m

b n = n bm ; m Ù
nÎ
N (n ³
2)

2 7
5 2 6
35 =3 x7 =
x6
b1 =
ì
ï b
bn =
í 322 / 5 ==
5
2
32 22 =
4
9 8
58 /9 =5
î b ; nÎ
b.b.b...
ï N (n ³
2)

3
2ö
æ æ2ö
æ2ö
æ2 ö8
ç=
÷ç ÷
ç ÷
ç =
÷
5ø
è è5ø
è5ø
è5ø 125

bm
bm-
="n
; b¹
0
bn

m7 3 2m-5
m-
= m2-
= 2m

m10 23m-7
(22 )0 =
- 1
-

30 1 5°1
= =
4 4 2 2

(23 )7 =
221 (72 )m-
5
72m-
= 10

35m =
(35 )m =
(3m )5 512m-
6
(56 )2m-
= 1
(52m-
= 1 6
)
n 1
b- = ;"
b¹
0
bn

n
a öan
æ
ç ÷= ;"
b¹
0
bø
è bn
2 1 4 1
5- = 3-
- =
-
52 34
7
- 7
5 1 2 öæ
æ 3ö (2x .y 3 )5 =
25x .y 15 23x . 53x ==
(2.5)3x 10 3x
a)-
(- = ç ÷=
ç ÷
a)5
(- 3 øè
è 2ø
5 2
x 2 öx 10
æ m10 æ
m5 ö
ç ÷= =ç ÷
3 ø35
è n8
n4 ø
è
n n
a.b = a. nb m n m.n
a =a

a na
n = ;"
b¹
0 5 2 10 7
x7 = x 15 5
3
m4 = m4
b nb

m p mnp
24 =
4. 6 =
2 6 7
3. 7 2. 7 5 =
7
30 an b c =an.p .bp .c

3
7 37 49 49 7
3
= ==
9 9 25 25 5
3 2.5.3 59 30 59
23 5
24 22 = 2 = 2

b b
xx =
aa
 n+
1
2n 22
22 2 2n
6258

a aa
é aa ù ù
a1 +
aa é
a(
aa )
a 2
(1 + )
aê ú
ê û
ë ú
ë û

a
a

3
a2 . 4 5 a4 .b6 . 8 a5 b 5 a7 .b3

12 a.b 30
a3 .b b5 a

a6 b 60
a5 .b

5 -1
2- 3 1
2-
-
4 4
243- . 27-
1 1 m-
n
5x2m + 3xm + n

m+n 2n
es:
9 3 5x + 3x

60
x. 5 x
3 x=
27
x
1 1
-

27 aa
n=

a a+ a a+
n n2
éa 1 aùé a 2 aù
ê a + a
ë ú ûê
ë ú û

a 20a+1
1 5
a-
a-
1
3a-
+ 1
+
4a+
2
+22a+
2
51-
a
31-
+ a

a
é
a a+ 2
2 a a3 +
ù
êx 1 . a xa + . x 3 ú
ê ú
3
3
3
3 216 4
4
4 256
2 16 êa x a x2 a x 3 ú
3 .44 . 2 ë û
 1 10
æ1 ö
10 æ1 ö
ç ÷ ç ÷
10 ø
è 10 ø
è
1
10 10

x2
é
x
xy -1 ù
1 1
x+
y
ê ú=
3
; x-
y
x+
y=
y -
ê
ë
1
x yû ú 3 2

1 2 3 n
10 11 ; 10 11 ; 10 11 ; ...; 10 11

nn + 1
x n n
x = n ; nÎ
N/n ³
1 997

n+
1 n n+
1 nn
n n n

nn +
1
nn -
1
n n
x x-
x-
1
x+
=2
n+
1 24 n-
1
2-
1. 2+
1= 3+
2 2

3 3
x2x 2x
-
1=
-x
x x x x x x AA
x x x ..... =
A ; siendo: A =3 3

x2 +
5
2x 6

1)(x+
(x + 1)
2
=
(x +
1)
34 =
812

4(1 +
3 2)
12
x
8
xx =
4
8
x y-
ì
ï
2
=4
í 2y - 3
x
ï
î =64
 -7
x3 y5
2

7 2 2 8
2x2 ; - x ; 5x2 5y 4 ; - x ; 7a3
5 3
 2x 5y 4 6x 6 y 3 x2y 7
P(x;y) =+-
 (axm ±
byn )2 =2 2m
a1x4 42abx
±
442
m n
4y4 b24
+
4
2n
y3

2 2
( 5 + 3)2 + ( 5 - 3)2 = 2( 5 + 3 )
2(5+3)
16

3 23
3
(2 -+5)(4 2 3 5 + 23 -
5 )= 3
5 =
8-
5=
3
 1
b)2 +
[(a- c)2 +
(a- c)2 ] =
(b- a2 +
b2 +
c2 -
ab-
ac-
bc
2

a3 +
b3 +
c3 =
3abc
a2 +
b2 +
c2 =
2(ab+ ac+
- bc)
a2 +b2 +
c2 a3 + b3 +c3 a5 +b5 +c5
. =
2 3 5
(a2 +
b2 +
c2 )2 =+
4(a2b2 a2c2 +b2c2 )
2(a4 +
= b4 +
c4 )
a5 +
b5 +
c5 =
5abc(ab+
- bc+
ac)

.1
x
- x- 2 x
x-
x. x x 2x

P(y).P(z).P(0)

x xm-
2

3
xx +1 xm+
2

1
-
x x+
1
+x
 2
æ1 ö
x+
ç ÷
èx ø
3 13 9
4 4 4
7 -3 -1
4 125 -27
n=
1024
1
y=
x+
x

n
32
b2 ) 6 x a-
(a + b
ab 4 x a+
- b
(b -
+ a)x

a3 +b3 ++
c3 (a b)2 +(a +c)2 + c)2
(b +
.
abc ab + ac +bc

an bn
+ = 7
bn an
n
a + bn
n n
a2 . b 2
 1

a-
c b-
c
2 3 +
d-
b d-
a
4 5 6

1
2

a2 +
b2 +5
3
a + b3 +
10
1 1
2 3
2 1
3 5

1000 ´
1001 ´
1002 ´
1003 +
1

by)2 +
(ax + bx)2
(ay -
2 2
x +y
1 1 1
+ +
a b c

1 1 1
2 3 4
 2x 5 +3x2 -
1
3
2x - x2 +6

2x 5 +
0x 4 +0x 3 + 3x2 + 0x - 1
3
2x - x2 + 0x + 6
 b
x=
-
a

3x 5 -
2x 4 +
7x 3 -
11x2 +
5x +
1
x-2

3x 4 -
5x 3 -17x2 +
8x +
7
3x-1

1
x=
3
 P(x)
= Q(x) Ú
P(x) = d(x) . Q(x)
d(x)

æbö
R=Pç
- ÷
èaø

P(x)
b (x -a)(x -b)
x =-
a
æb öæ
éb ö ù æbö æ bö
Pç
- =a -
֍
ê +
÷bú
qç - +
÷R®
Pç
- =
÷0+
R
èa øè
ëa ø û èaø è aø

æbö
R = Pç
- ÷
èaø

2x2 +5x + 3
2x - 1

1
x=
Þ
2
2
1 öæ
æ 1ö
2ç +5 ÷
֍ +3
2 øè
è 2ø

1 5
= + 3®
+
2 2
 xn +
yn
x n-
= 1
x n-
- 2
x n-
y +- 3 2
xyn-
y ... + 2
y n-
- 1

x+y

xn ± yn
x±y
x9 -
y9 x15 +
y25 x12 -
y16
a) 3
b) c)
x -y3 3
x +y5 3
x +y4

x m ± yn
xp ± y q x9 -
y9 9 9
= 3
=
m n 3
x -y3 3 3
Þ= =k
p q
x9 -
y9 2 2
3
(x 3 ) +
= (x 3 )(y3 ) +
(y3 )
x -y3

x15 +
y25 15 25
= 5
=
3
18
x - y 27 x +y5 3 5
x2 -
y3
18 27 x15 +
y25
= Z+
= 9Î 4
(x 3 ) -
=
3
(x 3 ) (y5 ) +
2 2
(x 3 ) (y5 ) -
3
(x 3 )(y5 ) +(y5 )
4
2 3 x3 +
y5
x5 -
y10
2
x -y4
18 27
= Z+
= Ï x12 -
y16 12 16
2 3 3
= 4
=
x +y4 3 4

x12 -
y16 3 2 2 3
(x 3) -
= (x 3 ) (y4 ) +
(x 3 )(y 4 ) -(y4 )
x3 +
y4

xn - yn n -
= x 1 + xn -
2
y + xn -
3 2
y + ... + xyn -
2
+ yn -
1
xn ±
yn
x-y
x±y

xn ±
yn
xn -
yn
x n-
= 1
x n-
- 2
x n-
y +- 3 2
xyn-
y ... + 2
y n-
- 1
x±y
x+y
 x 50 -
y100
2
x - y4

50 100
= 25
=
2 4

15
x4 +
P(x) = 3x 3 +
2x2 -
mx +
4

7 7 75
2 25 8
1
2

x16 -
1 x16 +1 x16 -
1
x2 +1 x- 1 x4 -1
x12 -
1 x16 -
1
x4 -1 x4 +1
 xa -
yb
es ocho.
3
x -y5 xa -
yb
2
es x2 y 33.
x -y3

x12 -16
2x 3 +4

x18 -1 x9 -
1 x18 +
1
x- 1 x+ 1 x2 -1
x20 -
1 x20 +1
x2 +1 x+ 1

x 5n+3
y 5(n+
- 6)

n-1 n+2
x - y
 2)1999 +
(x - (x - 1)1998 +
7
(x -2) (x -1)

n+ 19
5n 3n n
k+ 1 x4 +
x4 + x4 +
2
N+
; nÎ
x19 -
nx +k 4n
x + 1
x2 -2x +1
 ìDivisores de an ü
ï ï
P.R.R. =
±
í ý
ïDivisores de a0 ï
î þ
 P(x)
ìDivisores de 3 ü x- a
P.R.R. =
±
í ý
î de 2 þ
Divisores

ì
ï1 ; 3ïü
=
±
í ý
ï
î1 ; 2 ï
þ
ì 1 3ü
=
±
í1; ;3; ý
î 2 2 þ
1 3
1; ±
=
± ;±3;±
2 2
ì1,3 ü
P.R.R. =
±=
í ±
ý1, ±
3
î 1 þ

P(x)
x- 3
 x+
1 x2 +
y x2 +
y2 +
z2 x 3 -
27 x 3 -
27
; ; 3 3 3 ; 2 ; 2
x-
7 x+ y x -y -z x - 4 x -4
N(x)
F(x) = ; D(x) ¹
0
D(x)

N1 (x) N2 (x) N1 (x) . D2 (x) ± N2 (x) . D1 (x)

±=
D1 (x) D2 (x) D1 (x).D2 (x)

x2 +x+ 4
P(x) =
x-2
N1 (x) N2 (x) N1 (x) . N2 (x)
3pa2x 5 . =
Q(x) = D1 (x) D2 (x) D1 (x) . D2 (x)
203

N1 (x) N2 (x) N1 (x) . D2 (x)

¸=
D1 (x) D2 (x) D1 (x) . N2 (x)

x+ 3 x3 + 5 x2 -
2x + 1 x3 +7
2
; 4 2
; 4
; 4
x +2 x -x +7 x -9 x + x+ 3

x+
1 x-
1 x +-
æ 1ö
æx 1ö
F(x) =+ G(x) =
ç÷ ç÷ 2
x-
1 x+
1 x-
è 1ø
èx+1ø

(x +
1)(x +1) +(x -1)(x -
1) (x + 1) x2 -
1)(x - 1
2 2 2 F(x) = G(x) = == 1
x -6x -
1 4x 7x +3 5x +3x +
8 (x -1)(x +1) (x - 1) x2 -
1)(x + 1
; ; ;
x-3 x+ 1 x2 -1 x+7
2(x2 +
1) xÎ
"U-
{-
1 ; 1}
F(x) = ;"
xÎ
U-
{-
1 ; 1}
x2 -1

2 x-
1 x2 +
2 5x2 +
x+3
; ; ;
x+ 3 x+
3 x+ 3 x+
3

1 2 3x
+=
x+ 1 x --2 (x 2)(x +
1)

2 x2 3
x ++ x 7x -
1
; ; 2 ; 3
x -+
1 x 2 x -- 1 x 9

1 x2 +
x+ 2x +1
y
x-
1 x2 -1 P(x)
; {a; b} Ì
RÙ
a¹
0
ax + b
 7x - 1 7x -1 A B x2 - x-5 Ax +B C
= =+ = +
x2 - x -+6 (x 2)(x -+
3) x 2 x - 3 1)(x2 +
(x - 2) x2 +
2x + 2x +2 x- 1

7x - 1 3 4
=+
(x +2)(x -+
3) x 2 x - 3

P(x) A B M
=+ 2 + ... + n
(ax +b)n ax +b (ax + b) (ax +b) x2 - x-5 2x +3 1
= -
1)(x2 +
(x - 2) x2 +
2x + 2x +2 x- 1

x2 + 1 A B C
=+ 2 +
(2x -5)2 (x +
1) 2x -5 (2x - 5) x + 1

P(x) Ax2 +
Bx + C Dx2 +Ex +F
2 2 n
=3 2
+ 3
...
+
(ax +
bx + cx +
d) ax +bx + cx +d (ax + bx2 +cx +d)2

ax2 +bx+ q
... + 3
(ax + bx2 + d)n
cx +
2
5 5 ö æö
æ 5 29
x= Þ
ç +
÷1=
B ç÷1 Þ
+ B=
2 è
2 ø èø2 14

N(x)
20 2 F(x) =
1=
A(0 +
1)(0 -
5) + (0 +
1) + 5)2
(- D(x)
14 49

41
A=
98 N(x) R(x)
F(x) = q(x) +
=
2
x + 1 41/ 98 29 /14 2/ 49 D(x) D(x)
= +2 +
(2x -5)2 (x +
1) 2x - 5 (2x -
5) x- 1

P(x) Ax + B Cx +D a x+ b
= + ... +
+
(ax2 +bx +c)n ax2 +bx +c (ax2 +bx +c)2 (ax2 + c)n
bx +
 b-
b
+n
Calcular:
a-
a
+m
 1- x2 x 2x2 +
2x 3(x -
1)
+ -
x 1- x2 x 3 x 3
- +
x 2 x 4
1
- -1
x- 2 x- 4
n-n2 -
4
x2 =
2n

1- x abc(x +
y+
z)(xy +
xz +
yz)
x+ xyz(a +
b+
c)(ab +
ac +
bc)
1+ x
1-x
1-x.
1+x

(x2 +
1)(x 6 +
1)
4
x
3 3
é 12ab ùì
é
ï8a -b ù
é2b ü
ï
ù
3+ ¸í
ê -1ú
ý x-
2=
3
ê 2 2ú 3 3ú
ê
ë4a -2ab +
b ûï
ë
î8a +-
b û
b 2a û
ë ï
þ

y2z2 (y2 -b2 )(z2 - b2 ) (y2 -c2 )(z2 - c2 )

2 2
+ 2 2 2
+ 2 2 2 (a2 - b2 )2 +
3c4 -12a2b2
bc b (b - c) c (c - b) 2 2
(c + 2ab)(c -2ab)

x+
c x+
b
y+
a y+
c
a4 b4 c4
2 + + 27 ; a(b +
= c) =
bc
2- (b - c)2 (c - a)2 (a -b)2
2
1-
2
2-
x2 a2 b2 c2
+ +
b- c c- a a- b

4b + 4b a2 -
a a- 3b2
++ 2
3b +
a a-
3b a -9b2 a2 +b2 b2 ++
c2 a2 c2
+ += 2
-
ab bc ac

(a +b+ c)6 -(a6 +b6 + c6 )

3 3 3
(ab) + (bc) +(ac)
x+
æ3 öæ x2 ö æ 2x ö
x÷
2x
ç --¸-
ç ç x÷
÷
x-
è1 øè x 1
+ è
øx -1 ø
ab ac bc
abc ¹+
0; + a+
=b+
c
c b a

2
1-
æ xö æö a77 + b77 + c77
1+
ç÷
1+
è xø ç2x ÷ 7 7 7 7
. (a b +ac + b c ).(abc)21
7 7
2 ç ÷
æ
1-xö 1
ç
x+ ÷
1-
ç÷ è xø
1+x
èø
 n n
a± b

n
A= rn =
r Û A
a+ c a- c
a±
b = ±
2 2

a2 -
c= b}

(a +
b) ±
2 a´
b =
a±b

5+
2 6

5 +
2 6

5+
2 6=
3+2

a+
b+
c +++
2 ab 2 ac 2 bc

a+
Þb+c

24 +
240 +
336 +
140

4 3 2 2 3 4
x - 2x y - 3x y + 4xy + 4y x - xy - 2y
2 2 24 +
= 2 5´
12 +
7´
12 +
7´
5
4 2
-x (2x - xy)(-xy)
3 2 2 3 2 2
- 2x y - 3x y = -2x y + x y
3 2 2 2 2 2
2x y - x y (2x - 2xy - 2y )(-2y ) 5+
= 12 +
7
2 2 3 4 2 2 3 4
- 4x y + 4xy + 4y = -4x y + 4xy + 4y
2 2 3 4 5+
=2 3+
7
4x y - 4xy - 4y
0 0 0
 3
7+
-50

a+
b+
c+
2 ab -
2 bc -
2 ac
3
a-
Þb-c 7+
-50 =
x+
y

3
7)2 -
(- 50 ®
c=
1
-
14 +
2 10 -
56 -
140

14 +
= 2 2´
5-
2 7´
2-
2 7´
5

2+
= 5-
7

3
a±
b =
x±
y
3
\ 7+
-50 =
1+
-2

3 2
c=a -b}

K F.R. K´ F.R.
´ =
I(x) F.R. Racional
 N
, f(g) Ù R+
g(x) Î
f(x) ± g(x)
N
,n>
mÙ
m,nÎ R+
N; a Î
n
am

n
an -
m

f(x) +
g(x) f(x) -
g(x) f(x) -
g(x)

n n- f(x) -
g(x) f(x) +
g(x) f(x) -
g(x)
n
am ´a m =
n n
a =a

n n-
N a m N . n an -
m
´ =
n m
a n n-
a m a
24
, x>
2/3
3x +
2+ 3x -
2

24 3x +
2-
3x -
2
´
3x +
2+ 3x -
2 3x +
2-
3x -
2
24
3 4
5´ 3 2

24( 3x + 2- 3x - 2) 24( 3x +
2-3x -
2)
=
24 (3x +2) -
(3x -2) 4
3 4 8
5´3´ 2
6( 3x 2 -
=+ 3x -
2)
3
52 ´
4 4
3 ´8 7
2

3 2 4 3 8 7
24 5 ´ 3 ´ 2
3 84
´
5´3´ 2 3 2
5 ´ 4 3
3 ´8
27

N
3 2 3 2
f (x) ±
f(x) g(x) +
3 g (x)

24 3 52 ´
4 3
3 ´ 8 7
2 4 3 25 ´
4 8
27 ´ 128 M
= 3
f(x) ± 3
g(x)
5´3´ 2 5
 N
; f(x) ; g(x) Î
R+
2 2
f(x) ±
g(x)
n f(x) ± n g(x)
3
f (x) ± 3
3 f(x) . g(x) + g (x) 3
f(x) m
3
g(x)

3
f(x) m
3
g(x) 3
f 2 (x) ±
3 f(x) . g(x) +g (x) f(x) ±
3 2 g(x)

n
f n-
1 n f n-
(x) - 2
(x).g(x) + n n-
... +g 1 (x)
14
3 3
9+ 3+
1
n f(x) +
n g(x)

3
32 +
3
3+
1
n
f n-
1 n f n-
(x) - 2
(x).g(x) + n n-
... -g 1 (x)

3
3-
1

14 3
1 14( 3 3 -
3- 1)
n f(x) -
n g(x) n
f n-
1 n f n-
(x) + 2
(x). g(x) + n n-
... -f 1 (x)
´=
3
3 2
3 +3
1 3-
3+ 1 3- 1

7( 3 3 -
= 1)

5 4 5 3 5 2 2
1 a + a b 5 ab3 +
a b ++ 5 4
b
5 5
=
a- b a- b
 2( 5 +
2) 9 -
4 5 2 x2 -x4 -
2+ 5x2 +
4 ; si: x >
2

5-
2 6+
3+
2 2=
x+
2 y
4
1+ 24 5
5 4 3+
4
+
1- 5 24 5
3-

4
7+
48
4 4
5 3
8 6 2 4
2 + 6
2 2 2
2 6 3
8 + 13 -
88 =
x-
y-36 -
5 44
4 4

4
17 -
12 2

4-
1 3-
1 5-
1

2-
1 2+
1 2 x2 -
2x - 4

x+
2+
2 x+
x-
2 x-
x-
2
x+
2-
x-
2 x+
2+
x-
2
5 6-
12
x 6+
4 3=
x+
y
y

a+
b+
c+
3b(2a -
b) -
2c(b -
2a)
b
a+
b a-
b a+ 3x -8x2 +
1+ 4x -
24
2
b
a- a2 -
b
2

2x -
1 x+
2 2x +
3
7+
4 3+
4-
12
x-
1 x+
3
13 +
4 3 5+
4 7 11 +
2 28

15 +
2 8 3+
2
2 x+
2+
8x -
4x +
3+
48x

10 -
2 21 11 -
4 6 7-
3 2
2 4 35 +
5- 7
4 4 4 3+
2 2 4+
2 3
7 5 3
4
9 3
 E= 1. 6 6 3-
3+ 10 18
3 3 3
3- 5+ 2
2
2

1
p2 -
2 p+ 1( p+
1-
p-
1) 3
54 3 +
41 5

4 4
11 2 -
12 = A- B
3+
4 3
4
A
6+ 2- 5
B
6 6+
2 6+
2-
5

6+
2+
5

a+
b+a-
b=
2 8+20 +3 3
a= ; b=
2+5+3 2+ 5

3 3 3 3
x+
3 y= 1+ 2+ 4

2 a2 -
(2a + 1
2)-
S= ; si: a >
2
a+ 2- a- 2

3
108 -
10

1
1-
2+a

1
5 5
8- 4+
1

6
6
+
2-
2-
3 2+2+3

x3 +3x 3 2
1+
3
x-
1+ 2

3
3x 3 (1 -
3
3) =
2(10 -
x)
3 3
2 - 2
3 3
1+ 2 1- 2