MODULE 1: MEASUREMENTS AND FORCE

Important Questions

Part A: One word or sentence questions (1 mark)

1. Quantities which are independent of other quantities is called fundamental quantity

2. Quantities derived from fundamental quantities are called derived quantities
3. The standard used for the specification of a physical quantity is called its unit
4. micro = 10-6 , nano = 10-9 and giga = 109
5. The difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity is known as
the error of measurement.
6. The smallest value that can be measured by a measuring instrument is called its least
count.
7. The difference between the individual measurement and the true value of that quantity is
called absolute error
8. The ratio of mean absolute error to the mean value of the physical quantity measured is
called the relative error
9. Quantities having only magnitude are called scalar quantities
10. Quantities having both magnitude and direction are called vector quantities
11. Two or more vectors lying on the same line are called collinear vectors
12. If two vectors of magnitudes A and B are in the same direction, then the magnitude of
their resultant is R = A + B
13. If two vectors of magnitudes A and B are in opposite direction, then the magnitude of
their resultant is R = A - B
14. The process of splitting a given vector into two or more vectors along different directions
is called the resolution of a vector
15. The total length of the path travelled by a particle is called distance
16. The shortest path length between the final position and the initial position of the particle
is called displacement
17. Distance travelled in unit time is called speed
18. Displacement of a particle in unit time is called velocity
 19. The rate of change of velocity of a body is called acceleration (a =(v-u)/t)
20. Inertia is the resistance of a body to any change in its state of rest or uniform motion
along a straight line.
21. A person standing in a stationary bus fall backward when the bus starts suddenly. This is
due to inertia of rest
22. A person falls forward when a moving bus suddenly stops. This is due to inertia of
motion
23. The product of mass and velocity of a body is called momentum of the body (P = mv)
24. The momentum of a body at rest is zero.
25. The product of mass and acceleration of the body is called force (F= ma)
26. The backward motion of a gun when a bullet is fired from it is called the recoil of the
gun.
27. The principle behind rocket propulsion is the law of conservation of momentum
28. Large force acting for a short interval of time is called impulsive force
29. The product of force and time for which the force acts is called impulse (I =F x t)
30. Impulse = change in momentum

Part B: Short Answer type questions (3 mark)

1. State triangular law of vector addition

2. State parallelogram law of vector addition
3. Distinguish between speed and velocity
4. Write the definition, equation and unit of acceleration
5. Write three equations of motion
6. State Newton’s first law of motion and define inertia of a body
7. State Newton’s second law of motion.
8. State Newton’s third law of motion. Write any two properties of action and reaction
forces.
9. Explain principle behind rocket propulsion.
10. Define impulse. Show that impulse is equal to change in momentum
Part C: Essay type questions (7 marks)

1. Write a note on CGS, MKS and SI unit systems

2. Write a note on various types of errors associated with the measurement of physical
quantities
3. Explain the resolution of a vector with a diagram. Discuss one real-life example of the
resolution of vectors.
4. State law of conservation of momentum and prove it in the case of collision of two
masses.
5. Explain the recoil of a gun and derive the equation for recoil velocity of the gun. A
problem to calculate recoil velocity
6. A problem to calculate absolute error, relative error and percentage error from the given
data.
 MODULE 2: ROTATIONAL MOTION

Important Questions

Part A: One word or sentence questions (1 mark)

1. A circular motion is said to be uniform when a particle moves along a circular path with a
constant speed
2. The angle described by a body moving along a circular path in a given time is known as
𝑠
angular displacement (𝜃 = 𝑟 ) : SI unit is radian (rad)

3. If a body completes one revolution around a circle, its angular displacement is 2π radians.
𝜃
4. The angular displacement per unit time is called angular velocity: (𝜔 = 𝑡 ).

SI unit is rad/s
𝜔2 − 𝜔1
5. The rate of change of angular velocity is called angular acceleration (𝛼 = ).
𝑡

SI unit is rad/s2
2𝜋
6. The time required to complete one revolution is called period: (𝑇 = )
𝜔

7. The acceleration of a particle moving along a circular path with uniform speed is always
𝑣2
directed towards the centre of the circle is called centripetal acceleration. (𝑎𝑐 = )
𝑟

8. The force which, acting along the radius towards the centre of the circular path, causes
𝑚𝑣 2
the body to move in a circle with constant speed is called centripetal force. (𝐹𝑐 = )
𝑟

9. Centripetal force is required to keep an object in a circular path.

10. In the case of Earth revolving around the Sun, the centripetal force for circular motion is
provided by gravitational force of attraction between Earth and Sun.
11. The angle made by the elevated path of the banked road with the horizontal is called
𝑣2
angle of banking. (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟𝑔 )

12. The height of the outer rail above the inner rail in the banked rail track is called
𝑣2𝐷
superelevation. (𝑆 = )
𝑟𝑔

13. body that does not change its size or shape under the action of external forces is called a
rigid body
 14. The property of an object to resist any change in its state of rotational motion is called
moment of inertia.
15. The product of the mass of the particle and the square of the distance of the body from
the axis is called moment of inertia. (𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2 ). SI unit is kgm2.
16. The effective distance of the particles of the body from the axis of rotation is called
𝐼
radius of gyration. (𝐾 = √𝑀 ). SI unit is meter.

17. Moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod, about an axis through its centre and
1
perpendicular to its length is (𝐼 = 12 𝑚𝑙 2 ) .

18. Moment of inertia of a ring, about an axis through the centre and perpendicular to its
plane is (𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅 2 ).
19. Moment of inertia of a thin uniform circular disc, about an axis through the centre and
1
perpendicular to its plane is (𝐼 = 2 𝑀𝑅 2 ).
2
20. Moment of inertia of a solid sphere, about any diameter is (𝐼 = 5 𝑀𝑅 2 ).
2
21. Moment of inertia of a hollow sphere, about any diameter. (𝐼 = 3 𝑀𝑅 2 ).

22. The product of the force and the perpendicular distance between the line of action of the
force and the axis of rotation is called torque. (𝜏 = 𝐹𝑟). SI unit is Nm.
23. The product of momentum of inertia and angular acceleration of a body is called torque.
(𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼).
24. The product of the moment of inertia about the axis of rotation and the angular velocity is
called angular momentum. (𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔). SI unit is Js.

Part B: Short Answer type questions (3 mark)

1. Derive the relation between linear velocity and angular velocity

2. Derive the relation between linear acceleration and angular acceleration
3. Calculate the angular velocity of the second hand of a watch.
4. Define centripetal acceleration. Write its equation.
5. Define centripetal force. Write its equation.
6. Write any three examples for centripetal force
 7. Derive the equation for angle of banking.
8. Derive the equation for superelevation of a rail track
9. Define moment of inertia. Write its equation and unit.
10. Define radius of gyration. Write its equation and unit.
11. Define the term torque. Write its equation and unit.
12. Derive the equation: 𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼
13. Define the term angular momentum. Write its equation and unit.
14. Explain the principle of conservation of angular momentum with an example

Part C: Essay type questions (7 marks)

1. Explain the banking of curves by applying the concept of centripetal force. Problem
related to angle of banking or super elevation of rail tracks.
2. Explain why the outer edge of the road is raised above the inner edge of the road at
curves. Derive the expression for angle of banking.
3. Define the moment of inertia of a rigid body. State and explain parallel axes theorem and
perpendicular axes theorem.
4. Distinguish between torque and angular momentum. Explain the law of conservation of
angular momentum with an example.
 MODULE 3: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Important Questions

Part A: One word or sentence questions (1 mark)

1. The product of force and displacement in the direction of force is called work. (W=FS).
SI unit is Joule.
2. The capacity or ability of a body to do work is called energy. SI unit is Joule.
1
3. The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called kinetic energy. ( K = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 )

4. The energy possessed by a body by its position or configuration is called potential

energy. (V = mgh)
𝑊
5. The rate at which work is done or work done in unit time is called power. ( P = )
𝑡

SI unit is watt (W)

6. The product of force and velocity of a body is called power.
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
7. Energy converted or transferred in unit time is called power. ( P = )
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

8. 1 kilowatt (kW) = 103 W, 1 megawatt (MW) = 106 W, 1 Horsepower (hp) = 746 W

9. Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a practical unit of electrical energy
10. The property by which an opposing force is generated between two surfaces in contact
with bodies in relative motion is called friction.
11. The maximum value of static friction before the body starts moving over a surface is
called limiting friction. ( 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁)
12. The frictional force comes into play when one body tends to move over the surface of
another, but the actual motion that has yet not started is called static friction.
13. Kinetic or dynamic friction is the opposing force that comes into play when one body is
moving over the surface of another body. ( 𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁)
14. The substance used for reducing friction between moving surfaces is called lubricants.
15. Lubricant used for light machine – thin oil, heavy machine – grease and very heavy
machine – graphite (solid lubricant)
16. The energy transferred from one body to another without any mechanical work involved
is called heat.
 17. The degree of hotness or coldness of a substance is called temperature.
18. The device used for measuring temperature is called thermometer.
19. Transfer of heat from one place to
20. another or one end (hot end) to the other end (cold end) of the substance, without the
actual movement of particles, is called conduction.
21. The slowest mode of heat transfer is conduction.
22. Silver is the best conductor of heat.
23. The ability of a material to conduct heat is measured by a quantity called thermal
𝑄
conductivity of the material. ( 𝜆 = 𝑑𝑄 ). SI unit is Wm-1K-1.
𝐴 𝑡
𝑑𝑥

24. Metals have a high value of thermal conductivity due to the presence of a large number of
free electrons.
25. Convection is the phenomenon in which heat is transferred from one place to another by
the actual movement of the particles of a heated substance.
26. Wind is an example of a natural convection.
27. The main mechanism of heat transfer inside a human body is forced convection. The
heart serves as the pump and blood as the circulating fluid.
28. The fastest mode of heat transfer is radiation.
29. The type of radiation associated with the transfer of heat energy from one location to
another location is often known as infrared radiation or thermal radiation.
30. The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as the quantity of heat required to
𝑄
raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance through one kelvin. ( 𝐶 = 𝑚Δ𝑇 ). SI

unit is Jkg-1K-1.

Part B: Short Answer type questions (3 mark)

1. What are the different types of works? Write one example for each type of work.
2. Distinguish between kinetic energy and potential energy.
3. Write a short note on solar energy
4. Examples of various types of energy transformation (Any three can be asked).
5. Show that power is the product of force and velocity of a body.
 6. Problems related to energy or power.
7. Explain the causes of friction.
8. Distinguish between static friction and kinetic friction
9. Distinguish between sliding friction and rolling friction.
10. What are the advantages of friction?
11. What are the disadvantages of friction?
12. Distinguish between heat and temperature.
13. List various types of thermometers.
14. Explain the working mercury thermometer
15. Distinguish between natural convection and forced convection.
16. What do you mean by specific heat capacity?
17. Learn practical applications of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity.

Part C: Essay type questions (7 marks)

1. Write a note on different forms of energy.

2. State aw of conservation of energy and prove it in the case of a freely falling body.
3. Explain various laws of friction. Discuss various methods to reduce friction.
4. Discuss various temperature scales. Problem related to conversion between temperature
scales.
5. Explain the working of a pyrometer with a schematic diagram. What are the advantages
of pyrometers?
6. Discuss various types of heat transfer modes.
 MODULE 4: PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Important Questions

Part A: One word or sentence questions (1 mark)

1. The property of solids to retain its original size or shape after the removal of deforming
force is called elasticity.
2. The property of a material to undergo permanent deformation under applied force is
called plasticity.
3. The internal restoring force developed per unit area in a body when deforming forces are
𝐹
applied to it is called stress. (𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐴 ). SI unit is N/m2or pascal.

4. Strain is defined as the ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension of a body.
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
(𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ). Strain has no unit.
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

5. The elastic limit of a substance is defined as the maximum stress that can be applied to
the substance before it becomes permanently deformed and does not return to its original
state.
6. The ratio of stress to strain is called elastic modulus. SI unit is N/m2or pascal.
7. Young’s Modulus is defined as the ratio of longitudinal stress to the longitudinal strain.
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐿
𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 = 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 , 𝑌 = ).
𝐴Δ𝐿

8. Rigidity modulus or shear modulus () is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹
strain. (𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 = 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 , 𝜂 = )
𝐴𝜃

9. Bulk modulus (B) is defined as the ratio of volume stress to volume strain.
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑉
(𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 , 𝐵 = )
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 Δ𝑉
1 Δ𝑉
10. The reciprocal of bulk modulus is called compressibility. (𝐾 = 𝐵 = ). SI unit is Pa-1.
P𝑉

11. Pressure (P) is defined as the perpendicular or normal force acting per unit area of a
𝐹
substance. (𝑃 = 𝐴) . SI unit is N/m2or pascal.

12. 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 105𝑃𝑎 and 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 100 𝑃𝑎, 1𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.013 × 105 𝑃𝑎 = 76 𝑐𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔
13. Surface tension is the property of a liquid surface to reduce its surface area to a minimum
as possible due to the force exerted on molecules of the surface by the molecules of the
bulk.
14. Surface tension can be defined as the force per unit length acting tangential to the surface
𝐹
of the liquid to reduce the surface area of the liquid. (𝑆 = 𝑙 ). SI unit is N/m.

15. The extra energy possessed by the surface layer of the liquid is called surface energy.
(𝑈 = 𝑆 𝐴).
16. The force of attraction between molecules of the same kind are called cohesion or
cohesive forces.
17. The force of attraction between molecules of the different kinds are called adhesion or
adhesive forces.
18. The angle between the tangent to the liquid surface at the point of contact and the solid
surface inside the liquid is termed the angle of contact.
19. Capillarity is a consequence of surface tension.
20. Capillary rise – acute angle of contact and capillary depression – obtuse angle of contact
2𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
21. Ascent formula: ℎ = 𝑟𝜌𝑔

22. Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces within flowing
𝜌𝑣𝑑
fluid. 𝑅𝑒 = .
𝜂

23. Streamline flow – Reynolds number below 1000 and turbulent flow - Reynolds number
above 2000.
24. The property of a fluid by virtue of which it tends to resist the relative motion between
the layers of the fluid is called viscosity.
25. The viscous force (F) acting between two layers of the liquid is directly proportional to
the area of liquid layers and the velocity gradient between the layers (v2 - v1 / d).
𝐴(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
𝐹=𝜂
𝑑
26. The uniform velocity attained by a body moving through a viscous medium when
downward forces on it is balanced by the upward forces is called terminal velocity.
27. Stoke’s formula: 𝐹 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣
Part B: Short Answer type questions (3 mark)

1. Distinguish between elasticity and plasticity.

2. Distinguish between stress and strain.
3. State Hooke’s law. Define elastic limit.
4. Define pressure. Write its equation and unit
5. What is meant by hydrostatic pressure?
6. Write a note on atmospheric pressure
7. Distinguish between absolute pressure and gauge pressure
8. Why do mountaineers get bleed through their nose or ear at high altitudes?
9. Define surface tension. Write its equation and unit.
10. What is meant by surface energy of a liquid?
11. Mention the types of attraction between molecules?
12. Explain the term angle of contact.
13. Describe the hydrophilic and phobic surfaces considering the angle of contact?
14. Explain the term capillarity.
15. Write a short note on the ascent formula?
16. Why do farmers plough the land in the summer season?
17. Explain the action of detergent in removing dirt from the clothes.
18. Distinguish between streamline and turbulent flow of fluids?
19. What is Reynold’s number? Mention its importance?
20. Define the coefficient of viscosity of a liquid and mention its unit?
21. What is meant by the terminal velocity of a body?
22. Explain Stokes’s law?

Part C: Essay type questions (7 marks)

1. Discuss various types of elastic moduli in solids.

2. Problems related to Young’s modulus, Rigidity modulus and Bulk modulus
3. Derive the equations for absolute pressure and gauge pressure.
4. Explain continuity equation in fluid dynamics. Problems related to equation of
continuity (𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 or AV = constant = volume flow rate)
5. Give an account of different types of energies associated with the flow of fluids?
6. Explain Bernoulli’s theorem? Describe the working of an atomizer with a neat diagram.