latitude CM

MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, or departure

Recto of that course
Avenue, is to the arithmetical sum of all the
Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City without regards to sign.
latitudes or departures in the traverse
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-6697 (Cebu)

Review MODULE – BASIC AND HIGHER SURVEYING

EFFECT OF EARTH’S CURVATURE AND REFRACTION SITUATION: Given the latitude and departure of the closed traverse:
Curvature Effect (for correction, the effect must be subtracted):
LINE DISTANCE BEARING LATITUDE DEPARTURE
HC = 0.0785 k2 1-2 59.82 m N 53°27’ E 35.62 48.06
Refraction Correction (for correction, the effect must be added): 2-3 70.38 m S 66°54’ E -27.61 64.74
HR = 0.0112 k2 3-4 76.62 m S 29°08’ W -66.93 -37.30
Combined Correction (for correction, the effect must be subtracted): 4-1 95.75 m N 52°00’ W 58.95 -75.45
HCR = 0.067 k2
where: HC , HR , & HCR are in meters, 1. Determine the corrected latitude of line 1-2 using compass rule.
k is in kilometers 2. Determine the corrected latitude of line 4-1 using transit rule.

Problem 1. Jihoz' eyes, 1.60 m above sea level, can barely see the Problem 2. The sum of the positive departure exceeds that of the negative
top of a cell tower that is 20 km away from him. What is the elevation departures by 0.31m. The sum of the negative latitudes exceeds that of the
of the top of the lighthouse above sea level? positive latitudes by 1.67m. Determine the corrected latitude of a 48.12m line
whose latitude is 21.09m. The sum of the sides is measured to be 292.52m.
Problem 2. The top of a tower at B 2000 m away from A where the
transit is set, has a vertical angle of 3º30’. The height of the mast is 12 AREA COMPUTATION
m and the height of the instrument at A is 1.10 m. If the elevation of Double Meridian Distance (DMD) Method:
the base of the instrument is 120 m, determine the elevation of the
base of the tower. Rule 1: The DMD of the first course is equal to the departure of the
course.
COMPASS SURVEYING Rule 2: The DMD of any course is equal to the DMD of the preceding
It is the branch of surveying in which the position of an object is located using course, plus the departure of the preceding course, plus the departure
angular measurements determined by a compass and linear measurements of the course itself.
using a chain or tape. Rule 3: The DMD of the last course is numerically equal to the
Angle Measurement:
departure of that course, but with the opposite sign.
▪ Bearing – an angle less than 90° within a quadrant defined by the cardinal DOUBLE AREA = DMD x Latitude
directions.
▪ Azimuth – an angle between 0° and 360° measured clockwise from Double Parallel Distance (DPD) Method:
South. Rule 1: The DPD of the first course is equal to the latitude of the course.
Rule 2: The DPD of any course is equal to the DPD of the preceding course,
SITUATION. The magnetic bearing of a line was N 48°18’ E in 1988 plus the latitude of the preceding course, plus the latitude of the course itself.
when the magnetic declination in the locality was 1°10’ W. In 2015, the Rule 3: The DPD of the last course is numerically equal to the latitude of that
magnetic declination in the same locality is 2°45’E. course, but with the opposite sign.
DOUBLE AREA = DPD x Departure
1. Compute the true bearing of the line.
2. Compute the magnetic azimuth of the line in 2015.
Problem 1. Given the traverse, determine the area of the lot using
DMD.
TRAVERSE SURVEYING: ERROR OF CLOSURE
LINE LATITUDE DEPARTURE
It is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks.
1-2 3.473 m 19.696 m
Latitude – projection of north and south line. 2-3 14.095 m 5.130 m
Departure – projection of the east and west line. 3-1 -17.568 m -24.826 m
For a closed traverse, the sum of the latitudes and departures should be equal
to zero. TACHEOMETRY
It is a system of rapid surveying, by which the horizontal and vertical
Error of Closure = √∑ ErrorL 2 + ∑ ErrorD 2
positions of points on the earth's surface relative to one another are
Error of closure determined without using a chain or tape, or a separate levelling
Relative Error= instrument.
Perimeter of all courses
Horizontal Distance:
SITUATION. From the data below: H = KS cos2θ + C cosθ

LINE DISTANCE BEARING Problem 1. A dumpy level with an internal focusing telescope was set
1-2 59.82 m N 53°27’ E up on the left bank of a river and the rod readings tabulated below were
2-3 70.38 m S 66°54’ E taken on a stadia rod held successively at the left and right water
3-4 76.62 m S 29°08’ W edges. If the stadia interval factor of the instrument is 100 and stadia
4-1 95.75 m N 52°00’ W constant C=0.30m. Determine the width of the river.

1. Determine the linear error of closure ROD HAIR READINGS

2. Determine the relative error. POSITION UPPER MIDDLE LOWER
TRAVERSE SURVEYING: BALANCING A SURVEY Rod held at A 1.830 m 1.660 m 1.490 m
Rod held at B 1.985 m 1.743 m 1.501 m
Compass Rule – the correction to be applied to the latitude or
departure of any course is to the total correction in latitude or departure
Problem 2. A subtense bar was set up near A and subsequently at B,
as the length of the course to the length of traverse.
and the subtended angles to the bar, as read from theodolite
Transit Rule – the correction to be applied to the latitude or departure positioned somewhere along the middle of line AB, were recorded as
of any course is to the total correction in latitude or departure as the 44’30’’ and 52’10’’, respectively. Determine the length of line AB.