EARTHING BAR (NOT TO SCALE)

EARTH CHAMBER FOR EARTHING

EARTH CHAMBER
SYSTEM / LIGHTNING PROTECTION
ELECTROD TO MEET 5 OHM

PROJEK:
25mm X 3mm THK COPPER TAPE

610mm
25mm X 3mm COPPER TAPE
(CONCEALED IN WALL / COLUMN) 15mm
300mm (min)

6mm 6mm
300mm (min) TAJUK LUKISAN:

16mm
TEST JOINT

16mm 9.52mm x 27mm

80mm
25mm X 3mm COPPER TAPE C/W SADDLE CLIP RUN
ON SURFACE ROOF TOP.

mm
6.5 DIREKABENTUK:
25mm X 3mm COPPER TAPE

100mm
EARTH CHAMBER FOR EARTHING (CONCEALED IN WALL / COLUMN) DILUKIS:
SYSTEM
DISEMAK :

TARIKH:

SKALA:

NO. LUKISAN PINDAAN:

SENSOR POLE
STATUS LUKISAN

EARTH CHAMBER
 PEMILIK:

PELAKSANA:

1000

PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:

TIMBALAN PENGARAH:
2000

HAKCIPTA :

KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI

TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN
BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA

NOTA AM :

PINDAAN:
Butiran Pindaan T/tangan Tarikh

500
SANDLE IN PROPER CLAM.

DOOR SENSOR

700
2500
2000

PROJEK:

ENCLOSURE

25mm G.I CONDUIT LAID UNDERGROUND

ALL SIGNAL CABLE NEED A PROPER PROTECTION
TAJUK LUKISAN:

SENSOR POLE SOLAR POLE

DIREKABENTUK:

DILUKIS:

DISEMAK :

TARIKH:

SKALA:

NO. LUKISAN PINDAAN:

STATUS LUKISAN
 PEMILIK:

PELAKSANA:

PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:
1300

TIMBALAN PENGARAH:

JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN

1000
NEGERI
JENIS STESEN 50mmx25mm HAKCIPTA :

holow section KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI

NAMA STESEN mild steel

TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN
BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA

STESEN ID: NOTA AM :

LONG: 50mm dia. M.S Pipe

LAT:

1170
PINDAAN:
Butiran Pindaan T/tangan Tarikh

JPS DAERAH BAHAGIAN/SEKSYEN/UNIT

JPS NEGERI
NO. TEL: NO. TEL: 30mmx30mmx3mm
angle section

400
PROJEK:

300

TAJUK LUKISAN:

DIREKABENTUK:

DILUKIS:

DISEMAK :

TARIKH:

SKALA:

NO. LUKISAN PINDAAN:

STATUS LUKISAN