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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 762
Information
Technology in
Biomedicine
Proceedings 6th International
Conference, ITIB’2018, Kamień Śląski,
Poland, June 18–20, 2018
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
Volume 762
Series editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: kacprzyk@ibspan.waw.pl
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on theory,
applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually all
disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT, economics,
business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the
areas of modern intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft computing
including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion of these paradigms,
social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuroscience, artificial life, virtual worlds and
society, cognitive science and systems, Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems,
self-organizing and adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric
computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics including
human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning paradigms, machine ethics, intelligent
data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent agents, intelligent decision making and support,
intelligent network security, trust management, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily proceedings
of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover significant recent developments in the
field, both of a foundational and applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is
the short publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of
research results.
Advisory Board
Chairman
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
e-mail: nikhil@isical.ac.in
Members
Rafael Bello Perez, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
e-mail: rbellop@uclv.edu.cu
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
e-mail: escorchado@usal.es
Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
e-mail: hani@essex.ac.uk
László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
e-mail: koczy@sze.hu
Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
e-mail: vladik@utep.edu
Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
e-mail: ctlin@mail.nctu.edu.tw
Jie Lu, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
e-mail: Jie.Lu@uts.edu.au
Patricia Melin, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
e-mail: epmelin@hafsamx.org
Nadia Nedjah, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: nadia@eng.uerj.br
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
e-mail: Ngoc-Thanh.Nguyen@pwr.edu.pl
Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
e-mail: jwang@mae.cuhk.edu.hk
Editors
Information
Technology in
Biomedicine
Proceedings 6th International
Conference, ITIB’2018, Kamień Śląski,
Poland, June 18–20, 2018
123
Editors
Ewa Pietka Jacek Kawa
Faculty of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Biomedical Engineering
Silesian University of Technology Silesian University of Technology
Zabrze Zabrze
Poland Poland
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG
part of Springer Nature
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
Continuous growth of the amount of medical information and the variety of mul-
timodal content necessitates the demand for a fast and reliable technology able to
process data and deliver results in a user-friendly manner at the time and place the
information is needed. The requirements can be met through the cooperation of
three specific partners. Patient needs are recognized by experienced physicians who
collaborate with scientists and engineers and define the goal of the research that
should satisfy the functional requirements of authorized medical staff as well as the
overall healthcare system for the benefit of the patients. Many of these areas are
recognized as research and development frontiers in employing new technology in a
clinical environment. Technological assistance can be found in prevention, diag-
nosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. Homecare support in any type of disability may
improve the standard of living and make it safer and more comfortable.
We give back to the readers the conference proceedings, which include papers
written by members of academic society and vendors who develop products applied
in biocybernetics. The volume is divided into eight parts.
The first two parts contain papers that present image processing approaches and
their implementation in computer-aided surgery. The analysis is carried out in 2- or
3-dimensional space depending on further clinical implementation. Part 3 addresses
a precisely defined implementation of data analysis in computer-assisted diagnosis.
Part 4 undertakes mostly cardiac problems and presents new approaches to ECG
analysis with local and remote access to the results. Part 5 discusses processing
methods applied to microscopic images of tissue samples taken during the biopsy
procedure as well as tools for genotyping. The analysis of complex anatomical
structures and biomedical processes often requires various experimental setups to
investigate the sensitivity of these structures to various external or internal condi-
tions. Modeling and simulation of these processes are introduced in Part 6.
Two special sessions are given at the meeting. Unstructured data analysis on
sources including written text as well as speech signals is becoming more and more
popular. The text analysis detects the content similarity of medical records, and the
speech signal processing recognizes the speaker emotions. These issues are pre-
sented in Part 7. Recognition of disability, objective measurement of disability level
v
vi Preface
in all age groups including children and the elderly, and assistance during medical
procedures are introduced in Part 8.
I would like to express my gratitude to the authors who have submitted their
original research papers as well as all the reviewers for their valuable comments.
Your effort has contributed to the high quality of the proceedings that we pass on to
our readers.
Ewa Pietka
Organization
vii
Contents
Image Processing
A Brief Review for Content-Based Microorganism Image Analysis
Using Classical and Deep Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chen Li, Ning Xu, Tao Jiang, Shouliang Qi, Fangfang Han, Wei Qian,
and Xin Zhao
On the Influence of Image Features Wordlength Reduction
on Texture Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Michał Strzelecki, Marcin Kociołek, and Andrzej Materka
Application of Fuzzy Image Concept to Medical Images Matching . . . . 27
Piotr Zarychta
High Dynamic Range in X-ray Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Przemysław Skurowski and Kamila Wicher
Analysis of the Possibility of Doppler Tomography Imaging
in Circular Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Tomasz Świetlik and Krzysztof J. Opieliński
Efficient Genetic Algorithm for Breast Cancer Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Lukasz Chomatek and Agnieszka Duraj
Preliminary Development of an Automatic Breast Tumour
Segmentation Algorithm from Ultrasound Volumetric Images . . . . . . . . 77
Wojciech Wieclawek, Marcin Rudzki, Agata Wijata,
and Marta Galinska
A Preliminary Evaluation of a Basic Fluorescence Image
Processing in MentorEye System Using Artificially
Prepared Phantoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Marcin Majak, Magdalena Wojtków, Matylda Żmudzińska,
Wojciech Macherzyński, Zbigniew Kulas, Michał Popek,
Ewelina Świątek-Najwer, and Magdalena Żuk
ix
x Contents
Computer-Aided Diagnosis
Determination of the Cognitive Model: Compressively Sensed
Ground Truth of Cerebral Ischemia to Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Artur Przelaskowski, Ewa Sobieszczuk, and Izabela Domitrz
Evaluation of Puberty in Girls by Spectral Analysis of Voice . . . . . . . . 243
Marcin D. Bugdol, Maria J. Bieńkowska, Monika N. Bugdol,
Anna M. Lipowicz, Andrzej W. Mitas, and Agata Wijata
Boys’ Age Modeling Using Voice Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Monika N. Bugdol, Andrzej W. Mitas, Anna M. Lipowicz,
Marcin D. Bugdol, and Maria J. Bieńkowska
CAD of Sigmatism Using Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Andre Woloshuk, Michał Kręcichwost, Zuzanna Miodońska,
Pawel Badura, Joanna Trzaskalik, and Ewa Pietka
Arterial Flows in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Prediction . . . . . . . . . . 272
Wiesław Wajs, Piotr Kruczek, Piotr Szymański, Piotr Wais,
and Marcin Ochab
Attribute-Based Assessment of Lung Nodules in CT
Using Support Vector Machine and Random Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Beata Choroba and Pawel Badura
Games with Resources and Their Use in Modeling Effects
of Anticancer Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Andrzej Swierniak, Michal Krzeslak, and Damian Borys
Bioinformatics
Semantic Segmentation of Colon Glands in Inflammatory
Bowel Disease Biopsies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Zhaoxuan Ma, Zaneta Swiderska-Chadaj, Nathan Ing, Hootan Salemi,
Dermot McGovern, Beatrice Knudsen, and Arkadiusz Gertych
Color Normalization Approach to Adjust Nuclei Segmentation
in Images of Hematoxylin and Eosin Stained Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Adam Piórkowski and Arkadiusz Gertych
Cell Nuclei Segmentation Using Marker-Controlled Watershed
and Bayesian Object Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Marcin Skobel, Marek Kowal, Józef Korbicz, and Andrzej Obuchowicz
Bioinformatic Tools for Genotyping of Klebsiella
pneumoniae Isolates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Marketa Nykrynova, Denisa Maderankova, Matej Bezdicek,
Martina Lengerova, and Helena Skutkova
Chen Li1 , Ning Xu2 , Tao Jiang3 , Shouliang Qi1 , Fangfang Han1 , Wei Qian1 ,
and Xin Zhao1(B)
1
Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
zhaoxin@mail.neu.edu.cn
2
Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, China
3
Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
1 Introduction
Microorganisms are very tiny, but they play significant roles in human’s daily
life and development. For example, ‘beneficial’ microorganisms, like Rhizobium
leguminosarum, can help soybean to fix nitrogen and supply food to human
beings; and ‘harmful’ microorganisms, like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, can lead
to disease and death. Hence, in order to discover more useful information of them,
effective Content-based Microorganism Image Analysis (CBMIA) techniques are
introduced to assist microbiologists in recent decades. In our previous work [36],
related works are surveyed from different application points of microorganisms,
so it is more suitable for microbiological researchers to refer to. In contrast, we
propose this paper to review the related works from the technical points, and
specially focus on the development history of Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
methods in this domain. So, this paper is more suitable for computer scientists
to consult. In Fig. 1, an example of different microorganisms is shown.
c Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019
E. Pietka et al. (Eds.): ITIB 2018, AISC 762, pp. 3–14, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91211-0_1
4 C. Li et al.
Fig. 2. The total number of related works using ANN methods for CBMIA tasks
16 M. Strzelecki et al.
texture parameters [5]. There are multiple research paper dealing with noise
reduction in medical images below some examples are shown. In [6] median fil-
ters with weighted central elements are applied for impulse noise removal. In
[22] adaptive anisotropic filtering is used for removing noise in cone beam com-
puted tomography (CBCT) images. A speckle-reduction method based on soft
thresholding of the wavelet coefficients of a logarithmically transformed med-
ical ultrasound image is described in [9]. An application of partial differential
equations for noise removal in MRI images is shown in [11]. There also multiple
reviews of noise reduction techniques eg. [16,17] or [14]. Generally, noise removal
techniques are tedious (especially in the case of the multiplicative noise present
in MR images) [15], moreover their implementation often lead to the change of
the image content which may reduce important diagnostic information, e.g. due
to granular effects caused by local estimation of non-stationary noise parameters
in some MR parallel sequences [1]. Texture feature estimation consists of four
major steps:
1. image intensity normalization, usually performed independently for each sep-
arate region of interest,
2. reduction of gray levels number,
3. linear or nonlinear image transform (wavelet, Gray Level Co-occurrence
Matrix, Run Length Matrix),
4. calculation of statistical parameters from a given transform, which result in
textural features.
Reduction of gray levels number reduces the noise effect on texture feature
values. We demonstrated, based on analysis of natural and MR images, that
such reduction improves classification accuracy while reducing the computational
costs. This can be viewed as optimization of feature estimation parameters. The
experiments were performed for three texture parameter groups widely used in
medical image analysis, i.e. gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), run-length
matrix (RLM) and Haar wavelet transform based.
In two out of the three groups into which the Nemertines are divided, the lateral
nerve-cords are in connexion with a network or plexus of nerves lying between
the muscular layers of the body-wall (Fig. 52, n.l), and in some forms constituting
a comparatively thick layer. In these two groups there are no definite nerve
branches except the anterior ones to the head. In the third group of Nemertines
the lateral nerve-cords lie within the muscular layers of the body-wall, and in this
case paired nerve branches are given off at definite intervals throughout the
whole length of the body. These branches divide up among the organs to which
they pass, and no nerve plexus is present.
The lateral cords vary in position in different cases. Sometimes they lie laterally,
at others the cords tend to approximate to one another in the median dorsal or in
the median ventral line, though in every case they remain distinctly separated.
Sense Organs.—Sense organs are usually present in the form of eyes arranged
at the sides of the head (Fig. 51, e), sometimes as a single pair and sometimes
in one or more groups on each side. The structure of the eyes varies from a
simple pigment spot to an organ which receives a special nerve-supply from the
brain, and possesses a refracting body answering to a lens, and behind this a
pigment layer and a layer of rods. Some forms are devoid of all traces of eyes.
Fig. 55.—Diagram to show the relations of the nervous system, circulatory system,
and proboscis sheath in the anterior end of the body in the Hoplonemertea,
modified from M‘Intosh. a.n, Nerves to anterior part of body and eyes; d.c,
dorsal commissure; d.n, median dorsal nerve; d.v, dorsal vascular trunk; l.v,
lateral vascular trunk; n.c, lateral nerve-cord; n.g.d, dorsal lobe of nerve
ganglion; n.g.v, ventral lobe of nerve ganglion; p.p, proboscis pore; p.s,
proboscis sheath; v.c, ventral commissure; v.s, vascular ring or collar.
Frontal Organ.—In many Nemertines there is present at the anterior tip of the
head a disc-shaped group of cells bearing long hairs or bristles. On this disc
open the secreting ducts of a number of gland cells lying in the head. It seems
possible that this frontal organ may function as an organ of taste.
In many forms the nervous system is charged with haemoglobin, which gives to
it a bright red colour.
The blood is usually colourless, but in some cases the corpuscles are coloured
red by haemoglobin.
Generative System.—The Nemertines are for the most part dioecious, only a
few certainly hermaphrodite species having been described, e.g. Tetrastemma
("Borlasia") kefersteinii Mar.[140]
The generative products in both cases are contained in sacs (Figs. 52, 53, g)
which lie in the lateral region of the body between the pouches of the alimentary
canal. The ova and spermatozoa are conveyed to the exterior by short ducts.
Most species are oviparous, though a few viviparous species are known (e.g.
Prosorhochmus claparedii).
For this reason Hubrecht divided the Nemertinea into three Orders—
Hoplonemertea, Schizonemertea, Palaeonemertea; the first of these Orders
corresponding with the Enopla, and the other two with the Anopla.
Order I. Hoplonemertea.
Fig. 58.—Head end of Cerebratulus marginatus Ren., from the ventral surface.
Drawn from a spirit specimen. Naples. × 1. c.s, Cephalic slit; m, mouth; p.p,
proboscis pore.
Principal British genera and species:—
The proboscis is unarmed. The epidermis and connective tissue form one layer,
below which is the basement membrane. The muscular layers are three in
number, two circular separated by a longitudinal layer. The nerve-cords lie
altogether external to the muscular layers, and are connected together
throughout by a plexus. No nerve branches are given off. The brain is not
divided into lobes. The cephalic slits are only represented by a shallow
depression on each side of the head, and no canals have been observed
leading from them. The intestine is straight, and the pouches are usually absent
or rudimentary. The circulatory system is largely made up of lacunar spaces, the
closed system being but little developed.
The Pilidium (Fig. 60) is a helmet-shaped larva bearing a tuft or spike dorsally,
and prolonged downwards laterally into a pair of lobes. The whole larva is
covered with cilia, there being a specially strong band round its ventral surface.
The dorsal spike is composed of a bunch of strongly developed cilia or of a long
flagellum. The alimentary canal consists of a sac constricted into oesophageal
and gastric regions (Fig. 60, oes and st). In this condition the larva swims about
freely in the water. The helmet-shaped Pilidium-skin forms no part of the future
Nemertine, the skin of which is developed as ingrowths from it; these meet one
another and unite to form a complete covering round the alimentary canal; the
larval skin is then cast off, and by a series of gradual steps the embryo develops
into the adult.
Habits.—Nemertines are often found under stones between high- and low-water
marks, lying on sandy or muddy bottoms. They are usually in the form of coiled
masses, and are generally in a state of quiescence. Hence it is probable that
their period of activity is during high-water, and that when left by the receding
tide they subside into a resting condition.
The large kinds, such as Lineus marinus, seem to be always found living alone,
but some of the smaller kinds, notably Tetrastemma dorsale and Prosorhochmus
claparedii, have gregarious habits and live in masses, the coils of the different
individuals being inextricably mixed.
Nemertines are commonly dredged from a depth of six or eight fathoms. They
may sometimes be found floating on the surface of the water, and some possess
the power of swimming rapidly, propelling themselves by a lateral motion of the
tail, the sides of which are in such cases prolonged into a thin fin-like edge. This
mode of progression is usually adopted by those which frequent deep water. A
pelagic Nemertine (Pelagonemertes) was discovered by Moseley near the
southern verge of the South Australian current, being found in a trawl with deep-
sea forms from a depth of 1800 fathoms. This animal was leaf-like in shape,
bluntly pointed behind and rather square in front.
Most Nemertines can be very readily kept in confinement. The chief apparent
effect of such a life is a loss of colour, the animal gradually becoming pallid in
hue. Owing also to the absence of proper food they diminish very much in size,
though even when all food is kept away an animal will sometimes continue to
live as long as eighteen months.
Owing to the force with which it is shot out, the proboscis is often completely
severed from the body, and in such a case the animal grows a new one in an
extremely short space of time. The proboscis thus broken off retains its power of
movement and contractility for a considerable time, and has been more than
once mistaken for a worm. This great vital power is probably due to the great
development of nervous tissue, the proboscis being usually richly supplied with
nerve plexuses.
In the armed Nemertines the eggs are deposited separately, and are not
connected together except by such accidental mucus as the animal deposits
normally; but in the unarmed a special mucous secretion forms a thick
investment for the eggs.
M‘Intosh[145] has observed the process of the deposition of the male and female
products in Nemertes gracilis. He put into a glass vessel a male and female of
this species in which the products were apparently ripe. Soon spermatozoa
began to issue in wreath-like jets from the body of the male, at first from the
middle region of the body, and afterwards anteriorly and posteriorly, until the
animal was enveloped in a dense cloud of spermatozoa. The whole process only
lasted a few minutes. When all the spermatozoa had apparently been given out,
the female was seen to protrude her head from the sand; she then passed to the
side of the vessel and deposited a group of eggs about three inches distant from
the spermatozoa.
The species found by Semper, and called by him Geonemertes palaensis, lives
under damp leaves and the roots of trees on Pelew Island in the North Pacific. It
is about 2 inches long, of a reddish-white colour, with narrow, brownish-black,
longitudinal stripes on its dorsal surface. It possesses six eyes and very small
cephalic slits and cerebral organs. The proboscis is armed, and opens by the
mouth instead of by a special pore.
They are probably more numerous than is at present known, and are
certainly scattered widely over the face of the earth, since they have
been found in Nicaragua, at Tashkend in Turkestan, and at
Philadelphia and Monroe in the United States.
The features which are supposed to indicate this are the elongated
vermiform shape showing no external signs of segmentation; the
ciliated smooth skin and the possession of unicellular mucous
glands; and the protrusible proboscis, which may be comparable to
the non-retractile proboscis of Balanoglossus, a comparison which is
strengthened by the fact that in some Nemertines a sheath of nerve-
fibres exists in the wall of the proboscis corresponding to the nerve
plexus in the proboscis of Balanoglossus. In both cases an
ectodermic nerve plexus exists with local thickenings along definite
lines, although these lines are not the same in the two cases. Both
possess a straight alimentary canal, ending in a terminal anus and
thrown out into paired lateral caeca, between which are the paired
metamerically-arranged generative sacs.
NEMATHELMINTHES & CHAETOGNATHA
BY
CHAPTER VI
NEMATHELMINTHES
INTRODUCTION—NEMATODA—ANATOMY—EMBRYOLOGY—
CLASSIFICATION—ASCARIDAE—STRONGYLIDAE—TRICHOTRACHELIDAE—
FILARIIDAE—MERMITHIDAE—ANGUILLULIDAE—ENOPLIDAE—PARASITISM
—NEMATOMORPHA—ANATOMY—CLASSIFICATION—LIFE-HISTORY—
ACANTHOCEPHALA—ANATOMY—EMBRYOLOGY—CLASSIFICATION.
i. The Nematoda.
ii. The Nematomorpha (Gordiidae).
iii. The Acanthocephala.
With few exceptions the shape of the body is filiform (Figs. 66 and
71), the two ends being more or less pointed, and the posterior end
of the male, which is generally a smaller animal than the female, is
usually slightly recurved. The worms are, as a rule, white, or of the
colour of polished ivory; they may be opaque or semi-transparent,
but pigment spots are rarely developed.