dyadám Adivitya School:

Ath12 Class
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 ACTNITY3-1
o AssEMBLE A HoU sE HoLD CIRCUIT CoMPRISING THREE
BULBS, THREE (ON/OFF SwrTCHEs, Afuse AND
SoURCE
AlM:
lo Qssemble a housh old circuit Comprising three bul bs, thTee
h
(On/ofe) Switches, a fose amd a powo Source.
MATERIALS REQuIRED
Three given bulbs " A too Pin Plug
Three Suoitches Connecting coiTes
Amain Switeh Apower SouTce
A fose (F) Three bolb holdex.

In household cciing all appliances ae Comnected lways in parallel

Combina ion olt e mains. To protect the appliances fono dam age a,
Fuse of lHle higher Taing is
is used
USed.· Soitches
Switches axe Conmbined in Seies
and appliamces.
PROcE DURE
Take thmee bulbs B,,B, amd B, and take hree SwiBches s,,S,and S
6, with S,
" Connect the bulb B, and Switch S, in Semes . Similaxly Connect
and Connect B, oith S
Connect he Conbin aions Of 8-S, , 8,-Sa, and BSa in paxalle to each
othex
Connect a hseln Semes wth the SeB up.
" Connect main Suppy to qStep dloon t ranstomer to ge volBage fom
O to loV
Connec fose in Series oih the Stepdown rans formex
Check the circvt+ to ensuTe that it is Complete,
*lmerease he CuTrent 0o45 A..A
A grdo ally,check ie fose burns ofe.
B,

(A-c)
ammete

SoUTCe of SupPl
Fuse

circoi! coith bulbs in parallel

RESUL T_
bulbs is Completed Success
Ihe Circuit fos the ConnecHon ot three
folly.
PRECAUTIONS
bulbs 0f Jowe
" 1f you ae not using Step down transot mer and
PoBential dicference then be Care fol while making Conne chions
" Don't insert the to mains before making al connections
for additonal Safety twear mubbe gloves.
" Select a fuse of ppex Ta hng
is Specificd for
" Never use a fose coith higher raing hen yhat
the CirCoit.
 AcTivTY:2
Te ASsCMBLE THE toMPONENTS Of A GIVEN ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT

A|M -
10 asSem ble the Components of a Given Electical eircuit
" MATERIALS
REQUIRED -
Ammetcx Voltmetex

Conecing wire Battery

"Rheostat " Sand paper
Resistor 0Y Resis tonte oire one- way Key

In a circult ,amme tex is always Connected in Seies and volBmetc

potenHal is to be
is Connected in parallei Qcoss he de vtce whose
meter should
measuTed . Pos ih ve teTminals 0f VoHmetex Omd am
be Connected to positve teminals Of the baHexy and negahvc
temina ls to the negahve batey.
volimete

wWw
ResisBonce
Key Battey
(A) Amnel ec

q7am Or Sel op
 " PROCE DURE :.
" 0Taw a circoit diagam Of the Circoit, Shouing all the Componerts
which aHe gong to be Used
clean the Connechrg coires wjth Sand paper to remove insulaions from
ends
o Connect he ammete in Sertes with the es is tor ey.
Connet the Components Hg htly aceording to the circoit
CiTeUIH iagam.
Connec! the Yoltmeter in paralle! oith the Tesistor.
nsert he plug into the key o tomplete he circoi!
key Circuit is workig
SAeCK the ammeBe reading to ensoe that the
RESULT -
Comm ponents Of the electic Circuit hav e been Soccess folly assemblel
Ihe
otRECAUTI ONS 2
and tigbt
" All Con nechons Shoold be clea
elements
" Cpen the key befoTe Connec ing the while Connecting the
" Take Cae 0fOF positive and neaatve terminals
circ°t.
VoltmeBeH and ammetex in the
Connected in Semes oith the Yesis toy Qnd voltme.
AmmeteM Should be
the esisto
ter Shoold be (o nnecBed in parallel toith
 AcTIVITY :3
To ODrQw The diag ram Of a givcn oPCn circuit CompRIS)NG AT
TER VoLTME1EX
st A BATTERY, RESISTOR/ RHEOS TAT, KEY, AMM e
Ordex
Mank he Components that ae not eonnected in pDpex 99
Qnd Correct the Cicuit and also the circolt diagram

AIM :
To doaw the diag1am Ofa givern Open circoit Compising at least a

ba Hery, Resisior/ Rheostat,key, Ammeter and volHmetor" mak k he

components that axe mot Connected in D90 Der der and Con nect the Ci7co
and also the Circuit diagram.
" MATe RIALS REQuIRED -
Given circult Rule
Pencil Pa Pe

Rheostat Resistance box (o to l002)

Ammetey lo-3)A " Voltmeter lo-3)v
BaHery (o -6)v one way Key
THeORy
An electic
Com ponents
cir cuit Can only be functinal if all the Conditions. The
qre cOn nected in poper ordér and ane in
wonking
Components Should work when the Key is closed.
le he CIYCO0H Is not or King it can have many Causes. Some of
them ane as follows -
" Broken Or fuse wires
Loose connecHons

Exhavsted baHery
Imprper ConnecHon bf Componenks,
AssumpHon 31
Hgure (A) every Component is Connected in Setes This is
As Shouon in
an in corYect way for making' conne cHons . The Yoltmeter Should always
be In Parajel to Compp nent for which we need to measure the Potenhal
difference
 Kheastat Key Battery
(A) AmmeBer

Resislance
WW
voltmeter

Assumption 2 -
Amme ter is Connected n parallel with the Resistance . Ammeter Should
always be Connected in Seics .Hence this is an incorect way Of makinJ
ConnecHons.
Rheostat
Key Bottery
V

Resistance

"Rectiied correcHon
Ammeter Shoold be Connected in Sevies Rheostat

along with bateny theostaB and resis tance

Volheter Should always be Connected in parallel
with the Component for which we need to measure Resistance
the Potenial dieference. Resislante coil

Ont woyKe

baHey(&)
Rheostat (eh)

Vollrnele
Ammele
 "PROCEDURE
auxillary notebook
" Oraw he given open ciTcuit in
are Connected in Popey Ordey Qnd hkh
Check which Componen ts
ate mot
ammeter in seres wlh
. Covrect the given circoit diagram . Connect
" Connect
the baH erygven
Conne ct Vo lHmeter in parallel wih the
esiSt or. Connect heosta t
in Sees with the ba ttery.

Rh
Rh

v A

+ V

ImcorTect connec Hon as ammelcr Corvecled ciseoit diagsam

in Semes
in paralel and Vollmelex
wi he he Resisior
close the key and Check the Yesults if the Circuit is working
Or not
Drawte Circuit diagram in auxllamy notebook
DTauo

PRECAUTIONS -
" PosiHve terminal Of the baHery Shoold be Cornnected to posiHve termi
nals of voltmeter and ammetex.
" Take out key Plg be fore ConnecHng the Components
" Always Connect the voHmeter in pasallel acss the poinB tor which
you need to measure Hhe poten tHal difference
" Always Connect the ammeter in Seies
 AcTIVITY :4
DENTIFY AD ODE , A RESISTOR AND A CAPACITOR fROM
MIxED COLLECTION Of SucH ITEMS.

AlM; from mixed collecHon

l0 idenify a diode a resisox 0md o CapacHo
Of Soch items.

MATE RiAL ReQURED

Mixed Collecton OF diode " LED

Capacito " Resistor

Molimeter

THCORY : it is fooad
too teminals . \+ Conducls only when
DIoDE Device oith
bu! doegn't Conduc +in Teverse bias A diode is usually
biased
Cylinde coith too Flat ends leadscame
in he Shape f make elec+cal
Connecions.
ends leads to
Ou} Oe the Flat body epresen ts
be Sold back black
The body 0f diode Can
Secion

LED - and contains two termials . LED

ypeof diode Conduc4 in rerexse
This is a Special foward bias but do esn't
Conducts only when in emits the light while con
ducting
LED
bias Unlike Ordinay lodes the flat end . Both the
in Shage. with one
An LED Usua lly Cylindical Of LED.
LEDs ae availble
end.
come 0ut From the Only Flat
ends ed, whi te etc
ike green,
in dirreTent Colours
"RESISTOR
A resistor is Dsed for onto ling the flow 0f CUTTent by offering
OPPosiHon in its path . ATes is tos usualy Condocts in both diecHons,
Thus, the resisBanse offeved by it doesn'+ chang e on change in polatihy
CAPACITOR -
A Capacitor is a too- ter minal device . 1t does
n'+ Con duct but StoYes
Some choaxge ohe DC Voltage is applied toit. ACapaitor OFfers
wh en De
In finite mesistance ohen i#Is Connected to DC"But it
Offers vey
lDw resis tane oben it is Connected to AC.

\DENTIfICATION BASED ON KESIST ANce 8

Kesistor Shows onstant esis tante hence Constant luTTent when
Connected to DC.
Capacitor initially Shouos high coTYeot which decines to zexo
O10DE
" twhen Connected in forwaMd bias diode Shows Unidire ctional Flou
Of CUrTent Ir Shous no conduHon whern Cornected in reve se biqs
" PRoCEDORE
Searegate on the
the basis Of resistance
Conn ect he molimetex's black prbe to Common and red po be
plve) end oe he Component. Set up he mulimeter in Resist ance mode
i) Ie the multim etex ShowS definite deflecHon in both fowaHd and
Teverse bias directon then the Component is a Tesisto.
1ii) Ie te moltimetex Shouws defleHon wben btack pobe is Connetd
to Common and Shows no deflecion wben the black probe is
Connected to p oi hoot Emission 0F Igbt then he Component is
diode.
(i) F the diode emits lgb Hhen it is an LED
(iv) IF the mulimet ex Sho uas foll Scale declecion initallv and late
the deelechon betemes Zero then the Compo nent is Capaito,
 OBsE RVATION
Numeor
S.No State Of ObservaHon Device Code
Emlss lonof
Diode
CondocBs in one direcion only
2 Condvcts in one direcion only Yes
Kesisto
Conducts in bot directons No

Does not Conducis ,given No Capactto

inikal de flecion ohich decays to 'o

REsULT -
resistor and a Capa citor re ldent eed fom'
A diode is an LED, a
a mixed. Collecion 0f items.

e PRECAUTIONS
prePevably inskead of a diagnol one
an analoq molfimeter deflechon Of polntex
clearly obseving the
This toill help in Sand popely
Components properly by Usig
" clean the leads Of Comp oneniS olh moltimeter.
before the Checking the
 ACTIVITY :5
To observe RefracHon and laBeraL Oevia hon 0f
a beam 0f ight inodent obliavely On a Glass
slab

AlM:
To obser ve the re fvacion and laBeval devia ion 0f a beam of light
instead in ide ntly On a glass slab
MArERIALS REQUIRED -
Glass Slab Penil, Erase Metxe Scale
ohite.
iHe. drauing Sheet Drawing pins Adhesive tape.
Drawing boad Prot Ya ttor

THEORY:
Lateral deviaion
As a mesul4 O Tef TaeHon oh en ligh emerges from another medla
there ls a laterdl deviaton in iBs omginal path. The perpendi culax
disBonce between he incident Tay and emetgent ay is Caled lateral
devia kien. For a givenangle Of
of inidence
inidence and a pay Dt media ,+ is
po por Honal tb the thick ness of glass Slab,.

" Take aa draupin g sheet and fix it ona do

dranoing pins on adhesive tape. drawing boand oith the help

Q+ the centre of th¿ dmaoing Sheet

put he glass Slab lengthwise glass
and make am Ootline Df the Slab a 8hap pencil ,matkit
as ABCD,

"NOw draw aperpendicwlax ine NoN' oith the hele of

is normal to the fae AB. Draw a line Po Pohactor which
repes en Hng the ini
may at On angle to the libe NO dent
oNow pot the glass Slab agoin on it boonday ABcD.
fix two drauoing Pins e andF thmugh opposite Side glass Slab
Remove all the pins and the glas Slab fom drawlng boand.
P

A AY B
Glass

K
Aiy

Lateral devia tion

- Refracion through loss Slah

" make Small circles at ound each pin-pmcks on the drawing Sheet
Side cD at o. DTaw aline pexpendicolar
Etend the line GH to meet
Dvaw anothex ine jolning Oand 0'
to CD fom point o'.
forwand to meet Side cD at k. Drauo a perp
" ExtTa por ate ne Po Kk' gives laBenal deviaHan.
endiculas Kk' to line 'L. DisBance
laBeral deviaion d.
Measue Zi, Le and
Of 36 forr 2i and Tep eat
oith a Yalve
the pcess
Stant
35° , 4o, 4so, and s0" for Li
thickness
the Same P cedoce for glass slabs to differeot
Kepeat
OBSERVATION -

least Count O Protralor deg see

leest Count Of melre
Scale m m
0°0cm
 Laleal devi
Ih'ck ness 0f glass Anglc of incide-| Angle of emer aion d (cm)
Mce 2i (degnec) || enc e Le()
SNO
|Slab t (cm)
30

3 60

2
|92

60

30 30

"RESULL:
The Tay of light Changes its pah afteY emer ging oot of glass slab
tohich pidves that refYacHon happens when ligh4 Yravels Pbm one medim
to ano the. The mexging ray is parallel to the incident Tay
" The lateTal devia ion Of the
thickoPTy ih espect to the Inddent ray
diredly popor Honat to glas &lab.
IS
Angle oe 2i- Le.
" PRE CAUTIONS
Glas Siabshould be clean and of onifom thickness
"
drawing boar d.
" fir he pins verHcally on the
" Be cave fule while measuing angles
" USe Shanp pencils
DiStante btw pins Shoolbe 8to loCno Ine.
4

" E andf, G and H should be in Staight

" SoD RCES Of ERRoR
. Mist ake while measuing angles
fat lure to insert the pin exactly on he line
pin pricks Could be thick
 AcTIITY :6
To Study the ngture and Site
() Convex lens (1) ConCave lens
of the lmage
ON a Screen
formed By
by usig
d Cand le and a Screern (for Diffe rept distan ces OF he
Candle fom the lens/MiTo)
Alm
lD Study the matore and Sire Of the Image tormed by G) ) Convee
Cor
lens (uj ConC a ve lens on a Streen by Using acandle and a srecn
(Fog dirferent dista nces of he Condle fom the lens /Mior )
MArERIALS REQUIRED
Convex lens opical bench with three Uprighi s
O Con Cave mioY MeBre Scale
" Match box
" Card b0qd Sceern
Candle
" THEORy
Nature and Sire Of the im age formed by a convex lens depends
On he pasi Hon Of objec.
e PROCE DURE

Convex lens

By a clear Image of Some distant object find he

lers.
a
given
" Plate candle and lens on Upight s and a Sereen on an
upight
ploce he Candle as tar s poss lble fom the lens , Adjvst
the Sereen to get a cleax Image of Candle.
Record Your ObservaHonS about PosiHoD nature and Sire 0f Image
Kepea+ hese Steps by posiHoning Candle beyond 2f, at 2f, and F
at F and bekoeen F and pole oe he lens
Kecovd youY Obsenda Hons -

25

Object ol infinity Obect b'w infiny rd 2

Objecl at 2f
Obyer btw 2f ond f

2¢

Obje Ct al f
2c 2F

Cbjeci betwee and 0

Concave miroY
a clean Image
By obtain in) of Some dis tant Object ind he approrjm
f of he
qiven mirror.
" place eand le end lens on op ights and a Screen on o vpright
pace the Candle So fax as possble fom the mior.
Adjust Hhe Soreen to get a cleax image Oe Candle . Re cosd ybu r
 Obser va Hons abot posiHons natuse and gize of the image.
Repeot hese Steps by pasi tioning Can dle beyonde. at c ana e at f
Qal btwf and pole ot the mior.

Objecl at infioy object beyond C

Object atc

Objec! bhw Objcct bhw fand p

D8sERVATIONSt
ature, Sire and PosiHon of imag e by Convex lens
PosiHon of Natue 0f Sice 0f
Object image Im age Image
Incini y Real and ipverted HigbBy climinished
Beyond 2r Between 2f and f Real and invested Diminished
At 2F A+ 2F Redl and iverted Same Ste
Between f and 2f Beyond 2F Real and Inverted Magnified
A+ inAnit Real
ViYval
and inventeo Highly Magniieá
Between Fand O on he Same Side ot. ketanc metfel
Enlrged
Nature,Site amd PosiHon OF image by conCave mirr¡
 " " "Perfom "
" SourCES " Remove " PRECAUTIONS ahely "RESULTThe
Indis lage parallaopHcal The measurement Iceep opHcall
The The pli
e ny
ght
of Concave.
apertbve ophical
natue Bekweeen Between inly In
tHinet yo0r mrOY op 0bject
x Hcal this mirror amd
Image evor eedle paralley
OF needles fand PosiHon
bench CRRoR eYe bench acHvity Fandcl
and sie
while may for pod
may more lensShooldShould Bekween Between C
f
may eTOY at pifferent 0 Behind AtC
Image
be not -
he
Obse7Yi not thanShould be beshaded
a
Do
formed be öhile imag he
be perpendico
perfecBly maVirtual
pependicu in 25 be poSiHons c
am es
thoieontal
he Ch OF place Inveted andnveHted.
RedandInvered
Real Real
and Realand Real
Inverted. Nature
ecking fom mal foT
maye lan hoie but O
Med. and
andImage
lan
for he to 0bject by Inverted Of
needle. to he erect
posiHon
he Posis imapehre
a heoral a
place
areConvex
Dpiaal ton e PasiHon.
opi amediminished.
S Highly
|
to cal Shoold stu Cnlanged. magnified
Highly Diminished
Site
Sice of
Of lens imag
9et bench died
hench the aeurate recieve magnitied
and
mage Separ
a