THUNDERBOLT DELUXE

THUNDERBOLT
The 2nd Punic War

THE ANCIENT WORLD SERIES

ROMAN REPUBLIC AT WAR
218 BC to 201 BC

A RICHARD H. BERG GAME DESIGN

May 2024
 • Roman Italy: includes all provinces on mainland Italy south
(1.0) INTRODUCTION of and excluding Gallia Cispadana and Liguria Friniates and
THUNDERBOLT (TB) Volume III of The Ancient World series, the island of Ilva.
simulates the second war of the three separate wars that com-
• Sicily: includes East and West Sicilia, the Liparae Ins., Melita,
prised the 100+ years long disagreement between Rome and Car-
and the island of Cossyra.
thage - The Punic Wars - as to who would rule the western Med-
iterranean. It features two of the greatest military commanders • Sardinia and Corsica: includes Northern and Southern Sar-
in history: for Rome, Scipio Africanus, and for Carthage, Hanni- dinia and Corsica.
bal Barca . . . Hannibal the Thunderbolt. • Liguria: includes Liguria Taurini and Liguria Friniates
These rules are in addition to those in the basic, Ancient World • Gallia Cisalpina: includes Gallia Cispadana, Gallia Trans-
(AW) rules book. The AW rules are in force unless stated other- padana, and Venetia
wise in this rule book. Rules references to the Ancient World rule
book have the prefix AW. Carthage Map
The Carthage map (also referred to as the Africa map) is divided
RULES NOTE: At the time of Richard’s passing, the rules for
into four game provinces: Carthage, Tripolitana, Numidia, and
Thunderbolt and were not complete, nor were most of the sce-
Mauretania. The actual political boundaries of what we know as the
narios.
country of Carthage are a bit problematical to discern. The map
uses the "Ditch" boundary (as noted on the terrain legend). It seems
(2.0) COMPONENTS that Carthage defined her home territory by digging a protective
The game contains the following: ditch at the edges of her domain, although exactly what protection
it would offer is open to speculation (probably of the Line in the
Shared components:
The Ancient World rule book and PACs Sand variety). While we do not know the exact places of this bound-
AW Italy map sheet ary, we have a rather good idea (according to several of the sources
AW Carthage map sheet we read) and have noted this on the map. For the Punic Wars sce-
Thunderbolt Deluxe Counters narios, Carthage will be considered to lie within the Ditch Bound-
Roman Charts and Tables PAC ary, although, at various times, she will hold Numidian towns.
Roman Magistrate Quick reference PAC To which we must add that during this period, and even while she
Carthaginian Charts Tables PAC was fighting Rome, Carthage was always seeking to extend her
Thunderbolt Deluxe Map Gazetteer boundaries... to the west, into Numidia, and to the south and south-
1 10-sided dice east, into the Libyan-populated area known as Tripolitana.
Numidia had a dichotomous relationship with Carthage. While it of-
Exclusive components: ten supplied her with troops, it also was in constant border warfare
THUNDERBOLT Rules and Scenario book with Carthage. By the end of the Punic wars, Numidia, under its
AW Spain map sheet great king, Masinissa, controlled much of northern Africa.
Roman Army Displays (Part I and Part 2) On the Carthage map there are two Theatres:
Roman City Occupation Display
Carthaginian Army Display • Africa: includes the provinces of Carthage, Tripolitana, and
Carthaginian City Occupation Display Numidia
Carthaginian Political and Manpower Display • Mauretania: includes the provinces of Mauretania and Mau-
Records Track Display ritania Tingitana (on the Spain & Mauretania map).
Augury Card(s)
Celts Rules Summary Card Rough Hexes: Each Rough hex in the Africa and Mauretania
theaters costs 1 Attrition Point to enter unless the movement is
[The above will be revised to show the Deluxe versus non- along a Level C road.
Deluxe packages.] DESIGN NOTE: This addition represents how difficult—mostly in
(2.1) THE MAPS terms of foraging—travel off the beaten paths was in this area. The
reduction in attrition represents the fact that these future roads were
The maps are covered with hexagons (hexes), used to regulate
built over well-traveled trade routes and paths.
movement. The land areas are further divided into Provinces,
which have a greater effect on play than individual hexes. Salt Marshes: The Salt Marsh hexes are impassable. No combat
units may enter a full Salt Marsh hex or cross a Salt Marsh
Italy Map hexside. Partial Salt Marsh hexes may be entered; use the other
The map of Italy is based on the tribal/provincial divisions that pre- terrain in the hex for Attrition purposes.
vailed in the heyday of the early Roman Republic. During the pe-
riod of The Punic Wars, many of the individual provinces—e.g., Spain & Mauritania Map
Apulia—were no longer independent areas, but were instead allied The Spain & Mauretania map (also referred to as the Spain map)
to Rome. represents that area as it appeared to the Romans at the end of the
1st Punic War. The provincial designations/divisions were those im-
For several game purposes, the provinces on the map are combined posed/used by the Romans in later times but using them now makes
into larger administrative areas and spheres of command termed for easier play . . .and usable in later volumes. The areas in which
Theaters. On the Italy map, there are five Theatres:
the various Iberian tribes are located – usually designated by a spe-
cific hex – are provided in the rules for those tribes.
On the Spain & Mauretania map there are three Theatres:
• Hispania: includes the 26 provinces that comprise the Roman
era provinces of Tarraconensis, Baetica, and Lusitania, along
with the Baliares Insulae
• Gallia Transalpina: includes the provinces of Gallia Massilia
(on the Italy map), Narbonensis, and Aquitania.
• Mauretania: includes the provinces of Mauretania (part of
which is on the Carthage map) and Mauritania Tingitana.
DESIGN NOTE: The Roman division of the Iberian peninsula
into three provinces is not suitable for the game mechanics. Ra-
ther than dividing up these Roman era provinces geographically
as was done on the Italy map (e.g., Etruria), the peninsula is di-
vided into provinces with names of the larger tribes or tribal con-
federation that likely occupied the area bounded by the province
during the 3rd century BCE.
Mauretania: Like the situation on the Carthage map, each
Rough hex in the Mauretania theater costs 1 Attrition Point to
enter unless the movement is along a Level C road. The Salt
Marsh hexes are impassable. No combat units may enter a full
Salt Marsh hex or cross a Salt Marsh hexside. Partial Salt Marsh
hexes may be entered; use the other terrain in the hex for Attri-
tion purposes.
Hispania: Movement in provinces within the Hispania theater
exclusively along Level C roads provides an “Up two rows” ad-
justment on the Attrition Results Table. The player receives the
adjustment even if the road does not cross a river hexside, though
the AP cost to cross the river still applies. However, during this
road movement the river cost is reduced by 1 AP if the road does
cross the river.
[Add graphic sample of road crossing and not crossing]
EXAMPLE: A force moving along the coast road from Emporiae
[HS-2806] to Saguntum [HS-2921] traverses two provinces of 4
AP each and 4 minor rivers not crossed by a Level C road for
another 5 AP. The 12 AP for the move is adjusted two rows up
on the Attrition Results Table since the move was exclusively
along a Level C road. The 5-6 row on the table would be used to
determine the attrition instead of the 10-12 row.
DESIGN NOTE: Spain was not an easy “country” through
which to move as it was heavily forested and not susceptible to
foraging. Moreover, the local tribes could snipe and pick at mov-
ing armies, the total result being reduction of force a constant
issue. However, even though there were no actual roads, per se,
movement along the routes indicated by such roads were easier
simply by time-honored usage. And while there are many small
rivers, not all were an appreciable barrier to ease of movement.
Gades: Gades (Hs-2248) is connected to the mainland via the
Level C road crossing into Hs-2347 enabling land movement.
The cost to cross the Hs-2248/Hs-2347 hexside is 1 AP. The cost
is 0 AP if all movement is along Level C roads described above.
All Three Maps
Roads: Level A and B roads exist in all scenarios. Level C roads
do not exist in any scenario but can reduce the effects movement
attrition (described above) in the Hispania, Africa, and Maureta-
nia theaters.
Seas: The seas are divided into areas, identified with era specific
names. The hexes within the boundaries are either All Sea or
Coastal which include shipping lane hexes as well as hexes that
have some land.
DESIGN NOTE: The sea areas are identified by their Latin
names. Mare is the Latin word for sea, Fretum for strait, and Oce-
anus for ocean.
(2.11) Home Territory: A force of Roman Legions, including
attached Auxiliaries, halve (retaining fractions) the attrition cost
of movement within any Roman-controlled province in Roman
Italy. If non-Roman allied units are in the force, determine the
AP separately for those units.
A force of exclusively Carthaginian, Numidian, or Libyan con-
tingents halve (retaining fractions) any accumulated Attrition
Points incurred moving in their own Home province; Carthage
for the Carthaginians, Numidia for the Numidians and Tripoli-
tana for the Libyans.
When determining the final row on the Attrition Chart, drop
any fraction that remains.
(2.2) COUNTERS
[Add in sample counters of the 4 types]
Legions
Roman combat units are grouped into Legions. Legions are self-
contained organizations consisting of a specific number of infantry
and cavalry SP. Each numbered Legion has two counters; one for
use on the army display showing its discipline level and one for
use on the map when the Legion is not with or part of a Consular
Army showing its status. The Slave and Marine Legions have one
counter for use on the map.
Republican Legion
In the 2nd Punic War scenarios, a Legion has two types of infantry
and cavalry units representing Roman Citizens and Roman Allies
(Ala Sociorum). The standard composition and strength of a Le-
gion is:
• 9 SP Citizen Infantry, 1 SP Citizen Cavalry
• 9 SP Ala Infantry, 3 SP Ala Cavalry
All newly raised Legions receive the above compliment of SP.
In some scenarios, Legions may begin play with a slightly dif-
ferent composition. Once in play, a Legion may have its Citizen
Infantry reinforced up to 10 SP and its Ala Infantry reinforced up
to 12 SP.
DESIGN NOTE: In a departure from the first two volumes, we
have done away with the component markers and opted to use
combat units to distinguish the Roman Citizens from the Ala within
the Legion.
HISTORICAL & DESIGN NOTE: The paper numerical strength
of legions varied from decade to decade, consul to consul, cam-
paign to campaign, battle to battle. However, except for the Sam-
nite era, the "standard" numerical composition of the legion ap-
pears to have been 4,200 infantry... but up to 5,000 in an emer-
gency, and sometimes, the "allied" legions would be "reinforced"
up to 6,000 foot. As for cavalry, the citizen legions of the republic
were notoriously short ... and when they were not, they were usu-
ally so poorly handled (a Roman tradition) that they might as well
have had half the numbers ascribed.
Armies
Roman Carthaginian
Consular Army
Army
Each player has one or more Army counters to represent his combat
units/Legions on the map. The combat units/Legions themselves are
kept in the corresponding box on the player's Army Display (see
2.3).
PLAY NOTE: For players of the previous volumes, the Legion
counter placed on the display replaces the RL/AL counters. The
use of the other Legion counter, to represent the Legion on the
map, remains the same as in those volumes.
Tribes
[Add Tribal Army counter graphics]
Hispania, or Iberia, was, at the time of both the Carthaginian incur-
sion and the early Roman conquests, composed of dozens of tribes,
mostly of three basic groups: Iberians (mostly in the southern and
southeastern coastal areas), Celts (western and central, which, on the
map, would consist of Lusitania and Baetica) and Celtiberians (cen-
tral Hispania, to the north and center of Tarraconensis). The tribes
had many complex inter-tribal rivalries, and, while many remained
neutral, providing mercenaries to both major empires, some were
specific allies of either Carthage or Rome. Militarily, the Iberians
were quasi-Greek, using their form of line tactics. They tended to
side with, and join, the Carthaginians. The Celts were less formally
organized, more like the Gallic armies that Julius Caesar would face.
They did, however, provide the Romans with what would soon be-
come their major weapon, the famous “Spanish sword”. The Celti-
berians, usually much smaller tribes, tended to be a mixture of the
other two influences.
Roman Leaders
The in-depth rules for these leaders are given in section 4.0. Each
leader counter has a three-digit ID number. This allows the players
to locate the leader counter without using the leader’s name. The
first digit identifies the time period. All ID numbers for the 2nd Pu-
nic War era leaders are of the form 4xx.
Each Roman leader in the game was an actual, historical Roman
Consul or a militarily active Proconsul, Praetor, or Dictator dur-
ing the 2nd Punic War. We have even provided a complete list of
all these distinguished patricians (and plebians) for the genuinely
curious among you.
Roman Leader
Name Leader #
Guile
Points Mortality
Rating
Initiative Campaign Battle
Rating Rating Rating
[Replace with a 4xx counter]
Historical Magistrate Usage: For those of you wishing to play
with the actual leaders from the years in which they served, use
the Magistrate Historical Information Chart to locate these men.
In such a usage, you will need to conduct elections only to fill
spaces that play of the game creates.
HISTORICAL NOTE: The Romans had a system of sorts when it
came to names, a system quite like what the western world uses
today. Essentially-and somewhat simplistically-the first name
was the given name, the second the all-important family (gens)
name, and the third, if any, a sort of identifier (cognomen), or
nickname, if you will. The first name was usually written as a sim-
ple initial. Romans tended to use the same names frequently. As
for the cognomina, the Romans thought themselves a rather witty
lot. For example, the consul who finally defeated Pyrrhus, Den-
tatus, was so-called because of his immense, bucked teeth.
Somewhat confusing is the number of consuls with the same name.
The Romans were not overly inventive when it came to names, and
the use of the same name by a family descendant kept that family's
traditions-and patrician status-alive. This tended to be more prev-
alent before the end of the tribal wars, when a small group of pa-
trician families controlled the Senate and the government. But
starting with Appius Claudius Caecus, the number of "New
Men"—families appearing on the Senatorial rolls for the first time-
starts to grow, as more plebians graduate to patrician level. When
in doubt, use the ID# on the counter ...the "You've seen one Mus,
you've seen them all" theory.
[Replace consul marker and add theater marker counter sample]
Roman Magistrate and Theatre Markers
The counter mix includes markers for each of the Roman magistra-
cies (Consul, Proconsul, Praetor, etc.) and markers to denote a mag-
istrate's assigned provincial area when necessary. These markers
are either stacked with a leader or placed on the Army Display with
the Army he commands to indicate his office/theater/province. The
details are discussed in section 4.0.
Carthaginian Leaders
If you thought the Romans used similar names, you have not
wandered into the Carthaginian lists. Multiple Hannibals, Han-
nos, Hamilcars, and who knows what, many with the same fam-
ily name. We have tried to sort them out, but that is often not
easy.
Non-Roman Leader
Name Family
Leader #
Guile Mortality
Points Rating
Initiative
Campaign Battle
Rating Rating Rating
Like the Roman leaders, the Carthaginian leaders numerical sys-
tem easily identify the counter. The counters also bear a colored
stripe to show their Family alignment—red for Magonid, blue
for Barcid—for use with the Carthaginian Political system. All
ID numbers for the 2nd Punic War era leaders are of the 2P-xx. The
pre-Punic War Carthaginian leaders counter used in the Iberia
scenario do not have ID number.
DESIGN NOTE: The leaders in the Iberia scenario have separate
counters (Hamilcar and Hannibal) to differentiate them from their
1st/2nd Punic War versions. Educated guesses have been made for
the less well-known leaders when it comes to family affiliation.
Other Leaders
Here we have the various kings, chiefs, tyrants, and other leaders
that allied with or opposed the two major protagonists. In many
cases, the leaders are not named but represent “generic” leaders
for a tribe.
[Replace the above counters with Thunderbolt appropriate samples]
Counter Mix Limits
Aside from information markers, the counters available for use
are limited to those in the counter mix.
(2.3) PLAYER AIDS
The game includes several displays to help manage the large
stacks of units and markers. Each player has an Army Display
and City Occupation Display, the former for keeping track of
which combat units belong to which Legion/Army, while the lat-
ter holds the various city garrisons. There are separate displays
that may be used in several of the scenarios that combine portions
of the Army, City Occupation, and Alliance and Game Turn track
displays into a single display to conserve table space.
Army Displays: Each Army display includes a series of boxes for
the player's Armies. Each box has a corresponding marker that is
used to represent the combat units, other leaders, and markers in the
display box on the game map.
The Carthaginian Army Display includes Detachment boxes for
each army for holding those SP under a Subordinate leaders oper-
ating away from the main army. The army box itself has a box to
hold its Army Efficiency marker.
The Consular Army boxes on the Roman Army Display are a bit
more complicated in that they are further subdivided into boxes for
each of the army’s Legion, boxes for Auxiliaries or allied units, and
one for various markers. The Roman Army Display has separate
Consular Army II
Legion Magistrate and Province Legion
Marker Markers Marker
Auxiliaries and Allies
boxes for a Praetor led Legion structured similarly.
The Legion counter showing its Veteran/Recruit is used on the army
display to identify the box holding that Legion’s SP. The other coun-
ter is used when the Legions are on the map.
EXAMPLE: The Roman player raises two new Legions, V & VI,
and assigns them to a Consul as his Consular Army. The Consular
Army II box is available, so he takes that Consular Army marker
and places it and the Consul in Rome. The Legion V and VI mark-
ers with a discipline level noted on the counter are placed on their
Recruit side in the left and right Legion Marker boxes in the Con-
sular Army II box. The Roman player places 9 SP Citizen infantry,
1 SP Citizen Cavalry, 9 SP Ala Infantry and 3 SP Ala Cavalry in
each Legion box. Lastly, he places the Consul magistrate marker
and any Theater/province marker in Magistrate and Province
marker box. The Legion V and VI counters without the disciple
level are placed nearby until needed.
City Occupation Display: Each City Occupation display has an At-
trition Point Track for keeping tabs of a moving force's accumulated
Attrition Points. The remainder of the display includes a series of
boxes with either a specific city name or labeled “Garrison” with a
number. If a named city on the display has a garrison, the player may
place counters on the display rather than the map. If a garrisoned city
is not named on the display, the players may place the counters on
one of the numbered Garrison boxes and place the corresponding
marker on the map. To ease play, garrisons that can be represented
as a single counter should be placed on the map, reserving the boxes
for stacks. Note that some Medium/Small cities have a non-standard
(not 3/1) IDS as indicated on the charts.
Carthage Political and Manpower Display: This display has
several tracks used by the Carthaginian player to note the Family
in Power, Political Climate, and boxes to hold the contingent
manpower pools.
Alliance Level & Game Turn Track Display: The Alliance
Level track is used to record the level of the allegiance of a prov-
ince in Roman Italy. Each province has a marker on one side in-
dicating that the province is allied to Rome and the other side
that it is allied to Carthage. See AW 12.2 and 12.3 to see how it
is used. The Game Turn marker is used to indicate the current
Game Turn and hold counters that will enter after the start of the
game.
[Add a terminology box like the one on the AW rules]
(3.0) THE SEQUENCE OF PLAY
A. The Upgrade Phase
1. City Rebuild. Rebuild sacked cities one level unless they
are in a Devastated province (AW 9.86).
2. Return/Replace Leaders: Place wounded leaders removed
during the prior GT (AW 8.67) along with any replacements
for killed/captured leaders (AW 8.63 B) on the map.
B. Strategic Phase:
1. Roman Political Segment
Skip this segment if the Romans are not in play,
a. Imperium Prorogue. The Roman player decides which lead-
ers on the map will remain in play for this Game Turn (4.4). He
then may Disband any Legions without a leader (5.2).
b. A Visit from Pluto. The Roman player rolls on the Leader Loss
Table (AW 8.6) for every leader counter that was not returned
to the leader pool. If the result is Leader Wounded, the
leader is removed from the map and set aside until the end
of this Strategic Phase (B) and then placed in the Roman
leader pool. If the result is Leader Killed, he has taken the
HMS Hades across the Styx and is removed from the
game.
DESIGN & HISTORICAL NOTE: No, he has not gone to
Disney World. Pluto was the Roman god of the Under-
world. This rather morbid rule applies only to the Romans
because they have so many leaders.
c. Election of Magistrates. The Roman player chooses new mag-
istrates (4.5).
2. Carthaginian Political Segment
Skip this segment if the Carthaginians are not in play,
a. Family in Power. The Carthaginian player determines which
Family is in Power for the Game Turn (6.1).
b. Political Climate. The Carthaginian player determines the
Political Outlook the Council has (6.2).
c. Disband Armies. The Carthaginian player checks to see if
he must disband any Armies due to a change in the political
climate (7.5).
d. Appoint Army Commanders. The Carthaginian player ap-
points a leader for each Army without a commander (6.3).
e. Assign Theaters. The Carthaginian player assigns one Army to
Africa and another Army to Hispania if the Political Climate is
Cautious (6.22), Interested (6.23), or Alert (6.24).
PLAY NOTE: The Carthaginian player may conduct their
political segment at the same time as the Roman player.
3. Force Determination Segment
a. Naval Superiority Construction/Re-allotment. The
players may construct (8.11) and/or reassign NS levels
(AW 7.15). Both players roll a die, high DR deciding
which player performs his actions first.
b. Raise Manpower. The players may raise manpower us-
ing the procedures 5.1 and 7.2 and placing the units per
5.3 and 7.4, assigning leaders where appropriate. Both
players roll a die, high DR deciding which player per-
forms his actions first.
4. Tribal Segment.
a. Depletion Recovery. One of the players rolls the die for
each Depleted tribe. If the DR is the same as or lower
than the tribe’s Manpower Rating, flip the tribe’s counter
to its full-strength side.
b. Pacification Removal. The other player rolls the die for
each pacified tribe. If the DR is the same as or lower than
the tribe’s Aggression Rating, remove the PACIFIED marker.
There is no change to its Depleted status or its allegiance.
c. Carthaginian Garrisons: The Carthaginian player checks
each of his unbesieged cities garrisoned by Gauls and/or
Iberians/Celtiberians to see if any of those SP are removed.
C. The Initiative Phase
1. LAM Pool Segment. Each player places all the LAMs availa-
ble for every leader he has in play in a cup or similarly opaque
container. In addition, place the Augury marker, if the scenario
requires it, and the three Siege Attrition markers in the same
cup.
2. Initiative Determination Segment. Either player blindly
draws one marker from the cup. If it is a LAM or a Siege
Attrition marker, go to the Operations Phase (D). If it is the
Augury marker, go to the Augury Phase (E). If there are no
LAMs in the cup, proceed to the Devastation Phase (F).
PLAY NOTE: We suggest that the players alternate draw-
ing from the pool.
D. The Operations Phase
The player who controls the leader drawn from the LAM
pool may do anything with that leader that the rules (AW
5.3) allow. The phase ends when the leader is Finished. Re-
move any Failed Interception markers. Play now reverts to
C/2. If the LAM says Siege Attrition, the players resolve that
and play then reverts to C/2.
E. The Augury Phase
If the player has drawn the Augury marker, he rolls on the
Augury Tables and the players follow the instructions con-
tained therein. If there are LAMs left, return to C/2.
F. Devastation Phase
1. Devastation Recovery Segment. The players roll to see if
Devastated provinces can recover (AW 6.7).
2. Devastation Attempt Segment. The players may attempt to
Devastate provinces (AW 6.7).
G. End-Turn Phase
1. Inertia Attrition Segment. The players determine the ef-
fects of attrition on those units that have remained in the
same province during the Game Turn (AW 6.47).
Skip segment 2 if the Romans and/or Carthaginians are not
in play.
2. Legion Training/Army Efficiency. The players finish
training their Legions (5.4) and increase efficiency of the
Armies (6.7).
3. Recovery from Battle. The players improve the After Bat-
tle Status of their forces (8.55).
4. Victory Determination. The players check scenario victory
rules to see if either player satisfied automatic victory con-
ditions. If not, the Game Turn is over; advance the Game
Turn marker and start another beginning with the Upgrade
Phase (A).
(4.0) Roman Political and Command Sys-
tem
DESIGN NOTE: This set of rules encompasses the game's version
of the Roman Republican and Carthaginian political systems, as
they pertain to military necessities. While "quantifying" political
systems is rare in historical games, it is a sine qua non for this era,
where politics played a far more important part in how/why things
occurred than any other single factor. Therefore, this section is the
heart of the game, and the rules herein are quite extensive and
rather more detailed than one normally finds.
(4.1) The Magistrates of Rome
DESIGN NOTE: The Roman Republic was administered by two con-
suls, elected annually. In case of war, these consuls were entrusted
with commanding her armies, usually with the assistance of praetors
and proconsuls. As almost all the consuls and other magistrates were
patrician politicians, Republican Rome's armies were sometimes
saddled with a series of hacks and dilettantes whose level of military
capability rarely approached workmanlike (you did have to have a
ten-year background in the military, usually service, to be eligible
for office, though). Realistically, since battle/tactical doctrine was
infantry-oriented, and strictly adhered to upon pain of death
(sometimes literally), the ability to creatively adapt was not one
highly sought. The ability to do what everyone else had done in
years past was what they were after. Rome's strength lay in her
disciplined legions, her sense of honor and duty, a rather rigid
tactical doctrine, and, mostly, her manpower.
PLAY NOTE: The Roman leadership system in the game is far
more complex and hierarchal than that for the other players.
This has much to do with the republican form of Roman govern-
ment, and the rather involved and political requirements therein
for holding office.
The offices available to the Roman player were grouped under
the term Magistrates, and magistrates who could command were
those who had been given Imperium, the power to lead (plus a
few other things unnecessary for game purposes). The magis-
trates available to the Roman Player are:
Consul: The Roman player elects two Consuls each year/Game
Turn. Prior to the 2nd Punic War era, these were the Rome Consul
and the Field Consul (less historical terms than ones
useful for game purposes). The Rome Consul was
usually restricted to Italy, while the Field Consul was
assigned where and as needed—usually to a specific
province. From the 2nd Punic War onward, the distinction between
the Consuls lapsed – both were simply Consuls. Each Consul can
command 2 Legions ... never more. The 2 Legions assigned to a
Consul form his Consular Army. Occasionally, both Consular ar-
mies would be combined under the dual (and sometimes frac-
tured) leadership of both Consuls. It was possible to field a bigger
army by attaching Legions assigned to lesser magisterial offices,
but this, too, had limitations. [Replace counter image]
Proconsul: Proconsuls were magistrates assigned as needed to
Theaters/provinces, usually those outside Roman Italy and, in
game terms, the Legions already there. Like Con-
suls, they held the Imperium of 2 Legions (and thus
had a Consular Army), but, without permission from
the Senate, they could not leave their assigned Thea-
ter/province with that army. While some Proconsuls were assigned
from the available pool of patricians in Rome, many were consuls
who were prorogued (kept in office without really being elected)
in the provinces in which they had their armies. For example, a
Consul would be given his Consular army and sent to Sicily to beat
up the Carthaginians. Rather than bring his army back and replace
him (which they did often enough to make you wonder), many
times they would simply prorogue his imperium-let him stay there,
with his army, as Proconsul. At Cannae, the Roman army had two
Consuls and two proconsuls, the latter two having been prorogued
specifically for the purpose of keeping their legions in the field
against Hannibal until they were joined by the new Legions of
Varro and Paullus. Fat lot of good it did them. During the 2nd Punic
War, the Romans frequently gave elected Praetors proconsular im-
perium allowing them to command two Legions. These Praetors
are treated as Proconsuls.
Praetor: In times of military stress, Praetors were often appointed
to lead individual Legions, usually for smaller campaigns. A Prae-
tor's Imperium allowed him to command 1 Legion,
never more. It was possible to attach that Legion to a
Consul or Proconsul's army, to increase the latter's
size. But the Praetor still had the Imperium for his Le-
gion. Much of this fractured command system, which did much to
destroy what efficiency the army mustered, resulted from Roman
fear of kings, and the concomitant fear that if anyone could com-
mand a large army, they could become a king. From that viewpoint-
and from no other does this method make sense. With the acquisi-
tion of territory after the 1st Punic War, the Romans used Praetors
as governors for these areas. Although Praetors were usually as-
signed to specific legions, those elected as governors were assigned
a province and may have various types of forces under his com-
mand.
Dictator: In times of emergency the Romans chose a Dictator to
oversee command. The dictator's Imperium, while limited by time,
superseded, and replaced that of the consuls. Only the
Dictator had Imperium, some of which he could ap-
portion among lesser magistrates. Some were chosen
only to run things back home, giving the consuls a
free hand in the military arena. Others took the field. A Dictator
was not limited in the number of Legions he could (theoretically)
command; it was unusual, though, to see one lead an army of
more than 4 Legions without the leadership support/presence of
the other Consuls. Historically, no Roman army of the period cov-
ered by this game ever exceeded 4 Legions, unless you accept the
8-Legion theory for Cannae.
Magister Equitum (Master of Horse): A Dictator could choose
an "assistant", the Magister Equitum (ME), Master of Horse. If the
Dictator took the field, leading Legions, the ME
stayed in Rome. If the Dictator stayed in Rome to
oversee the day-to-day operation of the republic, the
ME took his place with military Imperium. Some-
one had to lead the army.
Praetor Urbanus: The Praetor Urbanus was, essentially, com-
mander of Rome garrison. During the 2nd Punic War (and after)
he commanded the Urban Legions. His major task,
outside managing a variety of emergencies, is train-
ing Legions. The Praetor Urbanus' capabilities are
further restricted in scenarios prior to the 2nd Punic
War.
Legatus Legionis: Legates are used to move legionary rein-
forcements from Roman Italy to overseas provinces.
(4.2) Imperium
(4.21) Imperium (or if you prefer Army Command) is a Legion,
Consular Army (2 Legions), or other force assigned to a leader
usually during the Election of Magistrates segment (B/1/c) or
Force Determination segment (B/3/b), but occasionally during
the Operations Phase. The allowable Imperium for a Roman
leader is function of his office:
• Dictator: 2 Consular Armies (4 Legions)
• Magister Equitum (ME): 1 Consular Army (2 Legions)
• Consuls: 1 Consular Army (2 Legions)
• Proconsul: 1 Consular Army (2 Legions)
• Praetor: 1 Legion
• Praetor Urbanus: Rome Garrison
In addition to the above, an Imperium may also include Auxiliary
(5.15) or Allied SP.
DESIGN AND HISTORICAL NOTE: Actually, a Dictator, or his
Magister Equitum, whichever takes the field, commands all Ro-
man forces. The above restrictions are partially for game pur-
poses, and partially to reflect the realities of leading large armies.
(4.22) The two Legions of a Consul/Proconsul's Imperium are that
magistrate's Consular Army. These two Legions remain part of that
army until one or both are eliminated or disbanded.
Generally, the two Legions will remain together on
the map although there is no requirement that they
must.
Important Note: The term Consular Army (CA) will be used fre-
quently in these rules. When the rules say Consular Army (CA),
they refer to the two Legion(s) that are the Imperium of a specific
magistrate.
(4.23) A leader may always use his Imperium for Operations, In-
terceptions, etc. during the Operations Phase. A leader cannot di-
rectly use the Imperium of another leader but may include an-
other leader and his Imperium in a force within the limits of the
Roman command hierarchy (5.81).
EXAMPLE: At the start of the 2nd Punic War scenario, Sempronius
Longus has Consular Army II (Legions III and IV) as his Impe-
rium. Sempronius is the only Roman leader that can directly com-
mand (conduct Operations, use Interception, Avoidance, etc.) these
two Legions. He has been assigned to Sicily and Africa as his Thea-
ters of operation. Generally, a Consul is assigned a single Theater,
but here we have an exception to reflect Rome’s historical intent to
invade Africa from its province of Sicily.
HISTORICAL NOTE: The numbers assigned to legions (e.g., I, II,
etc.) were not permanent, in the sense that they were in the Empire.
The Consular Army numbers are arbitrary and are provided solely
for the purpose of identifying the box on the Roman Army Display
holding the two legions of a magistrate's imperium.
(4.3) Theatre and Province Assignments
HISTORICAL NOTE: Generally, magistrates were also re-
stricted to where they could exercise their Imperium, usually to
a specific province or other geographic area, unless given per-
mission by the Senate to do otherwise.
(4.31) A Consul or Proconsul is assigned a Theatre (2.1) in which
that leader may conduct Operations. Generally, a single province
cannot be assigned to a Consul/Proconsul with the notable ex-
ception of provinces within Roman Italy as described below. The
following restrictions apply:
• A Consul can be assigned to any Theater; both Consuls may
be assigned to the same Theater.
• A Proconsul can be assigned either to a Theatre, but not
Roman Italy, or to a province that is within Roman Italy.
• No more than two Proconsuls can be assigned to a given
Theater, and only one Proconsul can be assigned to a prov-
ince in Roman Italy. Proconsul(s) can be assigned to a The-
atre that is also assigned to a Consul(s).
DESIGN NOTE: The restrictions will help keep the allocation of
Roman forces within historical bounds and encourage the Ro-
man player to keep one or both consuls facing if the Carthagin-
ian player invades Italy. For most of the 2nd Punic War, the bulk
of the Roman forces were stationed in Roman Italy attempting to
contain Hannibal and bringing wayward allies back in line.
(4.32) In most cases, a Praetor is not assigned a Theater/province.
The exceptions are Sardinia (both provinces) and Sicily (both
provinces). The Praetors in these two cases are the governors of
their respective provinces (see 4.54).
DESIGN NOTE: With the acquisition of overseas provinces, the
Romans began the practice annually electing (or proroguing) a
Praetor to govern them.
(4.33) A Dictator/ME is never assigned theatre/province.
(4.34) A Roman leader generally may only conduct Operations
within his assigned Theater/province. However, a Roman leader
may always conduct any operation within the province (not Thea-
ter) where his CA/Legion was located at the start of his Operations
Phase regardless of his Theater/province assignment. Further-
more, a Roman leader may always move with his CA/Legion to
his assigned theater/province using only Force Movement opera-
tions (and Reform Scattered Units operations if Naval Transport
is involved) until his CA/Legion stops in a hex/city in the as-
signed theater/province. Any Stops must be in a hex/city that is
closer to the assigned theater/province than the hex/city occupied
at the start of the operation. To move anywhere else would require
permission from the Senate (4.61).
EXAMPLE: Crassus [446] was elected Proconsul and given CA
VI located in Samnium for his Imperium. The Roman player wants
to increase the pressure on the Carthaginians in southern Italy so
assigns Calabria as his province. When activated, Crassus suc-
ceeds in inducing Carthaginian controlled Larinum to surrender
and then moves through Apulia to Tarentum with a single Force
Movement operation. If the Roman player wanted Crassus to move
elsewhere, say to Gallia Cispadana to deal with some pesky Gauls,
he would need to have Crassus gain Senate permission to do so.
Moreover, once in his assigned province, Crassus would need Sen-
ate permission to leave.
(4.4) Prorogue of Imperium
(4.41) During the Imperium Prorogue segment (B/1/a), the Roman
player decides which leaders will remain in play for the current
Game Turn/Year. This process is called Prorogue. The Roman
player simply states that the leader has been prorogued. Leaders
that are not prorogued are removed from the map (along with their
office and Theatre/Province markers) and placed back in the leader
pool or the Triumph Holding Box if the leader earned Triumph at
any time during the game.
PLAY NOTE: Prorogued leaders and all leaders in the Triumph
Holding box are subject to a Visit from Pluto.
(4.42) The Roman player may, in some cases must, prorogue
the following magistrates:
• A Consul may be prorogued as a Proconsul (swap the Mag-
istrate markers). He retains his CA. His theatre/province
assignment is determined per 4.31.
• A Consul may be prorogued as a Praetor (swap the Magis-
trate markers and remove any Theater/province marker) if
his current Imperium is a single Legion. He retains that Le-
gion.
• A Proconsul may be prorogued as a Proconsul and retains
his CA. His Theatre/province assignment is determined per
4.31.
• A Praetor may be prorogued as a Praetor and retains his
Legion and if applicable, his assignment as governor of Si-
cilia or Sardinia.
• A Dictator/ME or the Praetor Urbanus cannot be voluntar-
ily Prorogued, nor can a Consul without Imperium.
• Any magistrate who is besieged (AW 9.0) in a city other
than a port or Rome must be prorogued. A Dictator/ME or
Consul is prorogued as a Proconsul (swap the markers). A
Proconsul or Praetor retain their respective offices. All be-
sieged magistrates retain their CA/Legions. Theater/prov-
ince assignments are determined per bullet #1 - #4 above.
If more Proconsuls are present than allowed (4.31 bullet
#3), the excess receive no Theater/province assignment.
(4.43) A Besieged magistrate without an Imperium is returned to
the Roman leader pool (if he survives) when the Siege is re-
solved.
(4.5) Election and Assignment of Magistrates
The scenario instructions detail which Roman leader counters are
placed in the leader pool at the start of the game. Leaders removed
from the map are generally returned to the leader pool during the
Imperium Prorogue segment (4.41). Leaders that have earned Tri-
umphs are not returned to the pool but placed in the Triumph Hold-
ing Box.
PROCEDURE: To elect a magistrate, the Roman player either ran-
domly and blindly draws a leader from his leader pool or selects a
leader from the Triumph Holding Box. After each draw/selection,
the Roman player designates an appropriate and eligible military
force for that magistrate's Imperium (4.2) and, if applicable, assigns
a Theatre/province (4.3) to that magistrate. The order of election is
as follows:
1. Dictator: A Dictator is elected only if a State of Emergency
exists (4.56). The process and options including the selection
of the Magister Equitum are detailed in 4.55.
2. Consuls: Two Consuls are always elected. The process for
determining the Imperium and Theater assignments is de-
tailed in 4.51.
3. Proconsuls: Proconsuls are only elected if there are Consular
Armies or more than one single Legion without leaders. The
process is detailed in 4.52.
4. Praetors: Praetors are only elected if there are single Legions
without leaders, or there is no leader assigned as governor of
Sicily or Sardinia. The process is detailed in 4.53.
5. Praetor Urbanus: The Praetor Urbanus is always elected.
The process is detailed in 4.54.
DESIGN NOTE: The separate Consul designations as seen in the
prior two volumes disappear with the 2nd Punic War as the reach
of Rome grows beyond Italy. Starting with the 2nd Punic War, all
scenarios will have the Roman player simply electing two Consuls,
giving them armies where the Senate (the player) feels is most
needed.
PLAY NOTE: There are markers to keep track of which leader
holds which office and to which Theatre/province he has been
assigned. These markers may be placed under the leader on the
map or on the Roman Army Display with the appropriate Con-
sular Army/Legion. The Consular Army/Legion marker is placed
on the map with the leader.
(4.51) Consuls: The Roman player must elect two Consuls. Both
Consuls are drawn/selected before any assignments are made. A
leader can be selected from the Triumph Holding Box only if he
earned a Triumph during the preceding Game Turn as a Consul or
Proconsul.
IMPERIUM: The Roman player must assign each Consul to a CA
without a leader if possible. He may combine any two Legions
without leaders into a CA and must do so if there are not enough
CAs without leaders for the Consuls. If a Consul cannot be given a
CA, he is placed in Rome without an Imperium.
THEATER: Each Consul with an Imperium must be assigned a
Theatre per 4.31. He is placed either in Rome or with any Legion
in his CA. He may not be placed in a besieged city unless it is a port
or Rome.
EXAMPLE: The Roman player draws Postumius Albinus [415]
and Sempronius Tuditanus [422] for this turns Consuls. There are
four Consular Armies and a single Legion in play, with one CA
under the command of a Consuls from the prior turn who was
Prorogued as Proconsul. The Roman player then must choose
which Consul will command which of the three available armies.
He cannot choose to have a Consul, Albinus for example, who is
not one of the better Roman leaders, go without an army com-
mand or have him command the single Legion. Once assigned an
army, the Consul is then given a Theater to operate in. Here he
decides to give Albinus Roman Italy which is currently quiet and
give Tuditanus Cisalpine Gaul.
PLAY NOTE: The Roman player should take care in deciding
which magistrates to prorogue to ensure that his incoming Con-
suls have the desired armies to command.
(4.52) Proconsuls: The Roman player must elect a Proconsul for
any remaining CAs without leaders. The Roman play may select
any leader from the Triumph Holding Box instead of drawing
from the pool. In addition, the Roman player may combine two
Legions without leaders located in the same Theatre into a CA and
elect a Proconsul.
IMPERIUM: The Imperium of the Proconsul is the selected CA or
newly formed CA (5.17).
THEATER/PROVINCE: The Proconsul is placed with a Legion
in his CA (player’s choice if the Legions are in separate prov-
inces). He is assigned a Theater/Province per 4.31. He may not
be placed in a besieged city unless it is a port or Rome.
EXAMPLE: Continuing with the example in 4.51, the Roman
player has a CA in need of a leader. He has no leader that has
been awarded a Triumph during the game, so he draws Manlius
Vulso [432] from the Roman leader pool. The army is in Sicily,
so Manlius takes Sicily for his Theater and is placed with his Con-
sular army.
DESIGN NOTE: Proconsuls generally were not elected. What
we have here is a Praetor being elected and given proconsular
imperium, the ability to command two Legions – a Proconsul for
game purposes.
(4.53) Praetors: The Roman player must, if possible, elect a Prae-
tor for any single Legion without a leader. The Roman play may
select any leader from the Triumph Holding Box instead of draw-
ing from the pool. The Praetor is placed with the Legion. Regard-
less of the Initiative Rating of the Praetor, only one LAM per
Praetor is placed in the LAM pool. Praetors thus have a game-
restricted Initiative Rating of 1.
IMPERIUM: The Imperium of the Praetor is the selected Legion.
THEATRE/PROVINCE: None. The Praetor is placed with his as-
signed Legion. He may not be placed in a besieged city unless it is
a port or Rome.
GOVERNORS: The Roman player must either designate a Praetor
in play or elect Praetor as a governor for Sicily and another as a
governor for Sardinia (the entire islands in both cases) unless:
• the former governor was prorogued or
• all provinces on the islands are controlled by Carthage or
• the islands were within the scope of a Consul’s and/or Pro-
consuls Theater assignment.
The Roman player may either designate or elect a Praetor if the
third bullet applies. Unlike other Praetors, governors are as-
signed to their provinces. Any unbesieged Praetor on the map
may be designated as such. A Praetor elected to fill governor slot
is placed in any friendly city in his province and may conduct
Operations with any friendly SP located there that are not part of
another leader’s Imperium. Place the appropriate Governor
marker either with the leader or in the leader’s Legion box.
The Roman player is limited to six Praetors (in addition to the
Praetor Urbanus), two of which will often fill the role of gover-
nor. If the Roman player finds himself without enough Praetors
for his single legions, the legions go without a leader.
DESIGN NOTE: During the 2nd Punic war, the Romans made use
of a significant number of Praetors to command legions scattered
throughout Italy to deal with provinces “liberated” in the wake of
Hannibal’s successes. Thus, the Praetor limit of one per Election
segment in the RRR/CR periods is lifted.
EXAMPLE: Continuing with the example in 4.51 and 4.54, the
Roman player has single Legion without a leader, so he draws V.
Tappulus [456] from the Roman leader pool to command the Le-
gion. Even though Servilius has an Initiative of 2, he will receive
only one LAM because he is a Praetor. He is placed with his Le-
gion located in Umbria. Praetors, other than governors, are never
assigned to a Theater or province.
(4.54) Praetor Urbanus: The Praetor Urbanus is the last magis-
trate elected. The Roman player may select any leader from the
Triumph Holding Box instead of drawing from the pool. The
Praetor Urbanus’ Imperium is the Rome Garrison and any newly
raised Legions that will be placed in Rome to undergo training.
His "province" is the city of Rome, where he is placed. He may
leave Rome only when there is an Emergency (4.58) and only
with the permission of the Senate. He is the only magistrate able
to enter Rome with combat units without Senate Permission.
There is no LAM for the Praetor Urbanus, but he may use a Con-
sul LAM to conduct operations. As with other Praetors, he is lim-
ited to one Operation Phase. Praetor Urbanus may conduct oper-
ations with one Legion instead of the Rome garrison if one is
present in Rome for training.
PLAY NOTE: Given that the Praetor Urbanus is never pro-
rogued, any Legions placed in Rome in the prior turn for train-
ing/garrison duty would be without a leader and thus assigned
to a Consul/Proconsul/Praetor in the Election segment.
(4.55) Dictator/Magister Equitum: If conditions for a State of
Emergency (4.56) are present (i.e., cities are occupied), or if the
battle loss conditions occurred in the previous Game Turn and
no Dictator was elected at that time, a Dictator may (Minor
Emergency) or must (Major Emergency) be elected. The Roman
player may select any leader from the Triumph Holding Box in-
stead of drawing from the pool.
Magister Equitum: The Roman player has the option of either
having the Dictator operate in the field or remain in Rome. If the
Dictator remains in Rome, the Roman player selects a Magister
Equitum to take the field instead. To do so, the Roman player
selects a leader (not blindly, but with purpose) from the Roman
leader pool (those on the map are not eligible) whose ID# is
within five (5) of the Dictator's ID #. If the Dictator takes the
field, the Magister Equitum (ME) is not brought into play. The
Dictator is the Roman OC for all operations that require one
whether he stays in Rome or takes the field.
PLAYNOTE: Thus, the Roman Player has an interesting choice
to make when he elects his Dictator. Is he better off with a good
leader in the Field or in Rome, running the show?
IMPERIUM: The Roman player may assign one or two CAs
without leaders to a Dictator that takes the field; one CA to the
Magister Equitum if he takes the field. Alternatively, the Roman
player may assign none and use the command hierarchy (4.8) to
conduct operations with the armies of other magistrates. The
Dictator/ME that takes the field is placed with any one of his ar-
mies if assigned one, otherwise he may be placed with any
CA/Legion. He may not be placed in a besieged city unless it is a
port or Rome.
PLAY NOTE: The more flexible arrangement is to have the Dic-
tator/ME placed without a specific Army, which the Romans
tended to do often.
THEATRE/PROVINCE: A Dictator that will remain in Rome is
placed there and cannot leave the city. He can, however, still con-
duct operations (Manpower the most important). Furthermore,
the Dictator’s presence in the city enables the Roman player to
subtract the Dictator’s Initiative Rating from all Senatorial Per-
mission die rolls (4.66). A Dictator that stays can conduct oper-
ations with any force in the city.
EXAMPLE: A timid Quinctius Crispinus (#438) is elected Dictator.
The Roman player decides he needs a better leader to in the field
so selects Livius Salinator (#440) for his ME and will keep Quinc-
tius in Rome (Scipio [#434] is off in Spain so not available). The
Roman player decides not to assign a CA directly to Livius and
places him in Roman Italy with one of the two Consular armies
present. Livius will use his position in the command hierarchy to
command those Legions through the regularly elected magistrates.
(4.56) Emergencies: A Dictator may/must be elected during the
Election of Magistrates segment (B/1/c) or during the Operations
Phase (D) if a State of Emergency is in effect.
Minor State of Emergency: The Roman player may voluntarily
elect a Dictator when:
• a Roman Consular Army or larger force loses a Major land
battle (AW 8.52) and suffers losses of 30% or more in terms
of SP in the current or prior GT; or
• an enemy force occupies two or more Medium/Large cities
in Roman Italy
Major State of Emergency: The Roman player must elect a Dic-
tator when:
• an enemy force occupies a city that is within 3 hexes of
Rome (e.g., the town of Reate); or
• Rome loses two Major land battles in either the current GT or
prior GT (one in each doesn’t count), each involving at least one
Consular Army, regardless of the number of losses; or
• Rome is Under Siege
If a State of Emergency arises during the Operations Phase, the
Roman player may/must elect a Dictator at the beginning of the
next Roman Operations Phase (before the leader conducts any
Operations) using the procedure detailed in 4.55. The Dicta-
tor/ME receives LAMs equal to his Initiative Rating, minus one,
but never less than one.
(4.57) Rome Under Siege: Rome being besieged has no effect
of the placement of elected leaders or their Imperium/province
assignments. Prorogue is not mandatory for leaders located in the
city.
EXTENDED EXAMPLE OF PLAY: [2nd Punic War] It is the Ro-
man Political Segment of the 211 BCE Game Turn. The prior
Game Turn’s (212 BCE) magistrates, with their Imperium and
location (all on the game map), are:
Consul Q.F. Flaccus [423] with CA II in Campania
Consul C. Pulcher [417] with CA III in Campania
Proconsul C. Marcellus [414] with CA IV in Sicilia
Proconsul P.C. Scipio [401] with CA I in Hispania
Proconsul S. Gracchus [416] with CA VI in Lucania
Proconsul S. Tuditanus [422] with CA V in Gallia Cisalpina
Praetor C.C. Nero [424] with Legion XIX in Campania
Praetor I. Silanus [426] with Legion XVI in Etruria
Praetor V. Laevinius [431] with Legion XVII in the Macedo-
nia Holding Box
Praetor M. Scaevola [421] with Legion XVIII in Sardinia
Praetor P.C. Lentulus [419] in Lilybaeum
Praetor Urbanus C. Asellus [444] with Legion XIX and XX in
Rome
Scaevola and Lentulus are the governors of Sardinia and Sicily
respectively.
Imperium Prorogue
The Roman player decides to keep most of his leaders in play. He
removes Prater Urbanus Asellus who cannot be prorogued, and
the Governors Scaevola and Lentulus, placing them into the
leader pool.
The Consul Flaccus [423] is prorogued as a Proconsul and re-
tains his CA. Campania is selected as his province. Note that
Proconsuls are assigned provinces in Roman Italy. Likewise, the
Consul Pulcher [417] is prorogued as Proconsul, retains his CA,
and is also given Campania as his province. In both cases, the
Consul Magistrate markers are exchanged for Proconsul Mag-
istrate markers. Both former Consuls had Roman Italy as their
Theater, so those markers are replaced with Campania markers.
Note that no more than two Proconsuls can be assigned to the
same province.
The Proconsuls Marcellus [414], Scipio [401], and Tuditanus
[422] are all prorogued as Proconsuls, retain their CAs, and are
assigned Sicily, Hispania, and Gallia Cisalpina respectively as
their Theaters. Since their office and theater have not changed,
all three retain their Magistrate and Theater/Province markers.
The Proconsul Gracchus [416] was also prorogued, keeps his
CA, and is assigned the province of Lucania, retaining his mark-
ers as well. The Praetors Nero [424], Silanus [426], and Laevin-
ius [431] are prorogued as Praetors and retain their Legions
which are in Campania, Etruria, and the Macedonia Theater box
respectively. All retain their Praetor markers.
Visit from Pluto
The Roman player then makes a roll on the Leader Loss Table
for each of his leaders in play. This includes leaders in the The-
ater Holding Boxes and the Triumph Box. The roll for Gracchus
(MR 7) is a 6 so with the +1 DRM for A Visit From Pluto roll, he
becomes a casualty. The second DR is a 6 (no DR here) so he is
wounded and set aside to be placed in the leader pool at the start
of the next Game Turn. All the other leaders pass and remain in
play.
Election of Magistrates
A state of emergency does not exist, so no Dictator is elected.
There are no leaders in the Triumph box so all leaders will be
drawn from the leader pool, starting with the Consuls. The Ro-
man player draws Centumalus [427] and Galba [428]. Note that
both Consuls are drawn before assignments are made. There is
a CA in Lucania, and a pair of Legions in Rome that were trained
by the Praetor Urbanus all without a leader, and a lone Legion
in Sardinia.
The Roman player wants to keep his Consuls in Roman Italy to
continue to put the squeeze on Hannibal so, he combines the now
Veteran two Legions in Rome to form CA VII and assigns Galba
that CA and selects Roman Italy for his Theater. The Roman
player places Galba and the CA VII marker in Rome and moves
the Legion XIX and XX markers and SP from the Rome box on
the City Occupation display to the Consular Army VII box on the
Roman Army Display (Part I). The Legion markers are placed
on their Veteran side. A Consul Magistrate marker and a Roman
Italy Theater/province marker are placed in the Consular Army
VII box. He then assigns Centumalus CA VI, selects Roman Italy
for his Theater, and places Centumalus with CA VI in Lucania.
A Consul Magistrate marker and a Roman Italy Theater/prov-
ince marker are placed in the Consular Army VII box.
With only a single Legion without a leader, no Proconsuls are
needed so none are elected.
Legion XVIII in Sardinia requires a Praetor, so the Roman
player draws from the leader pool to fill the need and receives
L.C. Lentulus [429] – not bad. Unfortunately, Praetors are re-
stricted to 1 LAM, so Lentulus is a bit overqualified. Lentulus is
placed with Legion XVIII and a Praetor marker is placed in the
Legion box holding Legion XVIII.
None of the prior year’s governors were prorogued, but the Pro-
consul Marcellus has Sicily covered. The Roman player is only
required to fill the open governorship in Sardinia. Lentulus is
conveniently there, so he gets the nod. The Sardinian governor
marker is currently in the box with Legion, so no marker adjust-
ments need be made.
The Roman player wants to keep Marcellus focused on Syracusa,
so decides to elect a governor for Sicily to watch over the western
half of the island. He draws C. Aurnculus [435] from the leader
pool and places him and the Sicily governor marker in
Lilybaeum (no need to add the Praetor marker in this case).
The Praetor Urbanus is the last magistrate elected. The Roman
player draws from the leader pool and receives C. Piso [433]
and places him in Rome. This completes the Roman Political
Segment.
HISTORICAL NOTE: This example portrays the historical per-
sonages and assignments for 211 BCE.
(4.6) The Senate
DESIGN & HISTORICAL NOTE: One of the interesting side-
lights of all those Republican Roman laws designed to ensure that
the monarchy never came back into existence was the one that
forbade any magistrate from leaving his province of assignment
and marching around Italy-and especially into Rome-without
specific permission of the Senate. And even the Rome Consul had
to ask permission to enter the city with an army-a permission
rarely given. So, herewith is one of those chromatic lacunae so
beloved by ancient’s players.
Senatorial Permission is an Operation available only to the Roman
player that may/must be used in a variety of situations. If permis-
sion is granted, the Roman player can continue with his Operations
Phase, if denied, Continuation is by die roll (AW 5.25).
(4.61) Leaving a Theatre/Province: In general, no Roman leader
may leave his assigned Theatre/province, or in the case of a Praetor
the province where his Legion is located, with his CA/Legion
without Senate Permission. The exceptions are:
• A Dictator/ME never needs permission to leave a Thea-
ter/province.
• Hot Pursuit per 4.62 below.
• To fulfill the text of an Augury event
A leader without an Imperium, or any leader using Leader Move-
ment does not require Senate Permission to leave any location.
Hierarchy: If a leader, other than a Dictator/ME, wants to leave
the Theater/province of any other leader in his force, that leader
must seek Senate Permission to do so. One attempt is made, and
the result applies to all other leaders in his force. Censure (4.67)
applies only to the leader conducting operations. A Dictator/ME,
and any leaders that are part of his force, never need permission to
leave a province.
EXAMPLE: A Consul wants to return to Roman Italy with force
that includes his CA and the CAs of the two Proconsuls as-
signed to Sicily. The Consul conducts a Senate Permission op-
eration and is successful. The Permission to Leave is granted
to the Consul and both Proconsuls.
If granted Permission to Leave, a leader may conduct Opera-
tions in any Theater/province for the duration of the Game
Turn/year.
PLAY NOTE: Place a PERMISSION TO LEAVE marker (these are
printed on the back of the Theater/province markers) on the mag-
istrate as a reminder that he can move outside his Theater/prov-
ince.
(4.62) The "Hot Pursuit Exception": A leader may leave his
Theater/province without Senate permission if that Force Move-
ment Operation Stops either in a hex that contains an enemy force
or adjacent to a hex that contains an enemy force that is not inside
a city. A leader may also leave without permission as the result of
a successful Interception or Coordination.
(4.63) Entering/Leaving Rome: No Roman force may ever enter
the city of Rome (It-3714), even during movement, without per-
mission of the Senate ... and it will be a cold day in Carthage when
that happens! Senate permission cannot be requested unless there
are 20+ SP of enemy units within 10 hexes of Rome. The units of
the Rome Garrison are an exception, they are always free to enter
(return to) Rome, if moved there by the Praetor Urbanus. Further-
more, Legions that are placed in Rome to train may remain there,
but once they leave, permission is required to re-enter. A Roman
leader moving alone is always free to enter Rome without permis-
sion. The Praetor Urbanus may not leave Rome without Senate
Permission and may do so only if a State of Emergency exists.
Exception: A force conducting a Mandatory Retreat (AW 8.36)
automatically has Senate Permission to enter Rome.
(4.64) 8 Legions: A Dictator must seek Senate permission to use
a force of 8 or more Legions in a Force Movement operation, an
Interception attempt, or be included in a Coordination attempt
(4.82). The latter situations are an exception in that seeking per-
mission is not an operation but serves as check to see if the Dic-
tator can perform the function.
(4.65) Senatorial Permission: Senatorial Permission is an opera-
tion. If granted, continuation is automatic. If denied, continuation is
by die roll. Permission to do something may be requested only once
per Operations Phase per leader, although that leader may make
more than one request to do different things. Any senatorial permis-
sion to do something lasts for the remainder of the Game Turn/year.
(4.66) Permission Procedure: The Roman player rolls a die, ad-
justing the die roll with the modifiers listed on the chart (4.69).
If the adjusted DR is the same as or lower than the leader's Cam-
paign Rating, permission has been granted, if higher permission
has been denied.
EXAMPLE: Claudius Pulcher (#417) has been prorogued as Pro-
consul for Cisalpine Gaul. He wishes to redeploy his army to Sam-
nium so seeks Senate permission to leave Cisalpine Gaul. His army
is in Gallia Transpadana which is not under Roman control. The
DRM is +3 (+1 he is a Proconsul, +2 he was prorogued to the prov-
ince, and there is no Dictator in play). With a Campaign Rating of
6, the Roman player will need to roll a '3 'or less to receive the Sen-
ate's blessing. Claudius has no Guile Point to spend to improve his
chances. The Roman player rolls a 6 so the Senate fails to see things
Claudius’ way. Since permission was denied, the Roman player will
need to roll to see if Claudius can continue his Operations Phase.
(4.67) Censure: A Consul/Proconsul/Praetor that uses 4.62 to leave
his province without permission is subject to Censure. If such move-
ment is undertaken, at the end of the leader’s Operations Phase, the
Roman player rolls one die, adjusting the DR with the modifiers
listed on the chart, to see if that leader has been removed from office
by Censure. If the die roll is higher than his Campaign Rating, he is
removed from office. He may not be placed in the Roman leader pool
for the rest of the game.
HISTORICAL NOTE: You may well ask why winning a battle
would not simply eliminate the need for censure. Well, take the
example of consul T Manlius Torquatus, in 340 BC, whose son
disobeyed his orders, attacked the enemy, and won a great vic-
tory. Old Pops Manlius not only presided over his son's disobe-
dience trial but made sure his execution was carried out. So
much for military creativity in ancient Rome.
(4.68) A censured Consul/Proconsul/Praetor is replaced upon re-
moval by drawing a leader from the Roman leader pool. No
LAMs are added to the LAM pool.
EXAMPLE: Continuing with the example in 4.66, the Roman player
decides to have Claudius ignore the Senate and head for Samnium.
Before completing his Operations Phase, he can bring a Carthagin-
ian force to battle and wins a victory, though one insufficient for a
Triumph. When Claudius is Finished, the Roman player must roll
for Censure. Due to the successful battle, he earned a -1 DRM but
that is all the help he will get. The Roman player rolls a '7’ which is
just enough to keep him in the game.
(4.69) Senate Permission and Censure Chart. See charts and
tables.
(4.7) The Roman Triumph
(4.71) For purposes of being re-elected, winning a Triumph is
important for a Roman magistrate. A Triumph is a victory in
which the leader satisfies, during the Game Turn, all the follow-
ing:
• The Winner in a battle (AW 8.51) or conducts a successful
Siege by Assault or Attrition where enemy infantry SP were
present, and
• Causes casualties of 10+ infantry/cavalry SP, and
• Returns his army to Rome. To do this, he moves his army
into any hex adjacent to Rome and Stops. The leader then
leaves his army outside Rome and moves into Rome by
himself (Continuation is automatic in this case). Once he
has entered Rome, he is Finished and may not conduct any
more Operations Phases again that Game Turn. (He's busy
fitting his oak-leaf tiara and celebrating with the boys at the
Senate Club.)
The move to Rome need not occur in the same Game Turn in
which the first two conditions were met. The leader may be pro-
rogued and enter the city on a subsequent Game Turn if he re-
mains in command of his Imperium.
(4.72) Request to Grant Triumph: However, even if all the
above have been fulfilled, the Senate may refuse to grant a Tri-
umph! If Roman casualties to the leader’s force from battle, As-
sault, or Siege Attrition during the Game Turn were 15% or
more, the Senate may refuse to grant a Triumph! When the mag-
istrate arrives in Rome, roll the die, applying any applicable
modifiers per the Senate Permission Chart. If the adjusted DR is
less than or equal to the magistrate's Campaign Rating, the Sen-
ate has agreed to grant a Triumph. Place a TRIUMPH marker with
the leader.
DESIGN NOTE: This is not purely a "game" formula. The "law"
in Rome was, if you win a battle, kill 5000 of the enemy, and come
back with your army, you got a Triumph. Triumphs were known
to be refused if the Senate felt losses were too great. And your
army stayed outside the city.
(4.8) Command Hierarchy
(4.81) A Roman leader may only use the units that are specifi-
cally assigned to that leader – one or two Legions, plus any aux-
iliaries, provincial garrison, and/or Allied troops. A Roman
leader, however, may include other leaders and their units in a
force if those leaders hold offices lower in the command hierar-
chy (Consuls are an exception). That command hierarchy in or-
der of precedence is:
1. Dictator/ME
2. Consul
3. Proconsul
4. Praetor
5. Allied Leader
Both Roman Consuls are treated as Overall Commanders (AW
5.12) unless a Dictator is in play. In the latter case, the Dictator is
the OC if he takes the field, otherwise the ME is the OC.
(4.82) Only the Dictator may conduct Force Movement, Intercep-
tion, or Coordination with more than 8 Legions (plus auxilia-
ries/allies) regardless of how many leaders are gathered in one
place. However, the Dictator requires Senate permission (4.64) to
do so. There is no Legion limit for an Attack or any Siege Opera-
tion.
PLAY NOTE: The Dictator may never actually be assigned an
army larger than four Legions. However, given the presence of
other magistrates and their armies, he may have the opportunity
to conduct operations with a larger army. This may seem to be a
difference in semantics, but, to the Romans, it was a major one.
HISTORICAL NOTE: One of the arguments for the Romans hav-
ing eight legions at Cannae was that not only were the two con-
suls for that year present (Varro and Paullus), but the two con-
suls from the previous year-Servilius and Atilius-had been pro-
rogued to command the legions they already led. With each con-
sul and proconsul allowed two legions each, that would add up
to a possible total of eight legions present. (To be sure, there are
many other arguments about what was at Cannae-and why.)
(4.9) Command Efficiency
(4.91) Command Efficiency Rating: Roman leaders have a Com-
mand Efficiency Rating (CER) derived from their Battle Rating
Letter which reflects their non-military training and restricts their
ability to efficiently lead large armies; non-Roman leaders do not
use this rule. The CER reflects the number of Legions that the
leader may command efficiently, with the Battle Rating Letter de-
noting the number of Legions the leader may effectively control as
follows:
A = 6 Legions
B = 5 Legions
C = 4 Legions
D = 3 Legions
E = 2 Legions
(4.92) The letter is an efficiency rating, not a restriction. Only the
number of Legions in force matters; a Legion’s strength is irrel-
evant. When the Roman player has a leader using a force larger
than his efficiency limit, he suffers the following penalties:
• Battle: If attacking, there is a -1 DRM for each Legion over
the leader’s efficiency limit, if defending a +1 DRM for
each.
• Siege Assault: If attacking, there is a -1 DRM for each Le-
gion over the leader's efficiency limit. There is no penalty
when defending.
• Siege Attrition: There is a +1 DRM to any Siege Attrition
DR (whether besieging or besieged) for every 2 Legions
over the efficiency limit of the highest ranked leader in the
location. In the case of a tie, the Roman player chooses the
leader. If there is no eligible commander present, all Le-
gions are considered over the efficiency limit.
EXAMPLE: A Consul with a C Battle Rating Letter, conducting
an Attack operation with 6 legions, would incur a -2 DRM to
the Battle DR. His opponent would receive a +2 DRM if the
Consul were defending.
DESIGN NOTE: The CER, which is restrictive to most Roman
magistrates, reflects the historical inability of Roman leaders to
efficiently use the remarkable resources of manpower they pos-
sessed. Most Roman magistrates had no training in maneuvering
with truly large forces, and, when they did find themselves in
such a position, they often could make little positive use of such
numbers ... Cannae being the perfect example. Roman discipline
was fine, but it could not compensate for, or adjust to, the prob-
lems of commanding armies of 50,000 or more men. The Ro-
mans, however, appear to have been aware of their limitations
in this area, and, even with their almost limitless personnel res-
ervoir-and the willingness to use it-the number of instances they
fielded an army of more than 4 legions in this era is limited to
Cannae, Sentinum (where the force was split) and... we cannot
even think of a third. The Romans were highly aware that sheer
numbers meant little.
(4.93) Roman Command Efficiency Chart. See charts and ta-
bles.
(5.0) Roman Manpower
HISTORICAL NOTE: Rome's greatest strength-and the telling fac-
tor in almost all Republican Rome's wars-was her seemingly un-
limited ability to raise troops. No matter how many men she lost,
she simply raised some more men and came right back. For exam-
ple, when Hannibal invaded Italy (218 BCE), Rome was fielding
six legions. By 212, she had 25 (mostly) legions operating, almost
a quarter of a million men, even though she lost, perhaps, 50,000+
legionnaires at Cannae!! Hannibal's army rarely-if ever-topped
50,000 and was usually much less. These two comparative figures
say a great deal about Rome ... and Hannibal's generalship.
(5.1) Raising Legions
(5.11) The Roman player raises Legions through the Senate. Le-
gions may be raised in the Raise Manpower segment (B/3/b). Rais-
ing units in this segment is not an operation and does not require
the presence of any leader. Legions may be raised during this seg-
ment even if Rome is besieged.
(5.12) Manpower Operation: The Roman player may also raise
Legions with a Manpower operation conducted by a Dictator or a
Consul. Only one of these leaders may perform a Manpower Op-
eration and may do so only if located in Roman Italy and not be-
sieged. That same leader may perform the Manpower Operation
more than once per Operation Phase, but only once per LAM.
Important: The Roman player may only use a Manpower opera-
tion if there is an enemy land force of at least 20 SP anywhere in
Roman Italy (2.1).
HISTORICAL NOTE: The Roman player's historical ability to
increase the size of his legionary armies was almost limitless; the
only "real" limit is the penury of the Roman Senate and the max-
imums listed on the Legion Request Table. Scenarios prior to the
2nd Punic War place further limits on the number of Legions al-
lowed.
(5.13) The Roman player uses the Legion Request Table to raise
Legions. He notes the number of Legions (the number of SP does
not matter) already in play, rolls the die, adjusting the DR per the
(self-explanatory) adjustments listed, consults the table, to see
what he gets. The result is the number of new Legions raised. All
newly raised legions enter play at full strength (2.2) with a train-
ing level of Recruit. For one Legion newly raised with the table,
the Roman player may, instead, bring in a Siege Engine counter
(if allowed in the scenario); only one Siege Engine may be pro-
duced per Legion Request Table DR.
Important Note: There are three separate Legion Request Tables
on the player aid card. Be sure to use the one for the 2 nd Punic
War
(5.14) Leader Assignments: Newly raised Legions are assigned
a leader as follows:
• If one or both Consuls are without Imperium, the Roman
player must group the raised Legions into as many Consular
Armies as possible to ensure that the Consul’s have an Im-
perium. If an odd number of Legions were raised and a Con-
sul is without an Imperium, the Consul is assigned the single
Legion for his Imperium. Use a Praetor holding box for the
Legion’s counter.
• If both Consuls have an Imperium, up to 2 Legions may be
placed in Rome to be trained by the Praetor Urbanus. If four
or more Legions remain, at least two of the legions must be
combined into a CA. The Roman player then may elect a
Proconsul for each CA remaining using the procedure in
4.52 and elect a Praetor for each Legion not included in a
CA, using the procedure in 4.53.
Theater/province assignments for the Consuls/Proconsuls are up
to the Roman player subject to the restrictions in 4.3.
EXAMPLE: The VI Legion is in Etruria, commanded by a Praetor.
The Roman Player, fearful of an enemy invasion from Hispania
through this area, decides to reinforce Etruria by raising two new le-
gions, the XI and XII, placing both new legions in Rome. He then ran-
domly draws a leader from the Roman leader pool as Proconsul, as-
signing him the two Legions, which are now the Proconsul's Consular
Army. The Roman player then assigns Etruria as his province. The
Proconsul, when activated, marches off to Etruria. When he arrives,
he now has a potential force of three legions, one under the Prae-
tor, who is subordinate to him, as Proconsul.
(5.15) Newly raised Legions may be placed in Rome or in a Roman
controlled city in a Roman-controlled province in Roman Italy.
Newly raised Siege Engines are placed either in Rome or with
any Legion in Roman Italy. Legions/Siege Engines cannot be
placed in a besieged city.
(5.16) Newly raised Legions that are placed in Rome may be
trained if the Praetor Urbanus is present. In the Legion/Army Ef-
ficiency Segment (G/3), the Roman player rolls the die for each
Legion placed in Rome that remained in Rome. If the DR is 7 or
more, the legion is now Veteran; otherwise, it stays Recruit. If
the Praetor Urbanus leaves Rome after the Legions are placed,
no training occurs.
(5.17) Auxiliaries: Whenever an adjusted DR of 9 or 10 is attained
on the Legion Request Table when requesting Legions (not rein-
forcements), the Roman Player may also raise one contingent of
Auxiliaries. Auxiliaries are light/medium infantry troops-archers,
slingers, or light infantry. All infantry Auxiliaries enter the game
as a self-contained contingent of 6 SP and may be commanded by
any leader.
The raised auxiliaries may be placed with any unbesieged CA/Le-
gion in their home province. The contingent type is determined by
the location of the CA/Legion where the SP will be placed as fol-
lows:
• Italian (any province in Roman Italy)
• Gallic (any province with a "Gallia-")
• Sicilian (any province in Sicily)
• Ligurian (Sardinia, Corsica, or Liguria)
• Lusitanian (Lusitania)
• Iberian or Celt-Iberian (Baetica or Tarraconensis)
Under certain circumstances, a contingent of Numidian cavalry is
available. A Numidian Cavalry contingent is raised with a maxi-
mum of 4 SP; it is always Elite and placed in any province on the
Africa map. See the individual scenarios for the details.
(5.18) Legions/Auxiliaries that cannot be placed are lost.
(5.19) Legion Request Table. See charts and tables.
(5.2) Raising Reinforcements
(5.21) The Roman player may raise reinforcement SP instead of
Legions during the Raise Manpower segment (B/3/b) even if
Rome is besieged, or by way of a Manpower Operation subject
to the same restrictions described in 5.12 above, with the addi-
tional restriction that Legions outside Roman Italy cannot be re-
inforced with a Manpower operation.
(5.22) To do so, the Roman player undertakes a Legion Request
Table roll as if he were raising new Legions. Instead, though, he
always uses the “0-6” column, applying any relevant DRMs and
uses the number in brackets [] to determine the number of SP
raised. Every 8th SP so raised is considered cavalry, though the
player can substitute an infantry SP instead. Both Citizen and Ala
SP may be raised in any combination.
EXAMPLE: The X and XIV Legions have been reduced by battle
to 6 SP Citizen and Ala infantry each. Each Legion has also lost
1 SP Ala cavalry. The Roman wishes to bring these legions up to
strength, so he decides to raise reinforcements. He rolls a die,
which is adjusted to an 8. This means he has available 12 SPs,
or 11 Infantry SPs and 1 Cavalry SP. He uses 8 of those infantry
SPs to build the X and XIV Citizen components up to their maxi-
mum allowed strength. He then uses 4 SP Ala infantry to raise
Legion X’s Ala component to its maximum allowed strength. The
1 SP Ala cavalry goes to the XIV Legion.
(5.23) Reinforcement SP may be immediately placed with any un-
besieged Legions within Roman Italy, Gallia Cisalpina, and Liguria
when raised subject to the limits given in 2.2. Rome is an exception:
reinforcements raised in the Raise Manpower segment (B/3/b) may
be used to reinforce the Citizen components of any/all Legions pre-
sent in Rome and/or the Rome Garrison (up to 10 Citizen SP). A
besieged Rome cannot be reinforced with a Manpower operation.
For Legions outside these three theaters or those in a besieged port
within Roman Italy, Gallia Cisalpina, and Liguria, the Roman
player instead places the reinforcement SP in the Theater Holding
Box(es) associated with the Theater(s) where the receiving Le-
gion(s) are located. He may distribute the SP among these Theater
Holding Boxes as he sees fit. He then places the Legate LAM in the
LAM pool.
(5.24) When the Legate LAM is picked, the Roman player must,
for each Theater Holding Box with reinforcement SP, trace a path
of sea hexes from a Roman controlled port in Roman Italy to one
Roman/Allied controlled port in that Theater. The port cannot be
besieged unless the Legion receiving the reinforcements is in the
port. The port of origin may be the source for more than one The-
ater but the number of SP that leave the port cannot exceed its
Embark limit. The player then rolls the die and consults the Na-
val Transport Table (AW 7.2). Apply only the loss and leader
casualty results; ignore the rest. The surviving SP, up to the
port’s Disembark limit (excess SPs are eliminated), are then dis-
tributed among the unbesieged Legions in theater, or to those
Legions in the besieged port of arrival, subject to the limits given
in 2.2.
If there are no eligible ports or if no eligible Legions remain in the
Theater, the SP are eliminated ( lost at sea, etc.).
EXAMPLE: The Roman player decides to reinforce is beleaguered
Legions in Hispania, and raises 12 SP in the Raise Manpower seg-
ment, placing the SP in the Hispania holding box. The Legate LAM
is placed in the LAM Pool during that segment. When the Legate
LAM is pulled, the Roman player selects a port in the theater, here
the allied port of Emporiae is an excellent choice since it’s the clos-
est port in the theater to Roman Italy. For the Romans, the disem-
bark limits are not a factor given the number of reinforcement SP
that can be raised. Pisae is chosen for the port origin since it’s the
closest to the destination port. The Roman player traces a path of
33 coastal hexes from Pisae to Emporiae, traversing Mare Ligusti-
cum, Mare Gallicum, and the Mare Hispanum North and consults
the Naval Transport Table. The NS level of the least friendly sea
zone the Mare Hispanum North giving a -2 DRM. The coastal hex
distance is between 20 and 40, so there is a -1 DRM for the dis-
tance travelled, The Roman players rolls 6; modified to a 3. The
25% loss result is applied, reducing the reinforcements to 8 SP. The
SP are then incorporated into any unbesieged Legions in theater.
PLAY NOTE: There is no Legate leader counter—just the LAM—
which triggers when the reinforcements are added to the targeted
Legions.
(5.3) Disbanding Legions
The Roman player may disband Legions during the Imperium
Prorogue segment (B/1/a) after he makes all his prorogue assign-
ments. Any/all unbesieged Legions without a leader are eligible.
Both Legions that constitute a CA must be disbanded together. To
disband a Legion, the player removes the Legion markers and any
remaining SP from the map/displays.
(5.4) Roman Discipline
(5.41) In the Ancient World system, Legions are considered either Re-
cruit or Veteran. Newly raised legions are Recruit. Legions can have
their discipline level changed in the following circumstances:
• If a Roman player is the Winner in a battle (not Siege), he
may promote 1 Legion of his choice to Veteran that partici-
pated in the battle; if a Major Victory (AW 8.5), he may pro-
mote 2 Legions to Veteran.
• If a Roman force is the Loser in a battle (not Siege), the Vet-
eran Legion that lost the most SP in that battle is demoted to
Recruit. In case of a tie, the Roman player chooses which
one. If the Loser in a Major Defeat, all Veteran Legions with
5 SP or less Citizen Infantry are demoted to Recruit. How-
ever, at least 1 Veteran Legion (player’s choice) must be de-
moted to Recruit regardless of the Citizen strength.
• A Legion may be promoted to Veteran through training
(5.36)
(5.42) In battle, the Roman player receives a +1 DRM for each Vet-
eran Legion with at least 6 SP of Roman Citizen Infantry if attack-
ing or a -1 DRM for each when defending.
(5.5) Special Legions
(5.51) Marine Legion: The so-called Marine Legion consisted
of the soldiers of the fleet; it was raised only in times of dire need
in Italy, as happened after the disaster at Cannae (216 BCE). The
Roman player may raise this Legion during the Force Determi-
nation segment (B/3/b) or as a Manpower operation instead of
rolling on the Legion Request Table if there is a Major State of
Emergency (4.48). The Marine Legion may be commanded only
by the Dictator, his Master of Horse, or a Praetor appointed spe-
cifically for this Legion. It starts and remains a Recruit Legion.
When the Marine Legion is raised, place the Legion marker in
Ostia (or if Ostia is enemy held, in Rome) and roll the die. That
DR is the maximum strength of the legion (use the Ala Legion
counters); the Roman player may choose to reduce it. Why? Because
for every SP assigned to the Marine Legion, one NS Level must be
reduced. If disbanded, a NS level may be increased for each SP re-
moved. The Marine Legion cannot be reinforced.
EXAMPLE. The Marine Legion is raised with a maximum strength
of 5 SP. The Roman Player decides to use only 3 SP, places the Ma-
rine Legion marker in Ostia, and changes his NS Level in Mare Io-
nium from +2 to -1. He could have spread it out amongst two or
three Naval Zones.
(5.52) Slave Legions: Slave Legions, consisting of slave volun-
teers (volones) are raised under the same circumstances (Major
State of Emergency, etc.) as the Marine Legion. There are some
differences, however.
When conditions permit, 2 Slave Legions each with 8 SP Ala in-
fantry and no cavalry are raised. In addition, attached to each Slave
Legion is a force of 6 Italian Auxiliary SP (…jailbirds, as Brian
Caven notes in his book; see bibliography.) These auxiliaries may
not be transferred to any other force or detached; they stay with the
Slave Legion(s). The Slave Legions may be commanded only by
the Dictator/ME or a Consul. These Legions start and remain a
Recruit Legions. The Slave Legions cannot leave Roman Italy and
if a Slave Legion is used in Battle, there is a +/- 1 DRM in favor
of the opposing player.
The Slave Legions and Marine Legion may be raised in the same
segment/operation.
DESIGN NOTE: It appears that one Slave Legion was raised from
Roman owned slaves and the other from slaves owned by Rome’s
allies.
(5.53) Slave and Marine Legions are Disbanded (5.3) at the end
of the Election segment if there is no State of Emergency (Major
or Minor). They are always free to return, should circumstances
warrant.
(5.6) Leader Casualties and Replacements
Roman leaders may be replaced by leaders in the Roman leader
pool. The leader may be brought into play by methods AW 8.63
A and C only. Leaders entering the game in such fashion are al-
ways chosen blindly/randomly. Replacement leaders are placed
either in the hex where the previous magistrate was or in Rome.
The replacement leader assumes the former leader’s office, Im-
perium, and any assigned province. When a Roman leader enters
as a replacement, there are no additions or subtractions from the
LAM pool-regardless of what the new leader's Initiative rating
is.
The Roman player is not required to return a wounded leader to
the map and instead may return the leader to the leader pool.
(6.0) The Carthaginian Political System
DESIGN NOTE: The Carthaginian Political system—much ad-
mired by many Greek scholars of the era—was far less complex
(thankfully) than that of the Romans, with power almost entirely in
the hands of a small group of families. These families apparently
dominated the Council of Thirty Elders, which acted as advisor to
the Council of 104, which chose the offices of civil and religious
power, the suffetes. Citizens—invariably limited to the Phoenician
community—as the Assembly of the people had some input, but it
was wealth and position in this decidedly mercantile community
that held sway.
This is not to say that the families were always on the same plat-
form; inter-familial fights were common, but, when things were
going well, as they had been for centuries, everyone seemed to
agree on most things, the result being that, to protect their wealth
(which was considerable) and position, the people who held
power in Carthage were often conservative. And as the suffetes
did not hold military office—the Council selected the generals—
they were, far too often, rather slow in making decisions that
could affect the wealth of the city.
(6.1) Families
Carthaginian political power was divided into Families, with one
family faction usually having the upper hand in the Councils and
offices of Suffete. The scenarios state which Family
starts in Power. During the Family in Power seg-
ment (B/2/a), the Carthaginian player, consults the
Carthage Family Power Determination Table, rolls
one die, and adjusts that roll using the listed modifiers. The result
is the Family in power for the Game Turn.
HISTORICAL NOTE: There were probably more factions than the
two families represented in the game, but there is not an abundance
of information on this subject, and two is a suitable number for
game purposes. The Magonids and the Barcids were the two prom-
inent factions. In what is euphemistically called the 3rd Punic War,
the factions were not familial, but political: "democratic", pro-Nu-
midian, aggressively anti-Numidian, etc. Fat lot of good it did them.
(6.2) Political Climate
(6.21) As with the Roman Senate, the Carthaginian player must use
the Council to determine his ability to raise troops and
galleys, among other items. In the Political Climate
segment (B/2/b), he consults the Carthaginian Politi-
cal Climate Table, rolls one die, and adjusts that roll
using the applicable listed modifiers. The result will be a Council
that is Cautious (and not willing to expend that many funds for
some overseas venture), Interested, Alert, or Aggressive (Scared,
if you wish). The resulting Political Climate affects the ability of
the Carthaginian player to raise manpower, the number of Armies
the Carthaginians may employ and, in some cases, where they can
operate. See the 2nd Punic War Army Limit Chart for the details.
Important: Hannibal’s Army can operate in any Theater in any
Political Climate and is in addition to the number of armies listed
on the 2nd Punic War Army Limit Chart. The three-army limit per
Theater outside Africa applies to Hannibal’s Army.
EXAMPLE: [2nd Punic War] The Carthaginian player determines
the family in power (6.1). He rolls a 4 which is modified by a +1
(Barcids were in power the previous turn) and +2 of the 2nd Punic
(the Barcids tended to dominate affairs throughout that war) for a
net result of 7. The Barcids stay in power. The Carthaginian player
then determines the Political Climate. He rolls a 7 which is modi-
fied by -1 (no enemy force with a leader in Africa), -1 (there is no
Roman force with a leader in Hispania), and +1 (Carthage suf-
fered a Major loss in battle during the prior GT) for a net result of
6. The Carthaginian Political Climate is Interested.
(6.22) Cautious Climate: The Carthaginian player is allowed to
two Armies in addition to Hannibal’s Army. If there are more than
two in play, the excess armies may be disbanded (6.3). In the As-
sign Theaters segment (B/2/e), the Carthaginian player must as-
sign one of his Armies to the Africa theater, and if he has a sec-
ond, the other Army to the Hispania theater. If the Army is out-
side its assigned theater, its leader can only conduct Force Move-
ment operations (and Reform Scattered Units operations if Naval
Transport is involved) until his Army stops in a hex/city in the
assigned theater. Any Stops must be in a hex/city that is closer to
the assigned province than the hex/city occupied at the start of
the operation. Once there, the leader can conduct operations nor-
mally within the theater but cannot leave.
An Army Commander without an assigned theater may conduct
operations in the theater where he was located at the start of the
Game Turn. He cannot leave the theater except to move to the
Africa or Hispania in the same manner as a leader moving to an
assigned province as described above. Once there, the leader can
conduct operations normally within the theater but cannot leave.
As an exception to the above, an Army assigned to Hispania may
leave to move to Africa if an enemy land force occupies a hex in
Africa, controls any cities in Africa, or a Carthaginian Allied
province in Africa is in revolt, in the same manner as a leader
moving to an assigned province as described above.
(6.23) Interested Climate: The Carthaginian player is allowed
three Armies in addition to Hannibal’s Army. If there are more
than three in play, the excess army may be disbanded (6.3). Use
the procedure for the Cautious climate (6.22) for assigning and
positioning Armies in the Africa and Hispania theaters. The re-
strictions and exceptions of the Cautious climate (6.22) apply to
these two armies. The third allowable Army and any excess Army
may conduct operations in any playable theater on the map.
(6.24) Alert Climate: The Carthaginian player is allowed three
Armies in addition to Hannibal’s Army. All armies may conduct
operations in any playable theater on the map with the exception
that there may never be more than 3 armies in any one theater
other than Africa.
(6.25) Aggressive Climate: The Carthaginian player is allowed
four Armies in addition to Hannibal’s Army. All armies may con-
duct operations in any playable theater on the map with the ex-
ception that there may never be more than 3 armies in any one
theater other than Africa.
EXAMPLE: The Carthaginian player has two Armies in Hispania
and one in Sicily. The political climate has turned Cautious. The
second army in Hispania survived its disband check. The Cartha-
ginian player decides to assign one of the armies in Hispania to
Africa and the other to Hispania. When a LAM of Army Com-
mander of the army assigned to Africa is first drawn, the Army
must immediately move to Africa. That Army Commander can
conduct other operations in Africa but cannot leave the theater.
The army assigned to Hispania and the army located in Sicily stay
in their theaters conducting operations as desired. The army Sic-
ily may move to either Africa or Hispania at the player’s option,
but once in one of those theaters, it cannot leave. The army as-
signed to Hispania cannot leave the theater unless the Africa ex-
ception is triggered.
(6.26) Although a Carthaginian Army may be able to conduct
operations in a theatre, certain unit types and contingents may
not. See 7.12 for geographic restrictions for these units.
(6.3) Disbanding Armies
(6.31) If the Political Climate is such that the number of Cartha-
ginian Armies on the map is over the allowable limit, the Cartha-
ginian player must determine if any of the excess armies Disband.
This check is conducted in Disband Armies segment (B/2/c). The
Carthaginian player selects any one unbesieged Army, consults the
Army Disband and Commander Recall Table (6.84), and rolls the
die. He refers to the row of the table that corresponds to the family
affiliation of the Army Commander to that of the family in power,
and the appropriate column, and compares the DR to the range
listed. If the DR is within the range, he must disband the selected
Army, otherwise the Army remains in play. If the Army has no
commander, use the “Different/None” row. The player continues
this process until he is either at the allowable army limit or has
checked all his unbesieged Armies.
Important Exception: An Army commanded by Hannibal is ex-
empt from this rule.
(6.32) The Carthaginian player may disband an Army without re-
sorting to the die roll as described in 6.31 above if the Army Com-
mander has a different or no affiliation to the family in power. Re-
gardless of the affiliation, the player cannot select the only Army
located in the Africa theater.
(6.33) After all the Disband die rolls, the Carthaginian player dis-
tributes SP in the disbanded armies based on their class (7.11):
• Citizens: Place Carthaginian SP inside any unbesieged con-
trolled cities in Carthage province or into the Carthaginian
Manpower Holding box in any combination.
• Allies: Place Libya, Numidia, and Mauretania SP inside any
unbesieged controlled cities in the Africa and/or Mauretania
theaters (subject to 7.12) or their matching Manpower Hold-
ing box in any combination.
• Tribal Levies: Place the Gaul, Iberian, Celtiberian, and Li-
gurian SP in their in the matching holding box on the Cartha-
ginian Political and Manpower Display (they have been dis-
charged from service).
• Provincial Allies: Remove the SP from the map (they have
gone home).
(6.34) The commander of a disbanded Army is placed in the Car-
thaginian leader pool. If that leader was the Overall Commander,
use the procedure in 6.47 to designate a new OC.
EXAMPLE: The Political Climate is Cautious, and the Carthagin-
ian player has one Army in Africa and two in Hispania. The Ma-
gonid family is in power. The commanders of the two Armies in
Hispania are Barcids, while the army in Africa is led by a Mago-
nid. The Carthaginian player decides not to voluntarily disband a
Barcid led Army. The Carthaginian picks one of the Armies in His-
pania and rolls 5. That Army does not disband. He then rolls a 3
for the other Army. That army must disband. Since he is now at the
Army limit, no further die rolls are made. The Iberian and Celti-
berian SP in the Army go home and are placed in the in their boxes
on the Carthaginian Political and Manpower display. Same goes
with all remaining cavalry and elephant units. He would rather
keep the African infantry in Hispania, so he distributes the SP
among the various Carthaginian controlled cities in Hispania.
Note that if the Carthaginian Army located in Carthage province
were disbanded instead of one of the Armies in Hispania, the Car-
thaginian player would need to move one of those armies to Africa
in the Operations Phase per the Cautious Climate requirements.
(6.4) Carthaginian Commanders
(6.41) Appointing Army Commanders: Unlike the Romans, once
appointed, Carthaginian Army commanders remain in
the field until they die, get recalled (and possibly cru-
cified for such ineptitude), or their Army is disbanded,
or eliminated. The initial deployment notes which
Commanders start in play. The scenario also provides
a pool of Carthaginian commanders from which to choose when
new, or replacement, commanders are needed. An Army Com-
mander is appointed:
• during the Appoint Army Commanders segment (B/2/d) af-
ter determining the Political Climate and disbanding any Ar-
mies, for each Army without a Commander.
• whenever a new Army is formed (7.21)
• using Leader Replacement (AW 8.63, A or C only). A re-
placed Wounded leader no longer commands the Army and
returns to the leader pool next Game Turn. The Carthaginian
player is not required to replace a Wounded leader.
• when an Army is eliminated when it has a detachment in play
(see 6.58)
(6.42) When choosing an Army Commander, the Carthaginian
player simply draws one, randomly and blindly, from the Cartha-
ginian leader pool and places him:
• in Carthage city, or
• with the newly formed Army, or
• with the Army of the replaced commander. If the replaced
commander was the Overall Commander, use the proce-
dure in 6.47 to determine the new OC.
HISTORICAL/PLAY NOTE: It is almost impossible to figure out
just which Hannibal, Hasdrubal or Hanno is doing what at any
given time. We have tried to do our best to sort and identify them.
But we do wish the Carthaginians had shown a bit more imagi-
nation with their surnames. Nearly all Carthaginian surnames
had religious significance, e.g., Hannibal means “beloved of
Baal”, or something close.
PLAY NOTE: Keep in mind the effects of a change of commander
on Army Efficiency.
(6.43) Instead of drawing a leader from the pool, the Carthaginian
player may select a leader on the map that is not in command of
an Army. The leader must be of the same family as the one in
power and not besieged in a non-port city. The leader is placed per
6.42.
DESIGN NOTE: Many of Hannibal’s lieutenants assumed com-
mand of other Carthaginian armies as the war progressed.
(6.44) Although an Army can have only one Army Commander,
there is no limit to the number of Subordinate leaders that may be
included in any operation involving the Army.
(6.45) Recalling Commanders: Whenever the Carthaginian
player loses a battle on land involving a Carthaginian Army or
Army detachment of at least 20 SP or loses control of a Medium or
Large City by Siege (including Treachery) where an Army Com-
mander or an Army detachment commander was located when the
city fell, that leader is subject to recall and replacement.
To determine if the commander is recalled, the Carthaginian player
consults the Army Disband and Commander Recall Table (6.84)
and rolls the die. He refers to the row of the table that corresponds
to the family affiliation of the Commander to that of the family in
power, and the appropriate column, and compares the DR to the
range listed. If the DR is within range, the commander is recalled,
otherwise he remains in command.
Automatic Recall: An Army Commander whose army has lost its
last SP is automatically Recalled (no DR necessary). This does not
apply to a detachment commander. In addition, the Carthaginian
player may voluntarily Recall (no DR necessary) any Army Com-
mander at any time during the Operations Phase. In all cases, place
a Recall marker atop the effected commander to indicate he is sub-
ject to such action.
PLAY NOTE: Although the Carthaginian player may voluntarily
recall an Army Commander, it is not without its consequences
such as the effect on the Army Efficiency Rating.
Recall Effects: Recall takes effect when the very next Carthagin-
ian LAM is drawn. The recalled leader is placed back into the
leader pool unless he runs into Crucifixion problems (6.46). Re-
move all the recalled leader’s LAMs from the LAM pool. If the
LAM drawn belonged to another Carthaginian leader, that leader
conducts his Operations Phase normally. If there are no more Car-
thaginian LAMs in the pool, the recall takes effect after all LAMs
have been played.
(6.46) Crucifixion: Commanders recalled because of failure (as
in 6.45) are subject to possible terminal censure by being cruci-
fied and thus out of the game. Voluntary recall does not initiate a
check for Crucifixion. For each commander recalled, roll the die
immediately upon his recall. There is a +2 DRM if the disgraced
leader is from a family different from the one in power. If the
adjusted DR is higher than his Mortality rating, he has been, shall
we say, “hung out to dry” and will not be returning to the game.
EXAMPLE: Hanno [2P-10], a Magonid, has just lost a major
land battle. The Carthaginian player must immediately roll a die
to determine if Hanno is Recalled. He rolls a 6 and since the
Barcids are in power, he is Recalled. The Carthaginian player
places a Recall marker on the unlucky Hanno. Since there are no
more Carthaginian LAMs remaining, Hanno will be removed at
the end of the Operations Phase, and given that the Recall was
not voluntary, the Carthaginian player must check for Crucifix-
ion. He rolls a 7, which is modified to a 9 (+2 different family],
so Hanno (mortality 9) barely escapes.
(6.47) If the Carthaginian Overall Commander has been killed or
placed back into the Carthaginian leader pool, the Carthaginian
player must designate one of the remaining Army Commanders
as his OC. His choice must be from the same family that is in
power if one of the remaining commanders is so aligned.
(6.48) Carthaginian Killed/Wounded Army Commanders may
be replaced per AW 8.63 (A and C). Subordinate leaders cannot
be replaced. The Carthaginian player cannot replace recalled
leaders during the Operations Phase.
(6.5) Subordinate Leaders may still conduct operations with his detachment in that prov-
nd ince. However, to leave that province, the Subordinate leader is
DESIGN NOTE: During the 2 Punic War, the Carthaginians
limited to Force Movement operations until he stops in a hex/city
made extensive use of junior leaders in a variety of missions
within the area operations. Any Stops must be in a hex/city that
ranging from diplomatic envoys, garrison commanders, moving
is closer to his Army than the hex/city occupied at the start of the
reinforcements, raising troops, along with commanding detach-
operation.
ments from an army.
EXAMPLE: Mago’s detachment has Faventia in Gallia Cis-
(6.51) Carthaginian Subordinate leaders function as any other
padana under siege. Hannibal’s Army has since moved from Um-
leader. Unlike Carthaginian Army Commanders they are not as-
bria to Sabinus. When it is Mago’s Operations Phase, the Car-
signed to a permanent group of combat units, nor are they as-
thaginian player can continue the siege. If he would prefer to re-
signed to a specific Carthaginian Army. They cannot include
join Hannibal, he could lift the siege and use Force Movement
units from assigned to other Carthaginian commanders in a force,
operations to move to Sabinus or any province adjacent to Sabi-
though they may include an Allied leader and his units in a force
nus.
but no other leaders (6.6). A Subordinate leader may be included
in any Carthaginian Army Commanders force. (6.58) If a detachment’s parent Army is eliminated, that detach-
ment is now the Army. Move the units in the Detachment box to
(6.52) Detachments: A detachment is a group of combat units
the Army box and replace the Detachment marker on the map
drawn from a Carthaginian Army and placed under the command
with the Army marker. The Army’s AER is immediately reduced
of a Subordinate leader. A detachment is like an army in that the
by 1. If the Army Commander has been killed/captured, the Car-
units in the detachment must be included when the Subordinate
thaginian player may immediately promote the former detach-
leader composes a force. A Subordinate leader in command of a
ment commander to Army Commander. If he does so, the
detachment cannot include other units, though the player may
Army’s AER is further reduced per 6.74. Alternatively, the
change the composition of the detachment like an army (AW
player may use the procedure described in 6.41to appoint the new
5.44) and may include an Allied Leader’s force. A Carthaginian
commander. If Hannibal’s army is eliminated and two detach-
Army, other than Hannibals Army, is allowed only one detach-
ments are in play, Carthaginian player’s choice as to which to
ment; Hannibal’s may have two. [I am considering giving Hanni-
use as an army. However, if Hannibal has been killed/captured,
bal 3 once again]
the new Army may only deploy one detachment.
(6.53) The Carthaginian player may create a detachment of up to
(6.52) A Subordinate leader that is not in command of a detach-
one half (½) the army’s current SP and assign any Subordinate
ment (see below) can conduct operations anywhere and may use
leader stacked in the same/hex with the Army when that Subordi-
SP that are not part of an Army or detachment in a force.
nate leader is activated or chosen for an Interception. Alterna-
tively, a detachment may be created during the Army Com- EXAMPLE: Mago is in Campania with Hannibal’s Army. When
mander’s Operations Phase when changing the composition of the Mago’s LAM is drawn the Carthaginian player decides that his
Army (AW 5.44). A detachment cannot be created if the army is armies in Spain need some help. Mago conducts a Leader Move-
Useless. The detachment assumes the ABS of the army when it is ment operation moving into the city Carthage. There is a group
created. of combat units inside the that are not part of an Army/Detach-
ment. Since this I Mago’s first operation, continuation is auto-
PLAY NOTE: The Carthaginian Army display has one or more
matic and Mago composes a force with these units and conducts
detachment boxes for each army. Move the SP comprising to one
Force Movement operation embarking them to use Naval
of the boxes using its Detachment marker on the map.
Transport and he is off to Spain disembarking in Carthago Nova
(6.54) Detachments may be incorporated back into the same where his brother Hasdrubal and his army are waiting. Later in
Army in either the Army Commander or Subordinate leader’s Op- the turn Hasdrubal activates and the Carthaginian player adds
erations Phase if both the Army and detachment occupy the same the reinforcing units to his army, adjusts the AER if necessary and
hex/city. The penalties in 6.75 only apply if SP were added to the moves toward Tarraco with Mago in tow.
detachment. This can be done at the same time as other changes
PLAY NOTE: Yes, Subordinate leaders that are not leading de-
to the Army composition.
tachments can go anywhere the player wants either using Leader
(6.55) An Army’s AER is considered one less than its current Movement or Force Movement with units hanging around the
rating for each detachment in play but never less than -3. The map in garrisons, etc. They can be very useful in defending cities
AER of a detachment is that of its Army ‘s AER modified by and moving units about, picking up reinforcements, shuffling
the number of its detachments in play. garrisons and what not, though if brought to battle, the force is
treated as if it had an AER of -3.
EXAMPLE: The Army Efficiency Rating of Hannibal’s Army is
+2. With two detachments in play, the AER is 0 for the Army and Should the number of counters become unmanageable, use one
both detachments. of the Garrison boxes on the City Occupation display to hold the
counters and the “Force” side of the numbered Garrison mark-
(6.57) A Subordinate leader may only conduct operations with ers to represent the force on the map.
his detachment in the province where his Army is located and all
adjacent provinces. If the Subordinate leader begins his Opera-
tions Phase outside this area (i.e., the Army moved away), he
(6.6) Command Hierarchy
A Carthaginian leader may only command the units that are spe-
cifically assigned to that leader – one Army or an Army detach-
ment. A Carthaginian leader, however, may include other leaders
and their units in a force if those other leaders are lower in the
command hierarchy. That command hierarchy is:
1. Overall Commander
2. Army Commander
3. Subordinate Commander
4. Allied Leader
PLAY NOTE: In most cases, the Carthaginian Overall Com-
mander is also an Army Commander.
(6.7) Carthaginian Army Efficiency
HISTORICAL NOTE: Except for some units—Numidian cavalry,
the local Carthaginian phalanx, etc.—most of the mercenary-
raised units were of inferior quality when initially raised. The Car-
thaginian command system, though, had one major benefit the Ro-
man system did not have: Carthaginian Commanders tended to
stay in command, and the longer they did this, the better that lead-
er's army became, for reasons that had much to do with allegiance
and other aspects of command longevity.
(6.71) Every Carthaginian Army, through its Army Commander,
has an Army Efficiency Rating (AER), a number ranging from -
3 (poor) to +3 (excellent), which is used as a DRM in Battle. This
rating is added to the die roll when the Army is attacking and sub-
tracted when defending. Note that subtracting a negative rating is
the same as adding it. If more than one Army participates in a
Battle, use the lowest rating.
EXAMPLE: Hannibal (2P-1) starts the 2nd Punic War scenario
with an AER of +2. When Hannibal and his Army are used in an
Attack, 2 is added to the Battle die roll, when defending, 2 is sub-
tracted from the Battle DR. If an army with a -3 AER participates
in battle, the DRM is -3 if the army attacks, and +3 if it defends.
(6.72) Armies that start the game deployed are given an AER.
All newly raised Armies start with an Army Efficiency of -3.
Army Efficiency does not apply to SP in garrisons.
(6.73) During the Legion Training/Army Efficiency segment
(G/2), every Carthaginian Army in play that was under the com-
mand of the same leader throughout the Game Turn may increase
its efficiency AER by 1 (but see 6.76) if all the following condi-
tions are met:
• army was not Useless at any time during the Game Turn,
and
• its Army Efficiency Rating was not lowered at any time
during the Game Turn per 6.74 or 6.75 below, and
• the army is not currently Disorganized.
(6.74) When an Army receives a new Commander, regardless of
who it is, that Army lowers its AER by 2 to a minimum rating of
-3. This case applies to a replacement leader. There is no change
when a Wounded leader returns.
(6.75) The Carthaginian player may increase an Army's strength
by adding SP that are not part of another Army (reinforcements,
garrisons, etc.) up to 30% of its strength in SP (use the Percentage
Loss Chart to determine the number), without penalty. If the num-
ber added is more than 30% but less than the current Army size,
the AER is reduced by 1. If the number added is equal to or greater
than the current Army size, the AER is reduced by 2. If the number
added is twice or greater than the current Army size, reduce the
AER by 3. Carthaginian Citizen units and Elite units of any na-
tionality may be added without penalty and are not considered in
the above calculation. The AERis adjusted after the placement of
SP in the Raise Manpower segment (B/3/b) and at the end of the
Army Commander’s current Operations Phase counting all SP
picked up during that phase.
PLAY NOTE: For this rule, the term Army is defined by the com-
mander. If a Commander changes command to another Army, it
is as if he were a new commander.
(6.76) Army Efficiency Limits: The AER can go no lower than
-3 and no higher than +3. A Carthaginian Army of 60 SP or more
cannot have an AER greater than +2 while an army of 100 SP or
more cannot have an AER greater than +1. After any adjustments
are made (6.75), adjust the AER, if necessary, to comply with these
limits.
DESIGN NOTE: As with the Romans, the Carthaginian com-
manders of the time could not as effectively manage large armies
(when they could be raised) as those of a more manageable size.
(6.8) Carthaginian Political Charts & Tables
(6.81) Carthaginian Family Power Determination Table.
See player aid card.
(6.82) 2nd Punic War Army Limit Chart. See player aid card.
(6.83) Carthaginian Political Climate Table. See player aid
card.
PLAY NOTE: As a reminder, be sure to use the 2nd Punic War
sections and modifiers for the Family Power, Political Climate
tables, and the Army Limit Chart.
(6.84) Army Disband And Commander Recall Table. See
player aid card.
(7.0) Carthaginian Manpower
HISTORICAL NOTE: Carthage, as a country, did not have anywhere
near the indigenous (and citizen) wells of manpower that Rome had.
Carthage's own manpower base was about 3-400,000 Carthaginian cit-
izens, half of whom were female. Therefore, most of the troops raised by
Carthage were mercenary (from Europe) or provided by (often uneasy)
alliance (Libya and Numidia).
(7.1) Types and Restrictions
The Carthaginian player raises Manpower in the Raise Manpower
segment (B/3/b) and with Manpower Operations during the Op-
erations Phase (7.44).
(7.11) Carthage raises several classes of units:
• Citizens: enlisted from the indigenous Carthaginian popu-
lation. Elephants are included in this category.
• Allies: levied from Libya (Tripolitania), Numidia, Maure-
tania, and Mauretania Tingitanis.
 • Tribal Levies: mercenaries and/or allies raised from tribes
allied to Carthage.
• Provincial Allies: enlisted from independent provinces or
those formerly allied to Rome.
PLAY NOTE: The types of units have nothing to do with their com-
bat abilities except those identified as Elite. Their type does deter-
mine their ease in raising and the location of their posting.
(7.12) The Carthaginian player has several restrictions on how he
may use certain types and the contingents within each type. These
restrictions are:
• Libyan units may not be placed or used south/southeast of
Carthage's Ditch Boundary
• Numidian units may not be placed, or used, in Numidia,
regardless of what Carthage controls.
• Mauretanian units may not be placed or used in any of the
Mauretanian provinces.
• A Siege Engine must always be part of an Army. An Army
can only have one Siege Engine assigned.
• Provincial Allies cannot be used outside the theater where
they were raised.
HISTORICAL NOTE: Carthaginians made it a practice to
rarely, if ever, use Allies in the lands from which they came, for
fear of revolt. They kept most of the citizen troops home. The
practice changed to a degree in the 2nd Punic War.
(7.13) Political Climate: If the number of Carthaginian armies in
play is less than the number of armies allowed by the Political Cli-
mate, the Carthaginian player may either raise one army or raise
reinforcements during the Raise Manpower segment (B/3/b). If the
number of armies in play is at the Political Climate limit, only rein-
forcements may be raised; if over, no manpower can be raised. Fur-
thermore, no reinforcements may be raised if any army was dis-
banded in the Disband Armies segment (B/2/c). The Carthaginian
player may raise manpower even if Carthage is besieged.
(7.2) Raising Manpower
(7.21) Army: To raise manpower when forming an army during
the Raise Manpower segment (B/3/b), the Carthaginian player se-
lects one of the allowable contingents on Carthaginian Manpower
Table, rolls a die, and applies any applicable modifiers as listed on
the table. He receives SP from that contingent corresponding to the
modified die result. This process is repeated for other contingents
allowed by the current Political Climate. The SP are placed on any
unused Army holding box on the Carthaginian Army Display with
the corresponding Army marker placed in an unbesieged Cartha-
ginian controlled Large or Medium city in Carthage province. He
then appoints an Army Commander (6.41) and places an Army
Efficiency -3 marker in the army’s holding box. Once formed, an
Army remains in play until disbanded (6.3) or its last SP is elim-
inated. If the size of the newly raised Army is 20 SP or larger,
the Carthaginian player may add a Subordinate leader by drawing
one, randomly and blindly, from the Carthaginian leader pool. The
leader is placed with the Army.
EXAMPLE: The Political Climate is Alert. The Carthaginian
player has room to recruit a new Army and decides to raise troops
from the Libyans, Numidians, and Carthaginians. He starts with
the Libyans and rolls a 5, and since he increased his NS level last
Game Turn, there is a -2 DRM giving, resulting in a 3. He re-
ceives 10 Libyan infantry SP. He then rolls for the Numidians,
here a 6, reduced to a 4, giving him 5 Numidian infantry SP and
10 SP Numidian Elite cavalry. For the Carthaginians, the roll is
a 0, modified to a -2, so he receives 5 SP Carthaginian infantry
SP and 5 SP Carthaginian cavalry. The net result is 20 SP of in-
fantry and 15 SP of cavalry.
(7.22) Reinforcements: When raising reinforcements during the
Riase Manpower segment (B/3/b), the Carthaginian player selects
one contingent, rolls a die, and applies any applicable modifiers as
listed on the table. He receives SP corresponding to the modified
die result. This process is repeated for other contingents allowed by
the current Political Climate. If 20 SP or more were raised, the Car-
thaginian player may bring a Subordinate leader in as a reinforce-
ment by drawing one, randomly and blindly, from the Carthagin-
ian leader pool. The leader is treated as a reinforcement SP for pur-
poses of placement.
(7.23) Reinforcement SP may be placed with any unbesieged
Carthaginian Armies in the Africa and Mauretania Theaters im-
mediately when raised subject to the restrictions listed in 7.12.
Carthage is an exception: Carthaginian Armies in the city and/or
the Carthage Garrison (up to 10 SP) may be reinforced even if
Carthage is besieged but only Citizens (no Elephants) and a Sub-
ordinate leader may be placed there.
For Armies outside these Theaters, the Carthaginian player in-
stead places the reinforcement SP in the Theater Holding box(es)
associated with the Theater where a receiving Army is located.
He may distribute the SP among these holding boxes as he sees
fit. He then places the Carthaginian Reinforcement LAM in the
LAM pool.
(7.24) When the Reinforcement LAM is picked, the Carthaginian
player must, for each Theater Holding Box with reinforcement SP,
trace a path of sea hexes from a Carthaginian controlled port in Car-
thage province to one Carthaginian/Allied controlled port in that
Theater. The port cannot be besieged unless the Army receiving
the reinforcements is in the port. The port of origin may be the
source for more than one Theater but the number of SP that leave
the port cannot exceed its Embark limit. The player then rolls the
die and consults the Naval Transport Table (AW 7.2). Apply
only the loss and leader casualty results; ignore the rest. The sur-
viving SP, up to the port’s Disembark limit (excess SPs are elim-
inated), are then distributed among the unbesieged Armies in the-
ater, or to those Armies in the besieged port of arrival, subject to
the restrictions listed in 7.12. If there are no eligible ports or if no
eligible Armies remain in the Theater, the SP are eliminated ( lost
at sea, etc.).
EXAMPLE: In a Cautious climate, the Carthaginian player decides
to reinforce his Army in Hispania. He was able to raise 25 SP, a
mixture of Libyans (10i) and Numidians (5i, 10C), placing the SP
in the Hispania holding box. The closest port to Hispania is the
Hippo Regius, a Minor Port. Fortunately, its Embark limit is 25 SP
so can be used as the port of origin. When the Reinforcement LAM
is pulled, the Carthaginian player selects a destination port in the
theater. Calpe is the closest using the coastal route, 60 hexes away.
Carthago Nova is closer, but the route includes 9 Deep Sea and 13
coastal hexes. Despite the Deep-Sea hexes, the route provides a
more favorable -2 DRM. The least favorable sea zone in both cases
is the Mare Africum West at +3; it’s good to be in friendly seas. So
off to Nova Carthago. The Carthaginian player has a net +1 DRM
(+3 for the sea zone, -2 for the distance) and rolls the die … a 0.
The +1 DRM prevents a total disaster. 50% of each contingent is
lost with 5i Libyan, 3i Numidian, 5C Numidian landing in Nova
Carthago and immediately placed with his Army in Hispania. The
influx of reinforcement SP is more than 30% of the Army’s strength
but not greater, so the Army’s AER is reduced by 1.
(7.25) The Carthaginian player is not required to take all the result-
ant SP, nor is he required to make all allowable die rolls.
(7.26) The Carthaginian player may use his OC (only) to raise rein-
forcements (7.22) from Groups A and B (Citizens and Allies) with
a Manpower Operation under the following circumstances:
• The OC and his Army are in the Carthage city/hex.
• The OC is of the same family as the family in power.
• The Political Climate is Aggressive
If successful, the raised SP placed with the OC’s Army adjusting
its AER where necessary. Only one such Manpower Operation
attempt may be made per Game Turn.
PLAY NOTE: This is a Hail Mary rule to give the Carthaginian
player the opportunity to do what Hannibal did when he returned
home.
(7.28) Provincial Manpower: An unbesieged Carthaginian Army
Commander or Subordinate leader may use a Manpower Opera-
tion once per Operations Phase to raise SP from provinces that
have manpower shown on the PIC. The Carthaginian player must
control SP [may use a different criterion than the standard control
rules] the province to raise manpower. A detachment commander
may raise SP from the province where he is located. An Army
Commander from the province where he is located and all adjacent
controlled provinces with the same operation. The number of SP
raised per province is listed on the PIC. The SP are placed in the
same hex/city as the leader conducting the operation. The SP may
be added to the Army/detachment when able to alter its composi-
tion (AW 5.44/45) of the Army/detachment. A province can pro-
vide manpower only once per Game Turn.
EXAMPLE: Hannibal is in Lucania. Carthage controls Lucania
and Apulia. A successful Manpower Operation would produce 3
SP (2+1) of Italian infantry.
(7.29) Tribal Manpower: A unbesieged Carthaginian leader can
raise manpower from the various tribes in Hispania, Gaul, and Li-
guria using the procedure in 9.2.
(7.3) Manpower Limits
(7.31) Citizens: There may never be more than 50 SPs of Car-
thaginian (the contingent) infantry and/or cavalry (not Elephants)
in play at any one time.
(7.32) Manpower Pools: The Carthaginian player has a limited
manpower pool from which he can raise SP during the game. The
Carthaginian Political and Manpower display has Holding Boxes
for the eight contingents from which the Carthaginian player may
raise manpower. These Holding Boxes are populated during the
scenario setup with the number of SP of the appropriate contin-
gent. The Carthaginian manpower supply is limited to the SP in
these Holding Boxes.
When armies/reinforcements are raised, the SP are drawn from
the respective contingent Holding Box. When an army is Dis-
banded (7.52) place the SP into the appropriate Holding Boxes.
The manpower limits apply only to the eight contingents with
Holding Boxes. SP expended to bring on a Siege Engine are not
drawn from the holding boxes.
DESIGN NOTE: The manpower pool for Carthage was nowhere
near that of Rome, even over the two decades each of the Punic
wars raged. The number of Carthaginian citizens was far less
than that of Rome, her allies were helpful (when they were coop-
erating), and the Carthaginian Senate was not enthusiastic about
paying mercenaries.
HISTORICAL NOTE: While the totality of this rule is historical,
actual population numbers are especially difficult to come by,
even for the Carthaginians. Our maximums are based on the
numbers used during the actual wars, adjusted for playability, et
al. Roman maximums are determined by the number of legions
that can be raised in a scenario, with the totals for the 2 nd Punic
war as a ceiling guide.
PLAY NOTE: Having the counters sit on the display rather than
in the counter tray or baggies eliminates the need for a track with
special markers.
(7.4) Carthaginian Manpower Charts & Tables
(7.41) Carthaginian Manpower Table. See player aid card.
(7.42) Carthaginian Manpower Maximums. See player aid
card.
PLAY NOTE: As a reminder, be sure to use the 2nd Punic War sec-
tions of the tables and charts.
(8.0) Naval Superiority System
This section supplements AW 7.0.
(8.1) Construction
(8.11) The Roman and Carthaginian players may increase the NS
Level of any zone(s) (and, thereby, decrease the oppo-
nent's). To do so he rolls the die and consults the NS
Construction Table using the appropriate column on
the table, adjusting the DR per the listed DRMs. The
resultant number is the number of levels the player may use to
adjust any Naval Zone(s). A player may construct and perform
Re-allotment in the same segment, with construction completed
before Re-allotment.
DESIGN NOTE: More to come.
(8.12) NS Level Construction effects certain Manpower Opera-
tions performed in the subsequent Operations Phase. When using
the Legion Request Table and Carthaginian Manpower Tables,
there is an adverse DRM which is equal to twice the number (2x)
the number of NS Levels constructed. There is no effect on Pro-
vincial or Tribal Manpower Operations.
(8.13) NS Construction Table. See 2nd Punic War Player Aid
Card.
EXAMPLE: It is the 2nd Punic War, and the Roman Player
wishes to increase his presence in the Mare Africum, where
Carthage has a +2 NS Level. In the Naval Superiority Construc-
tion/Re-allotment Segment, he rolls 7 on the NS Construction
Table and receives a 2 result. He takes those 2 NS levels and in-
creases his presence in Mare Africum by reducing Carthage’s
NS Level to 0 (removing the marker) and his to 0. However, for
each Legion raising Manpower Operation in the subsequent Op-
erations Phase he must subtract 2 x 2 = 4 from each DR.
(8.2) Raids
Both players mobilize one Raid for use during the Operations
Phase to plunder and otherwise discomfort the other player.
(8.21) Mobilization: The Raid is mobilized through the Re-al-
lotment process (AW 7.15).Treat the Raid as if it were a
Mare/Fretum for this purpose with the following adjustments:
• The maximum size of the Raid is 5 NS level. Any number
of levels may be added to this limit.
• Any number of levels may be removed from a Raid but no
lower than 0 (i.e. no negative Raids)
Use a galley counter of the player’s color (Roman red, Carthage
purple) of the corresponding value to represent the Raid. The Raid
counter is placed in a friendly unbesieged port in his Home or
Allied province, or a port of an Allied power within the following
limitations based on the size of the Raid:
• Raid size 4 or 5 only in a Major Port.
• Raid size 2 or 3 in a Major or Secondary port.
• Raid Size 1 any friendly port.
The Raid remains on the map if it has non-zero strength and may
be moved and placed in a qualifying port in each Naval Superior-
ity Construction/Re-allotment. If a Raid cannot be placed, the
player must use the Re-allotment to reduce it to a size that can be
placed.
(8.22) Raiding: Raids are resolved in the Operations Phase. An
eligible leader that begins his Operations Phase in the same
port/hex as the Raid counter may conduct the Raid. Whether the
port city is besieged is not relevant. For the Carthaginians, any
leader may conduct a Raid of size 3 or less. A Raid of 4 or 5 re-
quires a Carthaginian Admiral. For the Romans, a Praetor may
not conduct a Raid of size 4 or 5. The remaining magistrates, other
than the Praetor Urbanus, who cannot conduct one at all, may
conduct a Raid of any size. A Roman Admiral is not required
though it does help.
The player conducting the Raid places the leader and Raid counter
next to the NS Level marker in the Mare (not a Fretum) adjacent
to the port where the Raid originated. Then designates a target
city in a coastal hex in the opposing player’s Home or Allied
province adjacent to the Mare where the Raid is located. He con-
sults the Raid Table to determine the Attack strength of the Raid
and the Defense strength of the target city. He subtracts the De-
fense strength from the Attack strength to generate a DRM. He
then rolls the die, applying the that DRM, and implements the re-
sult indicated on that table. The Raid attempt is considered an op-
eration with a DR Finish unless the Raid Table result indicates
otherwise. The player may continue to target cities, including the
same one if the attempt was repulsed, and roll on the table until
his leader fails a continuation DR, is adversely affected by a result
on the Raid table, or until the maximum amount of plunder is ob-
tained. The player is not required to continue and may finish the
leader instead.
(8.23) Plundered: A successful raid plunders the city and is
some cases Sacks it as well. The player conducting the raid
places one of his Plundered markers on the target city. For a
Raid size of 1, the leader is Finished after placing a single Plun-
dered marker, for a Raid size of 2 or 3, after placing a second
Plundered marker, and for Raid of size 4 or 5, after placing a
third Plundered marker.
(8.24) Ending the Raid: When the Raid’s leader is Finished
place the leader and the marker back in the port where the Raid
originated. If that port is Under Siege, instead place the leader
and Raid counter in any suitable friendly unbesieged port adja-
cent to the Mare. If there are no ports or the port has insufficient
capacity eliminate the excess strength and associated plunder. A
Raid may only be conducted one per Game Turn.
(8.25) Plunder Effects: Plundered markers of the opposing
player generate adverse DRMs on all die rolls during the Naval
Superiority Construction/Re-allotment (B/3a) and Raise Man-
power segments (B/3/b). Plundered markers placed by the player
may generate favorable DRMS on these die rolls. There is a -1
DRM for each Plundered marker placed by the opposing player.
There is a +1 DRM for each Plundered marker placed by the
player if more than one Plundered marker was placed. These ef-
fects are cumulative so use the net DRM if both players Plun-
dered markers. Remove all Plundered markers at the end of the
Force Determination segment (B/3).
(8.26) Raid Table: See 2nd Punic War Scenarios Player Aid
Card.
(8.3) Rome and Ostia
The city of Rome is treated as a Port for purposes of Siege Assault
and Siege Attrition (and only in these two cases) if the Roman
player controls Ostia whether besieged or not.
(9.0) The Celts
HISTORICAL NOTE: The Celtic Tribes of what is now Northern
Italy, France, and Spain, were the Loose Cannons of the Repub-
lican era. They were not only as unstable as nitroglycerine, but
about as dangerous. They are Celts: Gallic Celts (from the prov-
inces that have the word "Gallia"), which we will call Gauls, and
Iberian Celts from the three provinces of Hispania, which we will
call Iberians and Celt-Iberians. Some tribes have been lumped
together and assimilated into another, larger and representative
tribe. For example, the Allobroges also include the Tricastini,
the Vocontii and the Tricorii. Most of the splintered tribes of Li-
guria are treated as part of the two Ligurian provinces except for
the Taurini. This rule applies to both groups, but the Gallic Celts
are the ones to keep your eye on.
PLAY NOTE: The rules for the Celts are one of the reasons why
the 2nd Punic War scenario is such a massive undertaking.
Tribe Boii
It-2012
Tribe Base Hex Gallic Contingent
8 E 3 Manpower Rating
Aggression Rating
Battle Letter
(9.1) The Tribes
(9.11) All tribes have counters located in a specific hex (listed on
the counter), which represents their areas of operations. The
counters show the tribe’s name, whether it is Gallic or Ibe-
rian/Celtiberian, etc., the Aggression Rating, Battle Letter, and
the Manpower Rating, all of which are explained below. Each
tribe has three color coded counters showing their allegiance ei-
ther to Carthage (purple), Rome (red), or Neutral (green). The
front side of the counter shows the tribe at full strength, the re-
verse side with a white stripe shows the tribe depleted. The tribal
counter only moves from its hex during a successful Interception
(AW 9.14) or as result of an Augury event. After the Interception
or event is resolved, it is returned to its hex of origin.
(9.12) Each tribe has an Allegiance, Status, and potential to pro-
vide manpower to the players:
• Allegiance: Each tribe is either actively allied to Rome or
Carthage, or it is Neutral. Use the appropriate counter to
show its allegiance.
• Status: Each tribe is either Active or Pacified. An Active
tribe can also be Depleted; a Pacified tribe is always con-
sidered Depleted. A tribe is Active unless Pacified. A tribe
is Pacified when it has suffered a Major Defeat in battle, as
per AW 8.52. Any other level of defeat - or, of course, a
victory - keeps it in Active status. A Pacified tribe cannot
Intercept (9.12) and cannot be attacked. Forces may move
through its hex as if nothing were there. Use a PACIFIED
marker to indicate this Status.
• Manpower: A tribe either has manpower available or is de-
pleted. An Active tribe becomes Depleted if the Carthagin-
ian (or Roman in certain circumstances) player raise man-
power from the tribe. Flip the counter to its back side. The
tribe may still Intercept and defend itself, but the Aggres-
sion Rating is halved (round up). Manpower cannot be
raised from a Depleted tribe.
(9.13) In the Tribal Segment (B/6), a Depleted and/or Pacified
Tribe's status can be changed, albeit gradually, as follows:
• Depletion Recovery: One of the players rolls for each tribe
on its Depleted side. If the DR is the same as or lower than
its Manpower Rating, the tribe is no longer Depleted; flip
the counter to its full-strength side.
• Pacification Removal: the other player rolls the die for
each tribe with a Pacified marker. If the DR is the same as
or lower than the Aggression Rating, that tribe is now Ac-
tive. However, it remains Depleted. The Tribe’s allegiance
remains the same. If there is an enemy force of 20+ SP with
a leader in the same province as the tribe’s base hex, use
one-half of that tribe’s Aggression Rating (round down) in
the determination.
Do not roll for Depletion Recovery or Pacification Removal for
tribes in Devastated provinces (AW 6.7).
(9.14) Tribal Interception: Each tribe has Interception (AW
6.5) capability, using its Aggression Rating as a substitute for the
leader Campaign Rating. The Tribal Interception range is 3
hexes. Any time a player moves within the Interception range of
a tribe that is Active and is Allied to the opposing player, that
opposing player may choose to intercept the moving force. No
leader is necessary (that is what the Aggression Rating stands
for, among other things). A tribe may attempt one Interception
per force per Force Movement operation; there is no limit to the
number of Interceptions it may attempt during an Operations
Phase. Moreover, tribes (such as the Allobroges) that are based
in a Mountain hex do not pay the Interception adjustment for
Mountain hexes (AW 6.54). Ignore any city in the tribe’s base
hex. There is no Attrition check following a successful intercep-
tion.
(9.15) Parley: If a force is intercepted by a tribe, the leader of
the intercepted force may use his available Guile Points to parley
with the tribe and talk them out of the attack. To do this the player
must expend at least 1 Guile Point (he may spend more), and roll
the die, adding the expended Guile Points to the DR. If that ad-
justed DR is higher than the Aggression Rating of the tribe, the
attack is cancelled. If same as or lower, the attack takes place.
PLAY NOTE: This is a form of Instant Diplomacy (see 9.3), ex-
cept that it has no "lasting" effect.
(9.16) Battle: If a tribe engages in Battle, the SP it has for that
combat varies each time. To determine the size of the force, the
player controlling the tribe rolls the die and multiplies it by the
tribe’s Aggression Rating. That number is how many SP that
tribe has raised for that battle. If the tribe is Depleted halve this
number, rounding any fraction up, In addition, 10% of those SP
are considered cavalry, round any fraction up. If the DR is a 0,
the Attack or Interception is cancelled instead. If it is a player
Attack operation, continuation is by die roll (the tribe as avoided
combat).
All combat takes place as per the standard Combat and Intercep-
tion rules. If the tribe suffers a Major Defeat, it is Pacified. Oth-
erwise, the player simply takes his losses, and the tribal counter
is returned to its base hex. After Battle Status is not relevant for
the tribe but does to the player’s force.
PLAY NOTE: In is not necessary to use any of the combat coun-
ters for the tribe although you may certainly do so. The player
may simply note the number of infantry and cavalry SP.
EXAMPLE: The Allobroges are based in It-1226. Hannibal
moves a force of 100 Infantry SP and 30 Cavalry SP into It-1326.
The Roman player intercepts them (we will skip that mechanic)
with the Allobroges. He checks to see how many men the Allobro-
ges can muster, rolling a 6. 6 x 8 = 48 SP, 5 of which are cavalry
(which have no additional effect in this hex). The Allobroges thus
will attack the Carthaginians at 48 - 130, or 1-3. With Hannibal
as commander, the Carthaginians obtain a -4 Leader Tactical
Ability Adjustment, which, added to the -3 for the 1-3 attack,
gives the Allobroges a -7 DRM. The Roman Player rolls a 4,
which reduces to a -3 on the BRT, for a 20/5 result. This is a
Major Victory for the Carthaginians (see AW 8.52), so the
Allobroges suffer a Major Defeat and are Pacified. However,
Hannibal has lost 7 SPs (or about 3500 men).
(9.17) A moving force attacked by a tribe may always continue
its Force Movement 0peration automatically (no DR to continue)
unless the tribe is the winner. If the tribe earns a Major Victory,
the active leader is Finished. If a lesser victory, continuation is
based on a DR to which +2 is added.
(9.18) A player may use an Attack operation against a tribe’s
base hex if that tribe is Active and either Neutral or Allied to the
opposing player. The size of the defending force is determined,
and a battle conducted per 9.16. A tribe cannot use Avoidance or
Coordination.
PLAY NOTE: A tribe may be attacked more than once with a new
force raised in response to each attack.
(9.19) Due to an Augury Event, a tribe may attack a nearby city.
The size of the force is determined per 9.16 and placed with the
tribe marker in the targeted city’s hex. If an enemy force is in the
hex, the tribe attacks the force. If the enemy force remains in the
hex (outside the city) after the attack, the tribe marker is placed
in its base hex and the tribal SP removed. If not, the tribe places
the city Under Siege if it has enough infantry SP to do so. When
a Siege Attrition marker is drawn, the tribe will conduct a Siege
Assault (the Celts were not a patient lotIf the city is captured, it
is automatically Sacked. If the siege is still unresolved in the In-
ertia Attrition Segment (G/1), remove the Under Siege marker
and the tribal SP from the map and return the tribe’s counter to
its base hex.
PLAY NOTE: If a siege is undertaken, use SP counters from an
appropriate contingent to keep track of the tribe’s losses.
(9.2) Raising Troops from the Tribes
(9.21) The Carthaginian player may raise troops from tribes in
any theater; the Roman Player may only do so in the Hispania
theater. The player may raise manpower from an Allied tribe that
is neither Pacified nor Depleted and located in the same province
as the leader trying to raise those troops. Eligible leaders are any
Carthaginian Army or Detachment Commander and any Roman
magistrate.
(9.22) Raising troops from a tribe is a Manpower operation that
may be conducted by an unbesieged eligible leader with availa-
ble Guile Points. The Guile Points are not expended (unless the
player wishes to do so), they just need to be available. The leader
may attempt no more Manpower Operations than his printed
Guile Rating in each of his Operations Phases, and only one such
operation may be made per tribe. Thus, Hannibal could attempt
4 such operations per Operations Phase, while Hanno Barca
would be limited to 1.
PLAY NOTE: The many leaders with a Guile Point Rating 0,
though otherwise eligible, cannot raise manpower from a tribe.
(9.23) To get troops from a tribe, the player rolls the die which is
modified as follows:
-1 DRM per Guile Point expended. The player may spend as
many as are available to that leader.
-1 DRM if that leader has won a Victory (but not Major) dur-
ing the Game Turn in that province or any adjacent prov-
ince or
-3 DRM if that leader has won a Major Victory during the
Game Turn in that province or any adjacent province.
If the adjusted DR is the same as or lower than that leader's Cam-
paign Rating, the player rolls the die again, and multiplies the
result by the tribe's Manpower Rating. This is the number of SP
raised 10% of which may be taken as cavalry SP (round any frac-
tion up). Use counters of the contingent on the Tribal marker.
The tribe is now depleted; flip the Tribe’s counter to its depleted
side. SP raised are drawn from the contingent’s Carthaginian
Manpower holding box. Treat cavalry as infantry if necessary. If
the DR is a 0, no SP are forthcoming, and the tribe remains un-
depleted. The SP are placed with the leader conducting the Op-
eration.
(9.3) Celtic Alliances
DESIGN NOTE: The Celts did not forge alliances, in the diplo-
matic sense. They were "influenced" by personalities and events
and whoever looked like he was going to win.
(9.31) The tribes are either allied to Rome, Carthage, or Neutral.
The scenario Province Information Chart provides the at-start
status for each tribe.
(9.32) A Roman Consul, Proconsul, Dictator/ME, or Carthagin-
ian Army Commander in the same province as the tribe’s base
hex may use a Diplomacy Operation to attempt to change the
allegiance of that tribe. The players cannot change the allegiance
of a Pacified tribe. The leader must have Guile Points available,
although expanding the Guile points is not required. The player
may attempt no more Diplomacy Operations of this type than the
leader’s available Guile Points at the start of the Operations
Phase, and only one such Diplomacy operation may be made per
tribe.
(9.33) To make the attempt, the player rolls the die which is mod-
ified as follows:
+1 DRM per Guile Point expended. The player may spend as
many as are available to that leader.
+2 DRM if his side won a Victory (but not Major) during the
Game Turn in that province or
+5 DRM if his side won a Major Victory during the Game
Turn in that province.
+1 DRM for the Roman player if the tribe is in the Hispania
Theater or for the Carthaginian player if the tribe is in the
Gallia Cisalpina and Liguria theaters.
If the adjusted DR is higher than the tribe's Aggression Rating,
the tribe changes its allegiance to that player. If the same, the
tribe becomes Neutral, and if higher, there is no change of alle-
giance. If there is a change of allegiance, replace the tribe’s
counter with one of the player’s color or the neutral color.
DESIGN NOTE: The overall political situation in Hispania was
the inverse of that in northern Gaul. There the Carthaginians
were still in the process of subduing the tribes in the peninsula
often using heavy handed means to maintain control of the areas
under their control. For a historical parallel, consider Julius
Designer and Developer Notes

Credits

Bibliography

Index
Roman Magistrate Historical Information – 2nd Punic War
ID # Full Name* Offices Held and Years** * = Within Reason. Lots of similar names.
401 P. Cornelius Scipio [a] C218, PC217-211 ** = Office Abbreviations: D = Dictator; C = Consul; PC = Procon-
402 T. Sempronius Longus C218 sul; P = Praetor; A = Admiral
403 C. Atilius Serranus [b]
P218 Notes:
[b] a = The father of Scipio Africanus, and most noted for his extended
404 L. Manlius Vulso P218
proconsulship in Spain from 217 BC until his death in 211 BC. Same
[c]
405 Cn. Cornelius Scipio P218, PC 217-211 applies to his brother, Cnaeus.
406 Cn. Servilius Geminus C217, PC 216 b = Manlius was the Praetor Peregrinus (praetor for foreigners and
407 C. Flaminius C217 given one of Publius’ legions) who got besieged by the Boii and had
[d] to be rescued by Atilius, the Praetor Urbanus, given the other of Pub-
408 Q. Fabius Maximus Verracosus D217, C215, 214, 209
lius’ legions to do the job.
[d]
409 M. Minucius Rufus D217
c = Cnaeus was sent by his brother, Cornelius, to Spain in 218 while
410 A. Cornelius Mamulla P217, 216 Cornelius returned to Italy. After that, he served, with his brother, as
411 T. Otacilius Crassus [e]
P217, 216, 215, 214 proconsul in Spain until both were killed in battle in 211.
412 C. Terentius Varro [f]
C216, PC215, 214, 213, 207 d = Fabius Maximus was the leader of the "Fabian" party in the Sen-
ate, the chief purveyor of the strategy of delay and deny, for which
413 L. Aemilius Paullus C216
he was awarded the cognomen "Cunctator". An enormously power-
[g]
C215,214,210,208 ful man. The cognomen “Verrucosus” refers to a wart under his nose.
414 M. Claudius Marcellus
PC216,213,212, etc. His political, military, and philosophical opposite was M. Minucius
[h] Rufus, an old "cavalry" type who believed in meeting all problems
415 L. Postumius Albinus C215, P216
with a headlong charge. In an instance of political dopiness never
416 Ti. Sempronius Gracchus C215,213, PC214, 212 repeated, the two rival men, Fabius and Minucius, were both elected
417 Ap. Claudius Pulcher PC215, 213 C212 Dictator in the same year! Minucius also served as Master of Horse.)
Did not work. Fabius also served as Consul Suffectus (sort of a re-
418 T. Manlius Torquatus P215, D208
placement consul) in the Postumius fiasco; see 'n'
419 P. Cornelius Lentulus P214,213,212
e = Served mostly as fleet admiral.
[i]
420 Q. Fabius Maximus P214, C213
f = Considering he was the commander at Cannae, it is interesting to
421 Q. Mucius Scaevola P216, 215,214,213,212 note that his political career did not suffer. He received a decree of
422 P. Sempronius Tuditanus P213,212,211,203 C204 thanks for doing his duty.
C212, PC211, 210,208,207, g = Claudius Marcellus, after Scipio, Rome's best general in the war,
423 Q. Fulvius Flaccus served endlessly throughout, mostly in Sicily. It was he who suc-
C209
ceeded in capturing Syracuse, despite the best efforts of Archimedes.
424 C. Claudius Nero P212,211,210 C207 One of Republican Rome's true heroes.
[j]
425 Cn. Fulvius Flaccus PC212 h = Here's a good one; follow this closely … it is hard to believe.
426 M. Iunius Salinus P212, 211, 210 Seems Postumius was very aptly named, as he was killed while Prae-
427 Cn. Fulvius Centumalus Maximus C211, P210 tor in Gaul, in 216. So, what was he doing as consul in 215? Well, it
appears he was Consul Designate for 215. This still entitled him to
428 P. Sulpicius Galba Maximus C211, PC210,209,208,207,206 "hold" the office of Consul, if only on the rolls. Anyway, Claudius
429 L. Cornelius Lentulus P211, PC206, 205, 204 Marcellus appears to have been appointed to take his place but, in-
430 C. Sulpicius Galba P211 stead, abdicated when such "election" was declared invalid. In game
[k]
terms it means nothing, but the Italian method of electing dead guys
431 M. Valerius Laevinus P215, PC213,212,211,209 C210 seems to have carried over to Chicago.
432 P. Manlius Vulso P210 i = Son of Cunctator. He commanded two legions in Apulia in 214,
433 C. Calpurnius Piso PC210,209,208 even though he was, officially, only a praetor. Probably because they
434 P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus [l]
PC210-206, 204-202 C205 were the Volones – slave – legions.
435 C. Aurunculeius P209, 208 j = Brother of Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, convicted in Senate of cow-
[m]
ardice in battle loss to Hannibal and exiled.
436 L. Veturius Philo P209, 208, C206
[n]
k = Laevinus was Rome's Man in Macedonia - later it was Sulpicius
437 L. Cincius Alimentus PC210, 209 Galba - sent there to keep Philip IV from joining up with Hannibal.
438 T. Quinctius Crispinus P209, C208 They prosecuted what was called the First Macedonian War. Laevi-
439 H. Hostilius Tubulus P208 nus later (around 211) was placed in charge of the main Roman fleet
upon the death of T. Otacilius Crassus, who had held that command
440 M. Livius Salinator C207, PC206 205, 204 since the beginning of the war.
441 A. Hostilius Cato P207 l = Scipio Africanus, easily the best general the Romans had in this
442 L. Porcius Licinus P207 era, and possibly the best military mind in Roman history (arguable,
443 Q. Caecilius Metellus C206, PC205 to be sure), is the son of P. Cornelius Scipio (301). There are re-
strictions as to when Africanus may enter the game. One of the best
444 Ti. Claudius Asellus P206 Scipio stories is his meeting with Hannibal in the days when the latter
445 C. Servilius Geminus P206, 202 C203 was working for Antiochus the Great. If the story is to be believed -
446 P. Licinius Crassus Dives C205, PC204 and why not - despite Rome's pathological hatred of Hannibal, Scipio
appears to have admired him greatly. It says much about how deeply
447 Cn. Octavius P206 political Republican Rome was that Scipio, in his later years, was
448 L. Manlius Acidinus PC206-202 literally run out of town.
449 M. Cornelius Cethegus C204, PC211,203
450 Ti. Claudius Nero P204, C202
451 L. Scribonius Libo P204
 [o]
452 Sp. Lucretius PC 205, 204 m = Another senator of the same name was elected Dictator in 217
453 Cn. Servilius Caepio C203, P205 but lasted only 14 days, when it was discovered, he had many irreg-
ularities, wherever one has irregularities. We have, therefore, did not
454 P. Cornelius Lentulus PC203, 202 include that Veturius.
455 P. Quinctilius Varus P203 n = Considered the first Roman historian. Cincius Alimentus was
456 P. Villius Tappulus P203 captured in one of the early battles of the Second Punic War and
457 M. Marcius Ralla P204 spent years as a prisoner of the Carthaginians under Hannibal, who,
for some reason, confided in Alimentus the details of his crossing of
458 M. Pomponius Matho P204
the Alps. He transcribed this tale after his release, and the infor-
459 M. Servilius Pulex Geminus C202 mation found its way into the chronicles of many later Roman histo-
460 M. Sextius Sabinus P202 rians.
461 C. Livius Salinator P202 o = Probably a direct descendant of Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus, a
semi-legendary figure in early Roman history. He was the first Suf-
462 Cn. Termilus Flaccus P202
fect Consul of Rome and was also the father of Lucretia, whose rape
463 M. Aemilius Lepidus P218 by Sextus Tarquinius, followed by her suicide, resulted in the de-
thronement of King Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, therefore directly
464 S. Geminus C203, P206 precipitating the founding of the Roman Republic.
465 C. Laelius C190, P196 HISTORICAL NOTE: We have not included everyone who served in
proconsul/praetor offices, mostly for the sake of keeping the counter
466 L. C. Scipio C190, P193 mix manageable. In addition, many of these men served in lesser, but
important, offices, such as Magister Equitum, Legates, Aediles, etc.