Comparison of accuracy between compression- and injection-molded

complete dentures
Sergio S. Nogueira, DDS,a Robert E. Ogle, DDS,b and Elaine L. Davis, PhDc
School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.
Statement of problem. A clinically significant incisal pin opening may occur after processing complete
dentures if a compression molding technique is used. To recover the proper vertical dimension of occlusion,
a time-consuming occlusal adjustment is necessary that often destroys the anatomy of the artificial teeth. A
new injection molding process claims to produce dentures that require few, if any, occlusal adjustments in
the laboratory after processing.
Purpose. This laboratory study compared incisal pin opening, dimensional accuracy, and laboratory work-
ing time for dentures fabricated by this new injection system with dentures constructed by the conventional
compression molding technique.
Material and methods. Two groups of 6 maxillary and 6 mandibular dentures were evaluated as follows:
group 1 (control), Lucitone 199, compression molded with a long cure cycle; and group 2, Lucitone 199,
injection molded with a long cure. Incisal pin opening was measured with a micrometer immediately after
deflasking. A computerized coordinate measuring machine was used to measure dimensional accuracy of 3-
dimensional variations in selected positions of artificial teeth in 4 stages of denture fabrication. Analysis of
variance (ANOVA) and t tests were performed to compare the groups.
Results. A significant difference was found in pin opening between groups (t test). Horizontal dimensional
changes evaluated with repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences between groups.
However, analysis of vertical dimensional changes disclosed significant differences between the groups.
There was no appreciable difference in laboratory working time for flasking and molding denture bases
between the injection and compression molding techniques when polymethyl methacrylate resin was used.
Conclusion. The injection molding method produced a significantly smaller incisal pin opening over the
standard compression molding technique. The injection molding technique, using polymethyl methacrylate,
was a more accurate method for processing dentures. There were no appreciable differences in laboratory
working time between the injection and compression molding techniques. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:291-
300.)

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
In this study, a high pressure injection molding system using PMMA provided a pre-
cise replication of the trial denture. This reduced the chances of a significant vertical
dimension change and would therefore decrease the necessity of extensive occlusal
adjustment to correct for processing errors.

A crylic resin polymers were introduced as a denture

base material in 1937; by 1946, 98% of all denture
bases were fabricated from polymethyl methacrylate
(PMMA) or copolymers.1 Today, the majority of den-
tures made are heat-cured PMMA.1 Compression
molding is the conventional technique described in
textbooks on complete dentures2,3 to process dentures.
The relative ease with which PMMA may be processed
is one advantage of its use as a denture base material.4
Supported by Dentsply International, Inc, and Fundação de Amparo
a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil.
aVisiting Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry; and Associ-
ate Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodon-
tics, FO Araraquara, UNESP-Brazil.
bAssociate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry.
cAssociate Professor, Department of Oral Health Services and Infor-
matics.
Despite the acceptance of coimpression molding for
more than 60 years, attempts to maintain the occlusal con-
tacts developed in the trial denture have necessitated a lab-
oratory remount with occlusal correction. Many factors in
the laboratory procedures can lead to alteration of the
occlusion during the construction of complete den-
tures.4-7 These factors are related to intrinsic characteristics
of the materials and techniques and extrinsic potential
errors made by the dental technician or dentist. As a result
of the processing technique, incisal pin opening may occur
after compression molding and this increase in vertical
dimension of occlusion (VDO) needs to be corrected. A
large incisal pin opening can create a time-consuming
occlusal adjustment sequence that often results in the dis-
figurement of the anatomy of artificial teeth.
Attempts to overcome the problems associated with
compression molding have resulted in the development

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Fig. 1. Success system. A, Injection unit; B, flask; C, pressur-
ing device.
of the continuous injection system. Introduced in
1942,8 continuous injection molding eliminates the
flash of resin between the halves of the flask and com-
pensates for polymerization shrinkage by forcing extra
resin into the flask during polymerization. Recent
reports have shown a significantly smaller incisal pin
opening for complete dentures produced by an injec-
tion system compared with dentures produced with the
compression molding technique.9,10
A new injection system (Success system, Dentsply
International, Inc, York, Pa.) claims to eliminate
changes in VDO to produce dentures that require
few, if any, adjustments in the laboratory. The denture
base material recommended by the manufacturer with
this new injection system is PMMA Lucitone 199
(Dentsply International, Inc), which is mixed in the
conventional manner and put in a special detachable
plastic cartridge for the injection procedures. The pur-
pose of this in vitro study was to compare incisal pin
opening, dimensional accuracy and stability, and labo-
ratory working time for dentures made using the con-
ventional compression molding technique and den-
tures made with Success injection system.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Two test groups, each with 6 maxillary and 6
mandibular dentures, were evaluated. Group 1 was the
control and used Lucitone 199 acrylic resin. Group 1
dentures were compression molded without trial pack-
ing and polymerized in a water bath at 165°F for 9
hours. Group 2 (experimental) also used Lucitone 199
acrylic resin. Dentures were processed with an injection
technique using the Success system (Fig. 1) and poly-
merized in a water bath at 165°F for 9 hours.
Denture fabrication
Twelve identical maxillary and mandibular stone casts
292
NOGUEIRA, OGLE, AND DAVIS
(Castone, Dentsply International, Inc) were obtained
from a silicone mold (Acrasil, Zahn Dental Co Inc, Tau-
ton, Mass.). One set of casts was mounted on a semiad-
justable articulator (Hanau radial-shift, model 166-6,
Teledyne Water Pik, Fort Collins, Colo.). Master maxil-
lary and mandibular dentures were waxed up with
acrylic resin denture teeth, anterior maxillary mold 29,
anterior mandibular mold 48, and posterior maxillary
and mandibular 33M, occlusal type 20 degrees (Kenson,
Austenal, Inc, Chicago, Ill.), and set in a lingual contact
occlusion with maximum intercuspation between
mandibular central fossae-marginal ridges and maxillary
lingual cusps. The palatal thickness of the maxillary mas-
ter waxed denture was maintained at 2 mm using a sili-
cone mold duplication technique to be described.
To reproduce the test dentures in the same spatial
position that the master dentures occupied on the
articulator, and to reproduce the same denture base
contours and positions of the teeth, special jigs and
molds were made with the master dentures mounted
on the articulator as a guide. Jig No. 1, autopolymeriz-
ing resin fixed with dental stone on mounting plates of
the articulator to guide the mounting positions of max-
illary and mandibular casts. Jig No. 2 contained the
dental stone matrices of the occlusal surface of the max-
illary and mandibular master dentures fixed with dental
stone on mounting plates of the articulator. Mold
Nos. 1 and 2 were silicone molds of the wax surface of
the maxillary and mandibular master dentures (Lab-
Putty, Coltene/Whaledent, Inc, Mahwah, N.J.).
Before these molds were made, teeth were carefully
removed from the master dentures, leaving definite
sockets. The silicone molds also had a sprue hole and a
vent hole.
Each maxillary and mandibular test denture was
constructed by first mounting the cast on the articula-
tor with the split cast mounting technique with the jig
guiding its position. The silicone mold was positioned
on the cast and extra hard wax (Tru Wax, Dentsply
International, Inc) was melted and slowly poured in the
sprue hole. After cooling, the sprues of wax were cut
off at the appropriate position, then the stone matrix of
the occlusal surface was fixed on the opposite arm of
the articulator and teeth were positioned in their sock-
ets. The incisal pin of the articulator was locked
0.5 mm more than the zero position, the articulator
was closed, and the occlusal surface of the teeth was
oriented against the stone matrix until the incisal pin
made contact with the incisal table. At this moment,
the teeth were fixed in their positions with a hot spatu-
la, melting the wax around their necks. After construc-
tion, each set of maxillary and mandibular test dentures
was mounted on the articulator and the incisal pin
locked at the zero position. Occlusal adjustments were
made by correcting premature contact points until the
incisal pin of the articulator contacted the incisal table.
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Fig. 2. Micrometer was used to measure amount of incisal

pin opening at upper extremity of incisal pin.

Fig. 3. Reference points (cross marks) and measured hori-

zontal distances: d1, distance between points 1 and 2; d2,
The denture occlusion obtained had at least 5 contact distance between points 3 and 4; d3, distance between
points at each side of the arch. Manufacturer recom- points 1 and 4; and d4, distance between points 2 and 3.
mendations were followed for all materials used in this
study.
Articulator incisal pin opening
The amount of incisal pin opening was measured at
the upper extremity of the incisal pin with a micrometer
(L. S. Starrett Co, Athol, Mass.), which was capable of
registering change to 0.01 mm. After completion of the
occlusal adjustment and immediately before removing
each set of waxed test dentures from the articulator for
the investing procedures, the articulator was positioned
on the table of the measuring device and the microme-
ter was set to zero. Immediately after deflasking, the
maxillary and the mandibular dentures were remounted
on the articulator, the articulator was repositioned on
the table of the measuring device, and the amount of
incisal pin opening was measured (Fig. 2). A receptor jig Fig. 4. Vertical height of the reference points: h1, height of
made with type IV stone (Vel Mix, Kerr Manufacturing point 1; h2, height of point 2; h3, height of point 3; h4,
Co, Romulus, Mich.) fixed on the table of the measur- height of point 4.
ing device ensured precise repositioning of the articula-
tor before and after processing the dentures.
point, the cusp tip was trimmed until a small flat sur-
Dimensional accuracy
face was obtained. A sharp scalpel was then used to
Dimensional accuracy of denture bases was inferred make a cross mark on the flat surface of the cusp tip.
by the measurement of the distance between reference Permanent black ink was painted over the cross mark
points (cross marks) made on cusp tips of artificial teeth and after it had dried, a sharp scalpel was scratched
and by measurement of the vertical height of the refer- against the flat surface of the cusp tip, removing the ink
ence points (Figs. 3 and 4). For maxillary dentures, ref- over it, and leaving just the ink inside the small grooves
erence points were made on the buccal cusps of first of the cross mark.
premolars and the distal-buccal surfaces of second A computerized coordinate measuring system used
molars. For mandibular dentures, reference points were in a previous study,11 similar to a computer graphic
made on the lingual cusps of first premolars and the measuring system,12 was used for the measurements.
distal-lingual of second molars. To make a reference The system included a coordinate measuring machine

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Fig. 5. Electronic touch ruby-tipped probe was always posi-
tioned facing axes of reference points.
Fig. 6. A, Custom aluminum matrix holder. B, Type IV den-
tal stone custom matrix. B’, Undercuts to fix additional
amount of stone. C, Maxillary cast.
(model MXF 203, Mitutoyo Mfg Co, Tokyo, Japan)
operated with a personal computer (model PS2/55 SX,
IBM Corp, Armonk, N.Y.) to collect data and operate
Geopak software (Mitutoyo/MIT Corp, Paramus,
294
NOGUEIRA, OGLE, AND DAVIS
Fig. 7. Sagittal view of denture before retrieval from cast
fixed to custom matrix with screws and additional stone.
Fig. 8. Sagittal view of denture after retrieval from cast in
same spatial position occupied before retrieval from cast.
N.J.). A MAG-1 interface system was used to transfer
the signal from the electronic touch ruby-tipped probe
to the data collection computer. Positioning of the
0.5 mm diameter spherical tip of the electronic touch
ruby-tipped probe on the reference point (Fig. 5) was
performed manually with a ×30 stereomicroscope
(Bausch and Lomb) for magnification.
The computerized coordinate measuring machine
measured the spatial position of the reference points in
x-, y-, and z-axes. The position of each reference point
was measured 3 times and a mean of these 3 measure-
ments was obtained for each axis. Correlations between
the 3 repeated measurements taken at each site (x, y,
and z for maxillary and mandibular dentures) ranged
from 0.9949 to 0.9999, indicating a high degree of
reproducibility. The horizontal distances d1 and d2
were obtained with the mean values for the axis x and,
the horizontal distances d3 and d4 were obtained with
the mean values for the axis y. The vertical heights h1,
h2, h3, and h4 of the reference points were obtained
with the mean values for the axis z. After that, an arith-
metic mean was obtained from the values of the hori-
zontal distances d1 and d2 defining a mean value for the
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B
Fig. 9. A, Maxillary change, mediolateral dimension, stage 2 to stage 4. B, Mandibular
change, mediolateral dimension, stage 2 to stage 4.

medial-lateral dimension. The same procedure was real-
ized with the values of the horizontal distances d3 and
d4 defining a mean value for the anterior-posterior dis-
tance. In addition, an arithmetic mean was calculated
and the mean value was defined for vertical heights h1,
h2, h3, and h4 of the reference points.
Measurements were recorded in 4 stages of com-
plete dentures fabrication:
1. trial denture before processing,
2. processed denture on cast,
3. denture after retrieval from cast, and
4. after storage in water at room temperature for 30
days.
A custom matrix was made with type IV dental stone
in a custom aluminum matrix holder for each maxillary
and mandibular cast for the purpose of maintaining
identical the spatial position of the dentures through-
out all stages of evaluation (Fig. 6). Before retrieving
each denture from the cast in stage 3, 2 screws with
sleeves were fixed with autocuring resin, each one in a

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Table I. Mediolateral dimension means (SDs) by group, arch, and phase (n = 6 per cell)
Mean deviation from baseline (mm)*

Stages

Arch 2. Processed denture on cast 3. After retrieval from cast 4. After 30-day storage Average

Maxilla
Compression molding (control) –0.097 (0.012) –0.152 (0.012) –0.128 (0.017) –0.126 (0.012)
Injection molding (long cure) –0.098 (0.016) –0.137 (0.016) –0.100 (0.023) –0.112 (0.016)
Average –0.097 (0.014) –0.144 (0.016) –0.114 (0.024) –0.119 (0.015)
Mandible
Compression molding (control) –0.127 (0.014) –0.132 (0.015) –0.140 (0.030) –0.133 (0.016)
Injection molding (long cure) –0.132 (0.019) –0.122 (0.033) –0.137 (0.033) –0.130 (0.028)
Average –0.129 (0.016) –0.127 (0.025) –0.138 (0.030) –0.131 (0.021)
*Each mean represents a deviation from original baseline measurement.

Table II. Anteroposterior dimension means (SDs) by group, arch, and phase (n = 6 per cell)
Mean deviation from baseline (mm)*

Stages

Arch 2. Processed denture on cast 3. After retrieval from cast 4. After 30-day storage Average

Maxilla
Compression molding (control) –0.083 (0.016) –0.087 (0.015) –0.063 (0.013) –0.078 (0.013)
Injection molding (long cure) –0.085 (0.010) –0.077 (0.010) –0.058 (0.013) –0.073 (0.011)
Average –0.083 (0.013) –0.082 (0.017) –0.061 (0.012) –0.076 (0.012)
Mandible
Compression molding (control) –0.063 (0.015) –0.063 (0.012) –0.042 (0.012) –0.056 (0.011)
Injection molding (long cure) –0.072 (0.012) –0.070 (0.015) –0.050 (0.014) –0.064 (0.012)
Average –0.067 (0.014) –0.067 (0.014) –0.046 (0.013) –0.060 (0.012)
*Each mean represents a deviation from original baseline measurement.

Table III. Vertical dimension means (SDs) by group, arch, and phase (n = 6 per cell)
Mean deviation from baseline (mm)*

Stages

Arch 2. Processed denture on cast 3. After retrieval from cast 4. After 30-day storage Average

Maxilla
Compression molding (control) 0.218 (0.071) 0.170 (0.051) 0.192 (0.090) 0.193 (0.046)
Injection molding (long cure) 0.030 (0.065) 0.057 (0.103) 0.042 (0.054) 0.043 (0.054)
Average 0.124 (0.118) 0.113 (0.097) 0.117 (0.105) 0.118 (0.092)
Mandible
Compression molding (control) 0.215 (0.054) 0.238 (0.080) 0.220 (0.094) 0.224 (0.073)
Injection molding (long cure) 0.058 (0.035) 0.015 (0.075) 0.020 (0.072) 0.031 (0.057)
Average 0.137 (0.093) 0.127 (0.138) 0.132 (0.094) 0.128 (0.119)
*Each mean represents a deviation from original baseline measurement.

central incisor tooth, and an additional amount of
type IV dental stone was used to fix the screws to the
custom matrix (Fig. 7). This permitted retrieval of the
denture from the cast without any alteration in position
of the denture in relation to the custom matrix (Fig. 8).
The screws allow removal of the denture from the cus-
tom matrix, for storage in water for 30 days and, after
this period, an accurate return of the denture to its
position in the custom matrix. A positioning device
incorporated in the mandibular denture in the position
of the central incisors was used before for positioning
both the waxed denture and the processed denture in
the same relation to the master cast.13
Laboratory working time
Real laboratory working time and waiting time for

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B
Fig. 10. A, Maxillary change, anteroposterior dimension, stage 2 to stage 4. B, Mandibular
change, anteroposterior dimension, stage 2 to stage 4.

flasking and molding was recorded for all maxillary
dentures. Real working time was defined as the time
that the operator was directly involved with the proce-
dure, such as mixing materials. Waiting time was
defined as the time that the operator was not directly
involved with the procedure, such as setting time of
materials. Time was not recorded for identical proce-
dures common to the 2 groups.
RESULTS
Pin opening
Average pin opening was compared between
groups with a separate variance independent t test.
Results indicated a significant difference between
groups (t6 = 8.82, P<.05). The compression molding
control group showed significantly greater mean pin
opening than the injection molding group. Means

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B
Fig. 11. A, Maxillary change, vertical dimension, stage 2 to stage 4. B, Mandibular change,
vertical dimension, stage 2 to stage 4.
(standard deviations) were 1.16 (0.23) and 0.31
(0.06) mm, respectively.
Dimensional accuracy
Dimensional changes from baseline to the 3 pro-
cessing stages were measured in mediolateral, antero-
posterior, and vertical dimensions. Data were recoded
to reflect changes from an arbitrary baseline. That is, all
baseline values were converted to zero and measure-
298
NOGUEIRA, OGLE, AND DAVIS
ments at all subsequent stages were converted to devi-
ations from this zero point. Analyses were conducted
for each dimension separately. Because the baseline val-
ues were all zero, with no variability, these values were
excluded from all analyses. Descriptive statistics are pre-
sented in Tables I through III and in Figures 9, A
through 11, B. Multivariate repeated measures analyses
of variance (ANOVA) were used to determine dimen-
sional change across time by both group and arch.
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Table IV. Repeated measures analysis of variance*

Total Arch Stage Arch by stage
Source df (y1) (y2) (y3-y4) (y5-y6)

Mediolateral dimension
Constant 1 — F1, 10 = 5.24† F2, 9 = 22.22‡ F2, 9 = 62.46§
Group 1 F1, 10 = 0.007 F1, 10 = 0.003 F2, 9 = 2.06 F2, 9 = 1.34
Within 10
Total 12
Anteroposterior dimension
Constant 1 — F1, 10 = 10.27|| F2, 9 = 66.81¶ F2, 9 = 0.09
Group 1 F1, 10 = 0.11 F1, 10 = 1.58 F2, 9 = 0.61 F2, 9 = 0.52
Within 10
Total 12
Vertical dimension
Constant 1 — F1, 10 = 0.18 F2, 9 = 0.75 F2, 9 = 0.08
Group 1 F1, 10 = 47.30# F1, 10 = 0.88 F2, 9 = 0.03 F2, 9 = 2.12
Within 10
Total 12
*y1 = Total score, across arch and phase (used to test group main effect); y2 = difference score, mandibular minus maxillary arch; y3 = difference score, phase 2
minus phase 3; y4 = difference score, phase 3 minus phase 4; y5, y6 = arch by phase interaction scores. First row (Constant) displays within-subject main effects
and interactions. Second row (Group) displays between-subject main effects and interactions between within-subject and between-subject factors.
†P=.045.
‡P<.001. Univariate results significant for both y3 (F
1, 10 = 35.02, P<.001) and y4 (F1, 10 = 9.10, P=.013).
§P<.001. Univariate results significant for both y3 (F
1, 10 = 100.61, P<.001) and y4 (F1, 10 = 50.00, P<.001).
||P=.009.
¶P<.001. Univariate results significant for y4 (F
1, 10 = 102.45, P<.001) but not y3 (F1, 10 = 0.032, P=.58).
#P<.001.

Contrasts were set up to allow univariate comparisons Table V. Means of real and waiting working time for each
between stages 2 and 3 and between stages 3 and 4. A test group for flasking and processing maxillary dentures
significance level of .05 was used for all analyses. Compression molding Injection molding

Mediolateral dimension Real working time 00:18’:45” 00.18’:58”

Means for the mediolateral dimension are present-
ed in Table I and Figure 9. Repeated measures
ANOVA results (Table IV) indicated significant main
effects for arch and stage and significant interaction
between arch and stage. There was no significant dif-
ference in dimensional change between the 2 groups.
Significantly greater warpage was found for the
mandible than for the maxilla. Univariate results for
main effects and interactions involving phase showed
significant changes from stage 2 to stage 3 and from
stage 3 to stage 4. For the maxillary arch, the greatest
warpage occurred between stages 2 and 3, whereas the
greatest warpage for the mandibular arch occurred
between stages 3 and 4.
Anteroposterior dimension
Means for the anteroposterior dimension are shown
in Table II and Figure 10. Repeated measures ANOVA
results (Table IV) revealed significant main effects for
arch and phase. There was no statistically significant
difference by group and no significant interaction
effects. Significantly greater warpage occurred for the
maxillary arch than for the mandibular arch. Univariate
results for the phase main effect indicated significant
Waiting working time 00.47’:00” 00:47’:00”
Total 01h:05’:45” 01h:05’:58”
change from stage 2 to 3 and from stages 3 and 4, with
less warpage occurring in later phases.
Vertical dimension and laboratory working
time
Means for the vertical dimension are shown in Table
III and Figure 11. Repeated measures ANOVA results
(Table IV) showed a significant main effect for group.
No other main effects or interactions were statistically
significant. Significantly greater warpage occurred for
the compression molding group than for the injection
molding group. Table V shows the means of the
observed real and waiting working time for flasking and
processing the resin of maxillary dentures. Compres-
sion and injection molding groups had similar working
and waiting times.
DISCUSSION
The control group pin opening was significantly
larger than the experimental group. This indicates

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higher precision for the injection molding technique.
In the dimensional accuracy portion of the study, sig-
nificant change in tooth position occurred in the hori-
zontal dimensions from stage 2 to 3 and, for the medi-
olateral dimension, from stage 3 to 4. Overall warpage
was greater in the maxillary arch than the mandibular
arch for the anteroposterior dimension, but greater
change on the mandibular arch for the mediolateral
dimension. In addition, there was a significant interac-
tion between arch and stage for the mediolateral
dimension. There was no difference in warpage
between the arches for vertical dimension.
In the horizontal (mediolateral and anteroposterior)
dimensions, there was no statistical difference between
the control and experimental groups. In the vertical
dimension, there were significant differences between
the groups. Because the flash of resin that occurs in the
compression molding technique is eliminated by the
injection procedure, the injection molding method was
more accurate in the vertical dimension. On the basis of
these results, the injection molding system using
PMMA and the long cure technique was the more
accurate method for processing dentures. Under the
limitations of this study, it was not possible to deter-
mine whether the significant differences in horizontal
dimensions would or would not represent a warpage
that was clinically significant.
The observation of real working time and waiting
time demonstrated that, although the groups had sim-
ilar real working and waiting times and the same curing
cycles, dentures produced by the injection system
would save time in the laboratory compared with the
compression molding technique because of the smaller
incisal pin opening.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study indicated a significantly
higher degree of accuracy for the injection molding
technique for processing dentures over the standard
compression molding technique. On the basis of the
results and conditions of this study, the following con-
clusions were drawn:
1. The injection molding method produced a signif-
icantly smaller incisal pin opening over the standard
compression molding technique when PMMA resin
was used.
300
NOGUEIRA, OGLE, AND DAVIS
2. The injection molding system was the more accu-
rate method for processing dentures.
3. There were no appreciable differences in labora-
tory working time between the injection and compres-
sion molding techniques. However, the injection
molding system would save time in construction of
dentures because of the smaller incisal pin opening and
a reduction in time for post-processing adjustments.
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Reprint requests to:
DR SERGIO S. NOGUEIRA
DEPARTAMENTO DE MATERIAIS ODONTOLÓGICOS E PRÓTESE
FACULDADE DE ODONTOLOGIA DE ARARAQUARA - UNESP
RUA HUMAITA 1680
CEP 14801-903, ARARAQUARA, SAO PAULO
BRAZIL
FAX: (55)16-222-4823
E-MAIL: nogueira@foar.unesp.br
Copyright © 1999 by The Editorial Council of The Journal of Prosthetic
Dentistry.
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VOLUME 82 NUMBER 3