Materials Research Express

PAPER

Inconel 718 treated with two-stage solution and aging processes:

microstructure evolution and enhanced properties
To cite this article: X L An et al 2019 Mater. Res. Express 6 075803

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

This content was downloaded from IP address 148.88.67.84 on 12/04/2019 at 02:46

 Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 075803 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab1290

PAPER

Inconel 718 treated with two-stage solution and aging processes:

RECEIVED
9 February 2019
microstructure evolution and enhanced properties
REVISED
8 March 2019
ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION
X L An1,5, L Zhou2,5, B Zhang1, J J2, C L Chu1,4 , L Y Han1, H G Y1 and Paul K Chu3
22 March 2019 1
School of Materials Science and Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing,
PUBLISHED 211189, People’s Republic of China
2
5 April 2019 Jiangsu Sunray Technology CO., LTD, Nanjing, 211189, People’s Republic of China
3
Department of Physics and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue,
Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
5
These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered as co-first authors.
4
Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.
E-mail: clchu@seu.edu.cn, 781483770@qq.com, 13905167139@139.com, 1158777060@qq.com, eileen_sunray@126.com,
591735689@qq.com, 295325243@qq.com and paul.chu@cityu.edu.hk

Keywords: Inconel 718, aging treatment, microstructure, two-stage solution, corrosion behavior

Abstract
The effects of two-stage solution treatment (namely 900 °C for 60 min and 950 °C for 10 min) and
subsequent aging at temperature between 600 °C and 750 °C for 1 to 10 h on the corrosion behavior
and mechanical properties of the Inconel 718 are studied systematically. After the two-stage solution
treatment, the matrix has no undergo grain overgrowth indicating inhibition of grain growth and with
increasing aging temperature, the strengthening precipitates separate and coarsen gradually along the
grain boundaries, but the grain size is almost unchanged. The superalloy aged at 700 °C for 10 h has
the maximum ultimate tensile strength of 1,303 MPa and yield strength of 1,049 MPa. The corrosion
current density Icorr of the alloys treated at 650 for 2 h is 1.392 μA·cm−2. The MC-style carbides and
needle-like δ phase precipitates in the grain boundaries play a crucial role in the changes in the
mechanical properties and corrosion behavior. The results provide insights into optimization of the
microstructure and properties of the superalloy by economical heat treatment.

1. Introduction

Nickel-based superalloys are extensively applied in aerospace engines owing to the unique high strength-to-
weight ratio and the precipitation-strengthened Inconel 718 is commonly used [1–5]. The γ′ precipitate is
generally Ni3(Al,Ti) which is one of the major strengthening phases in the Inconel 718. When the niobium
concentration is more than 4 wt%, γ′ is transformed to γ″- [Ni3(Al,Ti,Nb)] which is categorized as grain
boundary precipitation and can enhance the creep rupture properties of the nickel-based alloy. However, γ″ is a
metastable phase susceptible to transformation to the plate-like δ phase at a high temperature causing reduced
strength [6–9]. It has been shown that the δ phase at grain boundaries and refined grains increases the alloy
strength [10–12]. At the same time, carbides such as the MC-type carbides [(Nb,Ti)C] formed primarily during
solidification play a key part in the mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloy. Generally speaking, the
properties of the Inconel 718 are determined by the size and morphology of the γ′, γ″, and δ phases as well as
carbides, which can be regulated and controlled by different processes [13, 14].
Owing to the superior creep properties, fatigue resistance, oxidation resistance and wear resistance at high
temperature, the Inconel 718 has attracted a lot of interests [15]. The Inconel 718 alloy are generally
manufactured by conventional means. Recently, methods such as selective laser melting [8, 16], hot isostatic
pressing [2], and powder injection molding method [17–19] have been used. The traditional heat treatment is
divided into solution treatment and aging treatment [20, 21]. The purpose of solution treatment is to dissolve the
original reinforcing phases, carbides, and borides in the grain boundary to obtain the desired grain size and
eliminate residual stress. Aging produces fine dispersive precipitates and complex carbides or borides precipitate

© 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd

Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 075803 X L An et al

Figure 1 Schematic diagrams of (a) As-prepared GH4169 specimens and (b) Heat treatment procedures.

in the grain boundaries. The currently used heat treatment regimens for the Inconel 718 have a relative fix and
limited temperature range. Such as, the Inconel 718 is commonly treated by a one-stage solution process at
1010 °C–1095 °C followed by a long aging process at 620 °C∼720 °C [22–28] . In industrial application,
different solution and aging treatment have a significant effect on microstructure and mechanical properties. So
far, many previous researches have investigated the rules of precipitates variation with different heat treatment
in Inconel 718, however, the systematic study on the relation between aging treatment evolution of
microstructure and mechanical properties are lacking. In order to obtain a more suitable heat treatment regime
for Inconel 718, a novel treatment method is proposed in this work.
The objective of this work is to systematically investigate the effects of the two-stage solution treatment
(namely 900 °C for 60 min and 950 °C for 10 min) and aging between 600 °C and 750 °C for 1 h to 10 h on the
microstructure and properties of Inconel 718 . The results provide the reference to optimize the heat treatment
process of the Inconel 718.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Experimental materials and aging process

Commercial alloy forged Inconel 718 as the raw material was supplied by Jiangsu Sunray Technology CO., LTD,
which consisted of a face-centered cubic (FCC) matrix and a low fraction of precipitates. The Inconel 718 bars
with the composition (wt%) of 51.44Ni-18.76Cr-17.65–3.72Mo-5.56Nb-1.05Ti-0.61Al-0.23Si-0.13Mn-0.06 C
and 0.79-others were used as prepared materials. The specimens were cut into rectangular shape with
measurement of 5 mm×2 mm×60 mm as tensile test samples and square plates of
10 mm×5 mm×1 mm as corrosion resistance test samples. Figure 1(a) depicts the diagrammatic sketch of
the Inconel 718 specimens. The samples underwent a two-stage solution treatment, 900 °C for 60 min and
950 °C for 10 min followed by aging between 600 °C and 750 °C for 1 h, 2 h, 5 h, and 10 h. The detailed heat
treatment procedures are described in figure 1(b).

2.2. Experimental procedure

An Olympus microscope and the nano-measurement software were used to examine the morphology and to
measure the grain size of the samples, respectively. Microstructural imaging was carried out by scanning electron
microscopy(SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with an operating voltage of 200 keV. The
tensile specimens with a gauge length of 20 mm were prepared. The tensile tests were carried out on a CMT5105
universal electronic tensile machine with a strain rate of 5×10−3 s−1. And the value of tensile is determined by
a mean of 3 times test.
The room temperature Vicker hardness was measured with a nominal load of 1000 g. At least 10 points on
each sample were analyzed and averaged. The electrochemical characterization was carried out in an
electrochemical cell with a conventional three electrode in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution.

2
Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 075803 X L An et al

Figure 2. OM images of the Inconel 718 (a) untreated; (b) the 1th-stage solution treatment ; (c) the 2nd-stage solution treatment at
900 °C for 10 min ; (d)∼(f) Two-stage solution treatment and subsequent aging at 650 °C, 700 °C, and 750 °C for 5 h, respectively.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Evolution of microstructure on the treated Inconel 718

Figure 2 illustrates the microstructural evolution of Inconel 718 with various treatment. The grain size of the as-
prepared Inconel 718 specimens is about 15 μm. At the same time, the grain size is almost unchanged during the
different aging treatments.
The SEM images of the Inconel 718 with increasing aging temperature from 600 °C to 750 °C and aging time
from 1 h to 10 is presented in figure 3. The grain boundaries of γ–matrix have some precipitates. Therefor, the
grains do not overgrow as the aging temperature and times are increased due to the pinning effect of the
precipitates in the grain boundaries. Raghavan et al [29] have observed that the grains in the Inconel 718
prepared by selective laser melting maintain columnar morphology as the treatment temperature is incrasesd
and Raghavan et al have observed that it may be due to the presence of more secondary phases and carbides
contributing to grain boundary pinning consequently restricting grain growth in the alloy. Grain growth is a
spontaneous process involving grain boundary migration and reduction. When the moving grain boundary
encounters the precipitated phases, the pinning effect of the precipitates prevents grain growth. The pinning
force of the precipitates to the grains can be determined by the following formula:
F = kj / r (1)
where k is constant, j is the volume fraction of the precipitates, and r is the radius of the precipitates. The
pinning effect on grain boundaries is enhanced with increasing volume fraction and decreasing precipitate size.
A large number of precipitates are distributed uniformly in the grain boundaries and the precipitates coarsen
gradually as the aging temperature increases from 600 °C to 750 °C for 10 h.
The precipitates in then grain boundaries of the Inconel 718 treated at 750 °C for 10 h are analyzed by SEM
and EDS as shown in figure 4. The EDS maps show that Ni and W are uniformly distributed in the alloy and Cr

3
Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 075803 X L An et al

Figure 3. SEM imags of Inconel 718 after the two-stage solution treatment and subsequent aging: (a-1) 600 °C, for1 h; (a-2) 600 °C,
for 2 h; (a-3) 600 °C, for 5 h; (a-4) 600 °C, for10 h; (b-1) 650 °C, for1 h; (b-2) 650 °C, for 2 h; (b-3) 650 °C, for 5 h; (b-4) 650 °C, for
10 h; (c-1) 700 °C, for1 h; (c-2) 700 °C, for 2 h; (c-3) 700 °C, for 5 h; (c-4) 700 °C, for10 h; (d-1) 750 °C, for1 h; (d-2) 750 °C, for 2 h;
(d-3) 750 °C, for 5 h; (d-4) 750 °C, for10 h.

Figure 4. The microstructure and element map of the Inconel 718 aged at 750 °C for 10 h: (a) SEM image; (b) Elemental distributions
of (a); (c) EDS spectrum of Region ‘1’ in (a); (d) EDS spectrum of Region ‘2’ in (a).

and Fe are enriched in the grains, while C and Nb segregate to the grain boundaries (figure 4(b)). In comparison,
figures 4(c) and (d) indicate that Region ‘1’ is rich in C and Nb and Region ‘2’ is rich in Ni, Nb, and C, meaning
that the precipitate in Region ‘1’ is mainly NbC categorized as MC-style carbide. The precipitate in Region ‘2’ is

4
Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 075803 X L An et al

Figure 5. SEM and TEM images of the Inconel 718 aged at 750 °C for 10 h: (a) SEM image; (b) TEM BF image, SAED patterns and EDS
spectrum of γ″; (c) Crystal structure of the bet (Dbct) γ″-Ni3Nb.

the δ phase consistent with previous results [30]. The δ phase normally precipitates by nucleation at grain
boundaries or transform from the γ″ phase in intragranular which can exist as a pattern of equiaxed or slightly
elongated variation.
Figure 5(a) depicts the SEM image of the Inconel 718 aged at 750 °C for 10 h revealing a large number of
superfine precipitates dispersed in the grains. The high-magnification bright-field (BF) TEM image in figure 5(b)
shows that the nano-scale precipitates are γ′ and γ″ phases. The SAED results of the γ″ phase in figure 5(b) are
similar to those by other TEM studies of the superalloy [21]. Figure 5(c) presents the crystal structure of the bct
(DO22) γ″-Ni3Nb with lattice parameters a=0.3 nm and c=0.67 nm. Since the γ″ precipitate forms
coherently, the tetragonal distortion (c/a) results in considerable coherency strain and therefore, the γ″
precipitate exhibit obvious strengthening effects on the γ matrix

3.2. Mechanical properties

3.2.1. Tensile properties and microhardness variation
Figures 6 and 7 display mechanical properties of the Inconel 718 after various heat treatments. When the aging
time is no more than 2 h, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength(YS )increase by about 26% (from
925 MPa to 1,251 MPa) and 42% (from 568 MPa to 983 MPa), respectively, as temperature increased from
600 °C to 750 °C for 1 h. When the aging time is between 5 and 10 h, the UTS, YS, and microhardness increase
initially and then decline. The maximum values are 1,303 MPa, 1,049 MPa, and 450 HV for the sample aged at
700 °C for 10 h. The heat treatment process here is comparable to the SA standard heat treatment. Zhang et al
[31] have observed that the (UTS) and YS of the Inconel 718 processed by SLM in the solution+aging (SA)
standard heat treatment are 1,126 MPa and 849 MPa, respectively. Compared to wrought materials, the tensile
strength increases while the ductility decreases due to precipitation of the fine γ′ and γ″ phases in the matrix and
needle-like δ phase in the grain boundaries. As shown in figure 6, the alloy treated at between 600 °C to 750 °C
has relatively high strength attributed to precipitates such as NbC, δ phase, etc (figures 3 and 4).
The mechanical properties of the treated Inconel 718 exhibit a close relationship with the precipitates [32].
The precipitates separate along the grain boundaries with aging temperature increasing from 600 °C to 700 °C,
resulting in improving the strength while decreasing the ductility. However, when the aging temperature is
increased to 750 °C, the strength decrease slightly which can be explained by the grain coarsened with
temperature increasing. Appa Raoa et al [32] have observed that dissolution of the γ′ and γ″ matrix
strengthening precipitates during aging lead to smaller %EL and Guo et al [27] have found that carbides in grain
boundaries increase the strength and decrease the ductility because carbides hinder the motion of dislocations
and delay accumulation of dislocations at grain boundaries.

5
Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 075803 X L An et al

a b

Figure 6. (a) Stress-strain curves and (a) Yield strength histograms of the Inconel 718 after the two-stage solution treatment and
different aging processes.

a b

c d

Figure 7. Microhardness and elongation of the Inconel 718 after the two-stage solution treatment and aging at different temperature
for different time: (a) for 1 h; (b) for 2 h; (c) for 5 h; (d) for 10 h.

3.2.2. Fracture surface analysis

Tensile ductile fracture involves three stages: nucleation, growth, and polymerization of micropores. Under
tensile stress, ‘necking’ occurs locally in the smooth specimen and a triaxial tensile stress state is formed in the
necking region. The axial stress in the center is the largest and therefore, the precipitates at the center of the
specimen are ruptured and micropores are formed. As the stress increases, the micropores grow gradually along
different directions to finally become micro-cracks which extend along the shear plane to the surface of the
specimen. The direction of the shear plane is approximately 45° as shown in figure 8 which shows the typical
fracture surfaces with different magnifications after aging at different temperature for 10 h. Plastic deformation
occurs before fracture and the original grain is elongated or broken, indicating that the superalloy fails by a
ductile dimple mode of fracture. The mean diameter and depth of dimples are important quantitative analysis
index of ductile fracture. Usually, the materials with high strain hardening exponent are difficult to occur

6
Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 075803 X L An et al

Figure 8. Typical fracture surfaces at different magnifications of the Inconel 718 aged at different temperature for 10 h: (a) 600 °C; (b)
650 °C; (c) 700 °C; (d) 750 °C.

necking, but it can produce more microviods during uniaxial tensile, lead to dimples to become smaller and
shallower. On the contrary, the fracture surface of materials with the larger the dimple size (the larger the average
diameter, the deeper the depth) exhibit better ductility.
The fracture surface of the specimen aged at 600 °C for 10 h in figure 8(a) shows the largest and deepest oval
dimples, indicating the superalloy aged at 600 °C for 10 h has excellent ductility consistent with the tensile
results. However, at increasing aging temperature from 650 °C to 700 °C, the dimples become smaller and
shallower as shown in figures 8(b), (c). Further increasing the aging temperature to 750 °C reduces the number
of dimples. Some brittle fracture characteristics such as brittle fracture platform and tear ridges are found from
the fracture area indicating that the ductile of the specimen aged at 750 °C decreases (figure 8(d)). Appa Raoa
et al [32] have shown that the drop observed in the ductility of aged materials can be correlated with the fracture
mode of the failed specimens thus indicating the predominance of fracture along the particle boundaries.

3.3. Corrosion behavior

The corrosion behavior curves of the Inconel 718 treated by different condition are acquired in 3.5 wt% NaCl
solution as shown in figure 9. The corrosion parameters such as the corrosion potential (Ecorr) and corrosion
current density (Icorr) are derived by Tafel extrapolation and shown in table 1. The corrosion potential increases
at first and then decreases with increasing aging temperature for the same aging time. The superalloy aged at
650 °C for 2 h exhibits outstanding corrosion resistance with the maximum Ecorr and minimum Icorr of

7
Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 075803 X L An et al

a b

c d

Figure 9. The corrosion behavior curves of the Inconel 718 treated by different temperature and time.

Table 1. Fitted data for the polarization curves of the superalloy after the two-stage
solution treatment and aging at different temperature and for different aging time in
3.5 wt% NaCl.

Aging temperature (°C) 600 650 700 750

1h Ecorr/mV 271.2 295.2 185.1 174.9

Icorr/(μA·cm−2) 1.069 1.642 2.071 1.803
2h Ecorr/mV 165.1 345.1 124.8 114.9
Icorr/(μA·cm−2) 3.134 1.392 2.338 1.892
5h Ecorr/mV 161.6 208.3 98.1 74.9
Icorr/(μA·cm−2) 3.205 2.724 2.406 1.991
10 h Ecorr/mV 61.6 91.5 71.5 52.7
Icorr/(μA·cm−2) 3.072 2.932 2.797 1.915

345.1 mV and 1.392 μA·cm−2, respectively. On the other hand, with increasing aging temperature, the change in
the corrosion current is not obvious after aging for 1 h or 2 h. The corrosion current Icorr exhibits a significant
decline after 5 to 10 h aging.
The occluded corrosion cells (OCC) theory indicate that the corrosion pits are first formed at the precipitates
[33], which can explain the corrosion behavior of the Inconel 718 in the NaCl solution. During the initial
corrosion stage, the whole alloy surface contacts the solution including oxygen and the anode and cathode
reactions during electrochemical corrosion occur inside and outside of the corrosion pits, respectively, as follow
[34, 35]:
Anode reaction: M  N n + + 2e- (2)
Cathode reaction: O2 + 2H2 O + 4e-  4OH- (3)
Only oxygen molecule with a smaller size than Cl− can diffuse into the corrosion pit because of the size
limitation [36]. Oxygen in the pit is depleted as corrosion proceeds resulting in termination of the internal
oxygen reduction reaction and simultaneously, oxygen outside of the pit is replenished. The repeating reaction

8
Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 075803 X L An et al

Figure 10. Brief description of the mass transport process in the OCC.

inside and outside the pits leads to the formation of occluded corrosion cells (OCC). Figure 10 provides a brief
description of the mass transport process in the OCC. Since the main metal element such as Ni, Fe, et al of the
OCC are dissolved and hydrolyzed. Meanwhile, migration of anions (mostly Cl−) from the bulk solution occurs
to maintain electrical neutrality, leading to Cl− enrichment in the OCC. At the same time, Cl− and metal ions
combine to form soluble compounds and chloride ions are continuously hydrolyzed as follows:
MCl2 + 2H2 O  M (OH)2 + 2H+ (4)
It has been shown that the concentrations of ions inside defects have a significant effect on the corrosion
resistance of metals, for example H+ and Cl− confirmed to be harmful. According to equation (4), hydrolysis
decreases the pH of the OCC. Acidification and Cl− enrichment in the OCC accelerate the corrosion damage in
OCC and more Cl− move from the outside to inside of the OCC to increase the chloriThis is a writing error, it
should be 5 here.de concentration. Furthermore, hydrolysis of chloride causes environmental acidification and
this process promotes the corrosion of alloy.

4. Conclusion

A new treatment mothed is adopted to study the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and corrosion
behavior of the Inconel 718. After the two-stage solution treatment, the grains do not coarsen markedly
indicating inhibition of grain growth, whereas the grain size is almost unchanged during subsequent aging. As
the aging temperature is raised, the size, amount, and morphology of the precipitates change considerably.
When the aging time is no more than 2 h, the UTS, microhardness, and YS increase, whereas the tensile ductility
decreases. When the aging time is between 5 and 10 h, the UTS, YS and microhardness increase initially and then
decline. The evolution of the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior may be attributed to precipitation of
MC-style carbides and needle-like δ phases in grain boundaries. The results provide insights on how to vary the
heat treatment to optimize the microstructure and properties of the Inconel 718.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31570961,
51771054), State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51631003),
National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFC1102402), as well as Hong
Kong Research Grants Council (RGC) General Research Funds (GRF) No. CityU 11205617.

ORCID iDs

C L Chu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4889-976X

References
[1] Venukumar S et al 2018 Microstructural and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 TIG weldments Materials Today Proceedings 5
8480–5

9
Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 075803 X L An et al

[2] Appa R G, Srinivas M and Sarma D S 2006 Influence of modified processing on structure and properties of hot isostatically pressed
superalloy Inconel 718 Materials Science & Engineering A 418 282–91
[3] Maktouf W et al 2016 Multiaxial high-cycle fatigue criteria and life prediction: application to gas turbine blade Int. J. Fatigue 92 25–35
[4] Praveen K V U, Sastry G V S and Singh V 2008 Work-hardening behavior of the Ni-Fe based superalloy IN718 metallurgical & Materials
Transactions A 39 65–78
[5] Thellaputta G R, Chandra P S and Rao C S P 2017 Machinability of nickel based superalloys: a review Materials Today Proceedings 4
3712–21
[6] Anderson M et al 2017 δ Phase precipitation in Inconel 718 and associated mechanical properties Materials Science & Engineering A 679
48–55
[7] Freund L P et al 2018 The grain boundary pinning effect of the μ phase in an advanced polycrystalline γ/γ′ Co-base superalloy Journal
of Alloys & Compounds 753 333–42
[8] Cao G H et al 2018 Investigations of γ′, γ″ and δ precipitates in heat-treated Inconel 718 alloy fabricated by selective laser melting Mater.
Charact. 136 398–406
[9] Yuan H and Liu W C 2005 Effect of the δ phase on the hot deformation behavior of Inconel 718 Materials Science & Engineering A 408
281–9
[10] Du J et al 2017 Effect of solution treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of IN718 alloy Rare Metal Materials &
Engineering 46 2359–65
[11] Rezende M C et al 2015 Hydrogen embrittlement in nickel-based superalloy 718: relationship between γ′+γ″ precipitation and the
fracture mode Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 40 17075–83
[12] Lin Y C et al 2016 Effects of initial δ phase (Ni 3 Nb) on hot tensile deformation behaviors and material constants of Ni-based superalloy
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 26 107–17
[13] Liu Y C et al 2018 Corrosion behavior of pre-oxidized HR-224 superalloy in supercritical water environment at 700°C J. Nucl. Mater
505 7–14
[14] Wang B et al 2013 Hot deformation behavior of FGH4169 superalloy Journal of Central South University 44 4408–14
[15] Lu X D, Du J H and Deng Q 2013 High temperature structure stability of GH4169 superalloy Materials Science & Engineering A
Structural Materials Properties Microstructure & Processing 559 623–8
[16] Wan H Y et al 2018 Effect of scanning strategy on grain structure and crystallographic texture of Inconel 718 processed by selective laser
melting Journal of Materials Science & Technology 34 1799–804
[17] Özgün Ö et al 2013 Injection molding of nickel based 625 superalloy: sintering, heat treatment, microstructure and mechanical
properties Journal of Alloys & Compounds 546 192–207
[18] Özgün Ö et al 2015 The effect of aging treatment on the fracture toughness and impact strength of injection molded Ni-625 superalloy
parts Mater. Charact. 108 8–15
[19] Özgün Ö et al 2013 Microstructural and mechanical characterization of injection molded 718 superalloy powders Journal of Alloys &
Compounds 576 140–53
[20] Nam T-H et al 2018 Effect of post weld heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a submerged-arc-welded
304 stainless steel Metals 8 26
[21] Zhang D et al 2015 Effect of standard heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melting
manufactured Inconel 718 superalloy Materials Science & Engineering A 644 32–40
[22] Kuo C M et al 2009 Aging effects on the microstructure and creep behavior of Inconel 718 superalloy Materials Science & Engineering A
510 289–94
[23] Zhu L, Xu Z and Gu Y 2018 Effect of laser power on the microstructure and mechanical properties of heat treated Inconel 718
superalloy by laser solid forming Journal of Alloys & Compounds 746 159–67
[24] Bellot C and Lamesle P 2013 Quantitative measurement of gamma prime precipitates in two industrial nickel-based superalloys using
extraction and high resolution SEM imaging Journal of Alloys & Compounds 570 100–3
[25] Chen Y et al 2016 An investigation of diffusion-mediated cyclic coarsening and reversal coarsening in an advanced Ni-based superalloy
Acta Mater. 110 295–305
[26] Ou M et al 2018 Effect of long-term aging on the microstructure, stress rupture properties and deformation mechanisms of a new cast
nickel base superalloy Materials Science and Engineering: A 736 76–86
[27] Gao S et al 2018 Phase precipitation behavior and tensile properties of as-cast Ni-based superalloy during heat treatment Transactions of
Nonferrous Metals Society of China 28 1735–44
[28] An X L et al 2018 Evolution of microstructures and properties of the GH4169 superalloy during short-term and high-temperature
processing Materials Science and Engineering: A 744 255–66
[29] Raghavan S et al 2017 Effect of different heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties in selective laser melted
Inconel 718 alloy Mater. Manuf. Process. 32 1588–95
[30] Kañetas P J P et al 2015 Influence of the delta phase in the microstructure of the Inconel 718 subjected to ‘delta-processing’ heat
treatment and hot deformed Procedia Materials Science 8 1160–5
[31] Zhang D et al 2015 Effect of standard heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melting
manufactured Inconel 718 superalloy Materials Science and Engineering: A 644 32–40
[32] Appa Raoa M K G, Srinivas a M and Sarmab D S Effect of standard heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of
hot isostatically pressed superalloy Inconel 718 Materials Science and Engineering A 355 114–5
[33] Wang F and Shu Y 2003 Influence of Cr content on the corrosion of Fe–Cr Alloys: the synergistic effect of NaCl and water vapor Oxid.
Met. 59 201–14
[34] Zhang F et al 2014 Corrosion behavior of an abradable seal coating system J. Therm. Spray Technol. 23 1019–28
[35] Ziemniak S E and Hanson M 2003 Corrosion behavior of NiCrMo Alloy 625 in high temperature, hydrogenated water Corros. Sci. 45
1595–618
[36] Sidhu T S, Agrawal R D and Prakash S 2005 Hot corrosion of some superalloys and role of high-velocity oxy-fuel spray coatings—a
review Surface & Coatings Technology 198 441–6

10