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(Download PDF) Computational Electromagnetics With Matlab Fourth Edition Matthew N O Sadiku Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
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Computational
Electromagnetics
with MATLAB®
Fourth Edition
Computational
Electromagnetics
with MATLAB®
Fourth Edition
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
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eResource material is available for this title at https://www.crcpress.com/9781138558151
To my teacher
Carl A. Ventrice
and my parents
Preface............................................................................................................................................ xiii
Acknowledgment...........................................................................................................................xv
A Note to Students...................................................................................................................... xvii
Author............................................................................................................................................ xix
1. Fundamental Concepts...........................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1
1.2 Review of EM Theory....................................................................................................3
1.2.1 Electrostatic Fields............................................................................................3
1.2.2 Magnetostatic Fields......................................................................................... 4
1.2.3 Time-Varying Fields......................................................................................... 5
1.2.4 Boundary Conditions.......................................................................................7
1.2.5 Wave Equations................................................................................................. 8
1.2.6 Time-Varying Potentials..................................................................................9
1.2.7 Time-Harmonic Fields................................................................................... 11
1.3 Classification of EM Problems................................................................................... 15
1.3.1 Classification of Solution Regions................................................................ 15
1.3.2 Classification of Differential Equations....................................................... 15
1.3.3 Classification of Boundary Conditions........................................................ 19
1.4 Some Important Theorems......................................................................................... 21
1.4.1 Superposition Principle.................................................................................. 21
1.4.2 Uniqueness Theorem...................................................................................... 21
References................................................................................................................................ 27
2. Analytical Methods............................................................................................................... 29
2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 29
2.2 Separation of Variables................................................................................................ 29
2.3 Separation of Variables in Rectangular Coordinates.............................................. 32
2.3.1 Laplace’s Equation.......................................................................................... 32
2.3.2 Wave Equation................................................................................................. 36
2.4 Separation of Variables in Cylindrical Coordinates...............................................42
2.4.1 Wave Equation................................................................................................. 45
2.5 Separation of Variables in Spherical Coordinates................................................... 56
2.5.1 Laplace’s Equation.......................................................................................... 57
2.5.2 Wave Equation................................................................................................. 61
2.6 Some Useful Orthogonal Functions.......................................................................... 71
2.7 Series Expansion..........................................................................................................80
2.7.1 Poisson’s Equation in a Cube.........................................................................80
2.7.2 Poisson’s Equation in a Cylinder.................................................................. 82
2.7.3 Strip Transmission Line.................................................................................85
2.8 Practical Applications..................................................................................................90
2.8.1 Scattering by Dielectric Sphere..................................................................... 90
2.8.2 Scattering Cross Sections............................................................................... 95
2.9 Attenuation due to Raindrops.................................................................................... 98
vii
viii Contents
Since the third edition of this book was published, there has been a noticeable increase of
interest in computational electromagnetics (CEM), also known as numerical electromagnetics.
This is evident by the amount of dissertations, theses, books, and articles on CEM appearing
in journals and conferences each year. Along with this development is the rapid growth
in commercial or free codes for designing complex EM problems. In spite of these cheap
and powerful computational tools, there is a need to learn the fundamental analytical and
numerical concepts behind the codes. It is beneficial to understand the inherent limitations
of the commercial software. Experience shows that students learn more by developing their
codes than just pushing buttons in a commercial software package. Also, a closer look at the
newly published books reveals that they are not suitable for classroom use due to lack of
examples and practice problems at the end of each chapter. There is still a need for a good
introductory textbook for the CEM community. This book meets the need.
The book has the following features:
• It is comprehensive. Some CEM books cover just one numerical technique, while
some cover only finite difference method (particularly FDTD), finite element
method, and method of moments. In addition to these, this present book covers
variational methods, transmission-line-modeling (TLM), method of lines, and
Monte Carlo method.
• It presents several examples with MATLAB codes where applicable. I believe
that CEM is best learned through direct programming. Commercially packaged
programs can be useful, but they should not take priority over direct programming.
• It provides several end-of-chapter problems with answers to odd-numbered
problems in Appendix E.
• Each chapter presents a clear, concise introduction to a numerical method in EM
and provides up-to-date references to information on the method. The last section
of the chapter is devoted to application(s) of the method.
When the first edition of this book was written, the term “Computational Electromagnetics”
was not common. Now, it is the most common term used in describing the emerging field.
Since it is expedient to use the latest term or development, the former name of the book,
Numerical Techniques in Electromagnetics, has been changed to Computational Electromagnetics
with MATLAB®. This is part of the process of making another edition—catching up with
the trends in this exciting field.
Although the book can be covered in one semester, enough material is provided for two-
semester coverage. For two-semesters, it is suggested that Chapters 1 through 5 be covered
in one semester, while Chapters 6 through 9 is covered in the second semester. In addition
to serving as an introductory text for students, the book will also serve as a concise, up-to-
date reference for researchers and professionals in CEM.
The book provides a comprehensive bibliography that serves as the best resources for
learning more about CEM. Appendix A is on vector analysis, while Appendix B provides
programming in MATLAB. Appendix C covers briefly direct and iterative procedure for
xiii
xiv Preface
I would like to thank Dr. Sarhan Musa of Prairie View A&M University, Dr. Andrew
Peterson of Georgia Institute of Technology, Dr. Jian-Ming Jin of the University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, and Dr. David Davidson of University of Stellenbosch for allowing
me to use their works. I would like to acknowledge the support of Dr. Shield Lin, dean of
the College of Engineering, and Dr. Pamela Obiomon, head of the Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, at Prairie View A&M University. I am also grateful to Nora
Konopka, Kyra Lindholm, and other staff of CRC Press for their professional touch on the
book. I express my profound gratitude to my wife, Kikelomo, for her sacrifices and prayer.
xv
8 Computational Electromagnetics with MATLAB®
components of E and the normal components of B are continuous across the boundary.
Equation 1.27b states that the tangential component of H is discontinuous by the surface
current density K on the boundary. Equation 1.27c states that the discontinuity in the
normal component of D is the same as the surface charge density ρs on the boundary.
In practice, only two of Maxwell’s equations are used (Equations 1.22c and 1.22d) when
a medium is source-free (J = 0, ρv = 0) since the other two are implied (see Problem 1.4).
Also, in practice, it is sufficient to make the tangential components of the fields satisfy
the necessary boundary conditions since the normal components implicitly satisfy their
corresponding boundary conditions.
∂
∇×∇× E = −µ (∇×H) (1.28)
∂t
∂E
∇×H = ε
∂t
∂ 2E
∇×∇× E = −µε (1.29)
∂t 2
in Equation 1.29,
∂ 2E
∇(∇⋅ E) −∇2E = −µε
∂t 2
∂ 2E
∇2E = −µε =0 (1.31)
∂t 2
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Grandfer's
wonderful garden
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and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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you are located before using this eBook.
Language: English
Grandfer's
Wonderful Garden
BY
ELEANORA H. STOOKE
CHAPTER
I. TRAVELLING COMPANIONS
IV. SUNDAY
V. BILLY'S PRESENT
VI. GARDENING
X. SPRING
XII. CONCLUSION
GRANDFER'S WONDERFUL
GARDEN.
CHAPTER I.
TRAVELLING COMPANIONS.
"No, sonny," he said, smiling; "it's all right, I assure you. I've been
over this line many times, and the train always puts on speed about
here."
"Was that your father who saw you off at Paddington?" he asked
pleasantly.
"Oh, no!" the little boy replied. "My father died years ago. That was
the master of—of the Institution where I've been staying since—
since my mother was killed. She was killed in the Zeppelin raid last
month. She—she—"
He broke off with a choking sob, whilst a tear rolled down his cheek.
He brushed the tear away with the back of his hand, and bit his
quivering lip.
"William Brown. I was called after my father, and he was called after
his father. Mother always called me Billy."
"I like the name Billy," declared the young soldier. "My name's Tom—
Tom Turpin. I've got leave from 'somewhere in France' for a few
days, and am on my way home—that's a farm some miles from
Exeter. My father's a farmer. I was to have been a farmer too but the
year after I left school on came the war, and I enlisted right away in
the Devons. I've been in several engagements already, and so far
have come off without so much as a scratch."
"I am," he said simply, "and more grateful to God than I can express.
It would be a blow to my parents if anything happened to me—they
not having another child; but they'd bear it bravely if it came to them,
knowing it was for the best."
"Oh, how could it be for the best?" cried Billy. "Was it for the best that
my mother was killed? I can't think that!"
"Not now, perhaps, but you may some day—though perhaps that
day won't be till you see God face to face and understand—oh, a lot
of things that are just one big mystery now!"
"If I live to see the end of the war I shall most likely lay aside the
sword for the plough, for I love everything to do with the country—
from being country born and bred, I suppose. You're town-bred,
aren't you?"
"Indeed?"
"Oh, he'll find you, I expect. But don't worry—it is always a bad plan
to go to meet trouble. We shall find your grandfather all right, I've no
doubt. Have you any idea what he's like?"
The train was swaying less now, and Billy was no longer in fear that
it was running away. He grew very confidential with Tom Turpin. By-
and-by he spoke of the Zeppelin raid again.
"I don't remember much about it," he said. "It seems now just like a
dream—a very bad dream. It was in the night, you see. I didn't know
at the time that mother was killed, because I was stunned. I didn't
know anything till I woke up in the hospital. I thought mother might
be there, too, but she wasn't—she was dead. Then they took me to
the Institution—that's the workhouse—and, afterwards, I told them
about grandfather, and now—"
"And now I hope your troubles are nearly over," broke in the young
soldier. "Come, cheer up! By the way, have you any sisters or
brothers?"
Billy shook his head. "There was only mother and me," he replied
with a stifled sob.
The mist was lifting slightly, so that they could see they were
approaching beautifully wooded country. Tom Turpin's eyes smiled
as they noted this.
The young soldier was silent for several minutes, evidently not quite
knowing what to say.
"Look here," he said at length, "there's just one thing I should like to
ask you. Are you a Christian? Do you believe in Jesus Christ?"
"Well, then, you ought to know that you're only separated from your
mother for a time. 'The gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ
our Lord.' You'll be with your mother through all Eternity."
Billy looked at Tom Turpin with a brightening countenance. Why had
he not thought of this before?
This Billy was very glad to do. When, the train having slackened
speed gradually and stopped, he and Tom Turpin alighted on the
platform at Exeter, he kept close to his new-found friend, whilst he
looked about him anxiously. There were not a great many people on
the platform, and in a minute he noticed a middle-sized man of about
sixty, with a ruddy, good-tempered countenance and grizzled hair,
who was clad in corduroy breeches and thick leggings, going from
carriage to carriage, apparently in search of someone. The instant
Tom Turpin caught sight of this individual he stepped up to him and
clapped him on the shoulder, whilst he exclaimed—
"I'm back again like a bad penny, you see! How are you, Brown?"
The ruddy-faced man turned quickly, then caught the young soldier's
hand and wrung it.
"Won't they?" smiled Tom. "But I'm keeping you! Are you going on?"
"No, sir. I'm here to meet my grandson—my dead son's little boy—
who's just lost his mother, poor child!"
"Well, I never!" exclaimed Tom Turpin. "Now, why didn't I guess who
he was? But he didn't say you lived at Ashleigh! And there are so
many Browns! Why, we've travelled down from Paddington together
and got quite friendly. And, now, how are you going to get home—by
train?"
"No, sir. I've Jenny and the market trap outside the station."
"Oh, I see! Well, I'm going by train—shall be home before you most
likely. Good-bye, both of you! See you again, Billy!"
He and his grandfather watched the alert khaki-clad figure run up the
stairs to get to another platform, then they looked for and found
Billy's luggage—a box which William Brown shouldered quite easily.
Three minutes later found them outside the station.
"Here's Jenny!" said William Brown. "Tired of waiting, eh, old girl?"
"I promise I won't!" exclaimed Billy. "What a fine donkey she is! I
never saw such a large one before. Please, may I stroke her,
Grandfather?"
"If you like. But don't let her nip you—she's quite capable of doing it."
Billy spoke to the donkey softly, and patted her on the side. To his
grandfather's surprise Jenny stood quite still, and allowed herself to
be caressed.
"She knows I won't hurt her," the little boy said. "What a long, grave
face she has! And how thoughtful she looks! I am sure she is very
wise."
"Aye, that she is!" William Brown agreed, taking the reins in his hand
and climbing into the market cart. "Get in, Billy! The afternoons are
short now, and we've nigh seven miles to drive. As it is it'll be dark
before we get home. If we're late for tea the Missus will have a word
to say about it. Here, give me your hand!"
CHAPTER II.
THE JOURNEY'S END.
"I wouldn't change her for the best pony in Devonshire!" he declared.
"I had her as a foal, and broke her in myself. You'll have to learn to
drive her, Billy."
"Shall I?" cried Billy, his pale face aglow with pleasure.
"I'm thinking of your father," he said, as the little boy looked at him
inquiringly; "you're like what he was at your age, except that you're
delicate looking and he was the picture of health. I'm real glad to see
you, Billy, but I wish your poor mother'd come with you. Often I've
wanted to invite you both to visit us, but the Missus don't take much
to strangers, and—well, I let the time slip by—" He broke off, a
regretful, troubled expression on his good-natured countenance.
The little boy looked curious. He knew that his father's mother had
died when his father had been a baby, and that his father had had a
stepmother, but he had been told nothing about his grandfather's
second wife.
"But you must try to please her and obey her as much as though she
was," William Brown said quickly.
"Oh, of course I will," Billy agreed.
"She was a widow when I married her, with one little girl," his
grandfather explained. "That little girl's the wife of John Dingle, the
postmaster now—they keep the village shop. They've two children—
Harold, about your age, and poor little May."
"Because she's rather wanting here," William Brown said, tapping his
forehead meaningly; "not silly exactly, but—well, you'll see for
yourself. Cut along, Jenny!"
There was no need to tell Jenny that. Fast and faster she trotted. By-
and-by her master pulled her up, descended, and lit the lamps of the
market cart. A minute later they were off again.
"I didn't know a donkey could go so well!" cried Billy, who was
enjoying this new experience exceedingly.
"Oh, yes, indeed, Grandfather! And I don't mind the rain at all! It's so
soft! And so's the wind! Have we much further to go?"
"Here we are!" William Brown said, getting down and opening the
gate; whereupon Jenny passed through the gateway, and began the
descent of a hill.
"Stay where you are!" he commanded. "I'm going to lead Jenny
down—there's a cart track through the field by the hedge which
leads right into our yard. Hold tight!"
Billy, who was secretly rather nervous, did hold tight. Daylight had
quite failed now, but, looking far down into what seemed dense
darkness, he saw a light. As the market cart proceeded, every now
and again jolting over a stone, he held his breath, fearing that it
would upset or that Jenny would stumble and fall. But no accident
happened. The yard was reached in safety, and the donkey came to
a standstill before an open door through which a light was shining
from the kitchen within.
"This is Scout," he said; "I leave him in charge here on market days
when I go to Exeter. Don't be afraid of him—he won't hurt you."
Scout was sniffing Billy's legs. The little boy spoke to him, calling him
by name, then extended his hand to him fearlessly. The dog sniffed
the hand and licked it. At that moment a woman appeared in the
doorway.
Billy's eyes followed the direction of her pointing finger, and saw a
little girl seated on a wooden stool near the fire, into which she was
gazing.
The child rose and came to her. She was a beautiful little creature of
about eight years old, with a fair complexion, fair curly hair, and eyes
so deeply blue that they looked quite purple.
"This boy is going to live with your grandfather and me," her
grandmother said; "his name's Billy. Will you remember?"
May nodded.
"Billy," she said softly, "Billy." She spoke as though trying to impress
the name on her memory.
"He's not a cousin," Mrs. Brown went on to explain, "but he'll be just
like one. He's lost his mother—" She paused as her husband
entered the kitchen, carrying Billy's box, then exclaimed sharply:
"Mind to wipe your boots, William!"